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1990
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A. J. P. Taylor
Alan John Percival Taylor, FBA (25 March 1906 – 7 September 1990) was a British historian of the 20th century and academic.
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A. N. R. Robinson
Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson, OCC (born 16 December 1926 in Calder Hall, Tobago) was the third President of Trinidad and Tobago, serving from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003. He was also Trinidad and Tobago's third Prime Minister, serving in that capacity from 18 December 1986 to 17 December 1991. He is internationally recognized for his proposal that eventually led to the founding of the International Criminal Court.
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Aaron Copland
Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music. Instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, he was widely known as "the dean of American composers." Copland's music achieved a balance between modern music and American folk styles. The open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are said to evoke the vast American landscape.
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Aaron Ramsey
Aaron James Ramsey (born 26 December 1990) is a Welsh international footballer, who plays as a central midfielder for Arsenal, but can also play on either wing or at fullback.
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Abhinav Mukund
Abhinav Mukund (born 6 January 1990) is an Indian cricketer who plays for the Chennai Super Kings, India Under-19 squad and Tamil Nadu. He is the youngest player in the Chennai Super Kings squad. He has a batting average of over 60 in first-class cricket. He was picked for the India Under-19 squad's tour in Malaysia where he played two matches. His highest score in first-class cricket is 300* against Maharashtra. He and Murali Vijay scored 462 runs for the first wicket partnership in the same match. The performance of the latter in this match earned a call in the national test side as a cover up for Gautam Gambhir who received a one match ban in test matches.
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Adderly Fong
Adderly Fong Chun-Yu, (Traditional Chinese: 方駿宇), born March 2, 1990, is a Hong Kong Chinese racing driver. His career started in 2004.
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Adelaide Kane
Adelaide Kane (born August 9, 1990 in Claremont, Western Australia) is an Australian actress.
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Agustin Sierra
http://wn.com/Agustin_Sierra -
Ahmed Balafrej
Ahmed Balafrej (1908, Rabat - April 14, 1990) was the Prime Minister of Morocco between May 12, 1958 and December 2, 1958.
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Ahti Karjalainen
Ahti Kalle Samuli Karjalainen (10 February 1923 in Hirvensalmi – 7 September 1990 in Helsinki) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of the Agrarian League (later known as Keskusta, Centre Party) and was Prime Minister of Finland for two terms . Karjalainen can be considered one of the most influential people in post-war Finnish politics and economy. He had close relations with the Soviet Union.
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Albert Salmi
Albert Salmi (March 11, 1928 – April 22, 1990) was an American actor.
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Alberto Fujimori
'''Alberto Ken'ya Fujimori Fujimori''' (; Japanese name: ) (born 28 July 1938) served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of authoritarianism and human rights violations. Even amidst his 2008 prosecution for "crimes against humanity" relating to his presidency, two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.
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Alberto Moravia
Alberto Moravia, born Alberto Pincherle (November 28, 1907 – September 26, 1990) was an Italian novelist. His novels explored matters of modern sexuality, social alienation, and existentialism.
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Alberto Paloschi
Alberto Paloschi (born 4 January 1990 in Chiari, Brescia) is an Italian footballer who plays as a striker for Serie A club Parma.
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Aldo Fabrizi
Aldo Fabrizi (November 1, 1905, Rome, Italy - April 2, 1990, Rome, Italy) was an Italian actor and cinema and theatre director.
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Alex Pettyfer
Alexander Richard "Alex" Pettyfer (born 10 April 1990) is an English actor and model. He appeared in school plays and on television before being cast as Alex Rider, the main character in the 2006 film version of Stormbreaker. Pettyfer was nominated for a Young Artist Award and an Empire Award for his role. He has been seen as a model in several advertising campaigns for Burberry. His next starring role was in Beastly, a modernized retelling of Beauty and the Beast.
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Alex Teixeira Santos
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Alexy II of Moscow
Patriarch Alexy II (or Alexius II, ; secular name Alexey Mikhailovich Ridiger ; 23 February 1929 – 5 December 2008) was the 15th Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church.
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Alfredo M. Santos
General Alfredo M. Santos (July 13, 1905 – February 7, 1990) was Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines in 1962 to 1965, making him the first four-star general of the Philippines' armed forces.
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Alfredo Poveda
Alfredo Ernesto Poveda Burbano (January 24, 1926 - June 7, 1990) was President of Ecuador 11 January 1976 to 10 August 1979.
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Alice Marble
Alice Marble (b. September 28, 1913, Beckwourth, California – d. December 13, 1990, Palm Springs, California) was a World No. 1 American tennis player who won 18 Grand Slam championships (1936–40): 5 in Singles, 6 in Women's Doubles, and 7 in Mixed Doubles.
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Alice Tepper Marlin
Alice Tepper Marlin serves as President and CEO of Social Accountability International (SAI), a standard-setting organization for improving workplaces and communities headquartered in New York City. She is also Citi Distinguished Fellow in Ethics and Leadership at NYU’s Stern School of Business.
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Alizé Cornet
Alizé Cornet (born 22 January 1990 in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France) is a French professional tennis player and the current French number three (Behind Marion Bartoli and Aravane Rezaï ). She has a career-high ranking of No. 11, achieved on 16 February 2009; as of 30 August 2010 she is ranked World No. 80. Cornet also has an extensive juniors record, winning the 2007 Girls' Singles at Roland Garros. She has won 1 WTA title.
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Allen Collins
Larkin Allen Collins Jr.(July 19, 1952 – January 23, 1990) was one of the founding members and guitarists of Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, and co-wrote many of the band's songs with late frontman Ronnie Van Zant. He was born in Jacksonville, Florida.
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Alyssa Miller
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Anastasia Zuyeva
Anastasia Zuyeva, more commonly spelled "Zueva", () (born 8 May 1990) is an Olympic and national record holding swimmer from Russia. She swam for Russia at the 2008 Olympics.
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Anatoly Karpov
Anatoly Yevgenyevich Karpov (; born May 23, 1951) is a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. He was official world champion from 1975 to 1985, played three more matches for the title from 1986 to 1990, then was FIDE World Champion from 1993 to 1999. For his decades-long standing among the world's elite, Karpov is considered one of the greatest players of all time.
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Andi Eigenmann
Andi Eigenmann (born Andrea Nicole Guck Eigenmann in 1990 ), is a Filipina actress and model.
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Andrea Bowen
Andrea Lauren Bowen (born March 4, 1990; Columbus, Ohio) is a two time SAG Award- winning American actress. She is perhaps best known for playing Julie Mayer on Desperate Housewives.
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Andrew Wood (singer)
Andrew Wood (January 6, 1966 – March 19, 1990), born in Columbus, Mississippi, was the lead singer of the band Mother Love Bone, and earlier the singer and bassist of Malfunkshun. He was only 24 when he died of a heroin overdose resulting in cerebral hypoxia just before the release of Mother Love Bone's debut album Apple. After moving from Dallas, Texas to Washington State, he lived on Bainbridge Island for the majority of his youth, forming Malfunkshun as a teenager with his brother Kevin Wood. The only released material during Malfunkshun's existence was on the compilation, Deep Six (C/Z Records).
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Angelo Balanta
Angelo Jasiel Balanta (born 1 July 1990) is a Colombian footballer who plays for MK Dons on loan from Queens Park Rangers as a striker.
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Anna Abreu
Anna Abreu (born Anna Eira Margarida Mourão de Melo e Abreu on February 7, 1990 in Vantaa, Finland) is a Finnish singer of Portuguese origin who rose to fame as the runner-up of the third series of the Finnish singing competition Finnish Pop Idol in 2007. Her music is primarily pop, though her songs also have R&B;, dance and Latin rhythms to them. Since her participation in Idols, Abreu has went on to become not only the show's highest-selling star, but also Finland's most successful female recording artist, with record sales of over 170,000 from three albums. Her self-titled debut album is credited as one of the best-selling albums in Finnish music history with over 86,000 copies sold.
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Anna Muzychuk
Anna Muzychuk (Ukrainian: Анна Музичук; Slovenian: Ana Muzičuk) (born 28 February 1990 in Lviv, Soviet Union) is a chess player with a FIDE rating of 2523 (January 2010). She earned the title of Woman Grandmaster in 2004 and the title of International Master in 2007. In 2004 she became a citizen of Slovenia, where she is the strongest female chess player. In the list of girls up to 20 years old she is ranked second in the world and she is the seventh strongest female player as of January 2010. Her younger sister Mariya (born in 1992) is an International master.
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Anne Revere
Anne Revere (June 25, 1903 – December 18, 1990) was an American stage, film, and television actress.
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Anthony Skorich
Anthony Skorich (born 19 March 1990) in Perth is an Australian football (soccer) player currently playing for A-League club Perth Glory.
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Armand Hammer
Armand Hammer (May 21, 1898 – December 10, 1990) was a flamboyant United States business tycoon most closely associated with Occidental Petroleum, a company he ran for decades, though he was known as well as for his art collection, his philanthropy, and for his close ties to the Soviet Union.
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Armenians
Armenian people or Armenians (, hayer) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Caucasus and the Armenian Highland.
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Art Blakey
Arthur "Art" Blakey (October 11, 1919 – October 16, 1990), known later as Abdullah Ibn Buhaina, was an American jazz drummer and bandleader.
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Arthur Goldberg
Arthur Joseph Goldberg (August 8, 1908 – January 19, 1990) was an American statesman and jurist who served as the U.S. Secretary of Labor, Supreme Court Justice and Ambassador to the United Nations.
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Ashleigh Chisholm
Ashleigh Chisholm (born 6 June 1990) is an Australian actress. She starred as Felicity 'Fliss' Sidebotham in The Sleepover Club, a children's television show about five pre-teenage girls. Her character, Fliss, was a fashion purist in love with the hottest boy in school.
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Askar Akayev
Askar Akayevich Akayev (Аскар Акаевич Акаев) (born 10 November 1944 in Kyzyl-Bairak, Kirghiz SSR) served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 until he was overthrown in March 2005 in the Tulip Revolution.
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Austin Peralta
Austin Peralta (born October 25, 1990) is a musician and composer, son of the legendary Z-Boy skateboarder and award winning film director Stacy Peralta. He has gained notoriety in the jazz world for having two CD's released by CBS/Sony in Japan by the age of 16.
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Ava Gardner
actor
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Avis Bunnage
Avis Bunnage (22 April 1923, Manchester, England, UK – 4 October 1990, England) was a British actress of film, stage and television.
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Ayla Kell
Ayla Marie Kell (born October 7, 1990) is an American actress. She is known for the role of Payson Keeler on Make It or Break It.
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B. F. Skinner
Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, author, inventor, social philosopher, and poet. He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.
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Baba Amte
Murlidhar Devidas Amte, popularly known as Baba Amte () (December 26, 1914 – February 9, 2008) was an Indian social worker and social activist known particularly for his work for the rehabilitation and empowerment of poor people suffering from leprosy.
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Barbara Stanwyck
Barbara Stanwyck (July 16, 1907 – January 20, 1990) was an American actress, a film and television star, known during her 60-year career as a consummate and versatile professional with a strong screen presence, and a favorite of directors including Cecil B. DeMille, Fritz Lang and Frank Capra. After a short stint as a stage actress, she made 85 films in 38 years in Hollywood, before turning to television.
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Bazilio Olara-Okello
Bazilio Olara-Okello (1929 – 9 January 1990) was a Ugandan military officer and one of the commanders of the Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) that together with the Tanzanian army overthrew Idi Amin in 1979. In 1985, he was briefly the chairman of the ruling Military Council and de facto head of state of Uganda, and later, Lieutenant General and chief of the armed forces.
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Ben Amos
Benjamin Paul "Ben" Amos (born 10 April 1990) is an English footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Manchester United.
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Bill Cullen
William Lawrence Francis "Bill" Cullen (February 18, 1920 – July 7, 1990) was an American radio and television personality whose career spanned five decades. He was best known for television game shows, having hosted multiple series (including the original The Price Is Right, the syndicated The $25,000 Pyramid, and Blockbusters) and served as a panelist on ''I've Got a Secret and To Tell the Truth''.
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Billy Crystal
William Edward "Billy" Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is an American actor, writer, producer, comedian and film director. He gained prominence in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC sitcom Soap and became a Hollywood film star during the late 1980s and 1990s, appearing in the critical and box office successes When Harry Met Sally... and City Slickers. Additionally, he has hosted the Academy Awards eight times.
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Bojan Krkić
Bojan Krkić Pérez (; born 28 August 1990, in Linyola, Lleida, Catalonia) often known as just Bojan, is a Spanish footballer who currently plays as a striker for Spanish La Liga club FC Barcelona.
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Boris Kochno
Boris Kochno (January 3, 1904, in Moscow — December 8, 1990, in Paris) was a Russian poet, dancer and librettist. He was close with Karol Szymanowski who gave him as a gift a Russian translation of the chapter The Symposium from Efebos, the composer's unpublished novel. Szymanowski also dedicated four poems to him. In 1920 he became Sergei Diaghilev's secretary, librettist, and eventually main collaborator. They were also briefly lovers. Kochno wrote the libretto of Mavra (1921), the Fâcheux (1924), La Chatte (1927) and of the Fils prodigue (1929). He also had an affair with Cole Porter in 1925, with whom he carried on a lengthy correspondence.
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Brent Mydland
Brent Mydland (October 21, 1952 – July 26, 1990) was the fourth keyboardist to play for the American rock band the Grateful Dead. He was with the band for eleven years, longer than any other keyboardist.
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Brian Lenihan, Snr
Brian Patrick Lenihan (17 November 1930 – 1 November 1995) was an Irish politician.
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Brittany Curran
Brittany Elizabeth Curran (born June 2, 1990 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her role as Pamela in Go Figure and as Chelsea Brimmer on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody.
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Brixton
Brixton is a district in south London, England, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is miles south south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Bronko Nagurski
Bronislau "Bronko" Nagurski (November 3, 1908 – January 7, 1990) was a Canadian American football player of Polish-Ukrainian descent. He was also a successful professional wrestler, recognized as a multiple-time world heavyweight champion.
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Bruno Kreisky
Bruno Kreisky (January 22, 1911 July 29, 1990) was an Austrian politician who served as Chancellor of his country from 1970 to 1983. Aged 72 at the end of his chancellorship, he was the oldest acting Chancellor after the Second World War.
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Caitlin Stasey
Caitlin Jean Stasey (born May 1, 1990) is an Australian actress from Melbourne (Australia), who is best known for her previous role as Rachel Kinski in Neighbours. Previously she played Francesca Thomas in The Sleepover Club.
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Camille Winbush
Camille Simoine Winbush (born February 9, 1990) is an American actress. Her work in television has earned her three Image Awards and a Young Artist Award.
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Capucine
Capucine (6 January 1928, Saint-Raphaël, Var – 17 March 1990), born Germaine Lefebvre, was a French actress and fashion model best known for her comedic roles in The Pink Panther (1963) and ''What's New Pussycat?'' (1965). She appeared in 36 films and 17 television productions between 1948 and 1990. Her death was a result of suicide.
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Carly Schroeder
Carly Brook Schroeder (born October 18, 1990) is an American film and television actress. She is best known for playing Serena Baldwin, the daughter of Scotty Baldwin and Lucy Coe in the General Hospital spin-off Port Charles. She also had a recurring role on the Disney Channel's Lizzie McGuire. In 2007, she played the lead in Gracie, a film inspired by a real-life tragedy during the childhood of actors Elisabeth Shue and Andrew Shue.
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Caroline Wozniacki
Caroline Wozniacki (born 11 July 1990), is a Danish tennis player. , she is ranked World No. 1 on the WTA Tour. She has won twelve WTA singles titles and was the runner-up at the 2009 US Open.
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Cassie Scerbo
Cassandra Lynn "Cassie" Scerbo (born March 30, 1990) is an American actress, singer and dancer. She is best known for her roles in and Make It or Break It. She has Italian ancestry. She has dated co-star Cody Longo who plays Nicky Russo on Make It or Break It. Their characters are not love interests on the show. She recently told JSYK.com more about their relationship and details on their dates together.
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Cazuza
Agenor Miranda Araújo Neto, better known as Cazuza (4 April 1958 – 7 July 1990) was a Brazilian composer singer and poet, born in Rio de Janeiro. Along with Raul Seixas, Renato Russo and Os Mutantes, Cazuza is considered one of the best exponents of Brazilian rock music and poetry.
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Charles Farrell
Charles Farrell (August 9, 1901 – May 6, 1990) was an American film actor of the 1920s silent era and into the 1930s, and later a television actor. Farrell is probably best recalled for his onscreen romances with actress Janet Gaynor in more than a dozen films, including Seventh Heaven, Street Angel, and Lucky Star.
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Charles Hernu
Charles Hernu (July 3, 1923, Quimper, Finistère - January 17, 1990, Villeurbanne) was a French socialist politician, most notably serving as Minister of Defence from 1981 to 1985, until forced to resign over the bombing of the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior in New Zealand.
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Charlie McDermott
Charlie McDermott (born April 6, 1990) is an American television and film actor. Since 2004, he has worked on a wide range of television series, including The Office, Private Practice and The Middle (as a series regular). He moved to Los Angeles at the age of 16.
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Chris Colfer
Chris Colfer (born May 27, 1990) is an Emmy Award-nominated American actor and singer, known for his portrayal of Kurt Hummel on Glee.
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Christian Serratos
Christian Marie Serratos (born September 21, 1990) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for portraying Angela Weber in Twilight, New Moon and Eclipse, which are based on the best-selling Twilight novels by Stephenie Meyer. She is also known for playing Suzie Crabgrass in the Nickelodeon TV series Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide.
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Christophe Lemaitre
Christophe Lemaitre (born 11 June 1990 in Annecy, France) is a French sprinter, who specialises in the 100 metres and 200 metres. He is the French 100 metres record holder with a time of 9.97 seconds as well as being the second white person to break the 10-second barrier; the first being Marian Woronin of Poland broke the 10-second barrier (10.000 seconds, with a time of 9.998). He is also tied with Gilles Quénéhervé as the French 200 metres record holder. He won the 100 m, 200 m and the 4×100 m relay titles at the 2010 European Championships, making him the fastest man in Europe.
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Christopher Skase
Christopher Charles Skase (18 September 1948 - 5 August 2001) was an Australian businessman who later became one of his country's most wanted fugitives, after his business empire crashed spectacularly and he fled to Majorca in Spain.
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Col Needham
Col Needham (born 26 January 1967, Manchester, England) is one of four founding partners of the Internet Movie Database (IMDb), and has served as General Manager of IMDb since its acquisition by Amazon.com in 1999.
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Concha Piquer
Concha Piquer (8 December 1908 – 12 December 1990), born María de la Concepción Piquer López, was a Spanish singer and actress, sometimes billed as Conchita Piquer. She was known for her work in the copla form, and she performed her own interpretations of some of the key pieces in the Spanish song tradition, mostly works of the mid-20th century trio of composers Quintero, León y Quiroga.
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Constance Jablonski
Constance Jablonski (born October 29, 1990 in Lille, France) is a French model. In 2006, she entered the French Elite Model Look Contest. As of 2010, she is one of the faces of Estée Lauder.
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Corey Anderson
Corey James Anderson (born 13 December 1990 in Christchurch) is a New Zealand cricketer who plays for Canterbury.
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Curtis LeMay
Curtis Emerson LeMay (November 15, 1906 – October 1, 1990) was a general in the United States Air Force and the vice presidential running mate of American Independent Party candidate George Wallace in 1968.
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Dany Chamoun
Dany Chamoun () (August 26, 1934 – October 21, 1990) was a prominent Lebanese politician. A Maronite Christian and the younger son of former President Camille Chamoun, Dany Chamoun was also a politician in his own right, and was known for his opposition to the occupation of Lebanese territory by foreign forces, whether Syrian or Israeli.
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Daveigh Chase
Daveigh Elizabeth Chase (born Daveigh Elizabeth Schwallier; July 24, 1990) is an Annie Award-winning American actress, singer, and voice over artist best known for playing Rhonda Volmer in the HBO series Big Love, Samara Morgan in The Ring and Lilo Pelekai in Lilo & Stitch.
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David Archuleta
David James Archuleta (born December 28, 1990) is an American pop singer-songwriter.
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David Hasler
David Hasler (born May 4, 1990 in Schaan) is a Liechtenstein football midfielder, who plays for FC Vaduz in the Swiss Challenge League.
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David Kross
David Kross (; born 4 July 1990) is a German actor.
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David Rappaport
David Stephen Rappaport (November 23, 1951 – May 2, 1990) was an English actor, probably one of the best known dwarf actors in television and film. He was reported standing 3' 11" (1.19 m), although he himself told newspapers different heights, ranging from 3' 6" (1.07 m) up to 4 feet (1.22 m).
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David Rose
David Rose (June 15, 1910 – August 23, 1990) was a British-born American songwriter, composer, arranger, pianist, and orchestra leader. His most famous compositions were "The Stripper", "Holiday for Strings", and "Calypso Melody". He also wrote music for the television series Little House on the Prairie , Highway To Heaven and Bonanza as well as others under the name "Ray Llewellyn". In addition, Rose was musical director for the Red Skelton show during its 21-year-run on the CBS and NBC networks. He was a member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men in music.
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David White (actor)
David White (April 4, 1916 – November 27, 1990) was an American stage, film and television actor. His television credits include the role of Larry Tate in Bewitched, which he played from 1964 until 1972.
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Dean Collins (actor)
Dean Richard Collins (born May 30, 1990) is an American actor, best known for playing the character Mike Gold in the Fox television sitcom The War at Home. The series ran from September 2005 to April 2007. Previously, he had recurring roles in ''MADtv's "Reading Caboose" skit as Ernie, and as Warren Feide in Jack & Bobby. He also appeared as Harry Beardsley in the November 2005 film Yours, Mine and Ours, as Garrett in the 2006 film Hoot, and in the 2008 film The Least of These''.
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Dee Clark
Dee Clark (November 7, 1938 —- December 7, 1990) was an African-American soul singer best known for a string of R&B; and pop hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including the ballad "Raindrops," which became a million-seller in the United States in 1961.
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Denzel Whitaker
Denzel Dominique Whitaker (born June 15, 1990) is an American actor, playing key roles in the films The Great Debaters and Training Day, as well as TV shows ER, and The War At Home. He later went on to be a featured cast member during the tenth and final season of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series All That. He was also in the Disney Channel Original Movie, Dadnapped. He also appeared on The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, as a player on Zack and Cody's basketball team, and in Werner Herzog's .
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Doc Edgerton
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Dominique Aegerter
Dominique Aegerter (born September 30, 1990 in Rohrbach, Switzerland), is a Swiss Grand Prix motorcycle road racer, currently competing in the 125cc World Championship.
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Don Chaffey
Donald Chaffey (5 August 1917 – 13 November 1990) was a British film director, writer, producer, and art director.
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Doreen Sloane
Doreen Sloane (24 February 1934 in Birkenhead, Wirral, England – 8 April 1990 in Liverpool, England) was an English actress best known for her roles in the soap operas; Coronation Street, Emmerdale and Brookside.
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Dorothy Mackaill
Dorothy Mackaill (March 4, 1903 - August 12, 1990) was an English-born American actress, most notably of the silent film era and into the early 1930s.
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Douglas Edwards
Douglas Edwards (July 14, 1917 — October 13, 1990) was America's first network news television anchor, anchoring CBS's first nightly news broadcast from 1948–1962, which was later to be titled CBS Evening News.
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Dámaso Alonso
Dámaso Alonso y Fernández de las Redondas (October 22, 1898 – January 25, 1990) was a Spanish poet, philologist and literary critic. Though a member of the Generation of '27, his best-known work dates from the 1940s onwards. During his life, Alonso was familiar with José Albi.
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E. Donnall Thomas
Dr. Edward Donnall (Don) Thomas (born March 15, 1920) is an American physician, professor emeritus at the University of Washington, and director emeritus of the clinical research division at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. In 1990 he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph E. Murray for the development of cell and organ transplantation. Thomas developed bone marrow transplantation as a treatment for leukemia.
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Eddie Guerrero
Eduardo Gory "Eddie" Guerrero Llanes (October 9, 1967 – November 13, 2005) was a Mexican-American professional wrestler born into the Guerrero wrestling family. He wrestled in Mexico and Japan for several major professional wrestling promotions in the United States Guerrero wrestled in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and in World Wrestling Entertainment (then WWF, later renamed to WWE).
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Eddie Quillan
Edward "Eddie" Quillan (March 31, 1907 – July 19, 1990) was an American film actor whose career began as a child on the vaudeville stages and silent film and continued through the age of television in the 1980s.
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Edward Witten
Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist with a focus on mathematical physics. He is a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study. Witten completed his bachelors degree at Brandeis University in 1971, before gaining his doctorate from Princeton. He held a fellowship at Harvard University (1976–77), was a junior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows (1977–80), and held a MacArthur Foundation fellowship (1982). He held an appointment at Princeton (1980–87) before moving to the Institute for Advanced Studies where he is the Professor at the School of natural sciences.
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Edwin Richfield
Edwin Richfield (born 11 September 1921 in London died 2 August 1990 in Shrewsbury) was an English actor.
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Eiza Gonzalez
http://wn.com/Eiza_Gonzalez -
Elene Gedevanishvili
Figure skater
http://wn.com/Elene_Gedevanishvili -
Elliott Roosevelt
Elliott Roosevelt (September 23, 1910 – October 27, 1990) was an United States Army Air Forces officer and an author. Roosevelt was a son of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.
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Emma Watson
Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson (born 15 April 1990) is an English actress and model who rose to prominence playing Hermione Granger, one of three starring roles in the Harry Potter film series. Watson was cast as Hermione at the age of nine, having previously acted only in school plays. From 2001 to 2009, she starred in six Harry Potter films alongside Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint; she will return for the final two installments: the two parts of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. Watson's work on the Harry Potter series has earned her several awards and more than £. She made her modelling debut for Burberry's Autumn/Winter campaign in 2009.
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Enn Roos
Enn Roos (September 20, 1908–July 15, 1990) was an Estonian Soviet sculptor.
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Erdini Qoigyijabu
http://wn.com/Erdini_Qoigyijabu -
Eric Saade
Eric Saade, born 29 October 1990, is a Swedish singer and children's television presenter. Saade first came to prominence after his win on the Swedish music contest Joker (now Popkorn) and for being a member of Swedish boyband ''What's Up''. He left the band in February 2009 to pursue a solo career. His father is Lebanese and his mother is Swedish.
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Erik Rhodes (actor)
Erik Rhodes (February 10, 1906 – February 17, 1990) was an American film and Broadway singer and actor. He is best remembered today for appearing in two classic Hollywood musical films with popular dancing team of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, The Gay Divorcee (1934) and Top Hat (1935).
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Erté
Romain de Tirtoff (23 November 1892 – 21 April 1990) was a Russian-born French artist and designer known by the pseudonym Erté, the French pronunciation of his initials, R.T. He was a diversely-talented 20th century artist and designer who flourished in an array of fields, including fashion, jewellery, graphic arts, costume and set design for film, theatre, and opera, and interior decor.
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Esti Ginzburg
Esther (Esti) Ginzburg, alternate spelling Ginsberg, Ginsborg, ( (born March 6, 1990) is an Israeli model and actress.
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Ettore Maserati
Ettore Maserati (1894 - 4 August 1990) was an Italian automotive engineer, one of five brothers who founded the Maserati firm in Bologna 1914. He was born in Voghera.
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Eva Turner
Dame Eva Turner DBE (10 March 189216 June 1990) was an outstanding English dramatic soprano with an international reputation. Her strong, steady and well-trained voice was renowned for its clarion power in Italian and German operatic roles.
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Evangelos Averoff
Evangelos Averoff-Tositsas (Greek: Ευάγγελος Αβέρωφ Τοσίτσας) (Trikala, April 17, 1910 – January 2, 1990) was a distinguished liberal Greek politician of Aromanian origin and a prominent author.
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Eve Arden
Eve Arden (April 30, 1908 – November 12, 1990) was an American actress. Her almost 60-year career crossed most media frontiers with supporting and leading roles, but she is perhaps best remembered for playing the sardonic but engaging high school teacher in the classic Our Miss Brooks (radio and television), and as the Rydell High School principal in the films Grease and Grease 2.
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F.W. de Klerk
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Facundo Affranchino
Facundo Andrés Affranchino (born 9 February, 1990 in Paraná, Entre Ríos, is an Argentine footballer currently playing for River Plate.
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Farzad Bazoft
Farzad Bazoft (May 22, 1958 – March 15, 1990) was an Iranian-born journalist who settled in the United Kingdom in the mid-1980s. He worked as a freelance reporter for The Observer. He was executed by the Iraqi authorities in 1990 after being convicted of spying for Israel while working in Iraq.
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Felicia Langer
Felicia Langer (born 1930) is an Israeli human rights attorney known for her defense of Palestinians charged with political violations in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. She has also authored several books alleging human rights violations on the part of Israeli occupation authorities. In July 2009, German President Horst Köhler awarded her the Federal Cross of Merit, First class. This is the fifth highest of the Germany's federal order of merit's eight ranks.
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Ferdinand Marcos
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was 10th President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He was a lawyer, member of the Philippine House of Representatives (1949–1959) and a member of the Philippine Senate (1959–1965). He was Senate President in 1963. He claimed to have led a guerrilla force called Ang Maharlika in northern Luzon during the Second World War, something much doubted however to be true. As Philippine president and strongman, his greatest achievement was in the fields of infrastructure development and international diplomacy. However, his administration was marred by massive authoritarian corruption, despotism, nepotism, political repression, and human rights violations. He benefited from a large personality cult in the Philippines during his regime. In 1983, his government was implicated in the assassination of his primary political opponent, Benigno Aquino, Jr.. The implication caused a chain of events, including a tainted presidential election that served as the catalyst for the People Power Revolution in February 1986 that led to his removal from power and eventual exile in Hawaii. It was later alleged that he and his wife Imelda Marcos had moved billions of dollars of embezzled public funds to the United States, Switzerland, and other countries, as well as into alleged corporations during his 20 years in power.
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Fernando Forestieri
Fernando Martín Forestieri (born 15 January 1990 in Rosario, Argentina) is an Italian Argentine footballer who plays for Udinese. He is nicknamed El Topa.
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Fernando Sancho
Fernando Sancho (January 7, 1916 – July 31, 1990) was a Spanish actor. Sancho was born in Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain, and died in Madrid after surgery.
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Folashade Abugan
Folashade Abugan (born December 17, 1990) is a female Nigerian sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres. Her personal best time is 50.89 seconds, achieved during the 2008 African Championships.
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Fortune Gordien
Fortune Everett Gordien (September 9, 1922 – April 10, 1990) was an American athlete who competed mainly in the discus throw.
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Franklyn Seales
Franklyn Seales (July 15, 1952 – May 14, 1990) was an American film, television and stage actor.
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Friedrich Dürrenmatt
Friedrich Dürrenmatt (, 5 January 1921 – 14 December 1990) was a Swiss author and dramatist. He was a proponent of epic theater whose plays reflected the recent experiences of World War II. The politically active author's work included avant-garde dramas, philosophically deep crime novels, and often macabre satire. Dürrenmatt was a member of the Gruppe Olten.
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Frédéric Rossif
Frédéric Rossif (August 14, 1922 - April 18, 1990) was a French film and television director who specialized primarily on documentaries, frequently using archive footage. Rossif's common themes included wildlife, 20th century history and contemporary artists. He frequently collaborated with notable composers Maurice Jarre and Vangelis.
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Garry Kasparov
Garry Kimovich Kasparov (, ; born Garry Kimovich Weinstein, 13 April 1963) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) chess grandmaster, a former World Chess Champion, writer, and political activist, whom many consider the greatest chess player of all time.
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Gary Merrill
Gary Fred Merrill (August 2, 1915 – March 5, 1990) was an American film and television character actor whose credits included more than fifty feature films, a half-dozen mostly short-lived TV series, and dozens of television guest appearances.
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Geir Hallgrímsson
Geir Hallgrímsson (December 16, 1925 – September 1, 1990) was the 16th Prime Minister of Iceland for the Independence Party from 28 August 1974 to 1 September 1978. Geir was mayor of Reykjavík from 1959 to 1972. During his term as mayor he greatly expanded the city and improved the inner structure. Under his guidance the geothermal heating system was expanded to the whole city, when previously it had only been available to a minority of the city. He also improved the streets by turning the mostly gravel roads into modern asphalt streets. He was popular as mayor and in an open primary for the municipal elections he won 99% of the votes in 1970.
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George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts) was the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). He was also Ronald Reagan's Vice President (1981–1989), a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence.
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Gerald Santos
Gerald Padua Santos (born in Navotas City, Metro Manila, Philippines) is a Filipino singer and actor. He is the grand champion of the second season of Pinoy Pop Superstar and is, to date, the youngest ever winner of the said contest. He is known as "The Young Balladeer."
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Gerry Boulet
Joseph Gaétan Robert Gérald (Gerry) Boulet (March 1, 1946-July 18, 1990) was a Canadian rock singer. Most famous as vocalist for the Quebec rock band Offenbach, he also released two solo albums. He's also considered as an inovator for doing rock in the French language.
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Giulia Boverio
Giulia Caterina Boverio (born December 10, 1990) is an Italian actress that works for Disney Channel Italy. She also starred in the Disney Channel Games and was part of the Green Team. She currently stars in Disney Channel Italy's as Valentina. She currently lives in Pavia, Italy.
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Gory Guerrero
Salvador Guerrero Quesada (January 11, 1921 – April 18, 1990), better known as Gory Guerrero, was one of the premier Hispanic professional wrestlers in the early days of Lucha Libre when most wrestlers were imported from outside of Mexico. He wrestled primarily in Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre (EMLL) between the 1940s and 1960s. He was also the patriarch of the Guerrero wrestling family.
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Greta Garbo
Greta Garbo (18 September 1905 - 15 April 1990) was a Swedish actress primarily known for her work in the United States during Hollywood's silent film period and part of its subsequent Golden Age. Once moving to Hollywood, she appeared in only 27 movies, yet she remains one of the most popular and recognizable Hollywood stars. The MGM marketing ploy "Garbo talks" became a catch-phrase of the 1930s. Her popularity with the Depression-era audiences allowed her to dictate the terms of her contract in 1932, and she became increasingly choosy about her roles. After 1941, she accepted no more roles, and retired to an apartment in New York City.
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Grim Natwick
Myron "Grim" Natwick (August 16, 1890 – October 7, 1990) was an American artist, animator and film director. Natwick is best known for drawing the Fleischer Studio's most popular character, Betty Boop.
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Hafiz AF7
Mohd Hafiz Bin Mohd Suip (born February 27, 1990), is a Malaysian singer, who rose to fame after winning the seventh season of Akademi Fantasia, receiving 46 percent of over 4.2 million votes. His debut album, Masih Jelas, was released on July 14, 2009.
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Haley Reinhart
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Halston
Roy Halston Frowick, also known as Halston (23 April 1932 – 26 March 1990) was a clothing designer of the 1970s. His long dresses or copies of his style were popular fashion wear in mid-1970s discotheques.
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Haruka Tomatsu
is a seiyuu, employed by Music Ray'n.
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Helen Jerome Eddy
Helen Jerome Eddy (February 25, 1897 - January 27, 1990) was a motion picture actress from New York, New York. She was noted as a character actress who played genteel heroines in films such as Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1917).
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Helmut Maandi
Helmut Maandi (5 June 1906 – 27 October 1990) was an Estonian statesman. He was chairman of the Chamber of Agricultural Workmen and Small Landowners and, since 1944 in Sweden exile, Secretary of State.
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Henri Lansbury
Henri George Lansbury (born 12 October 1990) is an English professional footballer. A product of Arsenal Academy, Henri can play across the midfield. Arsene Wenger has been so impressed with Lansbury that he even compared him to Arsenal legend Ray Parlour.
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Henry Bolte
Sir Henry Edward Bolte GCMG (20 May 1908 - 4 January 1990), Australian politician, was the 38th and longest serving Premier of Victoria. In his later years he became known as the last Australian politician to approve of capital punishment.
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Henry Cravatte
Henry Cravatte (21 May 1911 – 4 November 1990) was a Luxembourgian politician. Cravatte was Deputy Prime Minister from 1964 until 1969, and also served as President of the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party.
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Henry Way Kendall
Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
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Herbert Wehner
Herbert Richard Wehner (July 11, 1906 – January 19, 1990) was a German politician.
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Horst Sindermann
Horst Sindermann (; 5 September 1915 – 20 April 1990) was a Communist German politician and one of the leaders of East Germany.
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Hulk Hogan
Terry Gene Bollea (born August 11, 1953), better known by his ring name Hulk Hogan, is an American professional wrestler, actor, television personality, and musician currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
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Hussein Onn
Tun '''Hussein bin Dato' Onn' (February 12, 1922—May 29, 1990) who is of 3/4 Malay and 1/4 Circassian ancestry was the third Prime Minister of Malaysia, ruling from 1976 to 1981. He was granted the soubriquet Bapa Perpaduan'' (Father of Unity). He was born in Johor Bahru, Johor on February 12, 1922 to Dato Onn Jaafar and Datin Halimah Hussein.
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Håvard Nordtveit
Håvard Nordtveit (born 21 June 1990) is a Norwegian footballer who currently plays for Arsenal.
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Ian Charleson
Ian Charleson (11 August 1949 – 6 January 1990) was a Scottish stage and film actor. He is best known internationally for his starring role as Olympic athlete and missionary Eric Liddell, in the Oscar-winning 1981 film Chariots of Fire.
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Ian Gow
Ian Reginald Edward Gow TD (11 February 1937 – 30 July 1990) was a British Conservative politician and solicitor. While serving as Member of Parliament (MP) for Eastbourne, he was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) who exploded a bomb under his car at his home in East Sussex.
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Ilya Frank
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank () (23 October 1908 – 22 June 1990) was a Soviet winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1958 jointly with Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov and Igor Y. Tamm, also of the Soviet Union. He received the award for his work in explaining the phenomenon of Cherenkov radiation.
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Imelda Marcos
Imelda R. Marcos (born Imelda Remedios Visitacion Romualdez on July 2, 1929) is a Filipino politician and wife of 10th Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. Upon the ascension of her husband to political power, she held various positions to the government until 1986. She is the first politician elected as member of the Philippine legislature in three geographical locations (Manila, Leyte, Ilocos Norte). In 2010, she was elected to become a member of the House of Representatives to represent Ilocos Norte's second district. She is sometimes referred to as the Steel Butterfly or the Iron Butterfly. She is often remembered for symbols of the extravagance of her husband's political reign such as her collection of 2700 pairs of shoes.
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Ina Balin
Ina Balin (November 12, 1937 – June 20, 1990) was an American actress on Broadway and in film.
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Indiana Evans
Indiana Rose Evans (born 27 July 1990) is an Australian actress and singer best known for her role as Matilda Hunter in the soap opera Home and Away and as Isabella "Bella" Hartley in the children's show .
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Jack Gilford
Jack Gilford (July 25, 1908 – June 4, 1990) was an American actor on Broadway, films and television.
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Jackie Mittoo
Jackie Mittoo (3 March 1948 — 16 December 1990) was a Jamaican keyboardist, songwriter and musical director. He was a founding member of The Skatalites and was a mentor to many younger performers, primarily through his work as musical director for the Studio One record label.
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Jacques Demy
Jacques Demy (5 June 1931 – 27 October 1990) was one of the most approachable filmmakers to appear in the wake of the French New Wave. Uninterested in the formal experimentation of Alain Resnais, or the political agitation of Jean-Luc Godard, Demy instead created a self-contained fantasy world closer to that of François Truffaut, drawing on musicals, fairytales and the golden age of Hollywood.
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Jacques Soustelle
Jacques Soustelle (3 February 1912 – 6 August 1990) was an important and early figure of the Free French Forces and an anthropologist specializing in pre-Columbian civilizations. He became vice-director of the Musée de l'Homme in Paris in 1938. He was elected to the Académie française in 1983.
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Jaime Alguersuari
Jaime Víctor Alguersuari Escudero (; born March 23, 1990 in Barcelona, Catalonia), is a Spanish racing driver who became the youngest Formula One driver in history at the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix. Alguersuari is the first, and currently the only, driver to be born in the 1990s to compete in Formula One.
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Jaime Gil de Biedma
Jaime Gil de Biedma y Alba (Nov. 13, 1929-Jan. 8, 1990) was a Spanish post-Civil War poet.
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Jake Thomas
Jake Thomas (born January 30, 1990) is an American actor and singer known for his roles in the television show Lizzie McGuire, in which he plays Lizzie's younger brother, Matt McGuire. In 2002, he won a Young Artist Award for supporting actor for his performance in . He is also seen in Cory in the House, portraying the role of Jason Stickler.
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James Lomas (actor)
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James Maslow
James David Maslow (born July 16, 1990) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for playing the role of James Diamond on Nickelodeon's Big Time Rush, and is a member of the boy band with the same name.
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Jasmine Richards
Jasmine Denise Richards (born June 28, 1990; Scarborough, Ontario) is a Canadian actress, singer and dancer. She is the best known for portraying Margaret "Peggy" Dupree in Camp Rock, and its sequel , Margaret Browning-Levesque in the Family Channel sitcom Naturally, Sadie and Judge Tara in the Family Channel and Disney Channel show Overruled!.
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Jean-Luc Bilodeau
Jean-Luc Bilodeau is a Canadian actor best known for his role as Josh Trager in the ABC Family channel program Kyle XY. He's also appeared in films such as; Ill Fated (2004), ''Trick 'r Treat (2009), 16 Wishes'' (2010), and more.
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Jennifer Lawrence
Jennifer Lawrence (born August 15, 1990) is an American film and television actress. She has had lead roles in TBS's The Bill Engvall Show and in the independent films The Burning Plain and ''Winter's Bone''.
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Jeremy Suarez
Jeremy Steven Suarez (born July 6, 1993) is an American actor perhaps best known for his starring role of Jordan Thomkins, Bernie Mac's nephew, on The Bernie Mac Show. His first major movie role was in the 1996 film, Jerry Maguire, in which he played Tyson Tidwell, son of Cuba Gooding Jr.'s character Rod Tidwell. He had an uncredited role on Sister, Sister in 1996, on Season 4 episode, "Kid-Napped". He voiced Koda in Disney's 2003 movie Brother Bear and reprised the role in Brother Bear 2. He was amongst the thousands of mourners at the funeral of Bernie Mac and gave a heartfelt speech during the eulogy, appearing on Larry King Live in 2008 with his fellow cast to discuss the death of the man. Suarez is also a voice actor and has played roles in many television shows, such as The Wayans Bros., Chicago Hope and King of the Hill and has recently voiced a puppet on Nike commercials during the 2009 NBA Playoffs.
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Jesse Owens
Athlete
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Jessica Jacobs
Jessica Madison "Jessie" Jacobs (November 14, 1990 - May 10, 2008) was an Australian actress and singer. She was known for her roles in children's television series in Australia including The Saddle Club, Fergus McPhail, and ''Holly's Heroes''.
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Jim Henson
James Maury "Jim" Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990) was an American puppeteer. He was one of the most widely known puppeteers in history and was the creator of The Muppets. He was the leading source behind their long run in the television series Sesame Street and The Muppet Show and films such as The Muppet Movie (1979) and creator of advanced puppets for projects like Fraggle Rock, The Dark Crystal, and Labyrinth. He was also an Oscar-nominated film director, Emmy Award-winning television producer, and the founder of The Jim Henson Company, the Jim Henson Foundation, and Jim Henson's Creature Shop. Henson died unexpectedly in 1990 at the age of 53. In 1992, he received the prestigious Courage of Conscience Award from The Peace Abbey.
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Jimmy Van Heusen
Jimmy Van Heusen (January 26, 1913 - February 7, 1990), was an American composer. He wrote songs mainly for films and television (but also for the theater), and won four Academy Awards for Best Original Song, and an Emmy.
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Joan Bennett
Joan Geraldine Bennett (February 27, 1910 – December 7, 1990) was an American stage, film and television actress. Besides acting on the stage, Bennett appeared in more than 70 motion pictures from the era of silent movies well into the sound era. She is possibly best-remembered for her film noir femme fatale roles in director Fritz Lang's movies such as The Woman in the Window (1944) and Scarlet Street (1945).
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Joe Mercer
'''Joseph 'Joe' Mercer''', OBE (9 August 1914 – 9 August 1990) was an English football player and manager.
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Joel McCrea
Joel Albert McCrea, (November 5, 1905 – October 20, 1990) was an American actor and film star whose career spanned 50 years and appearances in over 90 films.
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Joey Logano
Joseph Thomas "Joey" Logano (born May 24, 1990), nicknamed "sliced bread" (as in the greatest thing since) by Randy LaJoie, is an American stock car auto racing race car driver who currently drives the #20 Home Depot Toyota Camry in the Sprint Cup Series and the #20 GameStop/Sport Clips Toyota Camry in the Nationwide Series for Joe Gibbs Racing.
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John Dexter
John Dexter (2 August 1925 - 23 March 1990) was an English theatre, opera, and film director.
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John Poindexter
John Marlan Poindexter (born August 12, 1936) is a retired American naval officer and Department of Defense official. He was Deputy National Security Advisor and National Security Advisor for the Reagan administration. He was convicted in April 1990 of multiple felonies as a result of his actions in the Iran-Contra affair, but his convictions were reversed on appeal in 1991. More recently, he served a brief stint as the director of the DARPA Information Awareness Office for the George W. Bush administration.
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Johnnie Ray
John Alvin Ray (January 10, 1927 – February 24, 1990) was an American singer, songwriter, and pianist. Popular for most of the 1950s, Ray has been cited by critics as a major precursor of what would become rock and roll, for his jazz and blues-influenced music and his animated stage persona.
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Johnny Wayne
Johnny Wayne (born Louis Weingarten, May 28, 1918; died July 18, 1990) was a Canadian comedian and comedy writer best known for his work as part of the comedy duo Wayne and Shuster alongside Frank Shuster.
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JoJo (singer)
Joanna Noëlle Blagden Levesque (born December 20, 1990), professionally known as JoJo, is an American Pop/R&B; singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress. After competing on the television show, ''America's Most Talented Kids'', record producer Vincent Herbert took notice who asked her to audition for Blackground Records.
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Jonathan Lipnicki
Jonathan William Lipnicki (born October 22, 1990) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in the Hollywood films Jerry Maguire, Stuart Little, The Little Vampire, and Like Mike.
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Jordan Henderson
Jordan Brian Henderson (born 17 June 1990) is an English footballer who currently plays as an attacking midfielder for Sunderland - the club he supported as a child.
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Joseph E. Murray
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Joseph Hazelwood
Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood (born September 24, 1946) is an American sailor. He was the captain of the Exxon Valdez during its 1989 oil spill. He was accused of being drunk at the time of the accident, though at trial he was cleared of this charge. Hazelwood was convicted of a misdemeanor charge of negligent discharge of oil, fined $50,000, and sentenced to 1,000 hours of community service. In 1999, the Exxon Valdez oil spill was listed as the 53rd largest spill in history.
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Joseph Payne Brennan
Joseph Payne Brennan (December 20, 1918 – January 28, 1990) was an American writer of fantasy and horror fiction, and also a poet. Brennan's first professional sale came in December 1940 with the publication of the poem, "When Snow Is Hung", which appeared in the Christian Science Monitor Home Forum, and he continued writing poetry up until the time of his death.
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José Figueres Ferrer
José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer (25 September 1906 – 8 June 1990), served as President of Costa Rica on three occasions:
http://wn.com/José_Figueres_Ferrer -
José Luis Panizo
José Luis López Panizo (born 6 February 1922 in Sestao, Biscay - died 14 February 1990 in Portugalete, Biscay) was a Spanish footballer, who played as a midfielder.
http://wn.com/José_Luis_Panizo -
José Napoleón Duarte
José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes (November 23, 1925 – February 23, 1990) was a Salvadoran political figure who, from March 3, 1980 to 1982, led the civil-military Revolutionary Government Junta that took power in a 1979 coup d'état. He also served as civilian President of El Salvador between June 1, 1984 and June 1, 1989.
http://wn.com/José_Napoleón_Duarte -
Kanata Hongō
is a Japanese actor and model. He is part of Stardust Talent agency and has appeared several times in music videos, movies, TV series, and magazines. His major breakthrough role was as the anime character Ryoma Echizen in the film adaptation of The Prince of Tennis, and became even more widely known when he was cast as Shin in Nana 2. In television, his most notable role was as Hinata in Himitsu no Hanazono and recently he starred in Seigi no Mikata.
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Karl Münchinger
Karl Münchinger (May 29, 1915 – March 13, 1990) was a German conductor of European classical music. He helped to revive the now-ubiquitous Canon in D by Johann Pachelbel, through recording it with his Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra in 1960. (Jean-François Paillard made a rival, and also very popular, recording of the same piece at around the same time.) Münchinger is also noted for restoring baroque traditions to the interpretation of Bach's oeuvre, his greatest musical love: moderate-sized forces, judicious ornamentation, and rhythmic sprightliness, though not period instruments.
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Kay Panabaker
Stephanie Kay Panabaker (born May 2, 1990), better known as Kay Panabaker, is an American film and television actress. She is the younger sister of actress Danielle Panabaker.
http://wn.com/Kay_Panabaker -
Keith Haring
Keith Haring (May 4, 1958 – February 16, 1990) was an artist and social activist whose work responded to the New York City street culture of the 1980s.
http://wn.com/Keith_Haring -
Kendall Schmidt
Kendall Francis Schmidt (born November 2, 1990) is an American actor and singer best known for his role as Kendall Knight on the Nickelodeon show, Big Time Rush, as well as a member of the boy band of the same name.
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Kenjiro Takayanagi
was a Japanese pioneer in the development of television. Although he failed to gain much recognition in the West, he built the world's first all-electronic television receiver, and is referred to as "the father of Japanese television".
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Kherington Payne
Kherington Taylor Payne (born January 26, 1990) is an American dancer and actress who came to prominence as a Top 10 Finalist in Season 4 of the hit reality-dance show So You Think You Can Dance and in a role in the 2009 reinvention of the movie Fame. She is currently a new member of the Pussycat Dolls.
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Kiel Martin
Kiel Martin (July 26, 1944, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—December 28, 1990, Rancho Mirage, California) was an American actor best known for his role as lovable rogue Detective John "J.D." La Rue on the 1980s television drama Hill Street Blues.
http://wn.com/Kiel_Martin -
Kim Chiu
Kimberly Sue Yap Chiu (born April 19, 1990), better known as simply Kim Chiu, is a Filipina actress. Chiu was the first winner of and is currently part of ABS-CBN's Star Magic.
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Kim Yu-Na
Kim Yu-na (Hangul: , Hanja: , ; born September 5, 1990) is a South Korean figure skater.
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Kiowa Gordon
Kiowa Joseph Gordon (born March 25, 1990) is an American actor, best known for his role in the Twilight Saga as Embry Call.
http://wn.com/Kiowa_Gordon -
Kirsten Prout
Kirsten Prout (born September 28, 1990) is a Canadian actress born in Vancouver, British Columbia. She starred in ABC Family's drama Kyle XY as Amanda Bloom.
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Kota Yabu
Kota Yabu (薮 宏太 Yabu Kōta, born January 31, 1990), is a Japanese singer as well as member of Hey! Say! JUMP. He is under the management of Johnny & Associates. He was born in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture and lives in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.
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Kristen Stewart
Kristen Jaymes Stewart (born April 9, 1990) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Bella Swan in The Twilight Saga. She has also starred in films such as Panic Room (2002), Zathura (2005), In the Land of Women (2007), The Messengers (2007), Adventureland (2009) and The Runaways (2010).
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Kristiina Brask
Kristiina Maria Brask (born 2 June 1990) is a Finnish pop singer. She was a finalist in the third season of Idols in 2007. She was placed third after Ari Koivunen and Anna Abreu.
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Kristinia DeBarge
Kristinia DeBarge (; born March 8, 1990) is an American singer-songwriter. Born in Pasadena, California, She is the daughter of James DeBarge, the youngest member of the musical family DeBarge. She first appeared on national television in 2003 as a contestant on the American Idol spin-off, American Juniors. In 2009, DeBarge signed a contract with the Island Records department Sodapop, releasing her debut album Exposed in July of the same year. The album debuted at number twenty three on the Billboard 200.
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L. Charles Birch
http://wn.com/L_Charles_Birch -
LaFee
Christina Klein (born December 9, 1990), better known by her stage name LaFee, is a German singer/songwriter who has sold more than one million albums worldwide. She is best known as the lead singer of LaFee and she is most famous in mainland Europe, particularly in German-speaking countries.
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Lara Scandar
Lara Scandar (Arabic:لارا اسكندر) is an Egyptian singer of Italian descent. She was a finalist on the Lebanese reality talent competition Star Academy during the 6th season, representing Egypt in 2009.
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Laura Marling
Laura Beatrice Marling (born 1 February 1990) is a folk singer-songwriter from Eversley in Hampshire, England.
http://wn.com/Laura_Marling -
Laurent Alvarez
Laurent Alvarez (born September 23, 1990 in Geneva) is a Swiss figure skater. He is the 2002 Swiss junior national champion and placed fourth at the 2007 Swiss Figure Skating Championships. He is a three-season competitor on the Junior Grand Prix. He is coached by Peter Grütter.
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Lawrence Durrell
Lawrence George Durrell (27 February 1912 – 7 November 1990) was an expatriate British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer, though he resisted affiliation with Britain and preferred to be considered cosmopolitan. It has been posthumously suggested that Durrell never had British citizenship, though more accurately, he became defined as a non-patrial in 1968 due to the amendment to the Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962. Hence, he was denied the right to enter or settle in Britain under new laws and had to apply for a visa for each entry. His most famous work is the tetralogy The Alexandria Quartet.
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Lebanese Civil War
The Lebanese Civil War () was a multifaceted civil war in Lebanon. The war lasted from 1975 to 1990 and resulted in an estimated 130,000 to 250,000 civilian fatalities. Another one million people (one fourth of the population) were wounded,and today approximately 350,000 people remain displaced, the majority of them Christian Lebanese who were forced out of the Chouf mountains. There was also a mass exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon, mostly of Christian descent. The Post-war occupation of the country by Syria was particularly politically disadvantageous to the Christian population as most of their leadership was driven into exile, or had been assassinated or jailed (see Baroudi and Tabar 2009).
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Lech Wałęsa
Lech Wałęsa ( , ; born 29 September 1943) is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland 1990–95.
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Len Hutton
Sir Leonard Hutton (23 June 1916 – 6 September 1990), commonly named Len Hutton, was an English Test cricketer, who played for Yorkshire County Cricket Club and England in the years around the Second World War as an opening batsman. He was described by ''Wisden Cricketer's Almanack'' as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket. In 1938, he set a record for the highest individual innings in a Test match, scoring 364 against Australia, which stood for nearly 20 years. In 1952, he became the first professional cricketer of the twentieth century to captain England in a Test match and under his captaincy England won the Ashes the following year for the first time in 19 years. In the years immediately following the war, he was the mainstay of the Test team's batting.
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Leonard Bernstein
Leonard Bernstein (, ; August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, author, music lecturer and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the United States of America to receive worldwide acclaim. He was probably best known to the public as the longtime music director of the New York Philharmonic, for conducting concerts by many of the world's leading orchestras, and for writing the music for West Side Story, Candide, Wonderful Town, and On the Town. Bernstein was the first classical music conductor to make numerous television appearances between 1954 and 1989. He had a formidable piano technique and as a composer also wrote symphonies and other concert music. According to The New York Times, he was "one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history."
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Leonard Sachs
Leonard Sachs (26 September 1909 - 15 June 1990) was a British actor.
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Lev Yashin
Lev Ivanovich Yashin () (22 October 1929 – 20 March 1990) nicknamed as "The Black Spider", was a Russian-Soviet football goalkeeper, considered by many to be the greatest goalkeeper in the history of the game. He was known for his superior athleticism in goal, imposing stature, amazing reflex saves and inventing the idea of goalkeeper sweeping. Yashin was voted the best goalkeeper of the 20th century by the IFFHS.
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Lewis Mumford
Lewis Mumford (October 19, 1895 – January 26, 1990) was an American historian and philosopher of technology and science. Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a tremendously broad career as a writer that also included a period as an influential literary critic. Mumford was influenced by the work of Scottish theorist Sir Patrick Geddes.
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Lois Moran
Lois Moran (March 1, 1909 - July 13, 1990) was an American film actress.
http://wn.com/Lois_Moran -
Lorraine Nicholson
Lorraine Broussard Nicholson (born April 16, 1990) is an American actress.
http://wn.com/Lorraine_Nicholson -
Louis Althusser
Louis Pierre Althusser (; 16 October 1918 – 22 October 1990) was a French Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy.
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Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven ( (US) or (UK); ; baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is considered to have been the most crucial figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music, and remains one of the most famous and influential composers of all time.
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Ludwig von Moos
Ludwig von Moos (January 31, 1910, Lucerne - November 26, 1990, Lucerne) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1959-1971).
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Luigi Dadaglio
Luigi Dadaglio (28 September 1914 – 22 August 1990) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary.
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Lynne Carol
Lynne Carol (29 June 1914, Monmouthshire–30 June 1990, Blackpool) was an English actress made famous by playing busybody Martha Longhurst in the soap opera Coronation Street from the second episode in 1960 until the character was killed off in 1964.
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Lê Ðức Thọ
Lê Ðức Thọ () (October 14, 1911 – October 13, 1990) was a Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973, although he declined it.
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Madge Bellamy
Madge Bellamy (June 30, 1899 – January 24, 1990) was an American film actress who was a popular leading lady in the 1920s and early 1930s. Her career declined in the sound era, and ended following a romantic scandal in the 1940s.
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Madison Riley
Madison Riley (born Madison Riley Aplanalp on April 30, 1990) is an American actress.
http://wn.com/Madison_Riley -
Magnus Carlsen
Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen (born 30 November 1990) is a Norwegian chess Grandmaster and chess prodigy currently ranked number one in the world on the official FIDE rating list. He has achieved a rating exceeded only by Garry Kasparov.
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Malcolm Forbes
Malcolm Stevenson Forbes (August 19, 1919 – February 24, 1990) was publisher of Forbes magazine, founded by his father B.C. Forbes and today run by his son Steve Forbes.
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Manuel Fraga
http://wn.com/Manuel_Fraga -
Manuel Puig
Manuel Puig (born Juan Manuel Puig Delledonne) (General Villegas, Argentina, December 28, 1932 - Cuernavaca, Mexico, July 22, 1990) was an Argentine author. Among his best known novels are La traición de Rita Hayworth (1968) (Betrayed by Rita Hayworth), Boquitas pintadas (1969) (Little Painted Lips), and El beso de la mujer araña (1976) (Kiss of the Spider Woman), which was made into a film by the Argentine-Brazilian director, Héctor Babenco and in 1993 into a Broadway musical.
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Mao Asada
is a Japanese figure skater.
http://wn.com/Mao_Asada -
Marco Aurelio Robles
Marco Aurelio Robles Méndez (b. 8 November 1905 in Aguadulce, d. 19 April 1990 in Miami) was President of Panama from October 1, 1964 to October 1, 1968. Before his presidency, he served on diplomatic missions in France and United Kingdom and also as Minister of Justice.
http://wn.com/Marco_Aurelio_Robles -
Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. Thatcher is the only woman to have held either post.
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Margot Robbie
Margot Robbie (born 2 July 1990) is an Australian actress, best known for her role as Donna Freedman on the soap opera Neighbours.
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Marigona Dragusha
Marigona "Gona" Dragusha (born 23 September 1990) is an Albanian pageant titleholder from Kosovo who placed as the 2nd runner-up at the Miss Universe 2009 pageant, only behind the eventual winner, Venezuela's Stefanía Fernández, and the 1st runner-up Ada de la Cruz from the Dominican Republic. Dragusha won her national title, Miss Universe Kosovo, on April 4, 2009. Besides her native Albanian language, Marigona speaks Spanish, in which she announced on air before the Miss Universe pageant: she learned the language entirely from watching Spanish-speaking "novelas" (soap operas).
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Mario Balotelli
Mario Barwuah Balotelli (born 12 August 1990) is an Italian footballer who plays as a striker for Manchester City.
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Mary Martin
Mary Virginia Martin (December 1, 1913 – November 3, 1990) was an American actress and singer. She originated many roles over her career including Nellie Forbush in South Pacific and Maria in The Sound of Music. She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1989.
http://wn.com/Mary_Martin -
Mary Robinson
Mary Therese Winifred Robinson (née Bourke) (; born 21 May 1944) served as the seventh, and first female, President of Ireland, serving from 1990 to 1997, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, from 1997 to 2002. She first rose to prominence as an academic, barrister, campaigner and member of the Irish Senate (1969–1989). She defeated Fianna Fáil's Brian Lenihan and Fine Gael's Austin Currie in the 1990 presidential election becoming, as an Independent candidate nominated by the Labour Party, the Workers' Party and independent senators, the first elected president in the office's history not to have had the support of Fianna Fáil.
http://wn.com/Mary_Robinson -
Mathias Goeritz
Mathias Goeritz (complete name according to Spanish-speaking manner: Werner Matthias Goeritz Brunner) (April 4, 1915 in Danzig (Gdańsk), Germany (now in Poland)) - August 4, 1990 in Mexico City) was a well-known Mexican painter and sculptor of German origin. Being of Jewish origin, Goeritz moved from his homeland to Mexico during the Second World War.
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Matt Barkley
Matt Barkley (born September 8, 1990) is an American football quarterback and student athlete at the University of Southern California, playing for the Trojans football team. As a high school player, Barkley was named 2007 football Gatorade National Player of the Year, and then the 2007 Gatorade national male athlete of the year, becoming the first non-senior to win both awards. Barkley also won the 2007 Glenn Davis Award, given to best high school football player in Southern California, as well as the inaugural Joe Montana Award as the nation's top high school quarterback.
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Matt Corby
Matthew John "Matt" Corby (born 7 November 1990, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) is an Australian singer-songwriter, who was the runner-up to Natalie Gauci on the fifth season of Australian Idol in 2007.
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Matías Nocedal
Matías Nocedal (born on May 30, 1990 in Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine professional basketball player. He can play at the point guard and shooting guard positions. He is 1.94 m (6 ft 4 ½ in) in height and 91 kg (200 lbs.) in weight. He is currently with the pro club Basket Jesi in Legadue the second main Italian division.
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Max Wall
Max Wall, born Maxwell George Lorimer (12 March 1908–21 May 1990), was an English comedian and actor, whose performing career covered music hall, theatre, films and television.
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Meir Kahane
Martin David Kahane also known as Meir Kahane (, and by the pen-names Benyac and David Sinai and the pseudonym Michael King, David Borac, and Martin Keene (1 August 1932 – 5 November 1990) was an American-Israeli rabbi and ultra-nationalist writer and political figure. He was an ordained Orthodox rabbi and later served as a member of the Israeli parliament or Knesset.
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Mel Lewis
Mel Lewis (May 10, 1929 – February 2, 1990) was an American drummer, jazz musician and band leader. He was born Melvin Sokoloff in Buffalo, New York to Russian immigrant parents.
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Melanie Appleby
Melanie Susan Appleby (11 July 1966 – 18 January 1990) was one half of the 1980s English pop duo Mel and Kim.
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Melody Klaver
Melody Zoë Klaver (born September 9, 1990) is a Dutch actress.
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Merton Miller
Merton Howard Miller (May 16, 1923 – June 3, 2000) was the co-author of the Modigliani-Miller theorem which proposed the irrelevance of debt-equity structure. He shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1990, along with Harry Markowitz and William Sharpe. Miller spent most of his academic career at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.
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Michel Aoun
Michel Naim Aoun (), born 30 September 1933 in Haret Hreik, Lebanon, is a Lebanese politician and former military commander. From 22 September 1988 to 13 October 1990, he served as Prime Minister and acting President of one of two rival governments that contended for power. He was defeated by Syria in the war of liberation and forced into exile. He returned to Lebanon on May 7, 2005, eleven days after the withdrawal of Syrian troops. Known as "General," Aoun is currently a Parliament Member. He leads the "Free Patriotic Movement" party which has 27 representatives in the 128 member Lebanese parliament.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ; born 2 March 1931) was the sixth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
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Milton Obote
Apolo Milton Obote (December 28, 1925 – October 10, 2005), Prime Minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985. He was an Ugandan political leader who led Uganda towards independence from the British colonial administration in 1962.
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Miralem Pjanić
Miralem Pjanić (born 2 April 1990) is a Bosnian professional football player who plays for French club Olympique Lyonnais in Ligue 1. He plays as an attacking midfielder and has been described as an "old-fashioned playmaker with huge technical qualities".
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Miura Haruma
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Munro Chambers
Munro Chambers is a Canadian actor, best known for his role as Wilder on The Latest Buzz and his new role as Elijah "Eli" Goldsworthy on . His identical twin brother named Thomas Chambers is also an actor.
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Naoto Tajima
was a Japanese athlete who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. He won a gold medal in the triple jump (setting a new world record in that event), and won a bronze medal in the long jump, behind Jesse Owens and Lutz Long.
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Nguyễn Văn Tâm
Nguyễn Văn Tâm (1893 – 23 November 1990 ) served as Minister in the Nguyễn Dynasty. His son is General Nguyen Van Hinh Chief of Vietnamese National Army. He was Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam from June 25, 1952 to December 16, 1953.
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Niamh Perry
Niamh Perry (born 10 June 1990) is a British singer and actress who competed as one of the finalists in the BBC talent show-themed television series ''I'd Do Anything in 2008 and is currently portraying Fleck in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Love Never Dies''.
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Nick Hogan
Nicholas Allan Bollea (born July 27, 1990), also known as Nick Hogan, is an American reality personality, best known as the son of semi-retired professional wrestler Hulk Hogan and for his appearances on the reality show Hogan Knows Best (and its spinoff, Brooke Knows Best) alongside his father, mother Linda, and older sibling Brooke.
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Nicola Abbagnano
Nicola Abbagnano (15 July 1901 – 9 September 1990) was an Italian existential philosopher.
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Nicolae Ceauşescu
Nicolae Ceauşescu (; 26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian politician and dictator who was the Secretary General of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989, President of the Council of State from 1967, and President of Romania from 1974 to 1989.
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Noodle (Gorillaz)
Noodle (born October 31, 1990) is a fictional member of the virtual band Gorillaz. She provides the guitar as well as some main and backing vocals for the band. She, like all other Gorillaz members, was created by Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett.
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Norbert Elias
Norbert Elias (June 22, 1897 — August 1, 1990) was a German sociologist of Jewish descent, who later became a British citizen.
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Palestinian people
The Palestinian people, (, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni) also referred to as Palestinians or Palestinian Arabs (, al-filasTīnīyyūn; , al-`Arab al-filasTīnīyyūn), are an Arabic-speaking nation of Levantine people with family origins in Palestine. In the areas of Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, as of 2004, Arabs constitute 49% of all inhabitants, some of whom are internally displaced. The remainder, comprise what is known as the Palestinian diaspora, of whom more than half are stateless refugees, lacking citizenship in any country. Of the diaspora, about 1.9 million live in neighboring Jordan, one and a half million between Syria and Lebanon, a quarter million in Saudi Arabia, while Chile's half a million are the largest concentration outside the Arab world.
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Patricio Aylwin
Patricio Aylwin Azócar (born November 26, 1918) was the first president of Chile after its return to democratic rule in 1990, following the military dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet.
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Patrick Chan
Figure skater
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Patrick McAlinney
Patrick McAlinney (November 9, 1913 - August 22, 1990) was an Irish-born character actor who starred in many British dramas and sitcoms. His most memorable roles included a brother on the hit sitcom Oh, Brother! which starred Derek Nimmo, Mr. O'Reilly in The Tomorrow People and Dr. Daley in Bless Me Father.
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Patrick White
Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990), an Australian author, was widely regarded as a major English-language novelist of the 20th century. From 1935 until his death, he published 12 novels, two short-story collections and eight plays.
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Paul Ariste
Paul Ariste (February 3, 1905, Torma, Jõgevamaa – February 2, 1990, Tartu) was an Estonian linguist renowned for his studies of the Finno-Ugric languages (especially Estonian and Votic), Yiddish and Baltic Romani language. He was born as Paul Berg, but in 1927 Estonized his name to Ariste. He graduated from the University of Tartu and subsequently worked with it. Ariste wrote his M.A. thesis ("Eesti-rootsi laensõnad eesti keeles") on Swedish – viz. Estonian Swedish dialect – loanwords in Estonian, his doctoral thesis ("Hiiu murrete häälikud") treated the Hiiumaa dialect of Estonian language. From 1945 to 1946, Ariste was imprisoned by the Soviet authorities (for having been member of Veljesto, a student association in independent Estonia)
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Paulette Goddard
Paulette Goddard (June 3, 1910 – April 23, 1990) was an American film and theatre actress. A former child fashion model and in several Broadway productions as Ziegfeld Girl, she was a major star of the Paramount Studio in the 1940s. She was married to several notable men, including Charlie Chaplin, Burgess Meredith and Erich Maria Remarque. Goddard was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in So Proudly We Hail! (1943).
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Pavel Cherenkov
Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (, 1904–1990) was a Soviet physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 1958 with Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm for the discovery of Cherenkov radiation made in 1934.
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Pavlos Sidiropoulos
Pavlos Sidiropoulos () (Athens, July 20th, 1948 – Athens, 6 December 1990) was a Rock musician, noted for supporting the use of Greek lyrics in rock music, at a time when most Greek rock groups were using English lyrics.
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Pearl Bailey
Pearl Mae Bailey (March 29, 1918 – August 17, 1990) was an American actress and singer. After appearing in vaudeville, she made her Broadway debut in St. Louis Woman in 1946. She won a Tony Award for the title role in the all-black production of Hello, Dolly! in 1968. In 1986, she won a Daytime Emmy award for her performance as a fairy godmother in the ABC Afterschool Special, Cindy Eller: A Modern Fairy Tale.
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Peter Terry
Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter David George Terry GCB (b. 18 October 1926) is a retired senior Royal Air Force commander.
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Petra Kvitova
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Phil Boggs
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Prince Johnson
Prince Yormie Johnson (born 6 July 1959) is a Liberian politician and the current Senior Senator from Nimba County. A former rebel leader, Johnson played a prominent figure in the First Liberian Civil War, most notably capturing and executing President Samuel Doe. "Prince" is a common given name for males in Liberia, rather than a royal title.
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Rachel Hurd-Wood
Rachel Clare Hurd-Wood (born 17 August 1990) is an English actress. Her break-out role was as Wendy Darling in the 2003 movie Peter Pan.
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Ranomi Kromowidjojo
Ranomi Kromowidjojo (born August 20, 1990 in Groningen, Netherlands) is a Dutch swimmer who mainly specializes in freestyle but also has potential in backstroke and butterfly events. As part of the Dutch team, she holds the world records on the 4×50 m and 4×200 m freestyle relay on short course and 4×100 m freestyle relay on long course.
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Ray Goulding
Raymond Walter Goulding (March 20, 1922 – March 24, 1990) was an American comedian, who, together with Bob Elliott formed the comedy duo of Bob and Ray.
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Raymond St. Jacques
Raymond St. Jacques (March 1, 1930 – August 27, 1990) was an American actor.
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Reinaldo Arenas
Reinaldo Arenas (July 16, 1943 – December 7, 1990) was a Cuban poet, novelist, and playwright who despite his early sympathy for the 1959 revolution, grew critical of and then rebelled against the Cuban government.
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René Enríquez
This article is on the television actor. For the Mexican Mafia dropout, see' Rene Enriquez (mobster)
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Rex Harrison
Sir Reginald “Rex” Carey Harrison (5 March 1908 – 2 June 1990) was an English actor of stage and screen. Harrison won both an Academy Award and a Tony Award.
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Ric Grech
Richard Roman Grech (1 November 1946 – 17 March 1990) was a British musician.
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Richard E. Taylor
Richard Edward Taylor, CC, FRS, FRSC (born November 2, 1929 in Medicine Hat, Alberta) is a Canadian-American professor (Emeritus) at Stanford University. In 1990, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Jerome Friedman and Henry Kendall "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
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Ricky Rubio
Ricard "Ricky" Rubio Vives (born October 21, 1990 in El Masnou, Barcelona) is a Spanish professional basketball player with Regal FC Barcelona. Rubio became the youngest player ever to play in the Spanish ACB League on October 15, 2005, at age 14. On June 25, 2009, he was drafted with the fifth pick in the first round of the 2009 NBA Draft by the Minnesota Timberwolves, making him the first player born in the 1990s to be drafted by the NBA. The Timberwolves had an agreement in principle with his former Spanish team, DKV Joventut, to buy out his contract, but Rubio backed out of the deal, indicating that he felt he needed to mature more before entering the NBA. On August 31, 2009, Joventut traded the rights to Rubio to FC Barcelona, and Rubio signed a six-year contract with FC Barcelona the following day.
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Roald Dahl
Roald Dahl (, ; 13 September 1916 – 23 November 1990) was a British novelist, short story writer, fighter ace and screenwriter.
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Robert Cummings
Charles Clarence Robert Orville Cummings (June 9, 1910 – December 2, 1990), known professionally as Bob Cummings, was an American motion picture and television actor.
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Robert Hofstadter
Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 – November 17, 1990) was a Jewish American physicist. He was the joint winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics (together with Rudolf Mössbauer) "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons."
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Robert Krieps
Robert Krieps (15 October 1922 – 1 August 1990) was a Luxembourgian politician. He served as the President of the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party from 1980 until 1985, as well as serving in the Luxembourgian cabinet under both Gaston Thorn and Jacques Santer.
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Robert Mapplethorpe
Robert Mapplethorpe (November 4, 1946 – March 9, 1989) was an American photographer, known for his large-scale, highly stylized black and white portraits, photos of flowers and nude men. The frank, homosexual eroticism of some of the work of his middle period triggered a more general controversy about the public funding of artworks.
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Robert Noyce
Robert Norton Noyce (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990), nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley", co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel in 1968. He is also credited (along with Jack Kilby) with the invention of the integrated circuit or microchip. While Kilby's invention was six months earlier, neither man rejected the title of co-inventor. Noyce was also a mentor and father-figure to an entire generation of entrepreneurs, including Steve Jobs at Apple, Inc.
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Robert Runcie
Robert Alexander Kennedy Runcie, Baron Runcie, PC, MC (2 October 1921 – 11 July 2000) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1980 to 1991.
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Robin Harris
Robin Hughes Harris (August 30, 1953 – March 18, 1990) was an American comedian and actor, known for his recurring comic sketch about ''Bébé's Kids''.
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Rocky Graziano
Rocky Graziano, born Thomas Rocco Barbella in New York City (1 January 1919 – May 22, 1990), was an outstanding Italian American boxer. Graziano was considered one of the greatest knockout artists in boxing history, often displaying the capacity to take his opponent out with a single punch. He was ranked 23rd on Ring Magazine's list of the greatest punchers of all time.
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Roman Vishniac
Roman Vishniac (, ; August 19, 1897 – January 22, 1990) was a renowned Russian-American photographer, best known for capturing on film the culture of Jews in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. A complete archive of his work now rests at the International Center of Photography.
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Rusty Hamer
Rusty Hamer (February 15, 1947 – January 18, 1990) was an American television actor best known for his role as Rusty Williams in the popular sitcom Make Room for Daddy.
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Ryan White
Ryan Wayne White (December 6, 1971 – April 8, 1990) was an American teenager from Kokomo, Indiana who became a national poster child for HIV/AIDS in the United States, after being expelled from middle school because of his infection. A hemophiliac, he became infected with HIV from a contaminated blood treatment and, when diagnosed in December 1984, was given six months to live. Doctors said he posed no risk to other students, but AIDS was poorly understood at the time, and when White tried to return to school, many parents and teachers in Kokomo rallied against his attendance. A lengthy legal battle with the school system ensued, and media coverage of the case made White into a national celebrity and spokesman for AIDS research and public education. He appeared frequently in the media with celebrities such as Elton John, Michael Jackson and Phil Donahue. Surprising his doctors, White lived five years longer than predicted and died in April 1990, one month prior to his high school graduation.
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Saad Al Sheebi
Saad Al Sheebi (born on May 5 or 12, 1990) is a Qatari footballer who is a goalkeeper for Al Sadd. He is a member of the Qatar national under-20 football team. He was signed from the Aspire Academy.
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Sabicas
Sabicas (Agustín Castellón Campos) was a Flamenco guitarist, of Romani origin, who was born in 1912 in Pamplona, Spain and died in 14 April 1990 in New York.
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Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (Arabic: ; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was the President of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and Arab socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power.
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Sadi Irmak
Sadi Irmak, (1904, Seydişehir – November 11, 1990, Istanbul) was a Turkish academics in physiology, politician and former Prime Minister of Turkey.
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Saki Fukuda
is a Japanese actress and singer.
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Sammy Davis Jr.
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Samuel Doe
Samuel Kanyon Doe (May 6, 1951 – September 9, 1990) was the 21st President of Liberia, serving from 1986 until his assassination in 1990. He had previously served as Chairman of the People's Redemption Council from 1980 to 1986. He was the first indigenous head of state in Liberian history.
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Sandra Izbaşa
Sandra Raluca Izbaşa (born June 18, 1990 in Bucharest, Romania) is a Romanian artistic gymnast. Her best events are the floor exercise, the balance beam, and the all-around. She is the 2008 Olympic champion on floor exercise and a bronze medalist on the team event.
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Sandro Pertini
Alessandro (Sandro) Pertini (September 25, 1896 – February 24, 1990) was an Italian socialist, who was the seventh President of the Italian Republic from 1978 to 1985.
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Saul Alvarez
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Sean Kingston
Sean Kingston (born Kisean Anderson on February 3, 1990) is an Jamaican-American singer and rapper. Kingston was born in Miami in the United States and spent part of his childhood in Jamaica. He returned to the U.S. to pursue a music career and debuted in 2007 with Sean Kingston.
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Sergei Dovlatov
Sergei Donatovich Dovlatov (Mechik) (; 3 September 1941, Ufa, USSR – 24 August 1990, New York, USA) was a Russian journalist and writer.
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Sergey Karjakin
Sergey Karjakin (; ; born January 12, 1990 in Simferopol) is a Russian (formerly Ukrainian) chess grandmaster. He was a chess prodigy and holds the record for both the youngest international master, eleven years and eleven months, and grandmaster in history, at the age of twelve years and seven months.
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Sergio Corbucci
Sergio Corbucci (December 6, 1927 - December 1, 1990) was an Italian film director. He is best known for his very violent yet intelligent spaghetti westerns. He was for a long time considered an exploitation director, but has now attained a vast following and is easily compared to Sam Peckinpah or Sergio Leone.
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Shigefumi Mori
Shigefumi Mori (森 重文 Mori Shigefumi, born February 23, 1951) is a Japanese mathematician, known for his work in algebraic geometry, particularly in relation to the classification of three-folds.
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Shoya Tomizawa
(December 10, 1990 – September 5, 2010) was a Japanese motorcycle racer. After a successful career in the All Japan Road Race Championship, he switched to MotoGP and competed in the 250cc class during 2009. In the 2010 season he rode in the newly created Moto2 class. Tomizawa won the first race of the new class, at Losail in Qatar, winning by nearly five seconds from Alex Debón and Jules Cluzel. Tomizawa died after sustaining cranial, thoracic and abdominal trauma at the San Marino Grand Prix.
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Siad Barre
Mohamed Siad Barre (, ) (October 6, 1919 – January 2, 1995) was the military dictator and President of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 1991. During his rule, he styled himself as Jaalle Siyaad ("Comrade Siad").
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Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević (sometimes transliterated as Miloshevich; ; Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia. He served as the President of Socialist Republic of Serbia and Republic of Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in three terms and as President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He also led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990. In the midst of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Milošević was charged with crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), but the trial ended after Milošević died in his cell.
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Sooyoung
Sooyoung () (born February 10, 1990), real name Choi Soo-young (), is a South Korean singer, dancer, actress, TV presenter, model, and DJ. She is a member of Girls' Generation.
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Soulja Boy Tell 'Em
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Stanisław Tymiński
Stanisław "Stan" Tymiński (; born January 27, 1948 in Pruszków) is a Canadian businessman of Polish origin, dealing in electronics and computers, and a sometime-politician in both Poland and Canada. Despite being completely unknown in his native Poland until shortly before the 1990 presidential election, and making bold political statements, he surprisingly emerged from the first ballot as the second strongest candidate, defeating liberal prime minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki and forcing Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa to stand a second ballot. After Wałęsa defeated him by a wide margin, Tymiński was a leader of Party X in Poland (1990–1995) and finally returned to Canada to resume his business activities. In 2005, he surprisingly announced he would stand in that year's presidential election.
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Starlin Castro
Starlin Dejesus Castro (born March 24, 1990 in ) is a Major League Baseball shortstop for the Chicago Cubs.
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Stefano Casiraghi
Stefano Casiraghi (8 September 1960 – 3 October 1990) was an Italian sportsman, heir, socialite and businessman. He was the son of Giancarlo Casiraghi and wife Fernanda Palici, and became the second husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco.
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Stefanía Fernández
Stefanía Fernández Krupij (born September 4, 1990) is a Venezuelan beauty pageant titleholder who won the Miss Venezuela 2008 and Miss Universe 2009 titles. She earned a Guinness record by being the first Miss Universe winner who was crowned by a compatriot.
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Steven Stamkos
Steven Stamkos (born February 7, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). Stamkos was the first overall pick in the 2006 OHL Entry Draft, from the Markham Waxers of the OMHA. Playing with the Sarnia Sting of the Ontario Hockey League, he scored 100 goals in just two years. After a successful OHL career, Stamkos was selected first overall in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft by the Tampa Bay Lightning, following the team's heavy promotion of him via their Seen Stamkos? website.
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Stiv Bators
Steven John Bator, known as Stiv Bators (October 22, 1949 – June 3, 1990), was an American punk rock
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Sunset Carson
Sunset Carson, born Winifred Maurice Harrison (November 12, 1920-May 1, 1990) was an American B-western star of the 1940s.
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Tadeusz Kantor
Tadeusz Kantor (6 April 1915 – 8 December 1990) was a Polish painter, assemblage artist, set designer and theatre director. Kantor is renowned for his revolutionary theatrical performances in Poland and abroad.
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Tai Woffinden
Tai Woffinden (born 10 August 1990, in Scunthorpe, England) is a speedway rider currently riding for the Wolverhampton Wolves in the British Elite League, and is the son of former speedway rider Rob Woffinden.
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Tao Li
Swimmer
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Terry-Thomas
Thomas Terry Hoar-Stevens (14 July 1911 – 8 January 1990) was a distinctive English comic actor, known as Terry-Thomas. He was famous for his portrayal of disreputable members of the upper classes, especially cads, with a "toothbrush" moustache, the trademark gap in his front teeth, cigarette holder, smoking jacket, and catch-phrases such as "What an absolute shower!" and "Good show!"
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The Ultimate Warrior
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Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, OM, KBE, FRS, FREng, FRSA (born 8 June 1955, also known as "TimBL"), is a British engineer and computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet.
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Tom Fogerty
Thomas Richard "Tom" Fogerty (November 9, 1941 – September 6, 1990) was a musician best known as the guitarist in Creedence Clearwater Revival and the elder brother of John Fogerty, the lead singer and guitar player in that band.
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Toni Kroos
Toni Kroos (; born 4 January 1990 in Greifswald) is a German international footballer who plays for Bayern Munich as an attacking midfielder. He is the older brother of Werder Bremen forward Felix Kroos.
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Tunku Abdul Rahman
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halim Shah, AC, CH (February 8, 1903 – December 6, 1990) was known as "Tunku" (a princely title in Malaysia), (Jawi: تنكو عبد الرحمن ڤوترا الحج ابن المرحوم سلطان عبد الحميد حليم شاه) and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia), was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955, and the country's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957. He remained as the Prime Minister after Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined the federation in 1963 to form Malaysia.
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Ugo Tognazzi
Ugo Tognazzi (23 March 1922 - 27 October 1990) was an Italian film, TV and theatre actor, director and screenwriter.
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Umar Akmal
Umar Akmal (lang-ur|, born 26 May 1990 in Lahore) is a Pakistani cricketer. He made his ODI debut on August 1, 2009 against Sri Lanka and made his Test debut against New Zealand on November 23, 2009.
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Vanessa Marano
Vanessa Marano (born October 31, 1992) is an American actress. She has appeared on the TV series Without a Trace, Gilmore Girls, Scoundrels and The Young and the Restless, among others.
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Vic Tayback
Victor "Vic" Tayback (January 6, 1930 – May 25, 1990) was an American actor.
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Victor Tsoi
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Vincent van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh (Dutch: , or English: ,
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Violeta Chamorro
Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (born October 18, 1929) is a Nicaraguan political leader, former president and publisher. She became president of Nicaragua on April 25, 1990, when she unseated Daniel Ortega. She was supported by many, including a fourteen-party anti-Sandinista alliance known as the National Opposition Union (Unión Nacional Opositora, UNO), an alliance that ranged from conservatives and liberals to communists. She left office on January 10, 1997. Chamorro was the first, and to date only, woman to hold that position in Nicaragua. Chamorro was the first elected female head of government in the Americas, the second in the Western Hemisphere after Iceland's Vigdís Finnbogadóttir and the fifth in the world after the elections of Agatha Barbara in Malta, Elisabeth Kopp in Switzerland and Corazon Aquino in the Philippines. She is the first and so far only woman in the world to defeat an incumbent president.
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Vladimir Drinfeld
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Walker Percy
Walker Percy (May 28, 1916 – May 10, 1990) was an American Southern author whose interests included philosophy and semiotics. Percy is best known for his philosophical novels set in and around New Orleans, Louisiana, the first of which, The Moviegoer, won the National Book Award for Fiction in 1962. He devoted his literary life to the exploration of "the dislocation of man in the modern age." His work displays a unique combination of existential questioning, Southern sensibility, and deep Catholic faith.
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William French Smith
William French Smith (August 26, 1917 – October 29, 1990) was an American lawyer and the 74th Attorney General of the United States.
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William Raborn
Vice Admiral William Francis Raborn, Jr., United States Navy (June 8, 1905 - March 6, 1990) was a United States Navy officer, the leader of the project to develop the Polaris missile system, and the 7th Director of Central Intelligence as well as the 5th Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
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William S. Paley
William Samuel Paley (September 28, 1901 – October 26, 1990) was the chief executive who built Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) from a small radio network into one of the foremost radio and television network operations in the United States.
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Willy Spühler
Willy Spühler (31 January 1902 in Zurich – 31 May 1990) was a Swiss politician.
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Xavier Cugat
Xavier Cugat () (1 January 1900 – 27 October 1990) was a Spanish American bandleader who spent his formative years in Havana, Cuba. A trained violinist and arranger, he was a key personality in the spread of Latin music in United States popular music. He was also a cartoonist and a successful businessman. In New York, his was the resident orchestra at the Waldorf-Astoria before and after World War II.
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Xu Xiangqian
Xu Xiangqian (; November 8, 1901 - September 21, 1990) was a Chinese communist military leader.
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Yiannis Ritsos
Yiannis Ritsos () (Monemvasia 1 May 1909 - Athens 11 November 1990) was a Greek poet and left-wing activist and an active member of the Greek Resistance during World War II.
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Yoona
Im Yoon-a (born May 30, 1990), commonly known as YoonA (윤아), is a South Korean singer, dancer, actress and model. She is a member of the Korean girl-group Girls' Generation and was the first member to join. Yoona made her debut as a singer along with Girls' Generation on August 5, 2007. She made her debut as an actress in the 2007 Korean drama, 9 Ends, 2 Outs.
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Yun Bo-seon
Yun Bo-seon (August 26, 1897 – July 18, 1990) was the President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962.
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Zhao Jing (swimmer)
Zhao Jing (; born December 31, 1990 in Wuhan, Hubei) is a female Chinese swimmer, who competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics.
http://wn.com/Zhao_Jing_(swimmer)
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Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage (officially called the Municipality of Anchorage) is the northernmost major city in the United States, and largest city in the U.S. state of Alaska. With an estimated 286,174 municipal residents in 2009 (374,553 residents within the Metropolitan Statistical Area), the city constitutes more than 40 percent of the state's total population; only New York has a higher percentage of residents who live in the state's largest city.
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
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Atlanta
Atlanta (, ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Atlanta had an estimated population of about 540,900 people. Its metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the country, inhabited by more than 5.4 million people. The Atlanta Combined Statistical Area has a population approaching six million, making it the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. Like many areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth since about 1976, and it added about 1.1 million residents between 2000 and 2008.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
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Bahamas
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Baku
Baku (), sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakou, is the capital, the largest city, and the largest port of Azerbaijan and all the Caucasus. Located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, the city consists of two principal parts: the downtown and the old Inner City (21.5 ha). Dating to antiquity, its urban population at the beginning of 2009 was estimated at just over two million people.
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Bangladesh
Bangladesh (; , '), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ') is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.
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Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
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Belfast
Belfast () is the capital of and the largest city in Northern Ireland. It is the seat of devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly. It is the largest urban area in Northern Ireland, the second-largest city in Ireland and the 15th-largest city in the United Kingdom. It is the main settlement in the province of Ulster. The city of Belfast has a population of 267,500 and lies at the heart of the Belfast urban area, which has a population of 483,418. The Belfast metropolitan area has a total population of 579,276. Belfast is also the 100th-largest urban zone in the EU. Belfast was granted city status in 1888.
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Berlin
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Area, comprising 5 million people from over 190 nations. Geographically embedded in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's territory is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
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Boston
Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009 estimated population of 645,169, making it the twentieth largest in the country. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region includes six Massachusetts counties, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Worcester, all of Rhode Island and parts of New Hampshire; it is home to 7.5 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
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Brixton
Brixton is a district in south London, England, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is miles south south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Cape Town
Cape Town (; ) is the second-most populous city in South Africa, and the largest in land area, forming part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality. It is the provincial capital and primate city of the Western Cape, as well as the legislative capital of South Africa, where the National Parliament and many government offices are located. The city is famous for its harbour as well as its natural setting in the Cape floral kingdom, including such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point.It is hailed as one of the most beautiful cities in the world as officially recognised by Forbes. National Geographic has also enlisted Cape Town as one of the most iconic cities on the planet and "Places of a Lifetime". Cape Town is also Africa's most popular tourist destination.
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Chile
Chile (, in English often pronounced //,), officially the Republic of Chile ( ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres (4000 mi). Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
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Cincinnati
Cincinnati () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. The municipality is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border. The population within city limits was estimated to be 333,200 in 2009, making it the state's third-largest city. According to a 2008 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,155,137 making it the largest MSA in Ohio (surpassing Cleveland, which ranks 26th), and the 24th most populous in the United States. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
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Colombo
Colombo (Sinhala: කොළඹ, pronounced ; ) is the largest city and former capital of Sri Lanka. It is located on the west coast of the island and adjacent to Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, the capital. Colombo is a busy and vibrant city with a mixture of modern life and colonial buildings and ruins and a city population of 647,100. The Colombo Metropolitan Region, defined by the districts of Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara, has an estimated population of 5,648,000, and covers an area of 3,694.20 km².
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Croatia
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945 the state did not have de facto existence, due to its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this period. In 1945 the eastern part of Carpathian Ruthenia was taken over by the Soviet Union. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
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Denmark
Denmark (; , , archaic: ), officially the Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: ) together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark borders both the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland (Jylland) and many islands, most notably Zealand (Sjælland), Funen (Fyn), Vendsyssel-Thy (commonly considered a part of Jutland), Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Denmark has long controlled the approach to the Baltic Sea; before the digging of the Kiel Canal, water passage to the Baltic Sea was possible only through the three channels known as the "Danish straits".
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Dome of the Rock
The Dome of the Rock (, translit.: Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah, , translit.: Kipat Hasela) is an Islamic shrine and major landmark located on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. It was completed in 691-692, making it the oldest existing Islamic building in the world. The site's significance stems from the religious beliefs regarding the rock, known as the Foundation Stone, at its heart.
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East Germany
The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR), informally called East Germany by the West, was the socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany and in the East Berlin portion of the Allied-occupied capital city. The German Democratic Republic, which consisted geographically of northeast Germany rather than all of eastern Germany, had an area of 107,771 km2. (41,610 mi.2), bordering Czechoslovakia in the south, West Germany (officially: Federal Republic of Germany) in the south and west, the Baltic Sea to the north, and Poland in the east.
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Egypt
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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English Channel
The English Channel (, the "sleeve") is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Great Britain from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about long and varies in width from at its widest, to only in the Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some .
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Faith, South Dakota
Faith is a city in Meade County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 489 at the 2000 census. Sue, the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton known, was discovered about 15 miles north and east of Faith in December 1990.
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Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (; ) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located approximately from the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago, consisting of East Falkland, West Falkland and 776 lesser islands, is a self-governing Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom. The capital, Stanley, is on East Falkland.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Galicia (Spain)
:This article is about the nation in Spain. For the Polish-Ukrainian region, see Galicia (Eastern Europe).
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Haiti
Haiti (; French , ; Haitian Creole: Ayiti, ), officially the Republic of Haiti ( ;
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
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Katyn Massacre
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Kelbecer
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Khartoum
Khartoum (الخرطوم al-Kharṭūm) is the capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. It is located at the confluence of the White Nile flowing north from Lake Victoria, and the Blue Nile flowing west from Ethiopia. The location where the two Niles meet is known as "al-Mogran". The main Nile continues to flow north towards Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea.
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Kuwait
The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
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Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Liberia
Liberia , officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the west coast of Africa, bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, and the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2008 Census, the nation is home to 3,476,608 people and covers .
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Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
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Manchester
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2009, the population of the city was estimated to be 483,800, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,600,100, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230, and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
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Manjil
Manjil is a historical town in Gilan Province in the southern basin of Caspian in Northern Iran.
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Marshall Islands
The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) , is a Micronesian nation of atolls and islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, just west of the International Date Line and just north of the Equator. The population is about 62,000. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
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Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
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Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
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Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system (OS) market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of OSs. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Microsoft would come to dominate other markets as well, notably the office suite market with Microsoft Office.
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Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
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Mount Didicas
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Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (, ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990 following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek. Namibia is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.
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National Cathedral
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Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (, Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is one of the four countries of the United Kingdom. Situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, it shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. At the time of the 2001 UK Census, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom.
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Norway
Norway (; Norwegian: (Bokmål) or (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.8 million. It is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; and Denmark lies south of its southern tip across the Skagerrak Strait. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Oder-Neisse line
The Oder-Neisse line (, ) is the border between Germany and Poland which was drawn in the aftermath of World War II. The line is formed primarily by the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers, and meets the Baltic Sea west of the seaport cities of Szczecin (German: Stettin) and Świnoujście (Swinemünde). All pre-war German territory east of the line (23.8% of the former Weimar Republic lands, most of them from Prussia) was either awarded to Poland or the Soviet Union after the war, and the vast majority of its native German population was expelled by force or evacuated during wartime. The line marked the border between the German Democratic Republic and Poland from 1950 to 1990. In 1990 newly reunified Germany and the Republic of Poland signed a treaty recognizing it as their border.
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Ontario
Ontario is a Province of Canada located in the east-central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest, after Quebec, in total area, (Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are larger in area, but they are not provinces.) The province's largest metropolitan area and Canada's most populous city, Toronto, is the capital city of Ontario. The national capital of Canada, Ottawa, is located in Ontario as well.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Port of Spain
Port of Spain, also written as Port-of-Spain is the capital of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and the country's third-largest municipality, after San Fernando and Chaguanas. The city has a municipal population of 49,031 (2000 census), a metropolitan population of 128,026 (1990 unofficial estimate) and a transient daily population of 250,000. It is located on the Gulf of Paria, on the northwest coast of the island of Trinidad and is part of a larger conurbation stretching from Chaguaramas in the west to Arima in the east with an estimated population of 600,000.
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Queensland
Queensland is a state of Australia that occupies the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. The state is Australia's second largest by area, following Western Australia, and the country's third most populous after New South Wales and Victoria.
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Republic of Croatia
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Republic of Yemen
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Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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Stafford
Stafford is the county town of Staffordshire, in the West Midlands region of England. It lies approximately north of Wolverhampton and south of Stoke-on-Trent, adjacent to the M6 motorway Junction 13 to Junction 14. The population of Stafford was given in the 2001 census as 63,681, with that of the wider borough of Stafford as 122,000, making Stafford the fourth largest settlement in the Ceremonial county, after Stoke on Trent, Tamworth and Newcastle under Lyme.
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Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
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Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Tiraspol
Tiraspol (; Russian: Тирасполь and Ukrainian: Тирасполь) is the second largest city in Moldova and is the capital and administrative centre of the de facto independent Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria). The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production.
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Toronto
Toronto (, colloquially or ) is the largest city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. With over 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth most populous municipality in North America. Toronto is at the heart of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and is part of a densely populated region in Southern Ontario known as the Golden Horseshoe, which is home to over 8.1 million residents—approximately 25% of Canada's population. The census metropolitan area (CMA) had a population of 5,113,149, and the Greater Toronto Area had a population of 5,555,912 in the 2006 Census.
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Trinidad and Tobago
The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago () is an archipelagic state in the southern Caribbean, lying northeast of the South American country of Venezuela and south of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles. It shares maritime boundaries with other nations including Barbados to the northeast, Guyana to the southeast, and Venezuela to the south and west.
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Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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USSR
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (, {{Lang-ur|), pronounced , "Northern Province"), often referred to as U.P., is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 190 million people,
http://wn.com/Uttar_Pradesh -
Washington, D.C.
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![LIFERUINER - 1990 [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120226065933im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/jCrm7CKTZZQ/0.jpg "LIFERUINER - 1990 [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO]")
LIFERUINER - 1990 [OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Published: 05 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: liferuinercanada
Here is the latest video/track off of LIFERUINER's latest release - The Son's of Straight Edge EP. Shot by Mitch Tuul, Paul Duck & Jason Smith. Edited by Mitch Tuul & Paul Duck. LYRICS I didn't know you, but I wish I did These are the moments you're lost inside our heads And as we hold on, hold onto these days We try to fall asleep in the beds we've made So if you're listening, will you still be there with no song left to sing And just so you know, just so know If you ever doubted, your presence Or how in this world you fit Remember without you, this song wouldn't exist And now because of you Ill never hesitate, Ill take my life on head first Never looking back again And when I think about All of the things that ive missed I'll never live that way We'll try to hold on, onto these days We'll tighten up this grip won't let it slip away I know you're listening, you will still be here with no song left to sing And just so you know, just so know If you ever doubted, your presence Or how in this world you fit Remember without you, this song wouldn't exist And now because of you Ill never hesitate, Ill take my life on head first Never looking back again Take this hate out of heart And fill my lungs with your love I've grown stronger, stronger now And when fall leaves, They turn to color We'll wait for an Indian summer In hopes of hearing your whispers Keep us warm through every winter DOWNLOAD www.mediafire.com
http://wn.com/LIFERUINER__1990_ OFFICIAL_MUSIC_VIDEO
1990 #1 songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 05 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: idolwatcher0
25 songs hit #1 in the US in 1990. Clips of the number ones are shown in chronological order...
http://wn.com/1990_#1_songs
How to do a 1990 spin- 90 breakdance tutorial
Learn how to do a 1990, or can be called 90s
http://wn.com/How_to_do_a_1990_spin_90_breakdance_tutorial
Goodfellas
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 145:26
- Published: 30 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Jan 2012
- Author: warnervoduk
When Martin Scorsese, one of the world's most skillful and respected directors, reunited with two-time Oscar-winner Robert De Niro in GoodFellas, the result was one of the most powerful films of the year. Based on the true-life best seller Wiseguy by Nicholas Pileggi and backed by a dynamic pop/rock oldies soundtrack, critics and filmgoers alike declared GoodFellas great. It was named 1990's best film by the New York, Los Angeles and National Society of Film Critics. And it earned six Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture and Best Director. Robert De Niro received wide recognition for his performance as veteran criminal Jimmy "The Gent" Conway. And as the volatile Tommy DeVito, Joe Pesci walked off with the Best Supporting Actor Oscar. Academy Award nominee Lorraine Bracco, Ray Liotta and Paul Sorvino also turned in electrifying performances. You have to see it to believe it - then watch it again. GoodFellas explores the criminal life like no other movie. MPAA Rating: R (c) 1990 Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc.
http://wn.com/Goodfellas
Orelsan - En attendant les Sirènes 3 - 1990
OrelSan - Nouvel Album : Le Chant des Sirènes - Sortie le 26 Septembre 2011 Plus d'infos sur la page Facebook d'Orelsan : on.fb.me Single "Plus rien ne m'étonne" toujours disponible, à télécharger au format mp3 ici: bit.ly Merci à Oxmo et au crew 1995 pour leur participation !
http://wn.com/Orelsan__En_attendant_les_Sirènes_3__1990
Music From the 1990's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Published: 15 Jun 2007
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: 6strings27
Maybe not the best collection, but here is a video of 19 bands/artists that in my opinion helped shape the 1990's music scene. Alanis Morissette Weezer Blink 182 Green Day Nirvana Meredith Brooks Backstreet Boys Nsync Britney Spears MC Hammer Christina Aguliera Tag Team ...
http://wn.com/Music_From_the_1990's
Darkman
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 95:48
- Published: 29 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Dec 2011
- Author: universalmoviesuk
On a quest for revenge, the anti-hero known as Darkman (Liam Neeson) assumes alternate identities to fight his foes in this fast-paced action thriller from director Sam Raimi (Spiderman).
http://wn.com/Darkman
1990 Ferrari 348TS Start Up, Exhaust, and In Depth Tour
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:57
- Published: 27 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: saabkyle04
In thisvideo I give a full in depth tour of the 1990 Ferrari 348TS. I take viewers on a close look through the interior and exterior of this car while showing details, over viewing of features, and noting unique styling cues to the vehicle itself. I also show the engine and the details of it, start it up and see how it sounds under acceleration. A thorough tour/review of this car designed to give others a greater overall appreciation of the vehicle.
http://wn.com/1990_Ferrari_348TS_Start_Up,_Exhaust,_and_In_Depth_Tour
Madonna - Vogue - MTV Awards 1990
Madonna performs Vogue at the MTV Awards - 1990
http://wn.com/Madonna__Vogue__MTV_Awards_1990
Steve Jobs 1990 Lost Interview Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Published: 05 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Jan 2012
- Author: ImKarthikK
The lost interview of Steve Jobs in 1990. A follow up post can be viewed here: www.karthikk.net
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs_1990_Lost_Interview_Part_1
Orelsan - 1990 ( Paroles)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Published: 26 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 26 Jan 2012
- Author: ElectroRapSongs
Visitez ma page pour plus de musiques en tout genre ! :D PAROLES : Djigidi tchek le mic quand j'arrive dans la session Comme mon survêt Adidas, j'augmente la pression Dans les années 90, nouvelle génération Ils disent qu'on est des fous parce qu'on écoute nos walkmans à fond Passe-moi le cro-mi Que j'me serve de ma tête comme le but de Basile Boli Que je big up big up one love à tout mon possee J'traine avec plus d'étoiles que si j'étais dans Shinobi Quand ils voient nos styles dans nos vidéoclips Les wacks MCs font leur valise comme Groquick Tout va trop vite, nouvelles technologies Bi-Bop, tatoo, tam-tam, COBE oh oui J'utilise plus de bandes qu'une momie J'écris des rimes sales comme Dolly Golden Le RPR trouve ma musique Obscène Mais j'serai bientôt dans le top 50 avec ma paire de Top Ten Est-ce que je mens ? Nan Est-ce qu'on baissera nos futes pour quelques francs ? Nan Pervers j'ai l'cerveau près des couilles comme Krang Mais j'ai de la bonne poudre comme Tang Quand on arrive dans la base tout le monde met les mains en l'air assuré Comme si j'étais le roi de la pomme de terre j'envoie la purée Toi-même tu sais mon DJ devrait s'appeler Ovomaltine Boom c'est de la dynamite aux platines 1-9-9-10 MC Orelsan B-boy, B-girl
http://wn.com/Orelsan__1990__Paroles
Billy Crystal Oscars Opening -- 1990 Academy Awards
Billy Crystal's Oscars opening monologue at the 62nd Academy Awards® in 1990.
http://wn.com/Billy_Crystal_Oscars_Opening_-_1990_Academy_Awards
Cry Baby
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 82:27
- Published: 08 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Jan 2012
- Author: NollywoodLove
irokotv.com The Death of Nick's(Mike Ezuronye) mother changed his life both psychologoally and otherwise. if he must survive he has to protect himself against his new found life.
http://wn.com/Cry_Baby
The Rookie (1990)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 120:51
- Published: 06 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Jan 2012
- Author: warnervoduk
In return for Warner Bros. greenlighting his pet project White Hunter, Black Heart (1990), Clint Eastwood directed and starred in this more commercial film, an action caper about a mismatched pair of auto theft cops. Eastwood is grizzled veteran detective Nick Pulovski, who's determined to bring down the chop-shop operation being run by a pair of German crooks, Strom (Raul Julia) and Liesl (Sonia Braga). Although he's been officially removed from the case and partnered with a green, recently promoted detective, David Ackerman (Charlie Sheen), the hard-drinking Nick's not about to let the car thieves get away with murder. David, in the meanwhile, is dealing with his own issues, including the death of his brother (for which he was responsible), his unhappy girlfriend Sarah (Lara Flynn Boyle) and his estrangement from his wealthy father Eugene (Tom Skerritt).
http://wn.com/The_Rookie_1990
The Cure - Close To Me (1990 Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:36
- Published: 23 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: TheCureVEVO
Music video by The Cure performing Close To Me (1990 Version). (C) 1986 PolyGram Video International
http://wn.com/The_Cure__Close_To_Me_1990_Version
Top 10 Plays of the 1990 Finals
Check out the best of the best from the 1990 showdown between the Pistons and Blazers in the NBA Finals.
http://wn.com/Top_10_Plays_of_the_1990_Finals
1990 tutorial (Ninety nine)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Published: 22 Nov 2009
- Uploaded: 03 Jan 2012
- Author: Bboy4lifee
How to 1990
http://wn.com/1990_tutorial_Ninety_nine
Presumed Innocent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 121:39
- Published: 16 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Jan 2012
- Author: warnervoduk
Superstar Harrison Ford ("Clear and Present Danger," "The Fugitive") stars in this boxoffice winning thriller ($86000000!) based on the best-selling novel by Scott Turow. Ford is a prosecuting attorney who becomes the prime suspect in the murder of a beautiful colleague with whom he had been having a torrid extramarital affair. As the investigation unravels, the system of justice to which he once committed himself threatens to destroy his career, family and even his life. Jeffrey Lyons of "Sneak Previews" calls this a "first-rate thriller." Directed by Alan J. Pakula ("Sophie's Choice," "All the President's Men") and co-starring Brian Dennehy ("Cocoon"), Bonnie Bedelia ("Die Hard," "Die Hard 2"), Golden Globe-winner Raul Julia ("The Addams Family," "Kiss of the Spider Woman") and Greta Scacchi ("The Player," "White Mischief"). WWOR-TV raves: "murder, sex, suspense, surprises...sensational!" ©1990 A Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved
http://wn.com/Presumed_Innocent
![***[Jean-Claude Van Damme | Lionheart]*** (1990) | Full Movie](http://web.archive.org./web/20120226065933im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/bRgKhNlkczU/0.jpg "***[Jean-Claude Van Damme | Lionheart]*** (1990) | Full Movie")
***[Jean-Claude Van Damme | Lionheart]*** (1990) | Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 103:53
- Published: 22 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: jasonwall2k9
Jean-Claude Van Damme ... Léon Gaultier Harrison Page ... Joshua Eldridge Deborah Rennard ... Cynthia Lisa Pelikan ... Hélène Gaultier Ashley Johnson ... Nicole Gaultier Brian Thompson ... Russell Voyo Goric ... Sgt. Hartog Michel Qissi ... Moustafa George McDaniel ... Adjutant Eric Karson ... Doctor Ash Adams ... François Gaultier William T. Amos ... Drug Dealer Roz Bosley ... Nurse Dennis Rucker ... Irish Legionnaire (as Dennis Wayne Rucker) Billy Blanks ... African Legionnaire Lyon Gaultier is a deserter in the Foreign Legion arriving in the USA entirely hard up. He finds his brother between life and death and his sister-in-law without the money needed to heal her husband and to maintain her child. To earn the money needed, Gaultier decides to take part in some very dangerous clandestine fights.
http://wn.com/*** Jean-Claude_Van_Damme_|_Lionheart ***_1990_|_Full_Movie
![Ayrton Senna Monaco pole 1990 [inCar] + added link](http://web.archive.org./web/20120226065933im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/KkCyo24fABg/0.jpg "Ayrton Senna Monaco pole 1990 [inCar] + added link")
Ayrton Senna Monaco pole 1990 [inCar] + added link
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Published: 06 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: thed0g12345
Another incar video of master at work. This time, Monaco 1990, credits to Japanese show. I also have a onboard video of Senna in Japan, but Youtube wont let me show it, because of F1 copyright. I guess its ok to show Monaco then lol. EDIT 22.1.2012 I've added the Suzuka video to "other video site", hope it stays there. Ps put volume to max to hear the screaming Honda engine in full beauty. Link : vimeo.com
http://wn.com/Ayrton_Senna_Monaco_pole_1990_ inCar _+_added_link
![Complex [19901108 Live 14/16] 1990](http://web.archive.org./web/20120226065933im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/vYhvyJ5StnU/0.jpg "Complex [19901108 Live 14/16] 1990")
Complex [19901108 Live 14/16] 1990
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Published: 02 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 28 Jan 2012
- Author: takuchanmansan
No.14
http://wn.com/Complex_ 19901108_Live_14/16 _1990
World Cup 1990 Semi-Final England v Germany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:40
- Published: 29 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 27 Jan 2012
- Author: 2014WorldCupBrazil
World Cup 1990 Semi-Final England v Germany Football www.footballworldcupbrazil2014.com The semi finals of Italia 90 was England biggest match since their 1966 triumph of winning the world cup, and was a night which will be remembered forever in English football. England had been gaining momentum throughout the tournament and West Germany had been the best team of the tournament this match would have made a fitting final. England were the brighter team to start off with, Gascoigne came close after few minutes. Pearce had a shot that went just wide and Waddle came close with a shot from the half way line. West Germany also created chances in the first half but Shilton had an easy first half. Mid way through the second half England went behind to a cruelly deflected free kick which deflected off Paul parker and looped over Peter Shilton. Lineker equalised with a great Poachers strike with ten minutes of normal time remaining. During extra time Chris waddle had a shot that hit the inside of the post, at the other end the Germans nearly scored as Buchwald's shot hit the outside of the post. During the second half of extra time, the tournament had one of its most memorable moments when Paul Gascoigne broke down in tears after receiving a booking which would have kept him out of the World cup final if England were to reach it. By the end of extra time the score was still level at 1-1 and the match had to be decided by the penalty shoot out. Both sides scored their first three <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/World_Cup_1990_Semi-Final_England_v_Germany
Creative Commons / Völkner
Creative Commons / Roland Godefroy
Creative Commons / Missvain
Creative Commons / Dual Freq
Creative Commons / Dual Freq
AP / Dennis Cook, FIle
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Creative Commons
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Creative Commons / COPYRIGHT, 2007
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Wikipedia
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Creative Commons / Motthoangwehuong
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Creative Commons / Cyrille Folliot
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Creative Commons / Joe Mabel![Queen of Scandinavia in Newcastle. On 6 May 1990 the Finlandia made her last call at Stockholm and left for docking at Cityvarvet, Gothenburg in preparation for her new service.[2] Five days later she received her new name, MS Queen of Scandinavia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120226065933im_/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/21/af/c02ab924b6e1c42bc27d39d66f43_small.jpg "Queen of Scandinavia in Newcastle. On 6 May 1990 the Finlandia made her last call at Stockholm and left for docking at Cityvarvet, Gothenburg in preparation for her new service.[2] Five days later she received her new name, MS Queen of Scandinavia.")
Creative Commons / Wheeltapper
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![Queen of Scandinavia in Newcastle. On 6 May 1990 the Finlandia made her last call at Stockholm and left for docking at Cityvarvet, Gothenburg in preparation for her new service.[2] Five days later she received her new name, MS Queen of Scandinavia.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120226065933/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/21/af/c02ab924b6e1c42bc27d39d66f43_medium.jpg "Queen of Scandinavia in Newcastle. On 6 May 1990 the Finlandia made her last call at Stockholm and left for docking at Cityvarvet, Gothenburg in preparation for her new service.[2] Five days later she received her new name, MS Queen of Scandinavia.")
photo: AP / Nelson Mandela Foundation, Debbie Yazbek
26 Feb 2012
AAP Nelson Mandela is doing well in hospital after being admitted in a pre-planned visit for abdominal pains, a South African presidential spokesman says. "This was not an emergency admission. It was...
photo: Creative Commons / Francesco Gasparetti
25 Feb 2012
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23 Feb 2012
The Examiner
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__NOTOC__
1990 (MCMXC) was a common year that started on a Monday. In the Gregorian calendar, it was the 1990th year of the Common Era, or of Anno Domini; the 990th year of the 2nd millennium; the 90th year of the 20th century; and the 1st year of the 1990s. It is often considered the final year of the Cold War era.
January 4 – Two trains collide in Sangi, Pakistan, killing between 200 and 300 people and injuring an estimated 700 others.
January 7 – The Leaning Tower of Pisa is closed to the public because of safety concerns.
January 9 – Ugandan Lt. Gen. Bazilio Olara-Okello, who led a coup against Dr. Apolo Milton Obote's government, dies in Ormduruman Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan.
January 10 – Time Warner is formed from the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc.
January 11 – Cold War: In Lithuania, 300,000 demonstrate for independence.
January 15 – Thousands storm the Stasi headquarters in Berlin in an attempt to view their government records.
January 20 – Cold War: Soviet troops occupy Baku, Azerbaijan, under the state of emergency decree issued by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev and kill over 130 and wound over 700 protesters for national independence.
January 22 – Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. is convicted of releasing the Morris worm.
January 25 – Avianca Flight 52 crashes into Cove Neck, Long Island, after a miscommunication between the flight crew and JFK Airport officials, killing 73 persons on board.
January 25–January 26 – The Burns' Day storm kills 97 in northwestern Europe.
January 27 – The city of Tiraspol in the Moldavian SSR briefly declares independence.
January 29 – The trial of Joseph Hazelwood, former skipper of the Exxon ''Valdez'', begins in Anchorage, Alaska. He is accused of negligence that resulted in America's second worst oil spill to date.
January 31 – The first McDonald's in Moscow, Russia opens.
February 2 – Apartheid: In South Africa, President F.W. de Klerk allows the African National Congress to legally function again and promises to free Nelson Mandela.
February 5 – Manuel Fraga becomes the president of Galicia, Spain.
February 10 – South African President F.W. de Klerk announces that Nelson Mandela will be released the next day.
February 11 – Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison, near Cape Town, South Africa, after 27 years behind bars.
February 13
* German reunification: An agreement is reached for a two-stage plan to reunite Germany.
* Drexel Burnham Lambert files for bankruptcy protection, Chapter 11.
February 14 – The Pale Blue Dot picture was sent back from the Voyager 1 probe after completing its primary mission. It was around 3.5 billion miles away from earth.
February 15 – The United Kingdom and Argentina restore diplomatic relations after 8 years. The UK had severed ties in response to Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands, a British Dependent Territory, in 1982.
February 26
* The Sandinistas are defeated in the Nicaraguan elections.
* The USSR agrees to withdraw all 73,500 troops from Czechoslovakia by July, 1991.
February 27 – Exxon ''Valdez'' oil spill: Exxon and its shipping company are indicted on 5 criminal counts.
March 1
* A fire at the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo, Egypt, kills 16 people.
* Steve Jackson Games is raided by the U.S. Secret Service, prompting the later formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
* The Royal New Zealand Navy discontinues its daily rum ration.
March 6 – An SR-71 sets a U.S. transcontinental speed record of 1 hour 8 minutes 17 seconds, on what is publicized as its last official flight.
March 9
* Police seal off Brixton in South London after another night of protests against the poll tax.
* Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Clyde Wells confirms he will rescind Newfoundland's approval of the Meech Lake Accord.
March 10 – Eighteen months after seizing power in a coup, Prosper Avril is ousted in Haiti.
March 11
* Cold War: Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union with the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.
* Patricio Aylwin is sworn in as the first democratically elected Chilean president since 1970.
March 15
* Iraq hangs British journalist Farzad Bazoft for spying. Daphne Parish, a British nurse, is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment as an accomplice.
* Mikhail Gorbachev is elected as the first executive president of the Soviet Union.
* Cold War: The Soviet Union announces that Lithuania's declaration of independence is invalid.
March 18
Twelve paintings, collectively worth $100 to $300 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts by 2 thieves posing as police officers. This is the largest art theft in US history, and the paintings () have not been recovered.
* Cold War: East Germany holds its first free elections.
March 20 – Ferdinand Marcos's widow, Imelda Marcos, goes on trial for bribery, embezzlement, and racketeering.
March 21 – After 75 years of South African rule, Namibia becomes independent.
March 25
* In New York City, a fire due to arson at an illegal social club called "Happy Land" kills 87.
* Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie announces his intention to retire at the end of the year.
March 26 – The 62nd Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, with ''Driving Miss Daisy'' winning Best Picture.
March 27 – The United States begins broadcasting TV Martí to Cuba.
March 28 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal.
March 31 – "The Second Battle of Trafalgar": A massive anti-poll tax demonstration in Trafalgar Square, London, turns into a riot; 471 people are injured, and 341 arrested.
April 1
* Strangeways Prison riot: The longest prison riot in Britain's history begins at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, and continues for 3 weeks and 3 days, until April 25.
* The Ultimate Warrior defeats Hulk Hogan to win the WWF Championship in a Title for Title, winner takes all match at WrestleMania VI in front of nearly 68,000 at the SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario
April 6 – Robert Mapplethorpe's "The Perfect Moment" show of nude and homoerotic photographs opens at the Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center, in spite of accusations of indecency by Citizens for Community Values.
April 7 – Iran Contra Affair: John Poindexter is found guilty of 5 charges for his part in the scandal; the convictions are later reversed on appeal.
April 8 – ''Scandinavian Star'', a Bahamas-registered ferry, catches fire en route from Norway to Denmark, leaving 158 dead.
April 13 – Cold War: The Soviet Union apologizes for the Katyn Massacre.
April 15 – Food poisoning kills 450 guests at an engagement party in Uttar Pradesh.
April 24
''STS-31'': The Hubble Space Telescope is launched aboard Space Shuttle ''Discovery''.
* The Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' places the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit.
* Cold War: West Germany and East Germany agree to merge currency and economies on July 1.
April 25 – Violeta Chamorro is elected President of Nicaragua.
May 1 – The former Philippine Episcopal Church (supervised by the Episcopal Church of the United States of America) is granted full autonomy and raised to the states of an Autocephalous Anglican Province and renamed the Episcopal Church of the Philippines.
May 2 – In London, a man brandishing a knife robs a courier of bearer bonds worth £292 million (the largest mugging to date).
May 4 – Cold War: Latvia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
May 8 – Cold War: Estonia restores the formal name of the country, the Republic of Estonia, as well as the state emblems (the coat of arms, the flag and the anthem).
May 15 – ''Portrait of Doctor Gachet'' by Vincent van Gogh is sold for a record $82.5 million.
May 17 – The World Health Organization removes homosexuality from its list of diseases.
May 20 – Cold War: The first post-Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania.
May 22
* Cold War: The leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen announce the unification of their countries as the Republic of Yemen.
* Microsoft releases Windows 3.0.
May 29 – European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) founded.
June 1
* Cold War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks.
* Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army shoot and kill Major Michael Dillon-Lee and Private William Robert Davies of the British Army. Dillon-Lee is killed outside his home in Dortmund, Germany and Davies is killed at a railway station in Lichfield, England.
June 2
* The Lower Ohio Valley tornado outbreak spawns 88 confirmed tornadoes in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, killing 12; 37 tornadoes occur in Indiana, eclipsing the previous record of 21 during the Super Outbreak of April 1974.
* Namibia recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
June 7 – Metropolitan Alexy of Leningrad is elected Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia.
June 8 – The 1990 FIFA World Cup begins in Italy.
June 12 – Cold War: The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.
June 13 – June 1990 Mineriad: Fighting breaks out in Romania in the aftermath of the Romanian Revolution of 1989, between the supporters of Nicolae Ceauşescu and the Communist regime, and those of the new regime.
June 21 – An earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter Scale kills thousands in the Iranian city of Manjil.
June 22 – Underwater volcano Mount Didicas erupts in the Philippines.
June 24 – Kathleen Young and Irene Templeton are ordained as priests in St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast, becoming the first female Anglican priests in the United Kingdom.
July 2 – A stampede in a pedestrian tunnel leading to Mecca kills 1,426.
July 6 – Somali president Siad Barre's bodyguards massacre antigovernment demonstrators during a soccer match; 65 people are killed, more than 300 seriously injured.
July 8 – West Germany defeats Argentina 1–0 to win the 1990 FIFA World Cup.
July 11 – Terrorist act in Azerbaijan. Armenian terrorists blow up passenger bus moving from Kelbecer to Tartar. 14 people are killed, 35 were wounded.
July 15 – Tamil Tigers kill 168 Muslims in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
July 16 – An earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter Scale kills more than 1,600 in the Philippines.
July 25
* George Carey, Bishop of Bath and Wells, is named as the new Archbishop of Canterbury.
* The Serbian Democratic Party declares the sovereignty of the Serbs in Croatia.
July 26 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act, designed to protect disabled Americans from discrimination.
July 27
* The parliament building and a government television house in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago are stormed by the Jamaat al Muslimeen in a coup d'état attempt which lasts 5 days. Approximately 26 to 30 people are killed and several wounded (including then Prime Minister, A. N. R. Robinson, who is shot in the leg).
* Cold War: Belarus declares its sovereignty, a key step toward independence from the USSR.
July 28 – Albert Fujimori becomes president of Peru.
July 30 – A Provisional Irish Republican Army car bomb kills former British politician and former Member of Parliament Ian Gow outside his home in England.
August 2 – Gulf War: Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War.
August 6 – Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait.
August 10 – A passenger bus, moving by the route "Tbilisi-Agdam" is blown up, 20 people died and 30 were injured. Organizers of the crime, Armenians A. Avanesian and M. Tatevosian, were brought to criminal trial.
August 12 – "Sue", the best preserved ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' specimen ever found, is discovered near Faith, South Dakota.
August 19 – Leonard Bernstein conducts his final concert, ending with Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
August 23 – East Germany and West Germany announce they will unite on October 3.
August 24 – Northern Ireland writer Brian Keenan is released from Lebanon after being held hostage for nearly 5 years.
August 28 – The Plainfield Tornado (F5 on the Fujita scale) strikes the towns of Plainfield, Crest Hill, and Joliet, Illinois, killing 29 people (the strongest tornado to date to strike the Chicago Metropolitan Area).
August 30 – Collapse of the Soviet Union: Azerbaijan declares independence from Soviet Union.
September 2 – Cold War: Transnistria declares its independence from the Moldavian SSR; however, the declaration is not recognized by any government.
September 9 – First Liberian Civil War: Liberian president Samuel Doe is captured by rebel leader Prince Johnson and killed in a filmed execution.
September 11 – Gulf War: President George H. W. Bush delivers a nationally televised speech in which he threatens the use of force to remove Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait.
September 12
* Cold War: The two German states and the Four Powers sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany in Moscow, paving the way for German reunification.
A judge in Australia orders the arrest of media tycoon Christopher Skase, former owner of the Seven Network, after he fails to give evidence in a liquidator's examination of failed shipbuilding company Lloyds Ships Holdings, an associate of Skase's Qintex Australia Ltd.
September 18 – The International Olympic Committee awards the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta, United States.
September 19 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army tries to assassinate Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Terry at his home near Stafford, England. Hit by at least 9 bullets, the former Governor of Gibraltar survives.
September 29 – Washington, D.C.'s National Cathedral is finished.
October 3 – Cold War: East Germany and West Germany reunify into a single Germany.
October 8 – Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount.
October 13 – Lebanese Civil War: Syrian military forces invade and occupy Mount Lebanon, ousting General Michel Aoun's government. This effectively consolidates Syria's 14 year occupation of Lebanese soil.
October 14 – Leonard Bernstein dies of a heart attack at his home in New York City. He is 72 years old.
October 15 – Cold War: Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and reform his nation.
October 17 – The Internet Movie Database is launched by Col Needham, giving internet users the opportunity to search for film information online.
October 27 – Cold War: The Supreme Soviet of Kyrgyzstan chooses Askar Akayev as the republic's first president.
November 1 – Mary Robinson defeats odds-on favourite Brian Lenihan to become the first female President of Ireland.
November 5 – Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the far-right Kach movement, is shot dead after a speech at a New York City hotel.
November 12
* Akihito is enthroned as the 125th emperor of Japan.
Tim Berners-Lee publishes a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web.
November 14 – Germany and Poland sign a treaty confirming the border at the Oder-Neisse line.
November 15 – ''STS-38'': Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' is launched on a classified military mission.
November 21 – Charter of Paris for a New Europe signed.
November 22 – Margaret Thatcher announces she will not contest the second ballot of the leadership election for the Conservative Party (UK).
November 25 – Lech Wałęsa and Stanisław Tymiński win the first round of the first presidential elections in Poland.
November 29 – Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council passes UN Security Council Resolution 678, authorizing military intervention in Iraq if that nation does not withdraw its forces from Kuwait and free all foreign hostages by Tuesday, January 15, 1991.
December 1 – Establishing the first land connection between the United Kingdom and the mainland of Europe for around 8,000 years, Channel Tunnel workers from the United Kingdom and France meet 40 metres beneath the English Channel seabed.
December 3
* At Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Northwest Airlines Flight 1482 (a McDonnell Douglas DC-9) collides with Northwest Airlines Flight 299 (a Boeing 727) on the runway, killing 8 passengers and 4 crewmembers on Flight 1482.
* Mary Robinson begins her term as President of Ireland, becoming the first female to hold this office.
December 6
* Saddam Hussein releases the Western hostages.
* President Hossain Mohammad Ershad of Bangladesh is forced to resign following massive protests.
December 9
* Slobodan Milošević becomes President of Serbia.
* Lech Wałęsa wins the 2nd round of Poland's first presidential election.
December 16 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide is elected president of Haiti, ending 3 decades of military rule.
December 22
* The first constitution of the Republic of Croatia is adopted.
* The Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia become independent, after the termination of their trusteeship.
December 25 – Tim Berners-Lee creates the first webpage on the first web server.
December 31 – Russian Garry Kasparov holds his title by winning the World Chess Championship match against his countryman Anatoly Karpov.
Homosexual acts between consenting adults are decriminalized in Queensland.
January 4
* Toni Kroos, German footballer
* Alberto Paloschi, Italian footballer
January 6
* Abhinav Mukund, Indian cricketer
* Dominique Aegerter, Swiss motorcycle racer
* Alex Teixeira Santos, Brazilian footballer
January 7
* Gregor Schlierenzauer, Austrian ski jumper
* Camryn Grimes, American actress
* Liam Aiken, American actor
* Elene Gedevanishvili, Georgian figure skater
January 10
* Tao Li, Singaporean Olympic swimmer
* Jessica Scheel, Miss Guatemala Universe 2010
January 12 – Sergey Karjakin, Ukrainian chess player
January 15 – Fernando Forestieri, Italian footballer
January 22 – Alizé Cornet, French tennis player
January 26
*Christopher Massey, American actor
*Kherington Payne, American dancer and actress
January 30
*Eiza Gonzalez, Mexican actress/singer
*Jake Thomas, American actor and singer
January 31 – Kota Yabu, Japanese singer/actor
February 1 – Laura Marling, British singer-songwriter
February 3 – Sean Kingston, American singer
February 4 – Haruka Tomatsu, Japanese Seiyū
February 7
* Anna Abreu, Finnish pop singer
* Steven Stamkos, Canadian ice hockey player
February 9
* Camille Winbush, American actress
* Facundo Affranchino, Argentine footballer
February 10 – Sooyoung, a member of South Korean girl group Girls' Generation
February 11 – Q'Orianka Kilcher, German-born actress
February 13 – Erdini Qoigyijabu, Tibetan religious figure
February 19 - Luke Pasqualino, English actor
February 21 - Cory Kennedy, American model and internet celebrity
February 27 – Hafiz AF7, Malaysian singer
February 28 – Anna Muzychuk, Ukrainian chess player
March 1 – James Lomas, British actor
March 2 – Adderly Fong, Hong Kong Chinese race car driver
March 4 – Andrea Bowen, American actress
March 6 - Esti Ginzburg, Israeli model
March 8
* Abigail and Brittany Hensel, American conjoined twins
* Kristinia DeBarge, American singer-songwriter
* Petra Kvitova, Czech tennis player
March 19 – Anthony Skorich, Australian soccer player
March 23
* Princess Eugenie of York
* Jaime Alguersuari, Spanish Formula One driver
March 24
* Keisha Castle-Hughes, Australian-born New Zealand actress
* Aljur Abrenica, Filipino actor
* Starlin Castro, Major League Baseball player
March 25 – Kiowa Gordon, American actor
March 26 – Yuya Takaki, Japanese singer/actor
March 30 - Cassie Scerbo, American actress
April 2 – Miralem Pjanić, Bosnian footballer
April 5 – Miura Haruma, Japanese actor
April 6 - Charlie McDermott, American actor
April 9 – Kristen Stewart, American actress
April 10
* Alex Pettyfer, English actor
* Ben Amos, English footballer
April 15 – Emma Watson, English actress
April 16
* Lorraine Nicholson, American actress
* Lily Loveless, British actress
April 17 – Astrit Ajdarevic, Swedish professional football player
April 19 – Kim Chiu, Filipina actress
April 23 – Dev Patel, British actor
April 30 - Madison Riley, American actress
May 1 – Caitlin Stasey, Australian actress
May 2 – Kay Panabaker, American actress
May 3 – Miranda Chartrand, Canadian singer
May 4
* Nicholas Naitanui, Australian rules footballer
* David Hasler, Liechtenstein footballer
May 5 – Saad Al Sheebi, Qatari footballer
May 8
* Anastasia Zuyeva, Russian swimmer
* Kemba Walker, American basketball player
May 12 – Florent Amodio, French figure skater
May 15
*Gerald Santos, Filipino actor and singer
*Denzel Whitaker, American actor
May 16
*Thomas Sangster, British actor
*Darko Sarovic, Serbian sprinter
May 24 – Joey Logano, American race car driver
May 27 – Chris Colfer, American actor
May 26
* Luigi Masi, British singer
* Umar Akmal, Pakistani cricketer
May 30
* Matías Nocedal, Argentine basketball player
* Dean Collins, American actor
* Yoona, a member of Korean girl group Girls' Generation
June 2
*Kristiina Brask, Finnish pop singer
*Brittany Curran, American actress and singer
June 4 – Zac Farro, American drummer
June 6 – Ashleigh Chisholm, Australian actress
June 7 – Daniel Rich, Australian rules footballer
June 10 – Niamh Perry, Irish actress and singer
June 11 - Christophe Lemaitre, French sprinter
June 12 – Jrue Holiday, American basketball player
June 13 – Aaron Johnson, British actor
June 17 – Jordan Henderson, English international footballer
June 18 – Sandra Izbaşa, Romanian gymnast and Olympic gold medalist
June 21 – Håvard Nordtveit, Norwegian football player
June 22 – Kei Inoo, Japanese singer/actor
June 25 – Andi Eigenmann, Filipina actress
June 28 – Jasmine Richards, Canadian actress
July 1 – Angelo Balanta, Colombian footballer
July 2 – Margot Robbie, Australian actress
July 4
* Alyssa Miller, American model
* David Kross, German actor
July 6 – Jeremy Suarez, American actor
July 9
* Rafael da Silva, Brazilian footballer
* Fabio da Silva, Brazilian footballer
July 11
* Caroline Wozniacki, Danish tennis player
* Patrick Peterson, American football player
July 16 – James Maslow, American actor and singer
July 18 – Saul Alvarez, Mexican boxer
July 23 – Kevin Reynolds, Canadian Figure Skater
July 24 – Daveigh Chase, American actress
July 27
* Nick Hogan, American television personality
* Indiana Evans, Australian actress
July 28 – Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, American rapper
July 29 – Munro Chambers, Canadian actor
August 1 – Jack O'Connell, British actor
August 6 – JonBenét Ramsey, American beauty queen and murder victim (d. 1996)
August 9 – Adelaide Kane, Australian actress
August 10 – Tai Woffinden, English speedway rider
August 12 – Mario Balotelli, Italian footballer
August 15 – Jennifer Lawrence, American actress
August 17 – Rachel Hurd-Wood, British actress
August 20 – Ranomi Kromowidjojo, Dutch swimmer
August 28 – Bojan Krkić, Spanish footballer
September 3 – Abbas Ali, Pakistani footballer
September 4 – Stefanía Fernández, Miss Universe 2009 from Venezuela
September 5 – Kim Yu-Na, South Korean figure skater
September 6 – John Wall, American basketball player
September 8 – Matt Barkley, American football player
September 9 –
*Melody Klaver, Dutch actress
*Haley Reinhart, American singer
September 13 – Jamie Anderson, American snowboarder
September 19 – Saki Fukuda, Japanese actress
September 20
* Erich Gonzales, Filipina actress
* John Tavares, Canadian ice hockey player
September 21 – Christian Serratos, American actress
September 23
* Marigona Dragusha, Kosovan model, Miss Universe Kosovo 2009
* Agustin Sierra, Argentine actor
* Laurent Alvarez, Swiss figure skater
September 25 – Mao Asada, Japanese figure skater
September 28 – Kirsten Prout, Canadian actress
September 29 - Doug Brochu, American actor
October 7 - Ayla Kell, American actress
October 12 – Henri Lansbury, English footballer
October 16 – Yohanna, Icelandic singer and Eurovision runner-up
October 18 – Carly Schroeder, American actress
October 21 – Ricky Rubio, Spanish basketball player
October 22 – Jonathan Lipnicki, American actor
October 25 – Austin Peralta, American jazz musician and composer
October 29
* Constance Jablonski, French model
* Eric Saade, Swedish pop singer
October 31
* Noodle, member of the Gorillaz
* Vanessa Marano, American actress
November 2 – Kendall Schmidt, American actor and singer
November 4 – Jean-Luc Bilodeau, Canadian actor
November 7
* Matt Corby, Australian singer
* Marisa Siketa, Australian actress
November 14 – Jessica Jacobs, Australian actress and singer (d. 2008)
November 15 – Kanata Hongō, Japanese actor
November 24 - Sarah Hyland, American actress
November 29 – Diego González, Mexican singer, actor, and song writer
November 30 – Magnus Carlsen, Norwegian chess player
December 9 - LaFee, German singer/songwriter
December 10
* Giulia Boverio, Italian actress
* Shoya Tomizawa, Japanese motorcycle rider (d. 2010)
December 13 – Corey Anderson, New Zealand cricketer
December 17
* Folashade Abugan, Nigerian sprinter
* John Rooney, English footballer
December 18 – Lara Scandar, Egyptian singer
December 20 – JoJo, American singer/actress
December 22 – Jean-Baptiste Maunier, French actor
December 23
* Anna Maria Perez de Tagle, American actress
* Anna Mae Routledge, Canadian actress
December 26 – Aaron Ramsey, Welsh footballer
December 28 – David Archuleta, American singer
December 31
* Patrick Chan, Canadian figure skater
* Zhao Jing, Chinese swimmer
January 2
* Alan Hale, Jr., American actor (b. 1921)
* Evangelos Averoff, Greek politician, former Foreign Minister (b. 1910)
January 4
* Sir Henry Bolte, Australian politician, former Premier of Victoria (b. 1908)
* Doc Edgerton, American electrical engineer (b. 1903)
* Alberto Lleras Camargo, Colombian politician, former President of the Republic (b. 1906)
January 5 – Arthur Kennedy, American actor (b. 1914)
January 6
* Ian Charleson, Scottish actor (b. 1949)
* Pavel Cherenkov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
January 7 – Bronko Nagurski, Canadian-American football player (b. 1908)
January 8
* Terry-Thomas, English actor (b. 1911)
* Jaime Gil de Biedma, Spanish poet (b. 1929)
January 9
* Bazilio Olara-Okello, Ugandan military officer and statesman, former head of State (b. 1929)
* Spud Chandler, American baseball player (b. 1907)
January 10 – Lyle R. Wheeler, American art director (b. 1905)
January 15 – Gordon Jackson (actor), Scottish actor (b. 1923)
January 17 – Charles Hernu, French politician, former minister of Defense (b. 1923)
January 18
* Melanie Appleby, British musician (b. 1966)
* Rusty Hamer, American actor (b. 1947)
January 19
* Arthur Goldberg, American Justice of the Supreme Court (b. 1908)
* Herbert Wehner, German Social Democratic politician (b. 1906)
* Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh), Indian mystic and spiritual teacher (b. 1931)
January 20
* Barbara Stanwyck, American actress (b. 1907)
* Hayedeh, Iranian singer (b. 1942)
* Naruhiko Higashikuni, Japanese former Prime Minister (b. 1887)
January 22
* Mariano Rumor, Italian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1915)
* Roman Vishniac, Russian-American photographer (b. 1897)
January 23
* Allen Collins, American musician (b. 1952)
* José Napoleón Duarte, Salvadoran politician, former President of the Republic (b. 1925)
January 24 – Madge Bellamy, American actress (b. 1899)
January 25
* Ava Gardner, American actress (b. 1922)
* Dámaso Alonso, Spanish poet (b. 1898)
January 26 – Lewis Mumford, American historian of science (b. 1895)
January 27 – Helen Jerome Eddy, American actress (b. 1897)
January 28 – Joseph Payne Brennan, American poet/author (b. 1918)
February 2
* Joe Erskine, British boxer (b. 1934)
* Paul Ariste, Estonian linguist (b. 1905)
* Mel Lewis, American jazz musician (b. 1929)
February 7
* Alfredo M. Santos, Filipino general and World War II hero (b. 1905)
* Jimmy Van Heusen, American composer (b. 1913)
February 8 – Del Shannon, American musician and singer (b. 1934)
February 10 – Bill Sherwood, American film director (b. 1952)
February 14
* Jean Wallace, American actress (b. 1923)
* José Luis Panizo, Spanish footballer (b. 1922)
February 16
* Keith Haring, American pop artist (b. 1954)
* Robert Ouko, Kenyan politician (b. 1931)
February 17 – Erik Rhodes, American actor (b. 1906)
February 19 – Michael Powell, British director (b. 1905)
February 24
* Malcolm Forbes, American publisher (b. 1919)
* Johnnie Ray, American singer (b. 1927)
* Sandro Pertini, Italian Socialist politician, former President of the Republic (b. 1896)
February 27 – Nahum Norbert Glatzer, American scholar (b. 1903)
March 5 – Gary Merrill, American actor (b. 1915)
March 6 – William Raborn, United States Navy officer, former CIA director (b. 1905)
March 13
* Karl Münchinger, German conductor (b. 1915)
* Bruno Bettelheim, American child psychologist (b. 1903)
* Michael Stewart, British politician, former Foreign Secretary (b. 1906)
March 17
* Capucine, French actress and fashion model (b. 1928)
* Ric Grech, British musician (b. 1946)
March 18 – Robin Harris, American comedian and actor (b. 1953)
March 19 – Andrew Wood, American musician (b. 1966)
March 20 – Lev Yashin, Russian footballer (b. 1929)
March 22 – Bernardo Jaramillo Ossa, Colombian politician (b. 1956)
March 23
* John Dexter, English theater director (b. 1925)
* René Enríquez, American actor (b. 1933)
March 24 – Ray Goulding, American comedian (b. 1922)
March 26 – Halston, American fashion designer (b. 1932)
April 2 – Aldo Fabrizi, Italian actor (b. 1905)
April 3 – Sarah Vaughan, American jazz vocalist (b. 1924)
April 7 – Ronald Evans, American astronaut, NASA Apollo program (b. 1933)
April 8
* Doreen Sloane, British actress (b. 1934)
* Ryan White, American AIDS activist (b. 1971)
April 10 – Fortune Gordien, American Olympic athlete (b. 1922)
April 14
* Sabicas, Spanish guitarist (b. 1912)
* Ahmed Balafrej, Moroccan politician, former Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (b. 1908)
April 15 – Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (b. 1905)
April 17 – Ralph Abernathy, American civil rights leader (b. 1926)
April 18
* Frédéric Rossif, French film and television director (b. 1922)
* Gory Guerrero, American wrestler and father of Eddie Guerrero (b. 1921)
* Robert D. Webb, American film director (b. 1903)
April 19 – Marco Aurelio Robles, Panamanian politician, former President of the Republic (b. 1905)
April 20 – Horst Sindermann, East German politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1915)
April 21 – Erté (Romain de Tirtoff), French Art Deco artist (b. 1892)
April 22 – Albert Salmi, American actor (b. 1928)
April 23 – Paulette Goddard, American actress (b. 1910)
April 25 – Dexter Gordon, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1923)
April 26 – Carlos Pizarro León-Gómez, Colombian politician (b. 1951)
April 27 – Bella Spewack, American songwriter (b. 1899)
May 1 – Sunset Carson, American actor (b. 1920)
May 2 – David Rappaport, American actor (b. 1951)
May 3 – Pimen I of Moscow, Patriarch of Moscow and head of the Russian Orthodox Church (b. 1910)
May 6 – Charles Farrell, American actor (b. 1901)
May 8 – Tomás Ó Fiaich, Northern Irish cardinal (b. 1923)
May 10 – Walker Percy, American writer (b. 1916)
May 12 – Andrei Kirilenko, Soviet politician (b. 1906)
May 14 – Franklyn Seales, American actor (b. 1952)
May 16
* Sammy Davis Jr., American actor, dancer, and singer (b. 1925)
* Jim Henson, American puppeteer and filmmaker (b. 1936)
May 18 – Jill Ireland, English actress (b. 1936)
May 21 – Max Wall, English actor (b. 1908)
May 22 – Rocky Graziano, American boxer (b. 1919)
May 25 – Vic Tayback, American actor (b. 1930)
May 29 – Hussein bin Onn, Malay politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1922)
May 31 – Willy Spühler, Swiss politician, former President of the Confederation (b. 1902)
June 2 – Rex Harrison, English actor (b. 1908)
June 3
* Robert Noyce, American businessman and inventor (b. 1927)
* Stiv Bators, American singer (The Dead Boys) (b. 1949)
June 4 – Jack Gilford, American actor (b. 1907)
June 5 – Vasili Kuznetsov, Soviet politician, former provisional head of the State (b. 1901)
June 7
* Barbara Baxley, American actress (b. 1923)
* Alfredo Poveda, Ecuadorean military officer and statesman, former head of the State (b. 1926)
June 8 – José Figueres Ferrer, Costa Rican politician, former President of the Republic (b. 1906)
June 12 – Lord Terence O'Neill, Northern Irish politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1914)
June 15 – Leonard Sachs, British actor (b. 1909)
June 16 – Dame Eva Turner, British soprano (b. 1892)
June 20 – Ina Balin, American actress (b. 1937)
June 22 – Ilya Frank, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
June 24 – Germán Suárez Flamerich, Venezuelan lawyer and politician, former head of State (b. 1907)
June 29 – Irving Wallace, American writer (b. 1916)
June 30 – Lynne Carol, British actress (b. 1914)
July 4 – Phil Boggs, American Olympic diver (b. 1949)
July 7
* Bill Cullen, American game show host (b. 1920)
* Cazuza, Brazilian poet, singer and composer (b. 1958)
July 8 – Howard Duff, American actor (b. 1913)
July 13 – Lois Moran, American actress (b. 1909)
July 15
* Enn Roos, Estonian Soviet sculptor (b. 1908)
* Margaret Lockwood, English actress (b. 1916)
July 18
* Yun Bo-seon, South Korean politician, former President of the Republic (b. 1897)
* Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian (b. 1918)
* Yves Chaland, French cartoonist (b. 1957)
* Gerry Boulet, Canadian musician (b. 1946)
July 19 – Eddie Quillan, American actor (b. 1907)
July 21 – Joe Turner, American jazz pianist (b. 1907)
July 22 – Manuel Puig, Argentinian writer (b. 1932)
July 23 – Kenjiro Takayanagi, Japanese television engineer (b. 1899)
July 26 – Brent Mydland, American keyboard player (b. 1952)
July 29 – Bruno Kreisky, Austrian Social Democratic politician, former Federal Chancellor (b. 1911)
July 31 – Fernando Sancho, Spanish actor (b. 1916)
August 1
* Norbert Elias, German sociologist of Jewish descent (b. 1897)
* Robert Krieps, Luxembourgian Social Democratic politician (b. 1922)
August 2 – Edwin Richfield, British actor (b. 1921)
August 4
* Mathias Goeritz, Mexican-German artist (b. 1915)
* Ettore Maserati, Italian automotive engineer (b. 1894)
August 6 – Jacques Soustelle, French politician and anthropologist (b. 1912)
August 9 – Joe Mercer, English footballer (b. 1914)
August 12 – Dorothy Mackaill, British-born American actress (b. 1903)
August 15 – Victor Tsoi, Russian singer, actor and poet (b. 1962)
August 17 – Pearl Bailey, American singer and actress (b. 1918)
August 18 – B. F. Skinner, American psychologist (b. 1904)
August 22
* Luigi Dadaglio, Italian Catholic Cardinal (b. 1914)
* Patrick McAlinney, Irish actor (b. 1913)
August 23 – David Rose, British-born American songwriter, composer, arranger and orchestra leader (b. 1910)
August 24 – Sergei Dovlatov, Russian short-story writer and novelist (b. 1941)
August 26 – Mário Pinto de Andrade, Angolan politician and poet (b. 1928)
August 27
* Raymond St. Jacques, American actor (b. 1930)
* Stevie Ray Vaughan, American guitarist (b. 1954)
August 31 – Sergey Nikolayevich Volkov, Russian figure skater (b. 1949)
September 1 – Geir Hallgrímsson, Icelandic politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1925)
September 4 – Irene Dunne, American actress (b. 1898)
September 6 – Tom Fogerty, American musician (b. 1941)
September 7
* A. J. P. Taylor, English historian (b. 1906)
* Ahti Karjalainen, Finnish politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1923)
September 9
* Samuel Doe, Liberian military officer and statesman, President of the Republic from 1980 (b. 1951)
* Nicola Abbagnano, Italian philosopher (b. 1901)
September 16 – Len Hutton, English cricketer (b. 1916)
September 19 – Hermes Pan, American choreographer (b. 1910)
September 21 – Xu Xiangqian, Communist military leader in the People's Republic of China, former Defense minister. (b. 1901)
September 26 – Alberto Moravia, Italian novelist (b. 1907)
September 30 – Patrick White, Australian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
October 1 – Curtis LeMay, American Air Force General (b. 1906)
October 3 – Stefano Casiraghi, Italian husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco (b. 1960)
October 4
* Jill Bennett, British actress (b. 1931)
* Avis Bunnage, British actress (b. 1923)
October 5 – Peter Taylor, English footballer and manager (b. 1928)
October 7
* Rashid bin Said Al-Maktoum, Vice-President and Prime Minister of United Arab Emirates and Emir (Ruler) of Dubai (b. 1912)
* Juan José Arévalo, Guatemalan politician, former President of the Republic (b. 1904)
* Grim Natwick, American animator (b. 1890)
October 13
* Douglas Edwards, American television news anchor (b. 1917)
* Lê Ðức Thọ, Vietnamese general and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)
October 14 – Leonard Bernstein, American composer and conductor (b. 1918)
October 15 – Delphine Seyrig, French actress (b. 1932)
October 16 – Art Blakey, American jazz musician (b. 1919)
October 20 – Joel McCrea, American actor (b. 1905)
October 21 – Dany Chamoun, Lebanese politician (b. 1934)
October 22 – Louis Althusser, French philosopher (b. 1918)
October 23 – Zephania Mothopeng, South African politician, leader of the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) (b. 1913)
October 26 – William S. Paley, American radio and television executive (b. 1901)
October 27
* Xavier Cugat, American bandleader (b. 1900)
* Jacques Demy, French film director (b. 1931)
* Helmut Maandi, Estonian statesman (b. 1906)
* Elliott Roosevelt, American writer, son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1910)
* Ugo Tognazzi, Italian actor (b. 1922)
October 29 – William F. Smith, American lawyer. former Attorney General of the United States. (b. 1917)
November 2 – Kendall Schmidt American Actor & Singer (b. 1990)
November 3 – Mary Martin, American actress (b. 1913)
November 4 – Henry Cravatte, Luxembourgian Social Democratic politician, former Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1911)
November 5 – Meir Kahane, American rabbi and political figure (b. 1932)
November 7 – Lawrence Durrell, British writer (b. 1912)
November 11
* Yiannis Ritsos, Greek poet (b. 1909)
* Sadi Irmak, Turkish politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1904)
November 12 – Eve Arden, American actress (b. 1908)
November 13 – Don Chaffey, British film director (b. 1917)
November 17 – Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
November 23
* Roald Dahl, Welsh writer (b. 1916)
* Nguyễn Văn Tâm, South Vietnamese politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1892)
November 26 – Ludwig von Moos, Swiss politician, former President of the Confederation (b. 1910)
November 27 – David White, American actor (b. 1916)
December 1 – Sergio Corbucci, Italian film director (b. 1927)
December 2
* Aaron Copland, American composer (b. 1900)
* Robert Cummings, American actor (b. 1908)
December 4 – Naoto Tajima, Japanese athlete (b. 1912)
December 6
* Pavlos Sidiropoulos, Greek singer and songwriter (b. 1948)
* Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysian politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1903)
December 7
* Reinaldo Arenas, Cuban writer (b. 1943)
* Dee Clark, American soul singer (b. 1938)
* Joan Bennett, American actress (b. 1910)
December 8
* Boris Kochno, Russian poet, dancer, and librettist (b. 1906)
* Tadeusz Kantor, Polish painter, assemblage designer and theatre director (b. 1915)
* Enrico Coveri, Italian fashion designer and entrepreneur (b. 1952)
* Martin Ritt, American film director (b. 1914)
December 9 – Mike Mazurki, American actor and wrestler (b. 1909)
December 10 – Armand Hammer, American business tycoon (b. 1898)
December 12 – Concha Piquer, Spanish singer and actress (b. 1908)
December 13 – Alice Marble, American tennis champion (b. 1913)
December 14
* Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (b. 1921)
* Francisco Gabilondo Soler, Mexican singer (b. 1907)
December 15 – Edmund Parker, American Kenpo founder (b. 1931)
December 16
* Douglas Campbell, American World War I pilot (b. 1896)
* Jackie Mittoo, Jamaican musician (b. 1948)
December 18 – Anne Revere, American actress (b. 1903)
December 28 – Kiel Martin, American actor (b. 1944)
December 31
* Vasili Lazarev, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1928)
* George Allen, American football coach (b. 1918)
Physics – Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall, and Richard Edward Taylor
Chemistry – Elias James Corey
Physiology or Medicine – Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
Literature – Octavio Paz
Peace – Mikhail Gorbachev
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Harry Markowitz, Merton Miller, William Sharpe
Baba Amte (Joint Award)
L. Charles Birch (Joint Award)
Vladimir Drinfeld, Vaughan Frederick Randal Jones, Shigefumi Mori, Edward Witten
Alice Tepper Marlin, Bernard Lédéa Ouedraogo, Felicia Langer and ATCC (Asociación de Trabajadores Campesinos del Carare)
1990 Coin Pictures
af:1990
am:1990 እ.ኤ.አ.
ar:ملحق:1990
an:1990
frp:1990
ast:1990
gn:1990
av:1990
ay:1990
az:1990
bn:১৯৯০
zh-min-nan:1990 nî
map-bms:1990
be:1990
be-x-old:1990
bh:१९९०
bcl:1990
bs:1990
br:1990
bg:1990
ca:1990
cv:1990
ceb:1990
cs:1990
cbk-zam:1990
co:1990
cy:1990
da:1990
de:1990
et:1990
el:1990
myv:1990 ие
es:1990
eo:1990
eu:1990
fa:۱۹۹۰ (میلادی)
hif:1990
fo:1990
fr:1990
fy:1990
fur:1990
ga:1990
gv:1990
gd:1990
gl:1990
gan:1990年
xal:1990 җил
ko:1990년
hy:1990
hi:१९९०
hr:1990.
io:1990
ilo:1990
bpy:মারি ১৯৯০
id:1990
ia:1990
os:1990-æм аз
is:1990
it:1990
he:1990
jv:1990
kn:೧೯೯೦
pam:1990
ka:1990
csb:1990
kk:1990
kw:1990
sw:1990
kv:1990 во
ht:1990 (almanak gregoryen)
ku:1990
krc:1990 джыл
la:1990
lv:1990. gads
lb:1990
lt:1990 m.
lij:1990
li:1990
ln:1990
jbo:1990moi
lmo:1990
hu:1990
mk:1990
ml:1990
mi:1990
mr:इ.स. १९९०
arz:1990
ms:1990
nah:1990
nl:1990
nds-nl:1990
new:सन् १९९०
ja:1990年
nap:1990
no:1990
nn:1990
nrm:1990
nov:1990
oc:1990
mhr:1990
uz:1990
pa:੧੯੯੦
pi:१९९०
pnb:1990
pap:1990
tpi:1990
nds:1990
pl:1990
pt:1990
ty:1990
ksh:Joohr 1990
ro:1990
qu:1990
rue:1990
ru:1990 год
sah:1990
se:1990
stq:1990
sq:1990
scn:1990
simple:1990
sk:1990
sl:1990
so:1990
ckb:١٩٩٠
sr:1990
sh:1990
su:1990
fi:1990
sv:1990
tl:1990
ta:1990
tt:1990 ел
te:1990
tet:1990
th:พ.ศ. 2533
tg:1990
tr:1990
tk:1990
udm:1990 ар
uk:1990
ur:1990ء
vec:1990
vi:1990
vo:1990
fiu-vro:1990
wa:1990
zh-classical:一九九〇年
vls:1990
war:1990
yi:1990
yo:1990
zh-yue:1990年
diq:1990
bat-smg:1990
zh:1990年
Events
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Date unknown
The last adornments in handwriting are de-standardized, to keep up with the Information Age.
World population
{|class="wikitable" |- !colspan="8"|World population |- ! !1990 !colspan="3"|1985 !colspan="3"|1995 |- !World |align="right"|5,263,593,000 |align="right"|4,830,979,000 |align="right"|10px 432,614,000 |align="right"|+8.95 % |align="right"|5,674,380,000 |align="right"|10px 410,787,000 |align="right"|+7.80 % |- !Africa |align="right"|622,443,000 |align="right"|541,718,000 |align="right"|10px 80,629,000 |align="right"|+14.88 % |align="right"|707,462,000 |align="right"|10px 85,019,000 |align="right"|+13.66 % |- !Asia |align="right"|3,167,807,000 |align="right"|2,887,552,000 |align="right"|10px 280,255,000 |align="right"|+9.71 % |align="right"|3,430,052,000 |align="right"|10px 262,245,000 |align="right"|+8.28 % |- !Europe |align="right"|721,582,000 |align="right"|706,009,000 |align="right"|10px 15,573,000 |align="right"|+2.21 % |align="right"|727,405,000 |align="right"|10px 5,823,000 |align="right"|+0.81 % |- !Latin America |align="right"|441,525,000 |align="right"|401,469,000 |align="right"|10px 40,056,000 |align="right"|+9.98 % |align="right"|481,099,000 |align="right"|10px 39,574,000 |align="right"|+8.96 % |- !North America |align="right"|283,549,000 |align="right"|269,456,000 |align="right"|10px 14,093,000 |align="right"|+5.23 % |align="right"|299,438,000 |align="right"|10px 15,889,000 |align="right"|+5.60 % |- !Oceania |align="right"|26,687,000 |align="right"|24,678,000 |align="right"|10px 2,009,000 |align="right"|+8.14 % |align="right"|28,924,000 |align="right"|10px 2,237,000 |align="right"|+8.38 % |}
Births
January
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Deaths
January
February
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Nobel Prizes
Templeton Prize
Fields Medal
Right Livelihood Award
References
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Steve Jobs |
|---|---|
| birth name | Steven Paul Jobs |
| birth date | February 24, 1955 |
| birth place | |
| death date | October 05, 2011 |
| death place | |
| occupation | Chairman, Apple Inc. |
| Boards | The Walt Disney Company, Apple, Inc. |
| alma mater | Reed College (one semester in 1972) |
| networth | $8.3 billion (2011) |
| religion | Buddhism |
| spouse | Laurene Powell Jobs(m. 1991–2011; his death) |
| children | 4 |
| signature | Firma de Steve Jobs.svg |
| relatives | Mona Simpson (sister) |
| website | }} |
In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula, and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Macintosh. After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. Apple's subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he served as its CEO from 1997 until 2011.
In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd which was spun off as Pixar Animation Studios. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney company in 2006. Consequently Jobs became Disney's largest individual shareholder at 7 percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.
On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his resignation from his role as Apple's CEO. In his letter of resignation, Jobs strongly recommended that the Apple executive succession plan be followed and Tim Cook be named as his successor. Per his request, Jobs was appointed chairman of Apple's board of directors. On October 5, 2011, Apple announced that Jobs had died. He was 56 years old. His aim, to develop products that are both functional and elegant, had earned him a devoted following.
Early years
Jobs was born in San Francisco and was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs (née Hagopian) of Mountain View, California. Paul and Clara later adopted a daughter, Patti. Jobs' biological parents – Abdulfattah John Jandali, a Syrian immigrant to the U.S. who later became a political science professor, and Joanne Schieble (later Simpson), an American graduate student who went on to become a speech language pathologist – eventually married. Together, they gave birth to and raised Jobs' biological sister, novelist Mona Simpson.
Jobs attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California. He frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California and was later hired there, working with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee. Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester, he continued auditing classes at Reed, while sleeping on the floor in friends' rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple. Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."
In autumn 1974, Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak. He took a job as a technician at Atari, a manufacturer of popular video games, with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to India.
Jobs then traveled to India to visit the Neem Karoli Baba at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, the first Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. He came back a Buddhist with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing. During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life". He later said that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.
Jobs returned to his previous job at Atari and was given the task of creating a circuit board for the game ''Breakout''. According to Atari founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari had offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little interest or knowledge in circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. At the time, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari had only given them $700 (instead of the actual $5,000) and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.
Career
Beginnings of Apple Computer
In 1976, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, with later funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer A.C. "Mike" Markkula Jr., founded Apple. Prior to co-founding Apple, Wozniak was an electronics hacker. Jobs and Wozniak had been friends for several years, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Steve Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer and selling it. As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion.
In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Steve Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?" The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium". The Macintosh became the first commercially successful small computer with a graphical user interface. The development of the Mac was started by Jef Raskin, and eventually taken over by Jobs.
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time had described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. An industry-wide sales slump towards the end of 1984 caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley, and at the end of May 1985 – following an internal power struggle and an announcement of significant layoffs because of disappointing sales at the time – Sculley relieved Jobs of his duties as head of the Macintosh division. He later claimed that being fired from Apple was the best thing that could happen to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life."
NeXT Computer
Around the same time, Jobs founded another computer company, NeXT Computer. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced; however, it was largely dismissed by industry as cost-prohibitive. Among those who could afford it, however, the NeXT workstation garnered a strong following because of its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the scientific and academic fields because of the innovative, experimental new technologies it incorporated (such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port).The NeXTcube was described by Jobs as an "interpersonal" computer, which he believed was the next step after "personal" computing. That is, if computers could allow people to communicate and collaborate together in an easy way, it would solve many of the problems that "personal" computing had come up against.
During a time when e-mail for most people was plain text, Jobs loved to demo the NeXT's e-mail system, NeXTMail, as an example of his "interpersonal" philosophy. NeXTMail was one of the first to support universally visible, clickable embedded graphics and audio within e-mail.
Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by such things as the NeXTcube's magnesium case. This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.
Pixar and Disney
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.The new company, which was originally based at Lucasfilm's Kerner Studios in San Rafael, California, but has since relocated to Emeryville, California, was initially intended to be a high-end graphics hardware developer. After years of unprofitability selling the Pixar Image Computer, it contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films, which Disney would co-finance and distribute.
The first film produced by the partnership, ''Toy Story'', brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company would produce the box-office hits ''A Bug's Life'' (1998), ''Toy Story 2'' (1999), ''Monsters, Inc.'' (2001), ''Finding Nemo'' (2003), ''The Incredibles'' (2004), ''Cars'' (2006), ''Ratatouille'' (2007), ''WALL-E'' (2008), ''Up'' (2009) and ''Toy Story 3'' (2010). ''Finding Nemo'', ''The Incredibles'', ''Ratatouille'', ''WALL-E'', ''Up'' and ''Toy Story 3'' each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.
In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership, and in early 2004 Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films once its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately 7% of the company's stock. Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceed those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about 1% of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner – especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar – accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger. Jobs also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses with a seat on a special six person steering committee.
Return to Apple
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996, bringing Jobs back to the company he had co-founded. Jobs became ''de facto'' chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July. He was formally named interim chief executive in September 1997. In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs' summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company." Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO. Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title 'iCEO.'
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship", by which he meant that delivering working products on time is as important as innovation and attractive design.
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple's own Worldwide Developers Conferences.
In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the U.S. by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. However, a few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker. The banner read "Steve — Don't be a mini-player recycle all e-waste". In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any U.S. customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.
Resignation
In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained at the company as chairman of the company's board. Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped 5% in after-hour trading. The relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that Jobs' health had been in the news for several years, and he was on medical leave since January 2011. It was believed, according to ''Forbes'', that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director. In after-hour trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5%.
Business life
Wealth
Even though Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple, he held 5.426 million Apple shares, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he had received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar). ''Forbes'' estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.
Stock options backdating issue
In 2001, Steve Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30, which allegedly should have been $21.10, thereby incurring taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report as income. This indicated backdating. Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. If found liable, Jobs might have faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. Apple claimed that the options were originally granted at a special board meeting. Furthermore, the investigation is focusing on false dating of the options resulting in a retroactive $20 million increase in the exercise price. The case is the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations, though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003. On July 1, 2008, a $7 billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.
Management style
Much was made of Jobs' aggressive and demanding personality. ''Fortune'' wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs". Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Mike Moritz's ''The Little Kingdom'', one of the few authorized biographies of Jobs; ''The Second Coming of Steve Jobs,'' by Alan Deutschman; and ''iCon: Steve Jobs'', by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT. Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable . . . [b]ut the lows were unimaginable," to which Jobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then.Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France," alluding to Jobs' compelling and larger-than-life persona.
Jobs always aspired to position Apple and its products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007 by quoting ice hockey legend Wayne Gretzky:
Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.
In 2005, Steve Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, ''iCon: Steve Jobs''. In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."
Inventions
Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 338 US patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages.
Philanthropy
After Bloomberg accidentally published Jobs' obituary in 2008, Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine noted that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates' efforts. After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs.
Personal life
Jobs married Laurene Powell, on March 18, 1991. Presiding over the wedding was the Zen Buddhist monk Kobun Chino Otogawa. The couple have a son and two daughters. Jobs also has a daughter, Lisa Brennan-Jobs (born 1978), from his relationship with Bay Area painter Chrisann Brennan. She briefly raised their daughter on welfare when Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.In the unauthorized biography, ''The Second Coming of Steve Jobs,'' author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan." In another unauthorized biography, ''iCon: Steve Jobs'' by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on ''60 Minutes'', he replied:
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs had never moved in.
In 1984, Jobs purchased a , 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion, designed by George Washington Smith, in Woodside, California (also known as Jackling House). Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept an old BMW motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996 on a meal catered by Greens Restaurant. Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007 Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision. The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010 and the mansion was demolished beginning February 2011.
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by St. Croix, Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers. He was a pescetarian, one whose diet includes fish but no other meat.
His car was a silver 2008 Mercedes SL 55 AMG, which does not display its license plates.
Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes". On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders." In 2006, Steve Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:
Illness and death
In mid-2004, Jobs announced to his employees that he had been diagnosed with a cancerous tumor in his pancreas. The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor; Jobs, however, stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor. After initially resisting the idea of conventional medical intervention and embarking on a special diet to thwart the disease, Jobs underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004 that appeared to successfully remove the tumor. Jobs apparently did not require nor receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy. During Jobs' absence, Timothy D. Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery, together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health. In contrast, according to an ''Ars Technica'' journal report, WWDC attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine". Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs' 2008 WWDC keynote address. Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics, while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure. During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Steve Jobs' health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs' hands-on approach to running his company. The ''New York Times'' published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "while his health issues have amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug,' they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's untimely death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it, intensifying rumors concerning Jobs' health. Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 ''Let's Rock'' keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated." At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs' health. In a statement given on January 5, 2009 on Apple.com, Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months. On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought" and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009 to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who had previously acted as CEO in Jobs' 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple, with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee. Jobs' prognosis was "excellent".
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company. Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).
Jobs announced his resignation from his role as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. In his resignation letter, Jobs wrote that he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO".
On October 5, 2011, his family, in a statement, said Jobs "died peacefully today surrounded by his family . . ."
Apple released a separate statement saying that Jobs had died. The statement read "We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today. Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve. His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts."
Also on October 5, 2011, Apple's corporate website greeted visitors with a simple page showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his greyscale portrait. Clicking on Jobs's image led to an obituary that read "Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple." An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.
Jobs is survived by his wife, Laurene, to whom he was married for 20 years, their three children, and a fourth child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, from a previous relationship.
Statements on Jobs' death
Statements reacting to Jobs' death were released by notable people in the US, including U.S. President Barack Obama, Microsoft founder Bill Gates, Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger, and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. Wired collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.Excerpts from President Barack Obama's statement:
Steve was among the greatest of American innovators - brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it. By building one of the planet’s most successful companies from his garage, he exemplified the spirit of American ingenuity. By making computers personal and putting the internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive and fun. And by turning his talents to storytelling, he has brought joy to millions of children and grownups alike. Steve was fond of saying that he lived every day like it was his last. Because he did, he transformed our lives, redefined entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the way each of us sees the world.
Bill Gates released a statement saying:
I'm truly saddened to learn of Steve Jobs' death. Melinda and I extend our sincere condolences to his family and friends, and to everyone Steve has touched through his work. Steve and I first met nearly 30 years ago, and have been colleagues, competitors and friends over the course of more than half our lives. The world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to come. For those of us lucky enough to get to work with him, it's been an insanely great honor. I will miss Steve immensely.
Walt Disney Company president Bob Iger said in regards to Jobs:
Steve Jobs was a great friend as well as a trusted advisor. His legacy will extend far beyond the products he created or the businesses he built. It will be the millions of people he inspired, the lives he changed, and the culture he defined. Steve was such an "original," with a thoroughly creative, imaginative mind that defined an era. Despite all he accomplished, it feels like he was just getting started. With his passing the world has lost a rare original, Disney has lost a member of our family, and I have lost a great friend. Our thoughts and prayers are with his wife Laurene and his children during this difficult time.
Mark Zuckerberg wrote on his Facebook page:
Steve, thank you for being a mentor and a friend. Thanks for showing that what you build can change the world. I will miss you.
American director Steven Spielberg said: "Steve Jobs was the greatest inventor since Thomas Edison. He put the world at our fingertips."
Microsoft Co-founder Paul Allen said: "We've lost a unique tech pioneer and auteur who knew how to make amazingly great products. Steve fought a long battle against tough odds in a very brave way. He kept doing amazing things in the face of all that adversity. As someone who has had his own medical challenges, I couldn't help but be encouraged by how he persevered."
Apple Co-founder Steve Wozniak said : "People sometimes have goals in life. Steve Jobs exceeded every goal he set himself."
Honors
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1984 with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor), and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (a.k.a. the ''Samuel S. Beard Award'') in 1987. On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by ''Fortune Magazine''. On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement. On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by ''Fortune Magazine''. In September 2011, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People. In December 2010, the ''Financial Times'' named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.' How wrong can you be".
In popular culture
Due to his youth, great wealth, and charisma, after Apple's founding Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When ''Time'' named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", it published a long profile of him as "the most famous maestro of the micro". In 2011 Jobs was voted Best Business Entrepreneur On Earth. Jobs was prominently featured in four productions about the history of the personal computing industry:After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time.
Notes
References
Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7. Chapter 28
External links
Articles
Interviews
Category:1955 births Category:2011 deaths Category:American adoptees Category:American billionaires Category:American chief executives Category:American people of Syrian descent Category:American Zen Buddhists Category:Apple Inc. employees Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats Category:Businesspeople from California Category:Businesspeople in software Category:Computer designers Category:Computer pioneers Category:Disney people Category:Internet pioneers Category:National Medal of Technology recipients Category:NeXT Category:Organ transplant recipients Category:People from the San Francisco Bay Area Category:Pescetarians Category:Reed College alumni
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| Name | Billy Crystal |
|---|---|
| Birth date | March 14, 1948 |
| Birth name | William Edward Crystal |
| Birth place | New York City, United States |
| Spouse | Janice Goldfinger (1970–present) |
| Nationality | American |
| Active | 1975–present |
Early life
Crystal was born in the Doctor's Hospital in Manhattan and grew up in Long Beach, New York, the son of Helen (née Gabler), a housewife, and Jack Crystal, a record company executive and producer of jazz records, who owned and operated the Commodore Record store. His uncle was musician and songwriter Milt Gabler, and his brother, Richard "Rip" Crystal, is a television producer. Crystal grew up in a Jewish family that he has described as "large" and "loving". Billie Holiday was one of Crystal's babysitters during his childhood.After graduation from Long Beach High School, Crystal attended Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia, on a baseball scholarship, having learned the game from his father, who pitched for St. John's University. Crystal never played a game at Marshall because the program was suspended during his freshman year. He did not return as a sophomore, staying back in New York with his future wife. He then went on to Nassau Community College, and later attended New York University, where he graduated with a B.F.A. from NYU's Tisch School of the Arts in 1970. He was also the Editor-in-Chief of the BG News from 1969–70.
Career
Television
Crystal returned to New York and performed regularly at ''The Improv'' and ''Catch a Rising Star''. He studied film and television direction under Martin Scorsese at New York University. In 1976, Crystal appeared on an episode of ''All in the Family''. He was on the dais for the Dean Martin Celebrity Roast of Muhammad Ali on February 19, 1976, where he did impressions of both Ali and sportscaster Howard Cosell. He was scheduled to appear on the first episode of ''NBC Saturday Night'' (later renamed ''Saturday Night Live'') (October 11, 1975), but his sketch was cut. He did do a stand-up bit later in that first season as "Bill Crystal", on the April 17, 1976, episode; the "Can you dig it? I knew that you could," portion of which was repeatedly quoted by characters in the 1977 film, ''Saturday Night Fever''.Crystal's earliest prominent role was as Jodie Dallas on ''Soap'', one of the first unambiguously gay characters in the cast of an American television series. He continued in the role the series' entire 1977–1981 run.
After hosting ''Saturday Night Live'' in 1984, he joined the regular cast. His most famous recurring sketch was his parody of Fernando Lamas Fernando, a smarmy talk show host whose catchphrase, "You look... mahvelous!," became a media sensation. Crystal subsequently released an album of his stand-up material titled ''Mahvelous!'' in 1985, as well as the single "You Look Marvelous", which peaked at #58 on the Billboard Hot 100 during the same year. Also in the 1980s, Crystal starred in an episode of Shelley Duvall's ''Faerie Tale Theater'' as the smartest of the three little pigs.
In 1996, Crystal was the guest star of the third episode of ''Muppets Tonight''.
Acting in film and hosting the Oscars
Crystal's first film role was in Joan Rivers's 1978 film ''Rabbit Test''. Crystal also made game show appearances such as ''The Hollywood Squares'', ''All Star Secrets'' and ''The $20,000 Pyramid''. He holds the record for getting his contestant partner to the top of the pyramid in winner's circle in the fastest time, 26 seconds.Crystal appeared briefly in Rob Reiner's 1984 "rockumentary" ''This Is Spinal Tap'' as Morty The Mime, a waiter dressed as a mime at one of Spinal Tap's parties. He shared the scene with a then-unknown, non-speaking Dana Carvey. Crystal's line in the film was "Mime is money." Reiner directed Crystal again in ''The Princess Bride'' (1987).
Reiner directed Crystal for a third time in the classic romantic comedy ''When Harry Met Sally...'' (1989), for which Crystal was nominated for a Golden Globe. Crystal then starred in the buddy comedy ''City Slickers'' (1991), which proved very successful both commercially and critically and for which Crystal was nominated for his second Golden Globe.
Following the success of these films, Crystal wrote, directed, and starred in ''Mr. Saturday Night'' (1992) and ''Forget Paris'' (1995). In the former, Crystal played a serious role in aging makeup, as an egotistical comedian who reflects back on his career. He directed the made-for-television movie ''61*'' (2001) based on Roger Maris's and Mickey Mantle's race to break Babe Ruth's single-season home run record in 1961. This earned Crystal an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special.
Crystal has continued working in film, including ''Analyze This'' (1999) and ''Analyze That'' (2002) with Robert De Niro, and in the English version of ''Howl's Moving Castle'' as the voice of Calcifer. Pixar originally approached him to provide the voice of Buzz Lightyear in ''Toy Story'' (1995). He turned down that offer, but regretted it after the film became one of the most popular releases of the year. Crystal later went on to provide the voice of Mike Wazowski in the Pixar film, ''Monsters, Inc.'' (2001), which was nominated for the inaugural Best Animated Feature Oscar.
Crystal hosted the Academy Awards broadcast in 1990–1993, 1997, 1998, 2000, and 2004; and he reportedly turned down hosting the 2006 ceremony to concentrate on his one-man show, ''700 Sundays''. His eight times as the M.C. is second only to Bob Hope's 18 in most ceremonies hosted. At the 83rd Academy Awards ceremony in 2011, he appeared as a presenter for a digitally inserted Bob Hope and before doing so was given a standing ovation. Film critic Roger Ebert said when Crystal came onstage about two hours into the show, he got the first laughs of the broadcast.
Broadway
Crystal won the 2005 Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event for ''700 Sundays'', a two-act, one-man play, which he conceived and wrote about his parents and his childhood growing up on Long Island. He toured the U.S. with the show in 2006 and Australia in 2007.Following the initial success of the play, Crystal wrote the book ''700 Sundays'' for Warner Books, which was published on October 31, 2005. In conjunction with the book and the play that also paid tribute to his uncle, Milt Gabler, Crystal produced two CD compilations: ''Billy Crystal Presents: The Milt Gabler Story'', which featured his uncle's most influential recordings from Billie Holiday's "Strange Fruit" to "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley & His Comets; and ''Billy Remembers Billie'' featuring Crystal's favorite Holiday recordings.
Philanthropy
In 1986, Crystal started hosting ''Comic Relief'' on HBO with Robin Williams and Whoopi Goldberg. Founded by Bob Zmuda, Comic Relief raises money for homeless people in the United States.
On September 6, 2005, on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'', Crystal and Jay Leno were the first celebrities to sign a Harley-Davidson motorcycle to be auctioned off for Gulf Coast relief.
Crystal has participated in the Simon Wiesenthal Center Museum of Tolerance in Los Angeles. Portraying himself in a video, Crystal introduces museum guests to the genealogy wing of the museum.
New York baseball
On March 12, 2008, Crystal signed a minor league contract, for a single day, to play with the New York Yankees, and was invited to the team's major league spring training. He wore uniform number 60, in honor of his upcoming 60th birthday. On March 13, in a spring training game against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Crystal led off as the designated hitter. He managed to make contact, fouling a fastball up the first base line, but was eventually struck out by Pirates pitcher Paul Maholm on 6 pitches and was later replaced in the batting order by Johnny Damon. He was released on March 14, his 60th birthday. Although a life-long Yankee fan, he is a part-owner of the Arizona Diamondbacks, even earning a World Series ring in 2001 when the Diamondbacks beat his beloved Yankees.In the movie ''City Slickers'', Crystal wears a New York Mets baseball cap.
Personal life
Billy Crystal and his wife Janice have two daughters, actress Jennifer and producer Lindsay, and are now grandparents. They reside in Pacific Palisades, California.
Awards
In addition to his Golden Globe Award-nominations, Emmy Awards, and Tony Award, Crystal won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show for ''700 Sundays'' and received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in 2007.
Filmography
| ! Year | ! Title | ! Role | ! Notes |
| 1977–1981 | Jodie Dallas | TV series | |
| 1977 | ''SST: Death Flight'' | David | |
| Lionel Carpenter | |||
| ''Human Feelings | Angel | Made for TV | |
| 1980 | ''Animalympics'' | Lodge Turkell | Voice |
| 1984 | ''This Is Spinal Tap'' | Morty the Mime | |
| 1986 | Danny Constanzo | ||
| Miracle Max | |||
| ''Throw Momma from the Train'' | Larry Donner | ||
| 1988 | ''Memories of Me'' | Abbie | Writer/Producer |
| 1989 | ''When Harry Met Sally...'' | Harry Burns | |
| 1991 | ''City Slickers'' | Mitch Robbins | |
| ''Horton Hatches the Egg'' | Narrator | Voice | |
| ''Mr. Saturday Night'' | Buddy Young, Jr. | Writer/Director/ProducerNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy | |
| 1994 | ''City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold'' | Mitch Robbins | Writer/Producer |
| ''Forget Paris'' | Mickey Gordon | Writer/Director/Producer | |
| 1996 | ''Muppets Tonight'' | Himself | Guest star on third episode |
| ''Deconstructing Harry'' | Larry | ||
| Jack Lawrence | |||
| ''Friends'' | The Gynecologist (with Robin Williams) | TV Series | |
| 1998 | ''My Giant'' | Sam 'Sammy' Kamin | Writer/Producer |
| 1999 | ''Analyze This'' | Dr. Ben Sobel | Executive Producer |
| 2000 | ''The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle'' | Mattress salesman | Uncredited |
| ''61*'' | Director | ||
| ''America's Sweethearts'' | Lee Phillips | Writer/Producer | |
| ''Monsters, Inc.'' | Michael "Mike" Wazowski | Voice | |
| ''Mike's New Car'' | Mike Wazowski | Short Film SubjectVoice | |
| ''Analyze That'' | Dr. Ben Sobel | Executive Producer | |
| 2004 | Calcifer | Voice | |
| 2005 | ''Dinotopia: Quest for the Ruby Sunstone'' | Karl Scott | Voice |
| 2006 | Mike Car | Voice | |
| Jerry | Uncredited | ||
| ''Planet Sheen'' | Soldier Joagth | Voice Episode: ''What's Up Chock?'' | |
| 2011 | Cameo | ||
| 2013 | ''Monsters University'' | Mike Wazowski | Voice |
''Saturday Night Live''
Characters
Impersonations
Bibliography
A children's book. A children's book. Crystal's memoirs with his father.
References
External links
Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:American film actors Category:American impressionists (entertainers) Category:American stand-up comedians Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish American writers Category:Jewish comedians Category:Mark Twain Prize recipients Category:Marshall Thundering Herd baseball players Category:New York University alumni Category:People from Long Beach, New York Category:American Jews Category:GLAAD Media Awards winners
ar:بيلي كريستال an:Billy Crystal bg:Били Кристъл ca:Billy Cristal cy:Billy Crystal da:Billy Crystal de:Billy Crystal el:Μπίλυ Κρίσταλ es:Billy Crystal fr:Billy Crystal ga:Billy Crystal gl:Billy Crystal ko:빌리 크리스털 hr:Billy Crystal id:Billy Crystal it:Billy Crystal he:בילי קריסטל la:Gulielmus Crystal nl:Billy Crystal ja:ビリー・クリスタル no:Billy Crystal nn:Billy Crystal pl:Billy Crystal pt:Billy Crystal ru:Кристал, Билли simple:Billy Crystal sh:Billy Crystal fi:Billy Crystal sv:Billy Crystal tr:Billy Crystal zh:比利·克里斯托This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | The Cure |
|---|---|
| background | group_or_band |
| origin | Crawley, England |
| genre | Alternative rock, gothic rock, New Wave, post-punk |
| years active | 1976–present |
| label | Fiction, Suretone, Geffen, Polydor, Elektra, Asylum, Sire|, Warner |
| associated acts | Malice, Easy Cure, The Glove, Siouxsie and the Banshees |
| website | |
| current members | Robert SmithSimon Gallup Porl Thompson Jason Cooper |
| past members | Michael DempseyMatthieu HartleyPhil ThornalleyAndy AndersonBoris WilliamsPerry Bamonte Lol Tolhurst Roger O'Donnell }} |
The Cure are an English rock band formed in Crawley, West Sussex in 1976. The band has experienced several line-up changes, with frontman, vocalist, guitarist and principal songwriter Robert Smith being the only constant member. The Cure first began releasing music in the late 1970s with its debut album ''Three Imaginary Boys'' (1979); this, along with several early singles, placed the band as part of the post-punk and New Wave movements that had sprung up in the wake of the punk rock revolution in the United Kingdom. During the early 1980s, the band's increasingly dark and tormented music helped form the gothic rock genre.
After the release of ''Pornography'' (1982), the band's future was uncertain and Smith was keen to move past the gloomy reputation his band had acquired. With the 1982 single "Let's Go to Bed" Smith began to place a pop sensibility into the band's music (as well as a unique stage look). The Cure's popularity increased as the decade wore on, especially in the United States where the songs "Just Like Heaven", "Lovesong" and "Friday I'm in Love" entered the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart. By the start of the 1990s, The Cure were one of the most popular alternative rock bands in the world. The band is estimated to have sold 27 million albums as of 2004. The Cure have released thirteen studio albums and over thirty singles during the course of their career.
History
Formation and early years (1973–1979)
The first incarnation of what became The Cure was The Obelisk, a band formed by students at Notre Dame Middle School in Crawley, Sussex. The band made their public debut in a one-off performance in April 1973, and featured Robert Smith (piano), Michael "Mick" Dempsey (guitar), Laurence "Lol" Tolhurst (percussion), Marc Ceccagno (lead guitar) and Alan Hill (bass guitar). The first real incarnation though came in January 1976 when Ceccagno formed Malice with Smith and Dempsey along with two other classmates from St. Wilfrid's Catholic Comprehensive School, with Ceccagno on lead, Smith on guitar, and Dempsey switching to bass. Ceccagno soon left, however, to form a jazz-rock fusion band called Amulet. Increasingly influenced by the emergence of punk rock, Malice's remaining members became known as Easy Cure in January 1977. By this time, Smith and Dempsey had been joined by Lol Tolhurst from The Obelisk on drums, and new lead guitarist Porl Thompson. Both Malice and Easy Cure also trialled several unsuccessful vocalists before Smith finally assumed the role of Easy Cure's frontman in September 1977.That year, Easy Cure won a talent competition with German label Hansa Records, and received a recording contract. Although the band recorded tracks for the company, none were ever released. Following disagreements in March 1978 over the direction the band should take, the contract with Hansa was dissolved. Smith later recalled, "We were very young. They just thought they could turn us into a teen group. They actually wanted us to do cover versions and we always refused." Thompson was dropped from the band in May, and the remaining trio (Smith/Tolhurst/Dempsey) were soon renamed The Cure by Smith. Later that month the band recorded their first sessions as a trio at Chestnut Studios in Sussex, which were distributed as a demo tape to a dozen major record labels. The demo found its way to Polydor Records scout Chris Parry, who signed The Cure to his newly formed Fiction label—distributed by Polydor—in September 1978. However, as a stopgap while Fiction finalised distribution arrangements with Polydor, in December 1978 The Cure released their debut single "Killing an Arab" on the Small Wonder label. "Killing an Arab" garnered both acclaim and controversy: while the single's provocative title led to accusations of racism, the song is actually based on French existentialist Albert Camus' novel ''The Stranger''. The band placed a sticker label that denied the racist connotations on the single's 1979 reissue on Fiction. An early ''NME'' article on the band wrote that The Cure "are like a breath of fresh suburban air on the capital's smog-ridden pub and club circuit" and noted "With a John Peel session and more extensive London gigging on their immediate agenda, it remains to be seen whether or not The Cure can retain their refreshing ''joie de vivre''."
The Cure released their debut album ''Three Imaginary Boys'' in May 1979. Due to the band's inexperience in the studio, Parry and engineer Mike Hedges took control of the recording. The band, particularly Smith, were unhappy with their debut; in a 1987 interview, he admitted, "a lot of it was very superficial – I didn't even like it at the time. There were criticisms made that it was very lightweight, and I thought they were justified. Even when we'd made it, I wanted to do something that I thought had more substance to it". The band's second single "Boys Don't Cry" was released in June. The Cure then embarked as the support band for Siouxsie & The Banshees' ''Join Hands'' promotional tour of England, Northern Ireland, and Wales between August and October. The tour saw Smith and Tolhurst pull double duty each night by performing with The Cure and as the guitarist / drummer with The Banshees when their guitarist John McKay and drummer Kenny Morris both walked out on the group just two days into the tour. That musical experience had a strong impact on him: "On stage that first night with the Banshees, I was blown away by how powerful I felt playing that kind of music. It was so different to what we were doing with The Cure. Before that, I'd wanted us to be like The Buzzcocks or Elvis Costello, the punk Beatles. Being a Banshee really changed my attitude to what I was doing."
The Cure's third single "Jumping Someone Else's Train" was released in early October 1979. Soon afterwards, Dempsey was dropped from the band due to his cold reception to material Smith had written for the upcoming album. Dempsey joined the Associates, while Simon Gallup (bass) and Matthieu Hartley (keyboards) from The Magspies joined The Cure. The Associates toured as support band for The Cure and The Passions on the ''Future Pastimes Tour'' of England between November and December—all three bands were on the Fiction Records roster—with the new Cure line-up already performing a number of new songs for the projected second album. Meanwhile, a spin-off band comprising Smith, Tolhurst, Dempsey, Gallup, Hartley and Thompson, with backing vocals from assorted family and friends, and lead vocals provided by their local postman Frankie Bell released a 7-inch single in December under the assumed name of Cult Hero.
Gothic phase (1980–1982)
Wary, due to the band's lack of creative control on the first album, Smith exerted a greater influence on the recording of The Cure's second album ''Seventeen Seconds'', which he co-produced with Mike Hedges. The album was released in 1980 and reached number 20 on the UK charts. A single from the album, "A Forest", became the band's first UK hit single, reaching number 31 on the singles chart. The album was a departure from The Cure's sound up to that point, with Hedges describing it as "morose, atmospheric, very different to ''Three Imaginary Boys''." In its review of ''Seventeen Seconds'' the ''NME'' said, "For a group as young as The Cure, it seems amazing that they have covered so much territory in such a brief time." At the same time, Smith was pressed concerning the concept of an alleged "anti-image". Smith told the press he was fed up with the anti-image association that some considered to be "elaborately disguising their plainness", stating, "We had to get away from that anti-image thing, which we didn't even create in the first place. And it seemed like we were trying to be more obscure. We just didn't like the standard rock thing. The whole thing really got out of hand." That same year ''Three Imaginary Boys'' was repackaged for the American market as ''Boys Don't Cry'', with new artwork and a modified tracklist. The Cure set out on their first world tour to promote both releases. At the end of the tour, Matthieu Hartley left the band. Hartley said, "I realised that the group was heading towards suicidal, sombre music—the sort of thing that didn't interest me at all."The band reconvened with Hedges to produce their third album ''Faith'' (1981), which furthered the mood of misery present on ''Seventeen Seconds''. The album peaked at number 14 on the UK charts. Included with cassette copies of ''Faith'' was an instrumental soundtrack for ''Carnage Visors'', an animated film shown in place of an opening act for the band's 1981 Picture Tour. In late 1981, The Cure released the non-album single "Charlotte Sometimes". By this point, the sombre mood of the music had a profound effect on the attitude of the band. The band would refuse requests for older songs in concert, and sometimes Smith would be so absorbed by the persona he projected onstage he would leave at the end in tears.
In 1982, The Cure recorded and released ''Pornography'', the third and final album of an "oppressively dispirited" trio that cemented the Cure's stature as purveyors of the emerging gothic rock genre. Smith has said that during the recording of ''Pornography'' he was "undergoing a lot of mental stress. But it had nothing to do with the group, it just had to do with what I was like, my age and things. I think I got to my worst round about ''Pornography''. Looking back and getting other people's opinions of what went on, I was a pretty monstrous sort of person at that time". Gallup described the album by saying, "Nihilism took over [. . .] We sang 'It doesn't matter if we all die' and that is exactly what we thought at the time." Parry was concerned that the album did not have a hit song for radio play and instructed Smith and producer Phil Thornalley to polish the track "The Hanging Garden" for release as a single. Despite the concerns about the album's uncommercial sound, ''Pornography'' became the band's first UK Top 10 album, charting at number eight. The release of ''Pornography'' was followed by the Fourteen Explicit Moments tour, where the band finally dropped the anti-image angle and first adopted their signature look of big, towering hair and smeared lipstick on their faces. The tour also saw a series of incidents that prompted Simon Gallup to leave The Cure at the tour's conclusion. Gallup and Smith did not talk to each other for eighteen months following his departure.
Increasing commercial success (1983–1986)
With Gallup's departure from The Cure and with Smith's work with Siouxsie & the Banshees, rumours spread that The Cure had broken up. In December 1982, Smith remarked to ''Melody Maker'', "Do The Cure really exist any more? I've been pondering that question myself [. . .] it has got to a point where I don't fancy working in that format again." He added, "Whatever happens, it won't be me, Laurence, and Simon together any more. I know that."Parry was concerned at the state of his label's top band, and became convinced that the solution was for The Cure to reinvent its musical style. Parry managed to convince Smith and Tolhurst of the idea; Parry said, "It appealed to Robert because he wanted to destroy The Cure anyway." With Tolhurst now playing keyboards instead of drums, the duo released the single "Let's Go to Bed" in late 1982. While Smith wrote the single off as a throwaway, "stupid" pop song to the press, it became a minor hit in the UK, reaching number 44 on the singles chart. It was followed in 1983 by two more successful songs: the synthesiser-based "The Walk" (number 12), and the jazz-influenced "The Lovecats", which became the band's first British Top 10 hit, reaching number seven. The group released these studio singles and their B-sides as the compilation album ''Japanese Whispers'', designed by Smith for the Japanese market only, but released worldwide on the decision of the record company. The same year, Smith also recorded and toured with Siouxsie & the Banshees, contributing as guitarist on their ''Nocturne'' live video and their ''Hyaena'' studio album. Meanwhile, he recorded the ''Blue Sunshine'' album with Banshees bassist Steven Severin as The Glove, while Lol Tolhurst produced the first two singles and debut album of the English band And Also The Trees.
In 1984, The Cure released ''The Top'', a generally psychedelic album on which Smith played all the instruments except the drums—played by Andy Anderson—and the saxophone—played by returnee Porl Thompson. The album was a Top 10 hit in the UK, and was their first studio album to break the ''Billboard'' 200 in the U.S., reaching number 180. ''Melody Maker'' praised the album as "psychedelia that can't be dated", while pondering, "I've yet to meet anyone who can tell me why The Cure are having hits now of all times." The Cure then embarked on their worldwide "Top Tour" with Thompson, Anderson, and producer-turned-bassist Phil Thornalley on board. Released in late 1984, The Cure's first live album, ''Concert'' consisted of performances from this tour. Near the tour's end, Anderson was fired for destroying a hotel room and was replaced by Boris Williams. Thornalley also left due to the rigors of the road. However, the bassist slot was not vacant long, for a Cure roadie named Gary Biddles had brokered a reunion between Smith and former bassist Simon Gallup, who had been playing in the band Fools Dance. Soon after reconciling, Smith asked Gallup to rejoin the band. Smith was ecstatic about Gallup's return and declared to ''Melody Maker'', "It's a group again."
In 1985, the new line-up of Smith, Tolhurst, Gallup, Thompson, and Williams released ''The Head on the Door'', an album which managed to bind together the optimistic and pessimistic aspects of the band's music that they had previously shifted between. ''The Head on the Door'' reached number seven in the UK and was the band's first entry into American Top 75 at number 59, a success partly due to the international impact of the LP's two singles, "In Between Days" and "Close to Me". Following the album and world tour, the band released the singles compilation ''Standing on a Beach'' in three formats (each with a different track listing and a specific name) in 1986. This compilation made the US Top 50, and saw the re-issue of three previous singles: "Boys Don't Cry" (in a new form), "Let's Go To Bed" and later "Charlotte Sometimes". This release was accompanied by a VHS or LaserDisc called ''Staring at the Sea'', which featured videos for each track on the compilation. The Cure toured to support the compilation and released a live concert VHS of the show, filmed in the south of France called ''The Cure in Orange''. During this time, The Cure became a very popular band in Europe (particularly in France, Germany and the Benelux countries) and increasingly popular in the U.S.
''Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me'' and worldwide success (1987–1993)
In 1987, The Cure released the double LP ''Kiss Me, Kiss Me, Kiss Me'', which reached number six in the UK, the Top 10 in several countries and was the band's first entry into the U.S. Top 40 at number 35 (where it was certified platinum), due to the combination of the band's rising popularity and the success of lead single, "Why Can't I Be You?". The album's third single, "Just Like Heaven" was the band's most successful single to date in the US, being their first to enter the ''Billboard'' Top 40. After the album's release, the band embarked on the successful Kissing Tour. During the European leg of the tour, Lol Tolhurst's alcohol consumption was interfering with his ability to perform so The Psychedelic Furs keyboardist Roger O'Donnell was frequently called upon to stand in for him. In 1989, The Cure released the album ''Disintegration'', which saw a return to the gothic atmospheres of earlier releases like ''Faith'' and ''Pornography''. It became their highest charting album in the UK to date, entering at number three and featuring three Top 30 singles in the UK and Germany ("Lullaby", "Lovesong" and "Pictures of You"). ''Disintegration'' also reached number twelve on the US charts. The first single stateside, "Fascination Street", reached number one on the American Modern Rock chart, but was quickly overshadowed when its third US single, "Lovesong", reached number two on the American pop charts (the only Cure single to reach the US Top 10). By 1992, ''Disintegration'' had sold over three million copies worldwide.During the ''Disintegration'' sessions, the band gave Smith an ultimatum that either Tolhurst would have to leave the band or they would. In February 1989, Tolhurst's exit was made official and announced to the press; this resulted in Roger O'Donnell becoming a full-fledged member of the band and left Smith as The Cure's only remaining founder member. Smith attributed Tolhurst's dismissal to an inability to exert himself and issues with alcohol, concluding, "He was out of step with everything. It had just become detrimental to everything we'd do." Because Tolhurst was still on the payroll during the recording of ''Disintegration'', he was credited in the album's liner notes as playing "other instruments", however it has since been revealed that he contributed nothing to the album in either performance or song writing. The Cure then embarked on the Prayer Tour, which saw the band playing stadiums in America.
In May 1990, Roger O'Donnell quit and was replaced with the band's guitar technician Perry Bamonte. That November, The Cure released a collection of remixes called ''Mixed Up''. The album was not well received and quickly slid down the charts. The one new song on the collection, "Never Enough", was released as a single. In 1991 The Cure were awarded the BRIT Award for Best British Band. That same year Tolhurst filed a lawsuit against Smith and Fiction Records in 1991 over royalties payments, and claimed joint ownership of the name "The Cure" with Smith; the verdict was handed out in September 1994 in favour of Smith. In respite from the lawsuit, the band returned to the studio to record their next album. ''Wish'' reached number one in the UK and number two in the US and yielded the international hits "High" and "Friday I'm in Love". The Cure also embarked on the "Wish Tour" with Cranes, and released the live albums ''Show'' (September 1993) and ''Paris'' (October 1993). As a promotional exercise with the Our Price music chain in the UK, a limited edition EP was released consisting of instrumental outtakes from the ''Wish'' sessions. Entitled ''Lost Wishes'', the proceeds from the four-track cassette tape went to charity.
In the years between the release of ''Wish'' and the start of sessions for The Cure's next album, the band's line-up shifted again. Thompson left the band once more during 1993 to play with Robert Plant and Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, and Bamonte took over as lead guitarist. Boris Williams also left the band, and was replaced by Jason Cooper (formerly of My Life Story).
Period of transition (1994–1999)
The album sessions began in 1994 with only Smith and Bamonte present; the pair were later joined by Gallup (who was recovering from physical problems), and Roger O'Donnell, who had been asked to rejoin the band at the end of 1994. The Cure performed "Burn" in the movie The Crow and "Dredd Song," the theme song of the 1995 movie ''Judge Dredd'' starring Sylvester Stallone. It was not released on a Cure album until 2004 on ''Join the Dots: B-Sides & Rarities 1978–2001 (The Fiction Years)''.''Wild Mood Swings'', finally released in 1996, was poorly received compared with previous albums and marked the end of the band's commercial peak. Early in 1996, the Cure played festivals in South America, followed by a world tour in support of the album ''Galore''. ''Galore'' contained all of the Cure's singles released between 1987 and 1997, as well as the new single "Wrong Number", which featured longtime David Bowie guitarist Reeves Gabrels. Gabrels also accompanied the Cure on a brief American radio festival tour as an onstage guest guitarist for "Wrong Number". In 1998 The Cure contributed to the soundtrack album for ''The X-Files'' feature film as well as the Depeche Mode tribute album ''For the Masses'', with their cover of "World in My Eyes".
Recent years (2000–present)
With only one album left in their record contract and with commercial response to ''Wild Mood Swings'' and the ''Galore'' compilation lacklustre, Smith once again considered that the end of The Cure might be near and thus wanted to make an album that reflected the more serious side of the band. The Grammy-nominated album ''Bloodflowers'' was released in 2000 after being delayed since 1998. According to Smith, The album was the third of a trilogy along with ''Pornography'' and ''Disintegration''. The band also embarked on the nine-month Dream Tour, attended by over one million people worldwide. In 2001, The Cure left Fiction and released their ''Greatest Hits'' album and DVD, which featured the music videos for a number of classic Cure songs. In 2002, the band headlined twelve major summer music festivals, and played three extended concerts (one in Brussels, two in Berlin) in which they performed the albums ''Pornography'', ''Disintegration'' and ''Bloodflowers'' in their respective entireties each night. The Berlin performances were released on DVD as ''The Cure: Trilogy'' in 2003.In 2003, The Cure signed with Geffen Records. In 2004, they released a new four-disc boxed set on Fiction Records titled ''Join the Dots: B-Sides and Rarities, 1978-2001 (The Fiction Years)''. The compilation includes seventy Cure songs, some previously unreleased, and a 76-page full-colour book of photographs, history and quotes, packaged in a hard cover. The album peaked at number 106 on the ''Billboard'' 200 album charts. The band released their twelfth album ''The Cure'' on Geffen in 2004, which was produced by Ross Robinson. It made a top ten debut on both sides of the Atlantic in July 2004. To promote the album, the band headlined the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival that May. From 24 July to 29 August, The Cure headlined the Curiosa concert tour of North America. While attendances were lower than expected, Curiosa was still one of the more successful American summer festivals of 2004. The same year the band was honoured with an MTV Icon television special.
In May 2005, Roger O'Donnell and Perry Bamonte were fired from the band. O'Donnell claims Smith informed him he was reducing the band to a three-piece. Previously O'Donnell said he had only found out about the band's upcoming tour dates via a fan site and added, "It was sad to find out after nearly 20 years the way I did but then I should have expected no less or more." The remaining members of the band—Smith, Gallup and Cooper—made several appearances as a trio before it was announced in June that Porl Thompson would be returning for the band's 2005 Festival summer shows, as well as their set at Live 8 in Paris on 2 July. Later that year, the band recorded a cover of John Lennon's "Love" for Amnesty International's charity album ''Make Some Noise''. It is available for download on the Amnesty website, while the album was released on CD in 2006. On 1 April 2006, The Cure appeared at the Royal Albert Hall on behalf of the Teenage Cancer Trust. It was their only show through to the end the year. In December a live DVD, entitled ''The Cure: Festival 2005'' including 30 songs of their 2005 Festival tour was released.
The Cure began writing and recording material for their thirteenth album in 2006. Smith initially stated it would be a double album. The Cure announced a last-minute postponement of their autumn 2007 North American 4Tour in August in order to continue working on the album, rescheduling the dates for spring 2008. Titled ''4:13 Dream'', the album was released in October 2008. The group released four singles and an EP—"The Only One", "Freakshow", "Sleep When I'm Dead", "The Perfect Boy" and ''Hypnagogic States'' respectively—on or near to the 13th of each month, in the months leading up to the album's release. In February 2009, The Cure received the 2009 Shockwaves NME Award for Godlike Genius.
In 2011, the band played their first 3 studio albums in their entirety during two shows in Sydney, Australia. These "Reflections" shows notably featured Roger O'Donnell and Laurence Tolhurst, both in a keyboard and percussion role. The shows are due to be released on DVD in 2011.
Musical style
The Cure are often identified with the gothic rock subgenre of alternative rock, and are viewed as one of the form's definitive bands. However, the band has routinely rejected classification, particularly as a gothic rock band. Robert Smith said in 2006, "It's so pitiful when 'goth' is still tagged onto the name The Cure", and added, "We're not categorisable. I suppose we were post-punk when we came out, but in total it's impossible [...] I just play Cure music, whatever that is." Smith has also expressed his distaste for gothic rock, describing it as "incredibly dull and monotonous. A dirge really." While typically viewed as producers of dark and gloomy music, The Cure have also yielded a number of upbeat songs. ''Spin'' has said "The Cure have always been an either/or sort of band: either [...] Robert Smith is wallowing in gothic sadness or he's licking sticky-sweet cotton-candy pop off his lipstick-stained fingers."The Cure's primary musical traits have been listed as "dominant, melodic bass lines; whiny, strangulated vocals; and a lyric obsession with existential, almost literary despair." Most Cure songs start with Smith and Gallup writing the drum parts and bass lines. Both record demos at home and then bring them into the studio for fine-tuning. Smith said in 1992, "I think when people talk about the 'Cure sound,' they mean songs based on 6-string bass, acoustic guitar, and my voice, plus the string sound from the Solina." On top of this foundation is laid "towering layers of guitars and synthesisers". Keyboards have been a component of the band's sound since ''Seventeen Seconds'', and their importance increased with the instrument's extensive use on ''Disintegration''. With the Departure of Roger O'Donnell in 2005, keyboards have not been as prominent in the band's album 4:13 Dream and their live shows.
Music videos
The band's early music videos have been described as "dreadful affairs" and have been maligned for their poor quality, particularly by the band itself. Lol Tolhurst said, "Those videos were unmitigated disasters; we weren't actors and our personalities weren't coming across." It was with the video for "Let's Go to Bed", their first collaboration with director Tim Pope, that The Cure would become noted for their videos. Pope added a playful element to the band's videos; the director insisted in a 1987 ''Spin'' interview, "I think that side of them was always there, but was never brought out." Pope would go on to direct the majority of The Cure's videos, and his videos, which became synonymous with the band, helped expand The Cure's audience during the 1980s. Pope explained the appeal of working with The Cure by saying, "The Cure is the ultimate band for a filmmaker to work with because Robert Smith really understands the camera. His songs are so cinematic. I mean on one level there's this stupidity and humour, right, but beneath that there are all [Smith's] psychological obsessions and claustrophobia."
Legacy
The Cure were one of the first alternative bands to have chart and commercial success in an era before alternative rock had broken into the mainstream. In 1992 the ''NME'' declared The Cure had during the 1980s become "a goth hit machine (19 to date), an international phenomenon and, yep, the most successful alternative band that ever shuffled disconsolately about the earth". Smith has noted he looks at Cure-influenced bands like Interpol and My Chemical Romance with affection, adding, "I also think [Interpol bassist] Carlos D.'s obsession with Simon Gallup is sweet." Interpol lead singer, Paul Banks was quoted as saying ""The Cure is the band that all of us in Interpol can say influenced us. When I was younger I listened to them a lot. Carlos as well. Actually, he took a straight influence from this band on the way he played the bass and the keys. To me, Robert Smith is also one of these examples: you can't be Robert Smith if you're not Robert Smith. It's one of the bands with the deepest influence on Interpol, because we all like them. They're legendary."Several references to The Cure and their music have been made in popular culture. A number of films have used the title of a Cure song as the film's title, including ''Boys Don't Cry'' (1999) and ''Just Like Heaven'' (2005). The Cure's gloomy image has been the subject of parody at times. In series two of ''The Mighty Boosh'', The Moon sings 'The Lovecats' over the credits. In the same episode, a powerful gothic hairspray, Goth Juice, is said to be "The most powerful hairspray known to man. Made from the tears of Robert Smith." ''The Mary Whitehouse Experience'' often featured brief clips of the stars of the show performing comical songs and nursery rhymes as The Cure in a morose style. Robert Smith appeared in the final episode of the first series of ''The Mary Whitehouse Experience'' singing "The Sun has got his hat on" before punching the character Ray (played by Robert Newman) whilst uttering Ray's catch phrase "Oh no what a personal disaster". Robert Smith was also portrayed on an episode of ''South Park'' (Season 1, Episode 12) where he transforms into the form of Mothra and battles Mecha-Streisand to save the day and Kyle shouts "''Disintegration'' is the best album ever!" In Craig Thompson's graphic novel ''Blankets'' the chapter seven is called "Just Like Heaven". The same chapter shows Raina singing some lyrics from this song to Craig.
Discography
Members
;Current line-up
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
Category:BRIT Award winners Category:English alternative rock groups Category:British New Wave musical groups Category:Gothic rock groups Category:Musical groups established in 1976 Category:British post-punk music groups Category:People from Crawley
af:The Cure ca:The Cure cs:The Cure da:The Cure de:The Cure et:The Cure el:The Cure eml:The Cure es:The Cure eu:The Cure fa:د کیور fr:The Cure ga:The Cure gl:The Cure hr:The Cure ia:The Cure is:The Cure it:The Cure he:הקיור ka:The Cure lv:The Cure lb:The Cure lt:The Cure hu:The Cure mk:The Cure nah:The Cure nl:The Cure ja:ザ・キュアー no:The Cure uz:The Cure pl:The Cure pt:The Cure ro:The Cure ru:The Cure simple:The Cure sk:The Cure sr:The Cure fi:The Cure sv:The Cure th:เดอะเคียว tr:The Cure uk:The Cure vls:The Cure zh:治疗乐队
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| Name | Jean-Claude Van Damme |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg |
| Birth date | October 18, 1960 |
| Birth place | Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Brussels, Belgium |
| Yearsactive | 1984–present (acting) |
| Occupation | Actor, martial artist, director |
| Spouse | 1 child)and (1999–present); 2 children) }} |
Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg (born 18 October 1960), professionally known as Jean-Claude Van Damme, is a Belgian martial artist and actor, best known for his martial arts action films, the most successful of which include ''Bloodsport'' (1988), ''Kickboxer'' (1989), ''Double Impact'' (1991), ''Universal Soldier'' (1992), ''Hard Target'' (1993), ''Timecop'' (1994), and ''JCVD'' (2008). He is known as "The Muscles from Brussels", "JCVD" and "Van Damage".
After studying martial arts intensively from the age of ten, Van Damme achieved national success in Belgium as a martial artist and bodybuilder, earning the "Mr. Belgium" bodybuilding title. He immigrated to the United States in 1982 to pursue a career in film, and achieved success with ''Bloodsport'' (1988), based on a story written by Frank Dux. He attained subsequent box office success with ''Timecop'' (1994), which grossed over $100 million worldwide and became his most financially successful film.
Early life
Van Damme was born in Sint-Agatha-Berchem, Brussels, Belgium, the son of Eliana and Eugène Van Varenberg, who was an accountant and owned a flower shop. He began martial arts at the age of ten, enrolled by his father in a Shotokan karate school. His styles consist of kickboxing, Shotokan karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo. He eventually earned his black belt in karate. He started lifting weights to improve his physique, which eventually led to a Mr. Belgium bodybuilding title.
Career
| Name | Jean-Claude Van Damme |
|---|---|
| Other names | The Muscles from Brussels JCVD Van Damage |
| Birth name | Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg |
| Birth date | October 18, 1960 |
| Birth place | Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Brussels, Belgium |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Years active | 1976–1982 (martial arts) |
| height | |
| weight | (currently) (fighting weight) |
| style | Kickboxing, Muay Thai, Shotokan Karate, Taekwondo |
| rank | ''black belt in Shotokan'' |
| trainer | Claude Goetz Dominique Valera |
| kickbox win | 5 |
| kickbox kowin | 5 |
| kickbox loss | 0 |
| am win | 26 |
| am loss | 4 |
| updated | }} |
Kickboxing and Full-Contact Matches
Van Damme has five matches which were fought under kickboxing or full-contact rules.In 1976, he over-came being staggered to knockout Toon Van Oostrum in one round.
In 1979, on his second day in Tampa, Florida, Jean-Claude faced Sherman Bergman, a kickboxer from Florida, USA. Van Damme was knocked to the canvas after absorbing a powerful left hook. However, Jean-Claude climbed off the canvas and with an ax-kick, knocked Bergman out in 56 seconds of the first round.
In 1980, after knocking out Georges Verlugels in two rounds, Jean-Claude caught the attention of the European martial arts community. ''Professional Karate Magazine'' publisher and editor Mike Anderson, and multiple European champion Geet Lemmens, tabbed Jean-Claude Van Damme as an upcoming prospect. However, Jean-Claude's ambitions now focused in the direction of acting.
Van Damme made a comeback in 1981. In his first match he knocked out Henk Besselman of Holland in one round, and at the 1st Journée Des Arts Martiaux. Next, Van Damme knocked out Lenny Leikman in 3 rounds.
Van Damme will make a return to fighting and is scheduled to fight former boxing Olympic gold-medalist Somluck Kamsing in November 2011. Early reports have named Las Vegas, USA, Moscow, Russia and Macau, China as locations for the bout but it now seems that the fight will take place at the Rajamangala National Stadium in Bangkok, Thailand. At the prospect of being the first man over the age of 50 to kickbox professionally, Van Damme stated that "it's kind of dangerous, but life is short." The fight is postponed to 2012.
Hollywood
In 1982, Van Damme and childhood friend, Michel Qissi, moved to America in the hope of becoming action stars. They both were cast as extras in the film, ''Breakin'''. After a small part in ''Missing In Action'', Van Damme was next cast in the film ''No Retreat, No Surrender'', as the role of the villain, Ivan the Russian. Van Damme worked for director John McTiernan for the 1987 film ''Predator'' as the titular alien, before being removed and replaced by Kevin Peter Hall. His breakout film was ''Bloodsport'', based on the alleged true story of Frank Dux. Shot on a 1.5 million dollar budget, it became a U.S. box-office hit in the spring of 1988. He then starred in the smaller budgeted film ''Cyborg''. His last role for 1989 was Kurt Sloane in the successful ''Kickboxer''. In this film, his character fought to avenge his brother who had been paralyzed by a Thai kickboxing champion (Qissi).''Double Impact'' featured Van Damme in the dual role of Alex and Chad Wagner, two brothers fighting to avenge the deaths of their parents. This film reunited him with his former ''Bloodsport'' co-star, Bolo Yeung. He then starred opposite Dolph Lundgren in the action film ''Universal Soldier''. While it grossed $36,299,898 in the U.S., it was an even bigger success overseas, making over $65 million, well over its modest $23 million budget, making it Van Damme's highest grossing film at the time.
Van Damme followed ''Nowhere To Run'' and ''Hard Target'' with ''Timecop'' in 1994. The film was a huge success, grossing over $100 million worldwide. In the film, Van Damme played a time traveling cop, who tries to prevent the death of his wife. It remains his highest grossing film to date.
After his role in the poorly received ''Street Fighter,'' his projects started to fail at the box office. ''The Quest'' (1996), which he directed; ''Maximum Risk'' (1996) and ''Double Team'' (1997) were box-office flops.
The 1999 film ''Universal Soldier: The Return'' which was also a box-office flop, and Van Damme's last theatrically released film until 2008. In 2003, Van Damme employed his dancing training in the music video for Bob Sinclar's ''Kiss My Eyes''.
He returned to mainstream with limited theatrical release of the critically acclaimed film ''JCVD'' in 2008. ''Time'' magazine named Van Damme's performance in the film the second best of the year (after Heath Ledger's The Joker in ''The Dark Knight''), having previously stated that Van Damme "deserves not a black belt, but an Oscar". Van Damme indicated while promoting the film, he experienced a period of homelessness "sleeping on the street and starving in L.A."
Van Damme reprised his role as Luc Deveraux in the 2009 film ''Universal Soldier: Regeneration''.
He was offered a lead role in Sylvester Stallone's latest film ''The Expendables''. Stallone called Van Damme personally to offer him the role, but Van Damme turned it down. He has a series of film projects scheduled for 2011, including another ''Universal Soldier'' movie which will appear between 2011 and 2012, and the role of a villain in the sequel to ''The Expendables''. On June 30, 2011, Van Damme confirmed his participation in ''The Expendables 2''.
In 2011, Van Damme participated in various commercials for Coors Light beer, in which he is located on a snow-covered mountain, wearing a sleeveless denim jacket. Also in 2011 he appears in commercials for washing powder "Dash".
Personal life
At the age of 16 he took up ballet, which he studied for five years. According to Van Damme, ballet "is an art, but it's also one of the most difficult sports. If you can survive a ballet workout, you can survive a workout in any other sport." In the French-speaking world, Van Damme is well known for the picturesque aphorisms that he delivers on a wide range of topics (personal well-being, the environment, etc.) in a sort of Zen franglais. Most famous and often quoted was his repeated use of the English word ''aware'' during an interview for a French channel, to convey the notion of self-awareness as a key to success.He is training for his upcoming fight with cage fighters Chris 'Ball-Breaker' Banister, Jules 'Crown Jewels' Fox and the champion Paul 'Pistol-Fists' Shah in his home country Belgium.
Van Damme has been married five times, including two marriages with bodybuilder and fitness competitor Gladys Portugues. Van Damme is the father of three children: Kristopher Van Varenberg (born 1987), Bianca (born 1990), and Nicholas (born 1995).
Health and addiction
Van Damme had troubles with cocaine that started during 1995. He entered a month-long rehabilitation program in 1996 but left it after only one week. In 1996, he spent up to $10,000 a week on cocaine. He is also reported to have experienced bipolar disorder. A turning point in his health issues came in late 1997, after having signed divorce papers charging him with spousal abuse, and drug addiction.After the filming of the 1998 film ''Knock Off'', Van Damme was diagnosed with rapid cycling bipolar disorder after becoming suicidal and started treatment on the mood stabilizer, sodium valproate.
Fight Record Controversy
When Jean-Claude Van Damme became an action film star, there were many doubts as to his claims of a fight record. According to Howard Hanson, President of the World Karate Association, he found evidence of Jean-Claude Van Damme competing in only one amateur bout. Writers from Black Belt Magazine labeled him (Van Damme) a "complete fraud."On the 12th of November, 1993, the syndicated tabloid show Inside Edition implied that the star's karate credentials were bogus. Van Damme's office supplied a list of four European karate trophies that he earned under his real name, Van Varenberg, between 1978 and 1981: the Hope Cup; the Cup of Antwerp; World Championship, WAKO; and the Gala International. George Anderson, president of the Pan-American Union of Karatedo Organizations, said, "They're all minor awards, but that Van Damme's only crime is hyping them too much. ''Nobody has really clearly proven him to be a liar,''" Anderson says.
Van Damme's lawyer, Martin Singer, made a public statement defending his client: "There are records to document his martial-arts acclaim. He's the one who does those splits on chairs. He doesn't have a stunt man do that."
However, with the internet, photos and videos disproved the view that Van Damme was a fake or fraud. Numerous photos on-line, showed his various matches with such credited fighters as Patrick Teugels, Michael J. Heming and Sherman Bergman.
With the announcement that Van Damme was going to return to fight competition after decades of retirement, and meet Thailand's Somluck Kamsing, his fight record was again attacked as being "hyped".
Van Damme's record is posted on the net as 20-2 (20 knockouts). Paul Maslak of the STAR System World Kickboxing Ratings researched this record and came up with facts that showed that most of these fights were really semi-contact matches. However, photos and newspaper reports have also supported that Van Damme indeed had full-contact/kick-boxing matches.
Semi-Contact Karate and Tournament Competition
At the age of 11, Van Damme joined the ''Centre National De Karaté'' (National Center of Karate) under the guidance of Claude Goetz in France. Van Damme trained for four years and he earned a spot on the Belgian Karate Team.In 1976, Jean-Claude is reported to have started his competive career in Ingelmunster, Belgium in a semi-contact match which was sanctioned by the European Karate Union. He defeated fellow Belgium Roland Vedani.
The following year, Van Damme remained undefeated with victories over Maurice Devos, Andre LeMaire and fellow team-mate Patrick Teugels in non-tournament matches sanctioned by the World All-Styles Karate Organization. In his first tournament competition, Van Damme placed second at the Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials). Jean-Claude defeated 25 opponents in the three day tournament (including Eric "Bruno" Strauss, Michel Juvillier, and Orlando Lang) before losing in the finals to fellow team-mate Angelo Spataro. In 1978, Van Damme fought Patrick Teugels in a bid for the Belguim Sem-Contact Leightweight Title. However, the more experienced Teugels won the decision in 2-rounds. Next, Van Damme failed to place at the WAKO World Championships, losing in the opening match.
Van Damme travelled with the Belgium Team to Tampa, Florida in the United States in November 1979. Van Damme earned the berth on the team by defeating Andre Robaeys, Jacques Piniarski and Rolf Risberg. In Tampa, Van Damme lost his first semi-contact match and is eliminated from placing in the WAKO World Championships for the second consecutive year. Promoter Mike Anderson recalled Van Damme as a "flashy fighter" at the championships.
Upon his return to Europe, Jean-Claude was a member of the Belgium Team when it won the European Championship on the 26th of December, 1979 at La Coupe Francois Persoons Karate Tournament in Brussels, Belgium. Van Damme defeated British and European Middleweight Champion Michael J. Heming in the finals; enabling his team to take the championship.
'''Jean-Claude Van Damme'' ended his semi-contact career on the 8th of March, 1980 at the Forest National in Brussels. Van Damme knocked Patrick Teugels down and scored a first round technical knockout victory. Teugels suffered a nose injury and was unable to continue. Newspaper reports list the fight as a "light-contact" match which is awarded to Van Damme by "L'abandon" (forfeit) after Teugels is unable to continue.
Filmography
TV
Tournament Record
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:100%;"| Result | Record | Opponent | Method | Date | Round | Time | Event | Location | Notes | |
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Light-Contact (Teugels suffers a broken nose and is unable to continue.) | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium | Semi Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Semi-Contact (Dias suffers ankle injury and is unable to continue.) | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Ingelmunster, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Opprebais, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Mulhouse, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Loss | Arena Deurne, Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Loss | Brussels, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Izegem, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Izegem, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Loss | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Izegem, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Loss | Izegem, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Antwerp, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Ingelmunster, Belgium | Semi-Contact | ||||||||
Kickboxing Record
|- style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:100%;"
| Result | Record | Opponent | Method | Date | Round | Time | Event | Location | Notes |
| Bangkok, Thailand | Kickboxing | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Kickboxing | |||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Kickboxing | |||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Kickboxing | |||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Kickboxing (Non-Tournament match. Van Damme climbs off floor to win.) | ||||||||
| style="text-align:center;" Win | Brussels, Belgium | Kickboxing |
References
Further reading
(Wako) (PKA World Heavyweight Title) (Eku)
External links
SitesInterviews
Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:People from Sint-Agatha-Berchem Category:Belgian expatriates in the United States Category:Belgian film actors Category:Belgian emigrants to the United States Category:Belgian karateka Category:Belgian kickboxers Category:Middleweight kickboxers Category:Belgian Muay Thai practitioners Category:People with bipolar disorder
ar:جين كلود فان دام az:Jan-Klod Van Damm be:Жан-Клод Ван Дам be-x-old:Жан-Клёд Ван Дам bg:Жан-Клод Ван Дам ca:Jean-Claude Van Damme cs:Jean-Claude van Damme da:Jean-Claude Van Damme de:Jean-Claude Van Damme et:Jean-Claude Van Damme el:Ζαν Κλοντ Βαν Νταμ es:Jean-Claude Van Damme eo:Jean-Claude Van Damme eu:Jean-Claude Van Damme fa:ژان کلود ون دم fr:Jean-Claude Van Damme ga:Jean-Claude Van Damme gd:Jean-Claude Van Damme gl:Jean Claude Van Damme ko:장클로드 반 담 hy:Ժան-Կլոդ Վան Դամ hr:Jean-Claude Van Damme id:Jean Claude Van Damme it:Jean-Claude Van Damme he:ז'אן-קלוד ואן דאם lv:Žans Klods van Damme lt:Jean-Claude Van Damme hu:Jean-Claude Van Damme ml:ജീൻ ക്ലോദ് വാൻ ഡാമെ mn:Жан-Клод Ван Дамм nl:Jean-Claude Van Damme ja:ジャン＝クロード・ヴァン・ダム no:Jean-Claude van Damme pl:Jean-Claude Van Damme pt:Jean-Claude Van Damme ro:Jean-Claude Van Damme ru:Ван Дамм, Жан-Клод sk:Jean-Claude van Damme srn:Jean-Claude Van Damme sr:Жан Клод Ван Дам fi:Jean-Claude Van Damme sv:Jean-Claude Van Damme ta:ஜான் குளோட் வான் டாம் th:ฌอง-โกล็ด วอง ดัม tr:Jean-Claude Van Damme uk:Жан Клод Ван Дам zh:尚-克勞德·范·戴姆This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
103:53
***[Jean-Claude Van Damme | Lionheart]*** (1990) | Full Movie
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***[Jean-Claude Van Damme | Lionheart]*** (1990) | Full Movie
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