name	Blindness
director	Fernando Meirelles
producer	Niv FichmanAndrea Barata RibeiroSonoko Sakai
based on
screenplay	Don McKellar
narrator	Danny Glover
starring	Julianne MooreMark RuffaloGael García BernalDanny GloverYoshino KimuraAlice Braga
music	Marco Antonio Guimarães
cinematography	César Charlone
editing	Daniel Rezende
distributor	Miramax Films (US)Focus Features (international)
released
runtime	121 minutes
language	English
budget	$25 million
country
gross	$19.6 million }}

''Blindness'' is a 2008 English-language film that is an adaptation of the 1995 novel of the same name by the Portuguese writer José Saramago about a society suffering an epidemic of blindness. The film is written by Don McKellar and directed by Fernando Meirelles with Julianne Moore and Mark Ruffalo as the main characters. Saramago originally refused to sell the rights for a film adaptation, but the producers were able to acquire it with the condition that the film would be set in an unnamed and unrecognizable city. ''Blindness'' premiered as the opening film at the Cannes Film Festival on May 14, 2008, and the film was released in the United States on October 3, 2008.

Plot

The story of ''Blindness'' begins on a morning in an unnamed city during rush-hour traffic. As the traffic lights change, a young Japanese professional (Yusuke Iseya) is suddenly struck blind for no apparent reason and blocks all the traffic behind his car. With the honking horns of the other frustrated drivers causing a commotion, the Japanese man is approached by a few concerned people, one of whom (Don McKellar) offers to drive him home. As they proceed to drive away, the blinded man describes his sudden affliction: an expanse of dazzling white, as though he is "swimming in milk." Eventually they arrive at the Japanese man's upscale apartment, but as soon as he assures his rescuer that he'll be fine waiting there for his wife to come home, the "rescuer" departs with the car keys and steals the vehicle.

Upon arriving home later that evening and noticing her husband's blindness, the Japanese man's wife (Yoshino Kimura) takes him to a local ophthalmologist (Mark Ruffalo) who, after testing the man's eyes, can identify nothing wrong with his sight and recommends further evaluation at a hospital. Among the doctor's patients are an old man with a black eye-patch (Danny Glover), a woman with dark glasses (Alice Braga), and a young boy (Mitchell Nye). Later that same evening, the car thief is also struck blind, abandoning the Japanese man's car as he runs down the street.

During a dinner with his loving wife (Julianne Moore), the doctor discusses the strange case of sudden blindness that hit the Japanese man. Elsewhere in the city, the woman with dark glasses - revealed to be a call-girl - becomes the third victim of the strange blindness after an appointment with a john in a luxury hotel.

The next day, the doctor wakes up to realize that he too has gone blind, which panics him all the more since he may have infected his wife in turn, but she refuses his attempts to keep her at arm's length and promises she will be safe. In various locations around the city, several more citizens are struck blind, causing widespread panic, and the government organizes a quarantine for the blind in a local derelict asylum. When a Hazmat crew arrives to pick up the doctor, his wife climbs into the van with him, lying she has also gone blind in order to accompany him into isolation.

In the asylum, the doctor and his wife are first to arrive and both agree they will keep her sight a secret. Several others arrive: the woman with dark glasses, the Japanese couple, the car thief, and the young boy. At first a fight breaks out between the Japanese man and the man who stole his car, but the doctor pulls them apart and effectively assumes leadership of the ward. The Japanese man is then reunited with his wife, who becomes all but catatonic as a result of her sudden disability. Then the doctor's wife - who continues to remain sighted - comes across the old man with the eye-patch, who describes the condition of the world outside. The sudden blindness, known only as the "White Sickness", is now international, with hundreds of cases being reported every day. Desperate by this point, the totalitarian government resorts to increasingly ruthless measures to try to staunch the epidemic.

In due course, as more and more blind people are crammed into the fetid prison, overcrowding and total lack of any outside support causes the hygiene and living conditions to degrade horrifically in a short time. Soon, the walls and floors are caked in filth and human feces. Anxiety over the availability of food, caused by irregular deliveries, undermine the morale inside. The lack of organization prevents the blind internees from fairly distributing food among each other. The soldiers who guard the asylum become increasingly hostile. The government refuses to allow in basic medicines, so that a simple infection becomes deadly. During one load of new inmates, a man wanders too far away from the group and is killed by the soldiers, along with two other people caught in the crossfire. A shovel is callously tossed over the wall for the corpses to be buried by the blind.

Living conditions degenerate even further when an armed clique of men, led by an ex-barman who declares himself the King of Ward 3 (Gael García Bernal), gains control over the sparse deliveries of food. The rations are distributed only in exchange for valuables, solely as a humiliation. With the prospect of starvation and the hopelessness of being unable to take care of himself, the doctor turns to the woman with dark glasses in a moment of true weakness, and they have sex. Both regret it afterward and even more so once they hear the doctor's wife speak knowing they were not alone and that she had witnessed most of their tryst. Although the doctor's wife does not really trust her husband again, she still remains to help and in the end she forgives both the woman and her husband. The next day, the King of Ward 3 demands women in exchange for food. One by one, the desperate women volunteer to be sex slaves for the men in ward 3, and the King of Ward 3 rapes the doctor's wife. When the women get back, one of them has been brutally beaten to death by her rapist. Faced with starvation and hell-bent on revenge, the doctor's wife snaps and murders the King of Ward 3 with her scissors. His death initiates a chaotic war between the wards, which culminates with the asylum being burned down. Most of the inmates die in the fire. Only then do the few survivors discover that the military has abandoned their posts. They are free to venture into the city.

But all is squalor and chaos. The entire population is blind amid a city devastated and infested with vermin and overrun with filth and dead bodies. The doctor's wife leads her husband, the Japanese couple, the old man, the woman with dark glasses and the young boy through the ruined streets in search of food and clean clothes. Everywhere she looks is grim as people squat in derelict buildings and society as she knew it no longer exists. Leaving her friends in the relative safety of an old cafe, she and her husband go to look for food. In a supermarket filled with stumbling blind people, she finds a storeroom stocked with food and packs it into bags. As she prepares to leave and meet her husband outside, she is attacked by the starving people who smell the food she is carrying. Her husband, now used to his blindness, saves her and they manage to return to their friends.

The doctor and his wife with their new "family" eventually make their way back to the house of the doctor, where they establish a permanent home. The doctor's wife has truly forgiven her husband for sleeping with the woman with dark glasses, and in turn makes love to him where he states that when they are together like this, he can really "see" her through his touch. Just as the "family" are becoming accustomed to their new way of life, the Japanese man recovers his sight one morning. This gives the other people hope that their blindness will lift as quickly and inexplicably as it came. As the friends all celebrate, the doctor's wife stands out on the porch, staring up into a white overcast sky and for a moment thinks to herself "I'm going blind", until the video camera shifts downwards, revealing the cityscape before her.

Cast

Julianne Moore as Doctor's Wife, the only person immune to the epidemic of blindness. Her sight is kept a secret by her husband and others, though as time goes on, she feels isolated in being the only one with sight. Moore described her character's responsibility: "Her biggest concern in the beginning is simply her husband. But her ability to see ultimately both isolates her and makes her into a leader." The director also gave Moore's character a wardrobe that would match the actor's skin and dyed blond hair, giving her the appearance of a "pale angel". Mark Ruffalo as Doctor. The doctor also becomes something of a leader; in an early scene, he reveals that he has been elected as his ward's official representative to the rest of the community. Meirelles originally sought to cast actor Daniel Craig as Doctor, but negotiations were not finalized. Ruffalo said that his character loses the illusion of his self-perspective and perceives his wife as being a person he could aspire to. Ruffalo said, "That's a very difficult moment for anybody, to have all their perceptions completely shattered, but I think the Doctor finally comes to a peace about his inabilities and his downfall, and admits to an admiration for his wife's strengths." The actor wore a layer of makeup to appear older and also wore contact lenses to be blind while having his eyes open. The actor said of the experience as a blind character, "At first it's terrifying and then it's frustrating and then it gets quiet... we're tormented by our eyesight... you don't know this until you go blind... As an actor I suddenly felt free." Danny Glover as Man with Black Eye Patch. Glover described his character: "The Man with the Black Eye Patch comes into this new world of blindness already half blind, so I think he understands where he is within his own truth, within himself. I did feel like this character was very much like Saramago because he is completely unapologetic — he is who he is and he accepts who he is." Glover explained his involvement with the role, "When you are blind you try to adopt another kind of sensitivity, so this role is definitely a challenge from a physical point of view." Gael García Bernal as Bartender/King of Ward 3, one of the film's villains. In defiance of the doctor's democratic election as leader of Ward 1, the bartender immediately declares himself "King of Ward 3" and gains immediate popularity from his "subjects" by prioritizing food over his ward's community responsibilities such as burying the dead. He somehow obtains a revolver (and more than six bullets) and uses it to bully the other wards by controlling the food supply. Meirelles followed the advice of Brazilian stage director Antunes Filho and changed the character from the novel by making him more ambiguous, explaining, "In the book, he is really a mean guy, terribly evil from the beginning... but I thought it was more interesting to have him be not evil but more like a child with a gun." Bernal described the result of his character, "I think the King is just very practical, very pragmatic. He appears cold because he is not an idealist and does not see hope, but he is a survivor, the same as all the others." The Doctor's Wife kills him with a pair of medical scissors to the neck. His death marks the point when Ward 1 takes back control, with the Doctor's Wife's threat to kill one of the men from Ward 3 for every day her ward goes without food. Maury Chaykin as Accountant, who helps the King of Ward 3 bully the members of the other wards. Because he has been blind since birth, the Accountant is much more used to relying on his other senses, which gives him a major advantage over the other prisoners; he assumes control over Ward 3 and the food supplies for the community after the King is murdered. Alice Braga as Woman with Dark Glasses. Braga described her character as mysterious, believing, "While she does sleep with men because it is easy money, I did not want to treat her purely as a prostitute. She starts out quite tough, but she develops very strong maternal feelings." Meirelles explained that the character's glasses and cascading hair gave her a cold appearance, but through her scenes with the orphaned Boy with the Squint, she develops warmth. Secondary characters include: Don McKellar as Thief. McKellar, who wrote the screenplay for the film, had also acted in the past and was cast as the character. The screenwriter described the Thief, "I like the trick where you think the Thief is a bad guy. He's a pathetic character you first believe is the villain of the piece and then you realize that, no, he's not even close to that. There's something charming about his desperation because, after a point, you meet the King of Ward Three and learn what real desperation is." Sandra Oh as Minister of Health. Yusuke Iseya as First Blind Man. Yoshino Kimura as First Blind Man's Wife. Mitchell Nye as Boy. Susan Coyne as Receptionist. Martha Burns as Woman with Insomnia.

Douglas Silva as Onlooker #1 in the opening scenes. Silva has previously acted in many Meirelles films: he starred in Meirelles' short film Golden Gate (Palace II) in 2000; the 2002 film ''City of God''; its 2002 to 2005 spin-off television series Cidade dos Homens (English translation: City of Men); and the movie City of Men in 2007.

Meirelles chose an international cast. Producer Niv Fichman explained Meirelles' intent: "He was inspired by [Saramago's] great masterwork to create a microcosm of the world. He wanted it cast in a way to represent all of humanity."

Production

Development

The rights to the 1995 novel ''Blindness'' were closely guarded by author José Saramago. Saramago explained, "I always resisted because it's a violent book about social degradation, rape, and I didn't want it to fall into the wrong hands." Director Fernando Meirelles had wanted to direct a film adaptation in 1997, perceiving it as "an allegory about the fragility of civilization". Saramago originally refused to sell the rights to Meirelles, Whoopi Goldberg, or Gael García Bernal. In 1999, producer Niv Fichman and Canadian screenwriter Don McKellar visited Saramago in the Canary Islands; Saramago allowed their visit on condition that they not discuss buying the rights. McKellar explained the changes he intended to make from the novel and what the focus would be, and two days later he and Fichman left Saramago's home with the rights. McKellar believed they had succeeded where others had failed because they properly researched Saramago; he was suspicious of the film industry and had therefore resisted other studios' efforts to obtain the rights through large sums of money alone. Conditions set by Saramago were for the film to be set in a country that would not be recognizable to audiences, and that the canine in the novel, the Dog of Tears, should be a big dog.

Meirelles originally envisioned doing the film in Portuguese similar to the novel's original language, but instead directed the film in English, saying, "If you do it in English you can sell it to the whole world and have a bigger audience." Meirelles set the film in a contemporary large city, seemingly under a totalitarian government, as opposed to the novel that he believed took place in the 1940s (actually, the book is more likely to take place in the 60s or later, as evident by the fact that the characters stumble upon a store with modern appliances like microwave ovens and dishwashers). Meirelles chose to make a contemporary film so audiences could relate to the characters. The director also sought a different allegorical approach. He described the novel as "very allegorical, like a fantasy outside of space, outside the world", and he instead took a naturalistic direction in engaging audiences to make the film less "cold."

Writing

Don McKellar said about adapting the story, "None of the characters even have names or a history, which is very untraditional for a Hollywood story. The film, like the novel, directly addresses sight and point of view and asks you to see things from a different perspective." McKellar wrote the script so audiences would see the world through the eyes of the protagonist, the Doctor's Wife. He sought to have them question the humanity of how she observes but does not act in various situations, including a rape scene. He consulted Saramago about why the wife took so long to act. McKellar noted, "He said she became aware of the responsibility that comes with seeing gradually, first to herself, then to her husband, then to her small family, then her ward, and finally to the world where she has to create a new civilization." The screenwriter wrote out the "actions and circumstances" that would allow the wife to find her responsibility. While the completed script was mostly faithful to the novel, McKellar went through several drafts that were not. One such saw him veer away from the novel by creating names and backstories for all the characters. Another significantly changed the chronology. Only after these abortive attempts did McKellar decide to cut the backstories and focus primarily on the doctor and his wife. He attempted to reconnect with what originally drew him to the novel: what he called its "existential simplicity". The novel defines its characters by little more than their present actions; doing the same for the adaptation became "an interesting exercise" for McKellar.

McKellar attended a summer camp for the blind as part of his research. He wanted to observe how blind people interacted in groups. He discovered that excessive expositional dialogue, usually frowned upon by writers, was essential for the groups. McKellar cut one of the last lines in the novel from his screenplay: "I don't think we did go blind, I think we are blind. Blind but seeing. Blind people who can see, but do not see." McKellar believed viewers would by that point have already have grasped the symbolism and didn't want the script to seem heavy-handed. He also toned down the visual cues in his screenplay, such as the "brilliant milky whiteness" of blindness described in the novel. McKellar knew he wanted a stylistically-adept director and didn't want to be too prescriptive, preferring only to hint at an approach.

Filming and casting

Meirelles chose São Paulo as the primary backdrop for ''Blindness'', though scenes were also filmed in Osasco, Brazil; Guelph, Ontario, Canada; and Montevideo, Uruguay. With all the characters aside from Julianne Moore's character being blind, the cast was trained to simulate blindness. The director also stylized the film to reflect the lack of point-of-view that the characters would experience. Meirelles said several actors he talked to were intimidated by the concept of playing characters without names: "I offered the film to some actors who said, 'I can't play a character with no name, with no history, with no past. With Gael (García Bernal), he said, 'I never think about the past. I just think what my character wants.'"

By September 2006, Fernando Meirelles was attached to ''Blindness'', with the script being adapted by Don McKellar. ''Blindness'', budgeted at $25 million as part of a Brazilian and Canadian co-production, was slated to begin filming in summer 2007 in the towns of São Paulo and Guelph. Filming began in early July in São Paulo and Guelph. Filming also took place in Montevideo, Uruguay. São Paulo served as the primary backdrop for ''Blindness'', being a city mostly unfamiliar to U.S. and European audiences. With its relative obscurity, the director sought São Paulo as the film's generic location. Filming continued through autumn of 2007.

The cast and crew included 700 extras who had to be trained to simulate blindness. Actor Christian Duurvoort from Meirelles' ''City of God'' led a series of workshops to coach the cast members. Duurvoort had researched the mannerisms of blind people to understand how they perceive the world and how they make their way through space. Duurvoort not only taught the extras mannerisms, but also to convey the emotional and psychological states of blind people. One technique was reacting differently to others as a blind person. Meirelles described, "When you're talking to someone, you see a reaction. When you're blind, the response is much flatter. What's the point [in reacting]?"

Filmmaking style

Meirelles acknowledged the challenge of making a film that would simulate the experience of blindness to the audience. He explained, "When you do a film, everything is related to point-of-view, to vision. When you have two characters in a dialogue, emotion is expressed by the way people look at each other, through the eyes. Especially in the cut, the edit. You usually cut when someone looks over. Film is all about point-of-view and in this film there is none." Similar to the book, blindness in the film serves as a metaphor for human nature's dark side: "prejudice, selfishness, violence and willful indifference."

With only one character's point-of-view available, Meirelles sought to switch the points-of-view throughout the film, seeing three distinct stylistic sections. The director began with an omniscient vantage point, transited to the intact viewpoint of the Doctor's Wife, and changed again to the Man with the Black Eye Patch, who connects the quarantined to the outside world with stories. The director concluded the switching with the combination of the perspective of the Doctor's Wife and the narrative of the Man with the Black Eye Patch.

The film also contains visual cues, such as the 1568 painting ''The Parable of the Blind'' by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Allusions to other famous artworks are also made. Meirelles described the intent: "It's about image, the film, and vision, so I thought it makes sense to create, not a history of painting, because it's not, but having different ways of seeing things, from Rembrandt to these very contemporary artists. But it's a very subtle thing."

Release

Theatrical run

Prior to public release, Meirelles screened ''Blindness'' to test audiences. He described the impact of test screenings: "If you know how to use it, how to ask the right questions, it can be really useful." A test screening of Meirelles' first cut in Toronto resulted in ten percent of the audience, nearly 50 people, walking out of the film early. Meirelles ascribed the problem to a rape scene that takes place partway through the film, and edited the scene to be much shorter in the final cut. Meirelles explained his goal, "When I shot and edited these scenes, I did it in a very technical way, I worried about how to light it and so on, and I lost the sense of their brutality. Some women were really angry with the film, and I thought, 'Wow, maybe I crossed the line.' I went back not to please the audience but so they would stay involved until the end of the story." He also found that a New York test screening expressed concern about a victim in the film failing to take revenge. Meirelles believed this concern to reflect what Americans have learned to expect in their cinema.

Focus Features acquired the right to handle international sales for ''Blindness''. Pathé acquired U.K. and French rights to distribute the film, and Miramax Films won U.S. distribution rights with its $5 million bid. ''Blindness'' premiered as the opening film at the 61st Cannes Film Festival on May 14, 2008, where it received a "tepid reception." Straw polls of critics were "unkind" to the film.

''Blindness'' was screened at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2008 as a Special Presentation. The film also opened at the Atlantic Film Festival on September 11, 2008, and had its North American theatrical release on October 3, 2008.

Critical reception

The film was on some critics' top ten lists of 2008 films but has received very mixed, predominantly negative reviews. With only 62 of 149 (42%) reviews on the film review site Rotten Tomatoes being positive ''Blindness'' is considered "rotten". The film has an average rating of 5.2 out of 10.

''Screen International'''s Cannes screen jury which annually polls a panel of international film critics gave the film a 1.3 average out of 4, placing the film on the lower-tier of all the films screened at competition in 2008. Of the film critics from the ''Screen International'' Cannes critics jury, Alberto Crespi of the Italian publication ''L'Unità'', Michel Ciment of French film magazine ''Positif'' and Dohoon Kim of South Korean film publication ''Cine21'', all gave the film zero points (out of four).

Kirk Honeycutt of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' described ''Blindness'' as "provocative but predictable cinema", startling but failing to surprise. Honeycutt criticized the film's two viewpoints: Julianne Moore's character, the only one who can see, is slow to act against atrocities (even though this was addressed in Saramago's novel), and the behavior of Danny Glover's character comes off as "slightly pompous". Honeycutt explained, "This philosophical coolness is what most undermines the emotional response to Meirelles' film. His fictional calculations are all so precise and a tone of deadly seriousness swamps the grim action." Justin Chang of ''Variety'' described the film: "''Blindness'' emerges onscreen both overdressed and undermotivated, scrupulously hitting the novel's beats yet barely approximating, so to speak, its vision." Chang thought that Julianne Moore gave a strong performance but did not feel that the film captured the impact of Saramago's novel. Roger Ebert called ''Blindness'' "one of the most unpleasant, not to say unendurable, films I've ever seen." A. O. Scott of ''The New York Times'' stated that, although it "is not a great film, ... it is, nonetheless, full of examples of what good filmmaking looks like."

Stephen Garrett of ''Esquire'' complimented Meirelles' unconventional style: "Meirelles [honors] the material by using elegant, artful camera compositions, beguiling sound design and deft touches of digital effects to accentuate the authenticity of his cataclysmic landscape." Despite the praise, Garrett wrote that Meirelles' talent at portraying real-life injustice in ''City of God'' and ''The Constant Gardener'' did not suit him for directing the "heightened reality" of Saramago's social commentary.

Peter Bradshaw of ''The Guardian'' called it "an intelligent, tightly constructed, supremely confident adaptation": "Meirelles, along with screenwriter Don McKellar and cinematographer Cesar Charlone, have created an elegant, gripping and visually outstanding film. It responds to the novel's notes of apocalypse and dystopia, and its disclosure of a spiritual desert within the modern city, but also to its persistent qualities of fable, paradox and even whimsy." "Blindness is a drum-tight drama, with superb, hallucinatory, images of urban collapse. It has a real coil of horror at its centre, yet is lightened with gentleness and humour. It reminded me of George A Romero's Night Of The Living Dead, and Peter Shaffer's absurdist stage-play Black Comedy. This is bold, masterly, film-making."

''The Boston Globe'''s Wesley Morris raved about the leading actress: "Julianne Moore is a star for these terrible times. She tends to be at her best when the world is at its worst. And things are pretty bad in "Blindness," a perversely enjoyable, occasionally harrowing adaptation of José Saramago's 1995 disaster allegory. [...] "Blindness" is a movie whose sense of crisis feels right on time, even if the happy ending feels like a gratuitous emotional bailout. Meirelles ensures that the obviousness of the symbolism (in the global village the blind need guidance!) doesn't negate the story's power, nor the power of Moore's performance. The more dehumanizing things get, the fiercer she becomes."

The film appeared on some critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Bill White of the ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'' named it the 5th best film of 2008, and Marc Savlov of ''The Austin Chronicle'' named it the 8th best film of 2008.

Controversy

The film has been strongly criticized by several organizations representing the blind community. Dr. Marc Maurer, President of the National Federation of the Blind, said: "The National Federation of the Blind condemns and deplores this film, which will do substantial harm to the blind of America and the world." A press release from the American Council of the Blind said "...it is quite obvious why blind people would be outraged over this movie. Blind people do not behave like uncivilized, animalized creatures." The National Federation of the Blind announced plans to picket theaters in at least 21 states, in the largest protest in the organization's 68-year history. José Saramago responded: "Stupidity doesn’t choose between the blind and the non-blind."

References

External links

, including trailer

''Blindness'' Official international press release and production information.

Category:2008 films Category:2000s thriller films Category:2000s drama films Category:Canadian thriller films Category:Canadian drama films Category:Japanese thriller films Category:Japanese drama films Category:Brazilian films Category:Dystopian films Category:Films about blind people Category:Films shot in Brazil Category:Films shot in Canada Category:Films shot in Uruguay Category:Films based on novels Category:Films directed by Fernando Meirelles Category:English-language films Category:Films about infectious diseases

de:Die Stadt der Blinden (Film) es:Blindness fa:کوری (فیلم) fr:Blindness ko:눈먼 자들의 도시 (영화) it:Blindness - Cecità hu:Vakság (film) nl:Blindness ja:ブラインドネス no:Blindhet (film) pl:Miasto ślepców pt:Ensaio sobre a Cegueira (filme) ru:Слепота (фильм) fi:Blindness tr:Körlük (film)

birth name	Julie Anne Smith
birth date	December 03, 1960
birth place	Fayetteville, North Carolina, U.S.
occupation	Actress
spouse
children	Son Caleb and daughter Liv
years active	1983–present }}

Julianne Moore (born Julie Anne Smith; December 3, 1960) is an American actress and a children's book author. Throughout her career, she has been nominated for four Oscars, six Golden Globes, three BAFTAs and nine Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Moore began her acting career in 1983 in minor roles, before joining the cast of the soap opera ''As the World Turns'', for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1988. She began to appear in supporting roles in films during the early 1990s, in films such as ''The Hand That Rocks the Cradle'' and ''The Fugitive''. Her performance in ''Short Cuts'' (1993) won her and the rest of the cast a Golden Globe for their ensemble performance, and her performance in ''Boogie Nights'' (1997) brought her widespread attention and nominations for several major acting awards.

Her success continued with films such as ''The Big Lebowski'' (1998), ''The End of the Affair'' (1999) and ''Magnolia'' (1999). She was acclaimed for her portrayal of a betrayed wife in ''Far from Heaven'' (2002), winning several critic awards as best actress of the year, in addition to several other nominations, including the Academy Award, Golden Globe, and Screen Actors Guild Award. The same year, she was also nominated for several awards as best supporting actress for her work in ''The Hours''. In 2010, Moore starred in the comedy drama ''The Kids Are All Right'', for which she received a Golden Globe and BAFTA nomination.

Early life

Moore was born Julie Anne Smith at Fort Bragg, near Fayetteville, North Carolina. Her mother, the late Anne McNeil McLean (née Love), was a psychiatric social worker who emigrated from Greenock, Scotland, and her father, Peter Moore Smith, a New Jersey native, was a military lawyer, judge, helicopter pilot, and army colonel. She has a younger sister, Valerie, and a younger brother, novelist Peter Moore Smith III. Growing up as an "army brat", she lived in several places across the United States and Germany. Moore attended J.E.B. Stuart High School in Falls Church, Virginia and Frankfurt American High School in Frankfurt, Germany, graduating in 1979. She received her bachelor's degree at the College of Fine Arts at Boston University.

Career

Acting

Moore moved to New York City in 1983, working as a waitress and performing in bit parts before being cast in the dual roles of Frannie Hughes and Sabrina Hughes on the soap opera ''As the World Turns'', for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award; she played the roles from 1985 to 1988. In 1987, she was part of the junior company in the New York premiere of Caryl Churchill's ''Serious Money'' at The Public Theater. Because of Screen Actors Guild rules, she had to change her name, since there were already actresses named "Julie Smith" and "Julianne Smith". She chose her father's middle name, "Moore", but because there was already another actress named "Julie Moore", she finally settled on "Julianne Moore."

Moore began starring in feature films in the early 1990s, mostly appearing in supporting roles in films like ''The Hand That Rocks the Cradle,'' ''Benny & Joon,'' and ''The Fugitive.'' Her part in 1993's ''Short Cuts'' gained her critical acclaim and recognition, and she was cast in several high-profile Hollywood films, including 1995's romantic comedy ''Nine Months,'' and 1997's summer blockbuster ''The Lost World: Jurassic Park''. Her first role as the central lead, Carol White, in the well-reviewed independent film ''Safe'' also attracted critical attention. The role was called the ancestor of one of Moore's best-praised roles, Cathy Whitaker, in another Haynes film, ''Far from Heaven''. Critics noted the importance of this role in establishing her as an actress to take seriously. In addition, her performance on ''Vanya on 42nd Street'', a filmed version of Anton Chekhov's play ''Uncle Vanya'', earned her critical recognition, with film critic Kenneth Turan calling her work in the film "a revelation". For this role, Moore won Best Actress from the Boston Society of Film Critics.

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Moore appeared in a series of films that received Oscar recognition, including her roles in ''Boogie Nights'' (1997, Best Supporting Actress nomination), ''The End of the Affair'' (1999, Best Actress nomination), and her two 2002 films, ''The Hours'' (Best Supporting Actress nomination) and ''Far from Heaven'' (Best Actress nomination), for which she also won "Best Actress" from no less than 16 critics groups, more than any other actress that year (see below for a list), and from the Venice Film Festival. In the ''Los Angeles Times'' review of the film, critic Manohla Dargis wrote: "The film's three leads are extraordinary, but what Moore does with her role is so beyond the parameters of what we call great acting that it nearly defies categorization." During this period, she also appeared in the commercial successes ''Hannibal'' (replacing Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling) and ''The Forgotten'', in Paul Thomas Anderson's follow-up to ''Boogie Nights'', ''Magnolia'', and in the Coen brothers cult hit ''The Big Lebowski''. ''Entertainment Weekly'' has chosen her one of The 25 Greatest Actresses of the '90s. In 2003, ''The Guardian'' called her "the most talented actress of her generation".

In November 2006, Moore made her Broadway debut in the world premiere of David Hare's new play ''The Vertical Hour'', directed by Sam Mendes. 2006 also saw the releasing of three of her films: ''Freedomland'', which opened in February to mixed reviews, followed by ''Trust the Man,'' directed by her husband Bart Freundlich, and the critically acclaimed science fiction feature ''Children of Men''. The following year she appeared opposite Nicolas Cage and Jessica Biel in ''Next,'' a science fiction action film based on ''The Golden Man,'' a short story by Philip K. Dick; and the controversial film ''Savage Grace'', the story of a high-society mother and son whose Oedipal relationship ends in tragedy. In 2008, she starred alongside Mark Ruffalo in ''Blindness'', a thriller from director Fernando Meirelles. In her review of the film, Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com called Moore "an apparition of generosity and compassion who seems in danger of disappearing at any moment. Moore takes the movie's stiff, signpost dialogue and delivers it in a way that's consistently believable. [...] She's a miracle worker, and whatever Meirelles paid her, it isn't nearly enough", while ''The Austin Chronicle'' commented that Moore "masterfully characterizes the devoted wife’s metamorphosis into a heroicism both unwanted and unheralded. It’s a rattling, heartrending performance in, yes, a long, hard slough of a film – one that is well worth the journey, if not a repeat trip."

The next year, Moore appeared opposite Colin Firth in the well-received American drama ''A Single Man'', for which she received her fifth Golden Globe nomination, with Peter Travers of ''Rolling Stone'' calling her performance "explosively good". When the cancellation of ''As the World Turns'' was announced in late 2009, Moore decided to honor the soap that brought her fame and temporarily returned for a few days as Frannie Hughes. During the 2009–2010 season of ''30 Rock'', she had a guest role as Nancy Donovan, a love interest for Alec Baldwin's character, Jack Donaghy.

In 2010, Moore starred in the erotic thriller ''Chloe'', theatrically released by Sony Pictures Classics and had since became director Atom Egoyan's biggest moneymaker ever.. In his review of the film, David Edelstein of the ''New York'' magazine called Moore's performance "extraordinarily raw and affecting." Moore next appeared in the comedy-drama ''The Kids Are All Right'', co-starring Annette Bening and Mark Ruffalo; Moore was instrumental in getting the film made and in getting Bening involved. The film was both a critical and commercial success, garnering acting and production nominations from the Gotham Awards, the Independent Spirit Awards and the Academy Awards, as well as winning the Golden Globe Award for "Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy". Roger Ebert of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' commented, "Moore and Bening are superb actors here, evoking a marriage of more than 20 years, and all of its shadings and secrets, idealism and compromise", and the ''Los Angeles Times'' review said, "Moore is fearless" and "plays every note perfectly." For this role, Moore received her sixth Golden Globe Award nomination and a BAFTA nomination.

In July 2011, Moore appeared in the comedy ''Crazy, Stupid, Love.'', co-starring Steve Carell and Ryan Gosling. It has been announced that Moore is to portray former vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin in an upcoming HBO drama. Altogether, she has five upcoming projects, amongst others the fantasy film ''The Seventh Son'' based on the book series ''The Wardstone Chronicles'', co-starring Jeff Bridges, in which Moore will star as the "most dangerous 1700s witch" Mother Malkin.

Writing

In October 2007, Moore made her literary debut with the publication of ''Freckleface Strawberry'', a children's book based on her experiences as a child. In April 2009, Moore followed up with a second children's book titled ''Freckleface Strawberry and the Dodgeball Bully''.

Personal life

Moore met her first husband, John Gould Rubin, in 1984. They married in 1986, separated in 1994, and divorced in 1995. In 1996, she began a relationship with director Bart Freundlich, whom she wed on August 23, 2003. The couple had two children prior to their marriage: a son, Caleb (b. December 4, 1997), and a daughter, Liv Helen (b. April 11, 2002). In an interview, Moore said she picked roles in movies that film in the summer so her family can accompany her: "My husband and I are very fortunate, because we have flexible jobs," she says. "If you talk to parents, that's what they're trying to do — have as much flexibility as possible." She lives with her family in the West Village neighborhood of Manhattan.By way of her Scottish ancestry, Moore became a British citizen on 8 July, 2011.

Activism

Politics

Moore is a pro-choice activist and, during the 2004 presidential election, donated $2,000 to John Kerry's presidential campaign.

Charity work

Since 2002, she has been involved with the TS Alliance to raise awareness of tuberous sclerosis and is an Artist Ambassador for Save the Children's programs in the United States.

LGBT advocacy

She actively supports same-sex marriage, and some of her films and roles deal with LGBT topics.

Filmography

! Year	! Film	! Role	Notes
1984	''''	Carmen Engler
1985–1988& 2010, 1986–1988	''As the World Turns''	Frannie HughesSabrina Hughes
1987		India West
1989	''Money, Power, Murder''	Peggy Lynn Brady
1990	''Tales from the Darkside: The Movie''	Susan
1990	''An Adult Comedy''	Lead
1991	''Cast a Deadly Spell''	Connie Stone
1991	''The Last to Go''	Marcy
1992	''''	Marlene Craven	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
1992	''''	Elinor
1993		Sharon Dulaney
1993	''Benny & Joon''	Ruthie
1993	''Luck, Trust & Ketchup''	Herself
1993	''''	Dr. Anne Eastman
1993	''Short Cuts''	Marian Wyman
1994	''Vanya on 42nd Street''	Yelena
1995		Beth Holzcek
1995		Carol White
1995	''Nine Months''	Rebecca Taylor
1995		Electra
1996	''Surviving Picasso''	Dora Maar
1997	''''	Dr. Sarah Harding
1997	''''	Mia	Nominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actress
1997	''Boogie Nights''	Amber Waves
1997	''The Lost World: Jurassic Park – Chaos Island''	Dr. Sarah Harding	(voice)
1998	''''	Maude Lebowski	Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
1998	''Hellcab''	Distraught Woman
1998		Lila Crane
1999	''Cookie's Fortune''	Cora Duvall	Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress
1999	''''	Mrs. Laura Cheveley	Nominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1999		Theresa Collins
1999	''''	Sarah Miles	Nominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—Chlotrudis Awards 2000
1999		Linda Partridge
2000	''''	Audrey
2000	''[[Not I''	Mouth
2001		Agent Clarice Starling	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Actress
2001		Dr. Allison Reed
2001	''''	Wavey Prowse
2001	''World Traveler''	Dulcie
2002	''Far from Heaven''	Cathy Whitaker	Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressChicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressChlotrudis Award for Best ActressDallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressIndependent Spirit Award for Best Lead FemaleKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressLondon Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress (also for ''The Hours'')National Board of Review Award for Best ActressOnline Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressPhoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressSan Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressSeattle Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressSoutheastern Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressToronto Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressVancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressWashington D.C. Area Film Critics Association for Best ActressVolpi CupVillage Voice Film Poll – Best Lead PerformanceNominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—Empire Award for Best ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
2002	''''	Laura Brown	Silver Bear for Best Actress (shared with Meryl Streep and Nicole Kidman)Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress (also for ''Far from Heaven'')Nominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting RoleNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActressNominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureNominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
2004	''Marie and Bruce''	Marie
2004	''Laws of Attraction''	Audrey Woods
2004	''''	Telly Paretta	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Actress
2005	''''	Evelyn Ryan	Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
2005,2007	''''	Herself
2006		Brenda Martin
2006	''Trust the Man''	Rebecca
2006	''Children of Men''	Julian
2007		Callie Ferris
2007	''I'm Not There''	Alice
2008	''Savage Grace''	Barbara Daly Baekeland
2008	''Eagle Eye''	ARIIA	(voice) (uncredited)
2008		Doctor's Wife	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best ActressNominated—Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress in a Canadian Film
2009	''The Ballad of G.I. Joe''		Video short
2009	''''	Kat
2009	''''	Charlotte
2009		Catherine
2009	''30 Rock''
2010	''Elektra Luxx''	Virgin Mary	Uncredited cameo role
2010		Cara
2010	''''	Jules	Comedy Film Awards
2011		Emily Weaver
2011		[[Sarah Palin	Television film

Other appearances

On December 11, 2005, Moore and actress Salma Hayek co-hosted the annual Nobel Peace Prize concert in Oslo, Norway.

On November 30, 2006, ''The Vertical Hour'', directed by Sam Mendes, opened on Broadway.

References

External links

People in Film: Julianne Moore – Focus Features

CBS News interview (September 30, 2005)

IGN Films interview (April 29, 2004)

Julianne Moore at Rotten Tomatoes

Julianne Moore interview for ''The Kids Are All Right''

Julianne Moore Q&A; for theartsdesk.com (July 24, 2010)

Category:1960 births Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from North Carolina Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American film actors Category:American soap opera actors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Boston University alumni Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners Category:Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead winners Category:LGBT rights activists from the United States Category:American pro-choice activists Category:Living people Category:Military brats Category:People from Fayetteville, North Carolina Category:People from Greenwich Village, New York Category:GLAAD Media Awards winners

ar:جوليان مور az:Culianna Mur be-x-old:Джуліян Мур bs:Julianne Moore br:Julianne Moore bg:Джулиан Мур ca:Julianne Moore cs:Julianne Moore da:Julianne Moore de:Julianne Moore et:Julianne Moore el:Τζούλιαν Μουρ es:Julianne Moore eo:Julianne Moore eu:Julianne Moore fa:جولیان مور fr:Julianne Moore fy:Julianne Moore gl:Julianne Moore ko:줄리안 무어 hy:Ջուլիան Մուր hr:Julianne Moore io:Julianne Moore ilo:Julianne Moore id:Julianne Moore ia:Julianne Moore is:Julianne Moore it:Julianne Moore he:ג'וליאן מור jv:Julianne Moore la:Iuliana Moore lv:Džuliana Mūra lt:Julianne Moore hu:Julianne Moore ms:Julianne Moore nah:Julianne Moore nl:Julianne Moore ja:ジュリアン・ムーア no:Julianne Moore nn:Julianne Moore oc:Julianne Moore uz:Julianne Moore pl:Julianne Moore pt:Julianne Moore ro:Julianne Moore ru:Джулианна Мур simple:Julianne Moore sk:Julianne Mooreová sr:Џулијана Мур sh:Julianne Moore fi:Julianne Moore sv:Julianne Moore tl:Julianne Moore th:จูเลียน มัวร์ tg:Ҷулианна Мур tr:Julianne Moore uk:Джуліанн Мур vi:Julianne Moore wa:Julianne Moore bat-smg:Džoljana Mūr zh:茱莉安·摩爾

name	José Saramago
birth name	José de Sousa Saramago
birth date	November 16, 1922
birth place	Azinhaga, Santarém, Portugal
death date	June 18, 2010
death place	Tías, Las Palmas, Spain
occupation	Playwright, novelist
nationality	Portuguese
period	1947–2010
spouse	Pilar del Rio (m. 1988)
influences	Jorge Luis Borges, Miguel de Cervantes, Machado de Assis, Michel de Montaigne, Eça de Queiroz, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Kafka, Karl Marx, Fernando Pessoa, Marcel Proust, Ludwig Wittgenstein
awards
website	http://www.josesaramago.org/saramago/ }}

José de Sousa Saramago, GColSE (; (16 November 1922 – 18 June 2010) was a Nobel-laureate Portuguese novelist, poet, playwright and journalist. His works, some of which can be seen as allegories, commonly present subversive perspectives on historic events, emphasizing the human factor. Harold Bloom has described Saramago as "a permanent part of the Western canon".

Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1998. More than two million copies of his books have been sold in Portugal alone and his work has been translated into 25 languages. He founded the National Front for the Defence of Culture (Lisbon, 1992) with Freitas-Magalhães and others. In 1992, the Portuguese government, under Prime Minister Aníbal Cavaco Silva, ordered the removal of ''The Gospel According to Jesus Christ'' from the European Literary Prize's shortlist, claiming the work was religiously offensive. Saramago complained about censorship and moved to Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, Spain, where he resided until his death.

A proponent of libertarian communism, Although Saramago was a good pupil, his parents were unable to afford to keep him in grammar school, and instead moved him to a technical school at age 12. After graduating, he worked as a car mechanic for two years. Later he worked as a translator, then as a journalist. He was assistant editor of the newspaper ''Diário de Notícias'', a position he had to leave after the democratic revolution in 1975.

After a period of working as a translator he was able to support himself as a writer. Saramago married Ilda Reis in 1944. Their only child, Violante, was born in 1947. From 1988 until his death in June 2010 Saramago was married to the Spanish journalist Pilar del Río, who is the official translator of his books into Spanish.

Later life and international acclaim

Saramago did not achieve widespread recognition and acclaim until he was sixty, with the publication of his fourth novel, ''Memorial do Convento'' (literally, ''Memoir of the Convent''). A baroque tale set during the Inquisition in 18th-century Lisbon, it tells of the love between a maimed soldier and a young clairvoyant, and of a renegade priest's heretical dream of flight. The novel's translation in 1988 as Baltasar and Blimunda, by Giovanni Pontiero, brought Saramago to the attention of an international readership. This novel won the Portuguese PEN Club Award.

He became a member of the Portuguese Communist Party in 1969 and remained so until the end of his life. Saramago was also an atheist and self-described pessimist. His views have aroused considerable controversy in Portugal, especially after the publication of ''The Gospel According to Jesus Christ''. Members of the country's Catholic community were outraged by Saramago's representation of Jesus and particularly God as fallible, even cruel human beings. Portugal's conservative government would not allow Saramago's work to compete for the European Literary Prize, arguing that it offended the Catholic community. As a result, Saramago and his wife moved to Lanzarote, an island in the Spanish Canaries.

Nobel Prize

Saramago was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1998. The announcement came when he was about to fly to Germany ahead of the Frankfurt Book Fair, and caught both him and his editor by surprise. The Nobel committee praised his "parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony", and his "modern scepticism" about official truths.

Death and funeral

Saramago died on 18 June 2010, aged 87, having spent the last few years of his life in Lanzarote, Spain. He was reported to have eaten breakfast and chatted with his wife for a time before ill health overcame him and killed him. ''The Guardian'' described him as "the finest Portuguese writer of his generation", while Fernanda Eberstadt of ''The New York Times'' said he was "known almost as much for his unfaltering Communism as for his fiction". Saramago's translator, Margaret Jull Costa, paid tribute to him, describing his "wonderful imagination" and calling him "the greatest contemporary Portuguese writer". Saramago had continued his writing until his death. His most recent publication, ''Cain'', was published in 2009, with an English translation made available in August 2010. Saramago had suffered from pneumonia a year before his death. Having been thought to have made a full recovery, he had been scheduled to attend the Edinburgh International Book Festival in August 2010.

Portugal declared two days of mourning. There were verbal tributes from senior international politicians: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Brazil), Bernard Kouchner (France) and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (Spain), while Cuba's Raúl and Fidel Castro sent floral tributes. Silva, the Prime Minister when Saramago's name was removed from the shortlist of the European Literary Prize, said he did not attend Saramago's funeral because he "had never had the privilege to know him". Mourners, who questioned Silva's absence in the presence of reporters, held copies of the red carnation, symbolic of Portugal's democratic revolution.

Politics

Saramago was a proponent of anarcho-communism, Saramago was also a candidate of the Democratic Unity Coalition to the European Parliament in all the elections from 1989 to 2009, usually in positions with no possibility of being elected. Saramago was a critic of the European Union and the International Monetary Fund.

In his novel ''Blindness'', the communist principle of from each according to his ability, to each according to his need is stated in a positive light. In a 2008 press conference for the filming of Blindness he stated, in reference to the global financial crisis, that "Marx was never so right as now"

Although many of his novels are acknowledged political satire of a subtle kind, it is in ''The Notebook'' that Saramago makes his political convictions most clear. The book, written from a Marxist perspective, is a collection of his blog articles for the year September 2008 to August 2009. According to ''The Independent'', "Saramago aims to cut through the web of 'organized lies' surrounding humanity, and to convince readers by delivering his opinions in a relentless series of unadorned, knock-down prose blows." His political engagement has led to comparisons with George Orwell: "Orwell's hostility to the British Empire runs parallel to Saramago's latter-day crusade against empire in the shape of globalisation." When speaking to ''The Observer'' in 2006 he said "The painter paints, the musician makes music, the novelist writes novels. But I believe that we all have some influence, not because of the fact that one is an artist, but because we are citizens. As citizens, we all have an obligation to intervene and become involved, it's the citizen who changes things. I can't imagine myself outside any kind of social or political involvement."

During a visit to Ramallah in March 2002 during the second intifada, Saramago compared the Palestinian city, which was blockaded at the time by the Israeli army, to concentration camps. Some critics claimed Saramago's statement was antisemitic.

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Saramago joined Tariq Ali, John Berger, Noam Chomsky, and others in condemning what they characterized as "a long-term military, economic and geographic practice whose political aim is nothing less than the liquidation of the Palestinian nation".

He was also a supporter of Iberian Federalism.

Bibliography

{|class="wikitable" |- !Title||Year||English title||Year||ISBN |- |''Terra do Pecado'' ||1947||''Land of Sin'' || || ISBN 9722111450 |- |''Os Poemas Possíveis'' ||1966||''Possible Poems'' || || |- |''Provavelmente Alegria'' ||1970||''Probably Joy'' || || |- |''Deste Mundo e do Outro'' ||1971||''This World and the Other'' || || |- |''A Bagagem do Viajante'' ||1973||''The Traveller's Baggage'' || || |- |''As Opiniões que o DL teve'' ||1974||''Opinions that DL had'' || || |- |''O Ano de 1993'' ||1975||''The Year of 1993'' || || |- |''Os Apontamentos'' ||1976||''The Notes'' || || |- |''Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia'' ||1977||''Manual of Painting and Calligraphy'' ||1993|| ISBN 1857540433 |- |''Objecto Quase'' ||1978||''Quasi Object'' || || |- |''Levantado do Chão'' ||1980||''Raised from the Ground'' ||2011|| |- |''Viagem a Portugal'' ||1981||''Journey to Portugal'' ||2000||ISBN 0151005877 |- |''Memorial do Convento'' ||1982||''Baltasar and Blimunda'' ||1987||ISBN 0151105553 |- |''O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis'' ||1986||''The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis'' ||1991|| ISBN 0151997357 |- |''A Jangada de Pedra'' ||1986||''The Stone Raft'' ||1994|| ISBN 0151851980 |- |''História do Cerco de Lisboa'' ||1989||''The History of the Siege of Lisbon''||1996|| ISBN 015100238X |- |''O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo'' ||1991||''The Gospel According to Jesus Christ'' ||1993|| ISBN 0151367000 |- |''Ensaio sobre a Cegueira'' ||1995||''Blindness'' ||1997|| ISBN 0151002517 |- |''Todos os Nomes'' ||1997||''All the Names'' ||1999|| ISBN 0151004218 |- |''O Conto da Ilha Desconhecida'' ||1997||''The Tale of the Unknown Island'' ||1999|| ISBN 0151005958 |- |''A Caverna'' ||2001||''The Cave'' ||2002|| ISBN 0151004145 |- |''A Maior Flor do Mundo'' ||2001||''Children's Picture Book'' || || |- |''O Homem Duplicado'' ||2003||''The Double'' ||2004|| ISBN 0151010404 |- |''Ensaio sobre a Lucidez'' ||2004||''Seeing'' ||2006|| ISBN 0151012385 |- |''Don Giovanni ou o Dissoluto Absolvido'' ||2005||''Don Giovanni, or, Dissolute Acquitted'' || || |- |''As Intermitências da Morte'' ||2005||''Death with Interruptions'' ||2008|| ISBN 1846550203 |- |''As Pequenas Memórias'' ||2006||''Small Memories'' ||2010|| ISBN 9780151015085 |- |''A Viagem do Elefante'' ||2008||''The Elephant's Journey''||2010|| ISBN 9789722120173 |- |''Caim'' ||2009||''Cain'' ||2011|| ISBN 9786071103161 |}

See also

Magical realism

References

Bibliography

Baptista Bastos, ''José Saramago: Aproximação a um retrato'', Dom Quixote, 1996

T.C. Cerdeira da Silva, ''Entre a história e aficção: Uma saga de portugueses'', Dom Quixote, 1989

Maria da Conceição Madruga, ''A paixão segundo José Saramago: a paixão do verbo e o verbo da paixão'', Campos das Letras, Porto, 1998

Horácio Costa, ''José Saramago: O Período Formativo'', Ed. Caminho, 1998

Helena I. Kaufman, ''Ficção histórica portuguesa da pós-revolução'', Madison, 1991

O. Lopes, ''Os sinais e os sentidos: Literatura portuguesa do século XX'', Lisboa, 1986

B. Losada, ''Eine iberische Stimme'', Liber, 2, 1, 1990, 3

Carlos Reis, ''Diálogos com José Saramago'', Ed. Caminho, Lisboa, 1998

M. Maria Seixo, ''O essential sobre José Saramago'', Imprensa Nacional, 1987

"Saramago, José (1922–2010)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Tracie Ratiner. Vol. 25. 2nd ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Discovering Collection. Thomson Gale. University of Guelph. 25 Sep. 2007.

External links

Saramago: Prophet of our Times

José Saramago Foundation

The Unexpected Fantasist, a portrait of José Saramago, written by Fernanda Eberstadt and published August 26, 2007, in ''The New York Times Magazine''

Introduction and video of Saramago from "Heroes de los dos bandos" – Spanish Civil War –

Interviews with Saramago in video

José Saramago from Pegasos

Translation of interview with Saramago in El País – 12-Nov-2005

Saramago's Nobel Lecture

Societies of Mutual Isolation, an essay on Saramago by Benjamin Kunkel from Dissent

"The Year of the Death of Jose Saramago" in memoriam from n+1

Jose Saramago's blog

Category:1922 births Category:2010 deaths Category:Magic realism writers Category:Nobel laureates in Literature Category:People from Santarém District Category:Portuguese atheists Category:Atheism activists Category:Portuguese Communist Party politicians Category:Portuguese dramatists and playwrights Category:Portuguese-language writers Category:Portuguese Nobel laureates Category:Portuguese novelists Category:Portuguese socialists Category:Cancer deaths in Portugal Category:Deaths from cancer Category:Camões Prize winners Category:Postmodern writers

ar:جوزيه ساراماجو an:José Saramago ast:José Saramago ay:José Saramago az:Joze Saramaqo bn:হোসে সারামাগো be:Жазэ Сарамага be-x-old:Жазэ Сарамагу bs:José Saramago br:José Saramago bg:Жузе Сарамагу ca:José Saramago cs:José Saramago cy:José Saramago da:José Saramago de:José Saramago et:José Saramago el:Ζοζέ Σαραμάγκου es:José Saramago eo:José Saramago ext:José Saramago eu:José Saramago fa:ژوزه ساراماگو hif:Josè Saramago fr:José Saramago gd:José Saramago gl:José Saramago ko:주제 사라마구 hi:होज़े सरमागो hr:José Saramago io:José Saramago id:José de Sousa Saramago is:José Saramago it:José Saramago he:ז'וזה סאראמאגו ka:ჟოზე სარამაგო sw:José Saramago ku:José Saramago la:Iosephus Saramago lv:Žuze Saramagu lb:José Saramago hu:José Saramago ml:ഹൊസേ സരമാഗോ arz:خوسيه ساراماجو mwl:José Saramago nah:José Saramago mrj:Сармаго, Жосе nl:José Saramago ne:होजे सारामागो ja:ジョゼ・サラマーゴ no:José Saramago nn:José Saramago oc:José Saramago pnb:جوز ساراماگو pms:José Saramago nds:José Saramago pl:José Saramago pt:José Saramago ro:José Saramago qu:José Saramago ru:Сарамаго, Жозе scn:José Saramago simple:José Saramago sk:José Saramago sl:José Saramago sr:Жозе Сарамаго sh:José Saramago fi:José Saramago sv:José Saramago ta:ஜோசே சரமாகூ tr:José Saramago uk:Жозе Сарамаґо vi:José Saramago vo:José Saramago war:Josè Saramago yo:José Saramago bat-smg:José Saramago zh:若泽·萨拉马戈