• Agostino Vallini
  Agostino Vallini (born April 17, 1940) is an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He currently serves as Vicar General of Rome, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006.
  http://wn.com/Agostino_Vallini
• 
  Attila
  Attila ( or ; 406–453), also known as Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in 453. He was leader of the Hunnic Empire, which stretched from Germany to the Ural River and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea. During his rule, he was one of the most fearsome enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. He invaded the Balkans twice and marched through Gaul (modern France) as far as Orléans before being defeated at the Battle of Châlons. He refrained from attacking either Constantinople or Rome.
  http://wn.com/Attila
• Augustine
  http://wn.com/Augustine
• 
  Augustine of Hippo
  : For other uses, see Augustine, Augustinus and Saint Augustine.
  http://wn.com/Augustine_of_Hippo
• 
  Avery Dulles
  Avery Robert Dulles, S.J. (August 24, 1918 – December 12, 2008) was a Jesuit priest, theologian, cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and served as the Laurence J. McGinley Professor of Religion and Society at Fordham University from 1988 to 2008. He was an internationally known author and lecturer.
  http://wn.com/Avery_Dulles
• Charlemagne
  Charlemagne (; , meaning Charles the Great; possibly 74228 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800. This temporarily made him a rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of France, Germany (where he is known as Karl der Große), and the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne wished to expand his kingdom by "the sword and the cross". He wished to see his kingdom grow, but he also wanted Christianity to be taught in all the kingdoms he conquered as well. Charlemagne was a Catholic and a strong believer in his faith.
  http://wn.com/Charlemagne
• Clement of Rome
  http://wn.com/Clement_of_Rome
• 
  Constantine I
  Flavius Valerius Aurelius ConstantinusIn Latin Constantine is the first Christian emperor. Constantine's official imperial title was IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS, Imperator Caesar Flavius Constantine Augustus, the pious, the fortunate, the undefeated. After 312, he added MAXIMVS ("the greatest"), and after 325 replaced ("undefeated") with VICTOR, as invictus reminded of Sol Invictus, the Sun God. (c. 27 February 272 – 22 May 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine, was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of Christians throughout the empire.
  http://wn.com/Constantine_I
• Denzinger
  http://wn.com/Denzinger
• Frankish people
  http://wn.com/Frankish_people
• 
  Franks
  The Franks ( or gens Francorum) were a West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the third century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite would be one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe.
  http://wn.com/Franks
• 
  Gratian
  :For other figures with this name, see Gratian (disambiguation).
  http://wn.com/Gratian
• Gregory the Great
  http://wn.com/Gregory_the_Great
• 
  Henry II of England
  Henry II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), ruled as King of England (1154–1189), Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. Henry, the great-grandson of William the Conqueror, was the first of the House of Plantagenet to rule England. Henry was the first to use the title "King of England" (as opposed to "King of the English").
  http://wn.com/Henry_II_of_England
• Hincmar
  Hincmar (806 – December 21, 882), archbishop of Reims, the friend, advisor and propagandist of Charles the Bald, was one of the most remarkable figures in the ecclesiastical history of the Carolingian period. He belonged to a noble family of the north or north-east of Francia.
  http://wn.com/Hincmar
• 
  Ignatius of Antioch
  Ignatius of Antioch (, also known as Theoforus from Greek Θεοφόρος "God-bearer") (ca. 35 or 50-between 98 and 117) was among the Apostolic Fathers, was the third Bishop and Patriarch of Antioch, and was a student of John the Apostle. En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters which have been preserved as an example of very early Christian theology. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.
  http://wn.com/Ignatius_of_Antioch
• Innocent III
  http://wn.com/Innocent_III
• 
  Irenaeus
  Saint Irenaeus (Greek: Εἰρηναῖος), (2nd century AD – c. 202) was Bishop of Lugdunum in Gaul, then a part of the Roman Empire (now Lyons, France). He was an early church father and apologist, and his writings were formative in the early development of Christian theology. He was a hearer of Polycarp, who in turn was a disciple of John the Evangelist.
  http://wn.com/Irenaeus
• Irenaeus of Lyons
  http://wn.com/Irenaeus_of_Lyons
• Iris Habib Elmasry
  Iris Habib Elmasry (إيريس حبيب المصري) was a prominent Coptic Historian (1910–1994).
  http://wn.com/Iris_Habib_Elmasry
• Italians
  http://wn.com/Italians
• James Joseph Walsh
  James Joseph Walsh, M.D., LL.D., Litt.D., Sc.D. (1865–1942) was an American physician and author, born in New York City. He graduated from Fordham College in 1884 (Ph. D., 1892) and from the University of Pennsylvania (M.D.) in 1895. After postgraduate work in Paris, Vienna and Berlin he settled in New York.
  http://wn.com/James_Joseph_Walsh
• 
  James the Just
  Saint James the Just (Hebrew: יעקב) (Greek Iάκωβος), (died AD 62), also known as James the Righteous, James of Jerusalem, James Adelphotheos, or James, the Brother of the Lord, was an important figure in Early Christianity. The Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that, based on Hegesippus's account, it is "probable" that James the Just is also James the Less, and in line with "most Catholic interpreters", that he is therefore James, son of Alphaeus as well as James the son of Mary. He is not, however, identified with James the Great. James the Just was the leader of the Christian movement in Jerusalem in the decades after Jesus' death, but information about his life is scarce and ambiguous. Several early sources described him as the brother of Jesus; historians have variously interpreted this description as perhaps meaning a brother in a spiritual sense, or more literally as meaning that James was a close family relative of Jesus'- perhaps his full brother, half- or stepbrother, a cousin, or some other relation. The oldest surviving Christian liturgy, the Liturgy of St James, called him "the brother of God" (Adelphotheos).
  http://wn.com/James_the_Just
• 
  Jesus
  Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5 BC/BCE – c. 30 AD/CE),
  http://wn.com/Jesus
• John Julius Norwich
  John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich CVO (born 15 September 1929) — known as John Julius Norwich — is an English historian, travel writer and television personality.
  http://wn.com/John_Julius_Norwich
• 
  John the Evangelist
  Saint John the Evangelist (יוחנן Standard Hebrew Yoḥanan, Tiberian Hebrew Yôḥānān meaning "Yahweh is gracious", Greek: Εὐαγγελιστής Ἰωάννης) (c. 1 AD - c. 100) is the conventional name for the author of the Gospel of John. Traditionally he has been identified with the author of all the Johannine works in the New Testament – the three Epistles of John and the Book of Revelation, written by a John of Patmos – as well as with John the Apostle and the Beloved Disciple mentioned in the Book of John. However, at least some of these connections have been debated since about 200 A.D.
  http://wn.com/John_the_Evangelist
• 
  Julius Caesar
  Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
  http://wn.com/Julius_Caesar
• Karol Wojtyla
  http://wn.com/Karol_Wojtyla
• Leo IX
  http://wn.com/Leo_IX
• 
  Lombards
  The Lombards (Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Northern Europe who settled in the valley of the Danube and from there invaded Byzantine Italy in 568 under the leadership of Alboin. They established a Lombard Kingdom, later named Kingdom of Italy, which lasted until 774, when it was conquered by the Franks. Their influence on Italian political geography is apparent in the regional appellation Lombardy.
  http://wn.com/Lombards
• 
  Ludwig von Pastor
  Ludwig Pastor, later Ludwig von Pastor, Freiherr von Campersfelden (31 January 1854 – 30 September 1928), was a German historian and a diplomat for Austria. He became one of the most important Roman Catholic historians of his time and is most notable for his History of the Popes. He was raised to the nobility by the Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1908.
  http://wn.com/Ludwig_von_Pastor
• Napoleon
  http://wn.com/Napoleon
• 
  Napoleon I
  Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte , Italian: Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a military and political leader of France and Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.
  http://wn.com/Napoleon_I
• Paul the Apostle
  http://wn.com/Paul_the_Apostle
• 
  Pepin the Short
  Pepin (or Pippin) (died 24 September 768), called the Short (Pépin le Bref) or the Younger (Pippin der Jüngere), rarely the Great, was the first King of the Franks (751–68) of the Carolingian dynasty. In 741 he and his brother Carloman succeeded their father, Charles Martel, as mayors of the palace and de facto rulers of the kingdom during an interregnum (737–43). After the retirement of Carloman (747), Pepin obtained the permission of Pope Zachary to depose the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, and assume the throne (751). As he was named for his grandfather, Pepin of Heristal, in turn named for his grandfather, Pepin of Landen, both mayors of the palace, Pepin the Short has sometimes been numbered Pepin III.
  http://wn.com/Pepin_the_Short
• Pippin the Younger
  http://wn.com/Pippin_the_Younger
• 
  Plutarch
  Plutarch, born Plutarchos (Greek: Πλούταρχος) then, on his becoming a Roman citizen, Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus (Μέστριος Πλούταρχος), c. 46 – 120 AD, was a Greek historian, biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonist known primarily for his Parallel Lives and Moralia. He was born to a prominent family in Chaeronea, Boeotia, a town about twenty miles east of Delphi.
  http://wn.com/Plutarch
• 
  Polybius
  Polybius (ca. 200–118 BC), Greek ) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories covering in detail the period of 220–146 BC. He is also renowned for his ideas of political balance in government, which were later used in Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws and in the drafting of the United States Constitution.
  http://wn.com/Polybius
• 
  Pope Adrian I
  Pope Adrian (c. 700 – December 25, 795) was pope from February 1, 772 to December 25, 795. He was the son of Theodore, a Roman nobleman.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_I
• 
  Pope Adrian VI
  Pope Adrian VI (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523), born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, served as Bishop of Rome from 9 January 1522 until his death some 18 months later. He was the last non-Italian Pope until John Paul II, 456 years later. He is, together with Marcellus II, one of two 'modern' popes to retain his baptismal name after election. He is buried in the Santa Maria dell'Anima church in Rome.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Adrian_VI
• 
  Pope Agatho
  Pope Saint Agatho (c. 577 – January 10, 681) was pope from June 27, 678 to January 10, 681.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Agatho
• 
  Pope Alexander III
  Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – August 30, 1181), born Rolando (or Orlando) of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_III
• 
  Pope Alexander VI
  Pope Alexander VI (1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503) (, ), born Roderic Llançol, later Roderic de Borja i Borja () was Pope from 1492 to 1503. He is one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes, and his surname (Italianized as Borgia) became a byword for the debased standards of the Papacy of that era; the Borgia popes greatly weakened the moral authority of the Catholic Church.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Alexander_VI
• 
  Pope Benedict V
  Benedict V (born in Rome; died July 4 966), Pope in 964, was elected by the Romans on the death of Pope John XII (955–964). However the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (936–973) did not approve of the choice and had him deposed after only a month (according to contemporary sources, he validly consented and resigned), and the ex-Pope was carried off to Hamburg and was placed under the care of Adaldag, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. There he became a deacon, dying in 966. He was first buried in the cathedral in Hamburg. At a later date his remains were transferred to Rome.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_V
• 
  Pope Benedict XVI
  Pope Benedict XVI (; ; ; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger on 16 April 1927) is the 265th and current Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the head of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of the Vatican City State. He was elected on 19 April 2005 in a papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 24 April 2005, and took possession of his cathedral, the Basilica of St. John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. A native of Bavaria, Pope Benedict XVI has both German and Vatican citizenship. He succeeded John Paul II.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Benedict_XVI
• 
  Pope Boniface VI
  Boniface VI, pope, a native of Rome, was elected in April 896 as a result of riots soon after the death of Pope Formosus. Prior to his reign, he had twice incurred a sentence of deprivation of orders, as a subdeacon and as a priest. After a pontificate of fifteen days, he is said by some to have died of the gout, by others to have been forcibly ejected to make way for Stephen VI, the candidate of the Spoletan party.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Boniface_VI
• 
  Pope Celestine IV
  Pope Celestine IV (died November 10, 1241 in Rome), born Goffredo da Castiglione, was pope from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Celestine_IV
• Pope Clement I
  Pope Saint Clement I (fl. 96), also known as Saint Clement of Rome (in Latin, Clemens Romanus), is listed from an early date as a Bishop of Rome. He was the first Apostolic Father of the Church.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_I
• 
  Pope Clement IV
  Pope Clement IV (Saint-Gilles-du-Gard, November 23, ca. 1195 – November 29, 1268 in Viterbo), born Gui Faucoi called in later life le Gros (; ), was elected Pope February 5, 1265, in a conclave held at Perugia that took four months, while cardinals argued over whether to call in Charles of Anjou, the youngest brother of Louis IX of France (1226–70), to carry on the papal war against the last of the house of Hohenstaufen.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Clement_IV
• 
  Pope Damasus II
  Damasus II (died August 9, 1048), born Poppo, Pope from July 17, 1048 to August 9, 1048, was the second of the German pontiffs nominated by Emperor Henry III (1039–56). A native of Bavaria, he was the third German to become Pope and had one of the shortest papal reigns. His original name was Poppo, and he was bishop of Brixen when the Emperor raised him to the papacy.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Damasus_II
• 
  Pope Dionysius
  Pope Saint Dionysius was pope from July 22, 259 to December 26, 268.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Dionysius
• Pope Eugenius III
  http://wn.com/Pope_Eugenius_III
• 
  Pope Gelasius I
  Pope Saint Gelasius I (died November 21, 496) was pope from 492 until his death in 496. He was the third and last bishop of Rome of African origin in the Catholic Church. Gelasius was a prolific writer whose style placed him on the cusp between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Gelasius had been closely employed by his predecessor, Felix III, especially in drafting papal documents. His reign was characterized by his call for strict orthodoxy, a more assertive push for papal authority, and increasing tension between the churches in the West and the East.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Gelasius_I
• 
  Pope Gregory I
  Pope Gregory I (Latin: Gregorius I; c. 540 – 12 March 604), better known in English as Gregory the Great, was pope from 3 September 590 until his death. Gregory is well-known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_I
• 
  Pope Gregory II
  Pope Saint Gregory II was pope from May 19, 715 to his death on February 11, 731, succeeding Pope Constantine. Having, it is said, bought off the Lombards for thirty pounds of gold, he used the tranquillity thus obtained for vigorous missionary efforts among the Germanic tribes, and for strengthening the papal authority in the churches of Britain and Ireland. By excommunicating the Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian, he prepared the way for a long series of revolts and civil wars, which tended greatly to the establishment of the temporal power of the popes. He died in 731, and subsequently attained the honour of canonization. The day that Gregory is remembered in the "Martyrology" seems to be any one of February 11, February 13, and February 28.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_II
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  Pope Gregory VII
  Pope St. Gregory VII (c. 1015/1028 – May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (), was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals. He was at the forefront of both evolutionary developments in the relationship between the Emperor and the papacy during the years before becoming pope. He was beatified by Gregory XIII in 1584, and canonized in 1728 by Benedict XIII as Pope St. Gregory VII. He twice excommunicated Henry IV, who in the end appointed the Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the political power struggles between church and Empire. Hailed as one of the greatest of the Roman pontiffs after his reforms proved successful, Gregory was during his own reign despised by many for his expansive use of papal powers. Joseph McCabe describes Gregory VII as a "rough and violent peasant, enlisting his brute strength in the service of the monastic ideal which he embraced."
  http://wn.com/Pope_Gregory_VII
• 
  Pope Innocent III
  Pope Innocent III (1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death. His birth name was Lotario dei Conti di Segni, sometimes anglicised to Lothar of Segni.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Innocent_III
• 
  Pope John I
  Pope Saint John I (c. 470 – May 18, 526) was Pope from 523 to 526. He was a native of Siena or the Castello di Serena, near Chiusdino, and was very frail by the time he was elected to the papacy.
  http://wn.com/Pope_John_I
• 
  Pope John Paul I
  Pope John Paul I (Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP. I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I), born Albino Luciani, (17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and as Sovereign of Vatican City from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent Year of Three Popes. John Paul I was the first Pope born in the 20th century.
  http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_I
• 
  Pope John Paul II
  The Venerable Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005, born Karol Józef Wojtyła) reigned as Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005. His was the second-longest documented pontificate; only Pope Pius IX served longer (St. Peter the Apostle is reputed to have served for more than thirty years as the first pontiff, but documentation is too sparse to definitively support this). He has been the only Slavic and Polish Pope to date, and was the first non-Italian Pope since Dutch Pope Adrian VI in 1522.
  http://wn.com/Pope_John_Paul_II
• 
  Pope John XII
  John XII (c. 937 – May 14, 964), born Octavianus, was Pope from December 16, 955, to May 14, 964. The son of Alberic II, Patrician of Rome (932–954), and his stepsister Alda of Vienne, he was a seventh generation descendant of Charlemagne on his mother's side.
  http://wn.com/Pope_John_XII
• Pope Julius II
  Julius II (c. 5 December 1443 – 21 February 1513), nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" (Il Papa Terribile) and "The Warrior Pope" (Il Papa Guerriero),, born Giuliano della Rovere, was Pope from 1503 to 1513. His papacy was marked by an active foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Julius_II
• Pope Leo I
  Pope Leo I, or Pope Saint Leo the Great (ca. 400 – November 10, 461), was pope from September 29, 440 to November 10, 461.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_I
• 
  Pope Leo III
  Pope Saint Leo III (750 – June 12, 816) was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_III
• Pope Leo VIII
  Leo VIII (died March 1, 965), a Roman by birth, considered by the Church an Antipope from 963 to 964 and a true Pope from 964 to 965. He held the lay office of protoserinus when he was (allegedly invalidly) elected pope at the insistence of Emperor Otto I the Great (936–973), by the Roman synod which invalidly deposed Pope John XII (955–964), who was still alive, in December 963.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_VIII
• 
  Pope Leo XI
  Pope Leo XI (2 June 1535 – 27 April 1605), born '''Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici''', was Pope from 1 April 1605 to 27 April of the same year.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XI
• 
  Pope Leo XIII
  Pope Leo XIII (2 March 1810 - 20 July 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903 in succession to Pope Pius IX. Reigning until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, and had the third longest pontificate, behind his immediate predecessor Pius IX and John Paul II.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Leo_XIII
• 
  Pope Marcellinus
  Pope Saint Marcellinus, according to the Liberian Catalogue, became bishop of Rome on June 30, 296; his predecessor was Pope St Caius
  http://wn.com/Pope_Marcellinus
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  Pope Marcellus II
  Pope Marcellus II (6 May 1501 – 1 May 1555), born Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi, was Pope from 9 April 1555 to 1 May 1555, succeeding Pope Julius III. Before his accession as Pope he had been Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme. He was the last Pope not to change his name on his accession, and the last pope numbered anything less than IV before John Paul I.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Marcellus_II
• 
  Pope Martin V
  Pope Martin V (c. 1368 – February 20, 1431), born Odo (or Oddone) Colonna, was Pope from 1417 to 1431. His election effectively ended the Western Schism (1378–1417).
  http://wn.com/Pope_Martin_V
• 
  Pope Nicholas I
  Pope Saint Nicholas I, (Rome c. 800 – November 13, 867), or Nicholas the Great, reigned from April 24, 858 until his death. He is remembered as a consolidator of papal authority and power, exerting decisive influence upon the historical development of the papacy and its position among the Christian nations of Western Europe, and is considered a saint.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Nicholas_I
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  Pope Paul VI
  Pope Paul VI (; ), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 1963 to 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, who had convened the Second Vatican Council, he decided to continue it. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Orthodox, Anglicans and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Paul_VI
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  Pope Pius III
  Pope Pius III (May 29, 1439 – October 18, 1503), born Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was Pope from September 22 to October 18, 1503.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_III
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  Pope Pius IX
  Blessed Pope Pius IX (13 May 1792, Senigallia – 7 February 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was the longest-reigning elected Pope in Church history, serving from 16 June 1846 until his death, a period of nearly 32 years. During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal infallibility. The Pope defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, meaning that Mary was conceived without original sin and that she lived a life completely free of sin.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_IX
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  Pope Pius V
  Pope Pius V (17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was Pope from 1566 to 1572 and is a saint of the Catholic Church. He is chiefly notable for his role in the Council of Trent, the Counter-Reformation, and the standardisation of the liturgy. Pius V declared Thomas Aquinas a Doctor of the Church and patronised prominent sacred music composer Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_V
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  Pope Pius VI
  Pope Pius VI (25 December, 1717 – 29 August, 1799), born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope from 1775 to 1799, was born at Cesena.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_VI
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  Pope Pius VII
  Pope Pius VII, OSB (14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823), born Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope from 14 March 1800 to 20 August 1823.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_VII
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  Pope Pius XI
  Pope Pius XI (Latin: Pius PP. XI; ; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, was Pope from 6 February 1922, and sovereign of Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929 until his death on 10 February 1939. He issued numerous encyclicals including Quadragesimo Anno highlighting capitalistic greed of international finance, social justice issues and Quas Primas establishing the feast of Christ the King. He took as his papal motto "Christ's peace in Christ's kingdom".
  http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_XI
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  Pope Pius XII
  The Venerable Pope Pius XII (; ), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958), reigned as Pope, head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State, from 2 March 1939 until his death in 1958.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Pius_XII
• 
  Pope Sisinnius
  Pope Sisinnius (c. 650 – February 4, 708) was the eighty-seventh Pope and remained in office for about three weeks in 708.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Sisinnius
• 
  Pope Stephen II
  :In sources prior to the 1960s, this Pope is sometimes called Stephen III and Pope-elect Stephen is sometimes called Stephen II. See Pope-elect Stephen for detailed explanations.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Stephen_II
• 
  Pope Sylvester I
  Sylvester was pope from 31 January 314 to 31 December 335, succeeding Pope Miltiades.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Sylvester_I
• 
  Pope Theodore I
  Pope Theodore I (died May 14, 649), who was pope from November 24, 642 to May 14, 649, is considered a Greek, but was born in Palestine. He was made a cardinal deacon, (possibly around 640) and a full cardinal by Pope John IV.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Theodore_I
• 
  Pope Theodore II
  Theodore II was ordained as a priest by Pope Stephen V; also his brother Theotius was a bishop. He was pope for twenty days during December 897 before he died. He reinstated the clerics who had been forced from office by Pope Stephen VI, recognizing the validity of the ordinations of Pope Formosus. He had the body of Formosus, which had been thrown in the Tiber and recovered near Porto, reburied in St. Peter's.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Theodore_II
• 
  Pope Urban VI
  Pope Urban VI (c. 1318 – October 15, 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano, was Pope from 1378 to 1389.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_VI
• 
  Pope Urban VII
  Pope Urban VII (4 August 1521 – 27 September 1590), born Giovanni Battista Castagna, was Pope for thirteen days in September 1590. He was of Genoese origin, although born in Rome. He was created Cardinal-Priest of S. Marcello in 1584. He was chosen successor of Pope Sixtus V (1585–90) on 15 September 1590, but died of malaria (27 September 1590) before coronation, making his the shortest papal reign in history.
  http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_VII
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  Pope Urban VIII
  :'' Maffeo Barberini redirects here. For Pope Urban VIII's great-nephew, see Don Maffeo Barberini.''
  http://wn.com/Pope_Urban_VIII
• 
  Pope Victor I
  Pope Saint Victor I was Pope from 189 to 199 (the Vatican cites 186 or 189 to 197 or 201).
  http://wn.com/Pope_Victor_I
• Pope-elect Stephen
  Stephen was a priest of Rome elected Pope in March of 752 to succeed Pope Zachary; he died of stroke a few days later, before being ordained a bishop. He was a cardinal presbyter, with the titulus of San Crisogono (the same titulus as Cardinal Frederick of Lorraine, later Pope Stephen IX), chosen by Pope Zachary in 745.
  http://wn.com/Pope-elect_Stephen
• Roman emperor
  http://wn.com/Roman_emperor
• 
  Saint Boniface
  Saint Boniface () (c. 672 – 5 June 754), the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid, Wynfrith, or Wynfryth in the kingdom of Wessex, possibly at Crediton (now in Devon, England) or Nursling, was a missionary who propagated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He is the patron saint of Germany and the first archbishop of Mainz.
  http://wn.com/Saint_Boniface
• 
  Saint Peter
  Simon Peter (, Pétros, "stone, rock"; c. 1 BC – AD 67), sometimes called Simon Cephas (, Symōn Kēphas; ; , Sëmʻān Kêfâ) after his name in Hellenized Aramaic, was a leader of the early Christianity, who is featured prominently in the New Testament Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. Peter was the son of John or of Jonah, and was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee. His brother Andrew was also an apostle. Simon Peter is venerated in multiple churches and regarded as the first Pope by the Roman Catholic Church.
  http://wn.com/Saint_Peter
• St. Benedict
  http://wn.com/St_Benedict
• St. Peter
  http://wn.com/St_Peter
• 
  Tertullian
  Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicised as Tertullian (ca. 160 – ca. 220 A.D.), was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa. He is the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist and a polemicist against heresy. Tertullian has been called "the father of Latin Christianity".
  http://wn.com/Tertullian
• Will Durant
  William James Durant (November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was a prolific American writer, historian, and philosopher. He is best known for The Story of Civilization, 11 volumes written in collaboration with his wife Ariel and published between 1935 and 1975. He was earlier noted for The Story of Philosophy, written in 1926, which one observer described as "a groundbreaking work that helped to popularize philosophy."
  http://wn.com/Will_Durant

• 
  Alba Longa
  Alba Longa — in Italian sources occasionally written Albalonga — was an ancient city of Latium in central Italy southeast of Rome in the Alban Hills. Founder and head of the Latin League, it was destroyed by Rome around the middle of the 7th century BC. In legend, Romulus and Remus, founders of Rome, had come from the royal dynasty of Alba Longa. It is located 12 miles southeast of Rome.
  http://wn.com/Alba_Longa
• 
  Caesarea
  Caesarea (; , Kaysaria; ) is a town in Israel on the outskirts of Caesarea Maritima, the ancient port city. It is located mid-way between Tel Aviv and Haifa (45 km), on the Israeli Mediterranean coast near the city of Hadera. Modern Caesarea as of December 2007 has a population of 4,500 people, and is the only Israeli locality managed by a private organization, the Caesarea Development Corporation, and also one of the most populous localities not recognized as a local council. It lies under the jurisdiction of the Hof HaCarmel Regional Council.
  http://wn.com/Caesarea
• 
  Castel Gandolfo
  Castel Gandolfo (, , colloquially Castello in the Castelli Romani dialects) is a small Italian town or comune in Lazio that occupies a height overlooking Lake Albano about 15 miles south-east of Rome, on the Alban Hills. It is best known as the summer residence of the Pope. It is an Italian town with the population of 8834. The town was voted one of the most beautiful towns in Italy.
  http://wn.com/Castel_Gandolfo
• Cincinnati
  Cincinnati () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. The municipality is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border. The population within city limits was estimated to be 333,200 in 2009, making it the state's third-largest city. According to a 2008 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,155,137 making it the largest MSA in Ohio (surpassing Cleveland, which ranks 26th), and the 24th most populous in the United States. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
  http://wn.com/Cincinnati
• 
  Constantinople
  Constantinople (, , Turkish: Istanbul) was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire, the Latin Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Throughout most of the Middle Ages, Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city.
  http://wn.com/Constantinople
• 
  Counter-Reformation
  Counter-Reformation (differs from the Catholic Reformation or Catholic Revival) denotes the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 as a response to the Protestant Reformation.
  http://wn.com/Counter-Reformation
• 
  Ireland
  Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
  http://wn.com/Ireland
• 
  Israel
  Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
  http://wn.com/Israel
• 
  Italy
  Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
  http://wn.com/Italy
• 
  Lateran Palace
  The Lateran Palace, formally the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran (Italian: Palazzo Laterano), is an ancient palace of the Roman Empire and later the main Papal residence. Adjacent to the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano, the cathedral church of Rome, Italy, the Lateran Palace is now occupied by the Museo Storico Vaticano which illustrates the history of the Papal States. Until 1970, the palace was home to the important collections of the Lateran Museum, now dispersed among other parts of the Vatican Museums.
  http://wn.com/Lateran_Palace
• 
  Netherlands
  {{Infobox country
  http://wn.com/Netherlands
• 
  New Zealand
  {{Infobox Country
  http://wn.com/New_Zealand
• 
  Papal States
  The Papal State(s), State(s) of the Church, or Pontifical States (, also Stato della Chiesa, Stati della Chiesa, Stati Pontifici, and Stato Ecclesiastico; , also Dicio Pontificia) were among the major historical states of Italy from roughly the 6th century until the Italian peninsula was unified in 1861 by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (after which the Papal States, in less territorially extensive form, continued to exist until 1870).
  http://wn.com/Papal_States
• 
  Portugal
  Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
  http://wn.com/Portugal
• 
  Rome
  Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
  http://wn.com/Rome
• 
  Sistine Chapel
  Sistine Chapel () is the best-known chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope in Vatican City. It is famous for its architecture, evocative of Solomon's Temple of the Old Testament, and its decoration that has been frescoed throughout by the greatest Renaissance artists including Michelangelo, Raphael, Bernini, and Sandro Botticelli. Under the patronage of Pope Julius II, Michelangelo painted of the chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512. He resented the commission, and believed his work only served the Pope's need for grandeur. However, today the ceiling, and especially The Last Judgement, are widely believed to be Michelangelo's crowning achievements in painting.
  http://wn.com/Sistine_Chapel
• 
  Spain
  Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
  http://wn.com/Spain
• 
  Uden
  Uden () is a municipality and a town in the province of Noord-Brabant, Netherlands.
  http://wn.com/Uden
• 
  Vatican City
  Vatican City or Vatican City State, officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (), which translates literally as "State of the City of the Vatican", is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, the capital city of Italy. It has an area of approximately , and a population of just over 800.
  http://wn.com/Vatican_City
• Vatican City State
  http://wn.com/Vatican_City_State

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Pope, Will Filmography

• Trailer: The Movie (1999)