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Hanno The Great
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Abbas I of Persia
Shāh ‘Abbās the Great (or Shāh ‘Abbās I) () (January 27, 1571 – January 19, 1629) was Shah (king) of Iran, and the greatest ruler of the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad.
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Abraham Kidunaia
Saint Abraham the Great of Kidunja (?- d. c. 366) was a Hermit and Priest of the Christian Church.
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Ajax (mythology)
:"Aias" redirects here. For other uses of this name, see AIAS and Ajax (disambiguation).
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Akbar
Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar ( Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad Akbar), also known as Shahanshah Akbar-E-Azam, Akbar the Great or Mahabali Shahanshah (23 November 1542 – 27 October 1605), was the third Mughal Emperor. He was of Timurid descent; the son of Humayun, and the grandson of Babur, the ruler who founded the Mughal dynasty in India. At the end of his reign in 1605 the Mughal empire covered most of the northern and central India and was one of the most powerful empires of its age.
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Alain I of Albret
Alain I of Albret (1440-1522), called "The Great", was a powerful French aristocrat. He was 16th Lord of Albret, Viscount of Tartas, the 2nd Count of Graves, and the Count of Castres. He was the son of Catherine de Rohan and Jean I of Albret. He was the grandson and heir of Charles II of Albret, and became head of the House of Albret in 1471.
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Albert the Great
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Albertus Magnus
Saint Albertus Magnus, O.P. (1193/1206 – November 15, 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican friar and bishop who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. Those such as James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon. He was the first among medieval scholars to apply Aristotle's philosophy to Christian thought. The Catholic Church honors him as a Doctor of the Church, one of only 33 persons with that honor.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (, Mégas Aléxandros), was a Greek king of Macedon. He is the most celebrated member of the Argead Dynasty and the creator of one of the largest empires in ancient history.
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Alfonso III of León
Alfonso III (c. 848–20 December 910), called the Great, was the king of León, Galicia and Asturias from 866 until his death. He was the son and successor of Ordoño I. According to some sources he was the first be called "Emperor of Spain", and he may have purchased a former "imperial crown".
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Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great (, "elf counsel") (849 – 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. Alfred is noted for his defence of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of southern England against the Vikings, becoming the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet "the Great". Alfred was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself "King of the Anglo-Saxons". Details of his life are described in a work by the Welsh scholar and bishop Asser. Alfred was a learned man who encouraged education and improved his kingdom's legal system and military structure. He is regarded as a saint by some Catholics, but has never been officially canonized. The Anglican Communion venerates him as a hero of the Christian Church, with a feast day of 26 October,sfn|Gross|1990|loc= and he may often be found depicted in stained glass in Church of England parish churches.
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Anthony the Great
Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), (Coptic Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲁⲛⲧⲱⲛⲓ), also known as Saint Anthony, Anthony the Abbot, Anthony of Egypt, Anthony of the Desert, Anthony the Anchorite, Abba Antonius (Ἀββᾶς Ἀντώνιος), and Father of All Monks, was a Christian saint from Egypt, a prominent leader among the Desert Fathers. He is celebrated in many churches on his feast days: 17 January in the Eastern Orthodox Church and Western churches; and Tobi 22, (January 30) in the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church.
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Antiochus the Great
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Ashoka
Ashoka (Devanāgarī: अशोक, IAST: ', , 304–232 BC), popularly known as Ashoka the Great''', was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from present-day Pakistan, Afghanistan in the west, to the present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra. He conquered the kingdom named Kalinga, which no one in his dynasty had conquered starting from Chandragupta Maurya. His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar, India). He embraced Buddhism from the prevalent Vedic tradition after witnessing the mass deaths of the war of Kalinga, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka was a devotee of ahimsa (nonviolence), love, truth, tolerance and vegetarianism. Ashoka is remembered in history as a philanthropic administrator. In the history of India Ashoka is referred to as Samraat Chakravartin Ashoka- the Emperor of Emperors Ashoka.
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Ashoka the Great
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Ashot I of Iberia
Ashot I the Great () (died 826/830) was a presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia), first of the Bagratid family to have attained to this office c. 813. From his base in Tao-Klarjeti, he fought to enlarge the Bagratid territories and sought the Byzantine protectorate against the Arab encroachment until being murdered c. 830. Ashot is also known as Ashot I Curopalates for the Byzantine title he wore. A patron of Christian culture and a friend of the church, he has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church.
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Askia Mohammad I
Askia the Great (ca. 1442 – 1538, also Muhammad Toure) was a Soninke emperor of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century, the successor of Sunni Ali Ber. Askia Muhammad strengthened his country and made it the largest country in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire.
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Babai the Great
Babai the Great (ca. 551 – 628) was an early church father of the Church of the East. He set several of the foundational pillars of the Church, revived the monastic movement, and formulated its Christology in a systematic way. He served as an unofficial head of the Nestorian Church from 611 to 628 AD, leaving a legacy of strong discipline and deep religious Orthodoxy. He is revered in the modern Assyrian Church of the East.
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Bhumibol Adulyadej
Bhumibol Adulyadej (Royal Institute: Phumiphon Adunyadet; , ; see full title below; born 5 December 1927) is the current King of Thailand. Publicly declared "the Great" (Thai: มหาราช, Maharaja), he is also known as Rama IX. Having reigned since 9 June 1946, he is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. He was admitted to Siriraj Hospital in September 2009 for flu and pneumonia and has remained in the hospital since. Rumors about his ill-health caused Thai financial markets to tumble in October 2009.
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Bolesław I Chrobry
Bolesław I the Brave (or the Valiant) (, ) (967 – 17 June 1025), in the past also known as Bolesław I the Great (Wielki), was a Duke of Poland from 992-1025 and the first King of Poland from 19 April 1025 until his death. He also ruled as Boleslav IV, Duke of Bohemia during 1002-1003.
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Bruno the Great
Bruno the Great (or Bruno I) (925–965) was Archbishop of Cologne, Germany, from 953 until his death, and Duke of Lotharingia from 954. He was the brother of Otto I, king of Germany and later Holy Roman Emperor.
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Catherine the Great
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Chandragupta II
Chandragupta II the Great (very often referred to as Vikramaditya or Chandragupta Vikramaditya in Sanskrit; also known to the Greek world as Sandrokottos) was one of the most powerful emperors of the Gupta empire. His rule spanned 375-413/15 CE, during which the Gupta Empire achieved its zenith. The period of prominence of the Gupta dynasty is very often referred to as the Golden Age of India. Chandragupta II the Great was the son of the previous ruler, Samudragupta the Great. He attained success by pursuing both a favorable marital alliance and an aggressive expansionist policy. In this his father and grandfather set the precedent.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne (; , meaning Charles the Great; possibly 74228 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800. This temporarily made him a rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. His rule is also associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, and culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. Through his foreign conquests and internal reforms, Charlemagne helped define both Western Europe and the Middle Ages. He is numbered as Charles I in the regnal lists of France, Germany (where he is known as Karl der Große), and the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne wished to expand his kingdom by "the sword and the cross". He wished to see his kingdom grow, but he also wanted Christianity to be taught in all the kingdoms he conquered as well. Charlemagne was a Catholic and a strong believer in his faith.
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Chlothar II
Chlothar II (or Chlotar, Clothar, Clotaire, Chlotochar, or Hlothar, giving rise to Lothair; 584 – 629), called the Great (le Grand) or the Young (le Jeune), King of Neustria, and, from 613 to 629, King of all the Franks, was not yet born when his father, King Chilperic I died in 584. His mother, Fredegund, was regent until her death in 597, at which time the thirteen-year-old Chlothar began to rule for himself. As king, he continued his mother's feud with Brunhilda, queen of Austrasia, with equal viciousness and bloodshed.
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Chulalongkorn
Phra Bat Somdet Phra Poramintharamaha Chulalongkorn Phra Chunla Chom Klao Chao Yu Hua (), or Rama V (20 September 1853 – 23 October 1910) was the fifth monarch of Siam under the House of Chakri. He was known to the Siamese of his time as Phra Phuttha Chao Luang (พระพุทธเจ้าหลวง - The Royal Buddha). He is considered one of the greatest kings of Siam. His reign was characterized by the modernization of Siam, immense government and social reforms, and territorial cessions to the British Empire and French Indochina. As Siam was threatened by Western expansionism, Chulalongkorn, through his policies and acts, managed to save Siam from being colonized. All his reforms were dedicated to Siam’s insurance of survival in the midst of Western colonialism, so that Chulalongkorn earned the epithet Phra Piya Maharat (พระปิยมหาราช - The Great Beloved King).
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Cnut the Great
Cnut the Great (; Old Norse: Knūtr inn rīki; c. 985 or 995 – 12 November 1035), also known as Canute or Knut, was a Viking king of Denmark (Cnut II), England, Norway and parts of Sweden. As a statesman, with notable successes in politics and the military, and the importance of his legacy – if now obscure – Cnut seems to have been one of the greatest figures of medieval Europe. Until recently though, after the death of his heirs within a decade of his own and the Norman conquest of England in 1066, his achievements were largely lost to history.
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Constantine I
Flavius Valerius Aurelius ConstantinusIn Latin Constantine is the first Christian emperor. Constantine's official imperial title was IMPERATOR CAESAR FLAVIVS CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX INVICTVS AVGVSTVS, Imperator Caesar Flavius Constantine Augustus, the pious, the fortunate, the undefeated. After 312, he added MAXIMVS ("the greatest"), and after 325 replaced ("undefeated") with VICTOR, as invictus reminded of Sol Invictus, the Sun God. (c. 27 February 272 – 22 May 337), commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine, was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. Best known for being the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of Christians throughout the empire.
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Cyrus the Great
Cyrus the Great (Old Persian:
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Darius I of Persia
Darius I, known as Darius the Great, was the third "king of kings" (emperor) of the Achaemenid Empire. Darius held the empire at its peak, then including Egypt, northern India, and parts of Greece. The decay and downfall of the empire commenced with his death and the coronation of his son, Xerxes I.
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Darius the Great
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Emmy the Great
Emma-Lee Moss (born 1984), known by her stage name Emmy the Great, is a London-based singer-songwriter. Moss was born in Hong Kong to an English father and Chinese mother, and emigrated with her family to London at the age of 12. After moving to the UK, she attended the Michael Hall Rudolf Steiner School in West Sussex.
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Euthymius the Great
Saint Euthymius (377-473), often styled the Great, was an Abbot in Palestine.
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Franks
The Franks ( or gens Francorum) were a West Germanic tribal confederation first attested in the third century as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite would be one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe.
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Frederick the Great
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Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan ( or ; Mongolian: or ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ, ', or '), ; probably 1162–1227), born B. Temüjin (, was the founder, Khan (ruler) and Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
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Henry IV of France
Henry IV (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610) was King of France from 1589 to 1610 and King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. He was the first monarch of the Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty in France. His parents were Queen Jeanne III and King Antoine of Navarre.
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Herod the Great
Herod (, Hordos, Greek: , Hērōidēs), also known as Herod I or Herod the Great (born 71, 73 or 74 BCE, died 4 BCE in Jericho, according to other data, 1 BCE), was an Edomite Jewish Roman client king of the Roman provinces of Judea, Galilee and Samaria (present-day Israel). He was described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis." He is also known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and other parts of the ancient world, including the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple. Some details of his biography can be gleaned from the works of the 1st century CE Roman-Jewish historian Josephus Flavius.
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Hugh the Great
Hugh the Great (898 – 16 June 956) was duke of the Franks and count of Paris, son of King Robert I of France and nephew of King Odo. He was born in Paris, Ile-de-France, France. His eldest son was Hugh Capet who became King of France in 987. His family is known as the Robertians.
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Ivan III of Russia
Ivan III Vasilevich () (22 January 1440, Moscow – 27 October 1505, Moscow), also known as Ivan the Great, was a Grand Prince of Moscow and "Grand Prince of all Rus" (Великий князь всея Руси). Sometimes referred to as the "gatherer of the Russian lands", he tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, and laid the foundations of the Russian state. He was one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history.
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John I of Portugal
John I (or João I, ; Lisbon, São João da Praça (extinct), 11 April 1358 – Lisbon, Castle, 14 August 1433), called the Good (sometimes the Great) or of Happy Memory, more rarely and outside Portugal the Bastard, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta. He was the natural son of Peter I by a woman named Teresa Lourenço, who some say was a noble Galician, daughter of Lourenço Martins, o da Praça, and wife Sancha Martins. In 1364 he was created Grand Master of the Order of Aviz, by which title he was known. He became king in 1385, after the 1383–1385 Crisis.
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John II of Aragon
John II the Great (June 29, 1398 – January 20, 1479) was the King of Aragon from 1458 until 1479, and jure uxoris King of Navarre from 1425 until his death. He was the son of Ferdinand I and his wife Eleanor of Alburquerque. John is regarded as one of the most memorable and most unscrupulous kings of the 15th century.
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Justinian I
Justinian I (; lang-el|; 483 – 13 or 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Roman (Byzantine) Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire.
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Kamehameha I
Kamehameha I (ca. 1758 – May 8, 1819), also known as Kamehameha the Great, conquered the Hawaiian Islands and formally established the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1810. By developing alliances with the major Pacific colonial powers, Kamehameha preserved Hawaii's independence under his rule. Kamehameha is remembered for the Kanawai Mamalahoe, the "Law of the Splintered Paddle", which protects human rights of non-combatants in times of battle. Kamehameha's full Hawaiian name is Kalani Paiea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiikui Kamehameha o Iolani i Kaiwikapu kaui Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea.
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Kanishka
Kanishka (, Bactrian language: , Middle Chinese: 迦腻色伽) was a king of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia, ruling an empire extending from Bactria to large parts of northern India in the 2nd century of the common era, and famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. His main capital was at Purushpura (Peshawar in present day northwestern Pakistan) with regional capitals at the location of the modern city of Taxila in Pakistan, Begram in Afghanistan and Mathura in India.
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Llywelyn the Great
Llywelyn the Great (, ), full name Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, (c. 1172 11 April 1240) was a Prince of Gwynedd in north Wales and eventually de facto ruler over most of Wales. He is occasionally called Llywelyn I of Wales. By a combination of war and diplomacy he dominated Wales for forty years.
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Louis I of Hungary
Louis the Great (, , , , , , , , Czech: Ludvík I. Veliký, (5 March 1326, Visegrád 10 September 1382, Nagyszombat/Trnava) was King of Hungary from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370 until his death. (See Titles section)
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Louis XIV of France
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Macarius of Egypt
Macarius of Egypt (ca. 300-391) was an Egyptian Christian monk and hermit. He is also known as Macarius the Elder, Macarius the Great and The Lamp of the Desert.
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Mongol
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Mstislav I of Kiev
Mstislav I Vladimirovich the Great () (June 1, 1076, Turov – April 14, 1132, Kiev) was the Velikiy Kniaz (Grand Prince) of Kiev (1125-1132), the eldest son of Vladimir II Monomakh by Gytha of Wessex. He figures prominently in the Norse Sagas under the name Harald, taken to allude to his grandfather, Harold II of England.
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Narai
Somdet Phra Narai ( 1633 - 11 July 1688) or Somdet Phra Ramathibodi III () was the king of Ayutthaya from 1656 to 1688 and allegedly the most famous Ayutthayan king. His reign was the most prosperous during the Ayutthaya period and saw the great commercial and diplomatic activities with foreign nations including the Persians and the West. During the later years of his reign, Narai gave his favorite – the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon – so much power that Phaulkon technically became the chancellor of the state. Through the arrangements of Phaulkon, the Siamese kingdom came into close diplomatic relations with the court of Louis XIV and French soldiers and missionaries filled the Siamese aristocracy and defense. The dominance of French officials led to frictions between them and the native mandarins and led to the turbulent revolution of 1688 towards the end of his reign. Narai’s reign was also known for a small war with England in 1687 and the invasion of Burmese Lanna in 1662.
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Naresuan
Somdet Phra Naresuan Maharat () or Somdet Phra Sanphet II () (1555, 25 April - 1605) was the King of the Ayutthaya kingdom from 1590 until his death in 1605. Naresuan was one of Siam's most revered monarchs as he was known for his campaigns to free Siam from Burmese rule. During his reign numerous wars were fought against Burma, and Siam reached its greatest territorial extent and influence.
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Odo the Great
:For the later duke of Aquitaine, and also Gascony, with the same name, see Odo of Gascony.
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Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths () were a branch of the Goths (the other branch being the Visigoths), an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in political events of the last decades of the Roman Empire. The Ostrogoths established the Kingdom of Italy, a relatively short-lived successor state of the Western Roman Empire.
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Peter III of Aragon
Peter the Great (, , ; 1239, Valencia – 2 November 1285) was the King of Aragon (as Peter III) of Valencia and of Majorca (as Peter I), and Count of Barcelona (as Peter II) from 1276 to his death. He conquered Sicily and became its king in 1282. He was one of the greatest of medieval Aragonese monarchs.
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Peter the Great
Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov () ( – ) ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V.
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Plautus
Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254–184 BC), commonly known as Plautus, was a Roman playwright of the Old Latin period. His comedies are among the earliest surviving intact works in Latin literature. He wrote Palliata comoedia, the genre devised by the innovator of Latin literature, Livius Andronicus. The word Plautine () is used to refer to Plautus's works or works similar to or influenced by his.
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Pompey
Pompey (Latin nominative Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus), also known as or Pompey the Great (Classical Latin abbreviation: CN·POMPEIVS·CN·F·SEX·N·MAGNVS) (September 29, 106 BC – September 29, 48 BC), was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background, and established himself in the ranks of Roman nobility by successful leadership in several campaigns. Sulla addressed him by the cognomen Magnus (the Great) and he was awarded three triumphs.
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Pompey the Great
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Pope Gregory I
Pope Gregory I (Latin: Gregorius I; c. 540 – 12 March 604), better known in English as Gregory the Great, was pope from 3 September 590 until his death. Gregory is well-known for his writings, which were more prolific than those of any of his predecessors as pope.
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Pope John Paul II
The Venerable Pope John Paul II (18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005, born Karol Józef Wojtyła) reigned as Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005. His was the second-longest documented pontificate; only Pope Pius IX served longer (St. Peter the Apostle is reputed to have served for more than thirty years as the first pontiff, but documentation is too sparse to definitively support this). He has been the only Slavic and Polish Pope to date, and was the first non-Italian Pope since Dutch Pope Adrian VI in 1522.
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Pope Leo I
Pope Leo I, or Pope Saint Leo the Great (ca. 400 – November 10, 461), was pope from September 29, 440 to November 10, 461.
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Pope Nicholas I
Pope Saint Nicholas I, (Rome c. 800 – November 13, 867), or Nicholas the Great, reigned from April 24, 858 until his death. He is remembered as a consolidator of papal authority and power, exerting decisive influence upon the historical development of the papacy and its position among the Christian nations of Western Europe, and is considered a saint.
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Prokop the Great
Prokop or Prokop the Great () (b. about 1380 – d. 30 May 1434 at Lipany) was one of the most prominent Hussite generals of the Hussite Wars. His name has also been given as "Prokop Holý" ("the Shaven") and "Procopius the Great".
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Radama I
Radama I "the Great" (c. 1793-1828), the first king of Madagascar, united the island under his rule. He had twelve Great Wives, one of them his adopted sister Ranavalona I who would emerge victorious in the struggle for succession.
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Raja Raja Chola I
Rajaraja Chola I ( born Arulmozhi Thevar),(also called as Arunmozhi Varman and respectfully as Periya Udayar), popularly known as Raja Raja the Great, is one of the greatest emperors of the Tamil Chola Empire who ruled between 985 and 1014 CE. He established the Chola empire by conquering the kingdoms of southern India expanding the Chola Empire as far as Sri Lanka in the south, and Kalinga (Orissa) in the northeast. He fought many battles with the Chalukyas in the north and the Pandyas in the south. By conquering Vengi, Rajaraja laid the foundations for the Later Chola dynasty. He invaded Sri Lanka and started a century-long Chola occupation of the island.
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Rajendra Chola I
:"Rajendra Chola" redirects here. For Rajendra Chola II, see Rajendra Chola II.
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Ram Khamhaeng
"Ram Khamhaeng", "Ramkhamhaeng" or "Ram Kham Haeng" may refer to:
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Rhodri the Great
Rhodri the Great (in Welsh, Rhodri Mawr; occasionally in English, Roderick the Great) (c. 820 – 878) was King of Gwynedd from 844 until his death. He was the first Welsh ruler to be called 'Great', and the first to rule most of present-day Wales. He is referred to as "King of the Britons" by the Annals of Ulster. In some later histories, he is referred to as "King of Wales" but he did not rule all of Wales nor was this term used contemporaneously to describe him.
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Roman emperor
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Roman the Great
Roman Mstislavich (Russian and Ukrainian: Роман Мстиславич), also Roman Mstyslavych or Roman the Great, (after 1160 – Zawichost, October 14, 1205) was a Rus’ prince (a member of the Rurik dynasty).
http://wn.com/Roman_the_Great -
Samudragupta
Samudragupta the Great, ruler of the Gupta Empire (c.AD 335 – 375), and successor to Chandragupta I, is considered to be one of the greatest military geniuses in Indian history according to Historian V.A Smith. His name is taken to be a title acquired by his conquests (Samudra referring to the 'oceans'). Samudragupta the Great is believed to have been his father's chosen successor even though he had several older brothers. Therefore, some believe that after the death of Chandragupta I, there was a struggle for succession in which Samudragupta prevailed.
http://wn.com/Samudragupta -
Shapur II
Shapur II the Great was the ninth King of the Persian Sassanid Empire from 309 to 379. During his long reign, the Sassanid Empire saw its first golden era since the reign of Shapur I (241–272).
http://wn.com/Shapur_II -
Simeon I of Bulgaria
Simeon (also Symeon) I the Great (, transliterated Simeon I Veliki ) ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927, during the First Bulgarian Empire. Simeon's successful campaigns against the Byzantines, Magyars and Serbs led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever, making it the most powerful state in contemporary Eastern Europe. His reign was also a period of unmatched cultural prosperity and enlightenment later deemed the Golden Age of Bulgarian culture.
http://wn.com/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria -
Taksin
Taksin (Royal Institute: Somdet Phra Chao Taksin Maharat; or The King of the Thonburi Kingdom; ;; Teochew: Dênchao; Vietnamese: Trịnh Quốc Anh) ; (April 17, 1734 – April 7, 1782) was the only King of the Thonburi Kingdom. He is greatly revered by the Thai people for his leadership in liberating Siam from Burmese occupation after the Second Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, and the subsequent unification of Siam after it fell under various warlords. He established the city Thonburi as the new capital, as the city Ayutthaya had been almost completely destroyed by the invaders. His reign was characterized by numerous wars, fought to repel new Burmese invasions and to subjugate the northern Thai kingdom of Lanna, the Laotian principalities, and a threatening Cambodia. He was succeeded by the Chakri dynasty and the Rattanakosin Kingdom under his long time friend King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke.
http://wn.com/Taksin -
Theodoric the Great
Flavius Theodericus, also known as Theodoric the Great (; ; , (''Theυ'ðerichos'', ); ; ; ), 454 – 30 August 526, was king of the Ostrogoths (471 – 526), ruler of Italy (493 – 526), regent of the Visigoths (511 – 526), and a viceroy of the Eastern Roman Empire. His Gothic name "Þiuda reiks" translates into "people's king". He became a hero of Germanic legend.
http://wn.com/Theodoric_the_Great -
Theodosius I
Flavius Theodosius (11 January 347 – 17 January 395), commonly known as Theodosius I or Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from 378 to 395. Theodosius was the last emperor to rule over both the eastern and the western halves of the Roman Empire. During his reign, the Goths secured control of Illyricum after the Gothic War - establishing their homeland south of the Danube within the empire's borders. He is known for making Nicene Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire, issuing decrees that effectively worked towards melding the Roman state and the Christian Church into a single de facto church-state entity.
http://wn.com/Theodosius_I -
Timur
Timur (from the Perso-Arabic form ', ultimately from Chagatai (Middle Turkic) ' "iron"; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), normally known as Tamerlane (from ) in English, was a fourteenth-century conqueror of Western, South and Central Asia, founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty (1370–1405) in Central Asia, and great great grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived until 1857 as the Mughal Empire in India.
http://wn.com/Timur -
Umar
Umar (, c. 586–590 CE 7 November 644), also known as Omar, was the Prophet Muhammad's father-in-law, one of his companions and the second Muslim ruler after Muhammad's death for 10 years.
http://wn.com/Umar -
Valentinian I
Flavius Valentinianus (321 – 17 November 375), commonly known as Valentinian I or Valentinian the Great, was Roman Emperor from 364 to 375. He was the last emperor to have de facto control of the entire empire. Upon becoming emperor he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces while Valentinian retained the west. During his reign, Valentinian fought successfully against the Alamanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians. Most notable was his victory over the Alamanni in 367 at the Battle of Solicinium. His brilliant general Count Theodosius defeated a revolt in Africa and the Great Conspiracy, a coordinated assault on Britain by Picts, Scots, and Saxons. Valentinian was also the last emperor to conduct campaigns across the Rhine and Danube rivers. He rebuilt and improved the fortifications along the frontiers – even building fortresses in enemy territory. Due to the successful nature of his reign and almost immediate decline of the empire after his death, he is often considered the "last great western emperor". He founded the Valentinian Dynasty, with his sons Gratian and Valentinian II succeeding him in the western half of the empire.
http://wn.com/Valentinian_I -
Visigoths
The Visigoths () were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe; the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the barbarians who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. The romanized Visigoths first emerged as a distinct people during the 4th century, initially in the Balkans, where they participated in several wars with Rome. A Visigothic army under Alaric I eventually moved into Italy and famously sacked Rome in 410.
http://wn.com/Visigoths -
Vladimir I of Kiev
Vladimir Sviatoslavich the Great, also sometimes spelled Volodymer Old East Slavic: Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь (c. 958 near Pskov – 15 July 1015, Berestovo) was the grand prince of Kiev who converted to Christianity in 988, and proceeded to baptise all of Kievan Rus'. His name is spelt variously: in modern Ukrainian, for example, as Volodymyr (Володимир); in Old Church Slavonic and modern Russian, as Vladimir (Владимир); in Old Norse as Valdamarr; and, in modern Scandinavian languages, "Valdemar".
http://wn.com/Vladimir_I_of_Kiev -
Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex () or Kingdom of the West Saxons () was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons, in South West England, from the 6th century, until the emergence of a united English state in the 10th century, under the Wessex dynasty. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms, and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
http://wn.com/Wessex -
Wilhelm II
http://wn.com/Wilhelm_II -
William of Maleval
William of Maleval (or William the Great) (died 10 February 1157) was the founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites, a branch of the Hermits of St. Augustine. He was beatified in 1202.
http://wn.com/William_of_Maleval -
Xerxes I
http://wn.com/Xerxes_I
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Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire () (ca. 550–330 BCE), also known as the Persian Empire, was the successor state of the Median Empire, ruling over significant portions of what would become Greater Iran. The Persian and the Median Empire taken together are also known as the Medo-Persian Empire, which encompassed the combined territories of several earlier empires.
http://wn.com/Achaemenid_Empire -
Akkadian Empire
The Akkadian Empire was an empire centered in the city of Akkad (Sumerian: Agade , Arabic: أكد, Assyrian: ܐܟܕ, [http://www.premiumwanadoo.com/cuneiform.languages/en_ecriture.htm Hittite] KUR A.GA.DÈKI "land of Akkad"; Biblical Hebrew אַכַּד (Genesis 10:10)) and its surrounding region (Akkadian URU Akkad KI) in Ancient Iraq, (Mesopotamia). The Akkadian state was the predecessor of the ethnic Akkadian states of Babylonia and Assyria; formed following centuries of Akkadian cultural synergy with Sumerians, it reached the height of its power between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC following the conquests of king Sargon of Akkad, and is sometimes regarded as the first manifestation of an empire in history.
http://wn.com/Akkadian_Empire -
Behistun Inscription
The Behistun Inscription (also Bisitun or Bisutun, Modern Persian: بیستون ; Old Persian: Bhagasthana, meaning "the god's place or land") is a multi-lingual inscription located on Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran.
http://wn.com/Behistun_Inscription -
Bosporan Kingdom
The Bosporan Kingdom or the Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus was an ancient state, located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus (see Strait of Kerch). It is interesting as the first truly 'Hellenistic' state—in the sense of one in which a mixed population adopted the Greek language and civilization.
http://wn.com/Bosporan_Kingdom -
Carthage
Carthage ( or Karthago, , , Berber: ⴽⴰⵔⵜⴰⵊⴻⵏ Kartajen, kartago, from the Phoenician קַרְתְּ חַדַשְתְּ meaning New City, implying it was a 'new Tyre') refers to a series of cities on the Gulf of Tunis, from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BCE to the current suburb outside Tunis, Tunisia.
http://wn.com/Carthage -
Caucasian Iberia
:This article is about a place in ancient Georgia. For the peninsula in southwest Europe, see Iberian Peninsula.
http://wn.com/Caucasian_Iberia -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Kakheti
Kakheti (Kaxeti, ) is a historical province in Eastern Georgia inhabited by Kakhetians who speak a local dialect of Georgian. It is bordered by the small mountainous province of Tusheti and the Greater Caucasus mountain range to the north, Russian Federation to the Northeast, Azerbaijan to the Southeast, and the Georgian province of Kartli to the west. Kakheti is geographically divided into the Inner Kakheti to the east of Tsiv-Gombori mountain-range and the Outer Kakheti to the west of it. The major river of the eastern part is Alazani, while that of the western part is the Iori.
http://wn.com/Kakheti -
Kingdom of Gwynedd
Gwynedd () was one petty kingdom of several Welsh successor states which emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain in the Early Middle Ages, and later evolved into a principality during the High Middle Ages. It was based on the former Brythonic tribal lands of the Ordovices, Gangani, and the Deceangli which were collectively known as Venedotia in late Romano-British documents. Between the 5th and 13th centuries Gwynedd grew to include Ynys Môn and all of north Wales between the River Dyfi in the south and River Dee (Welsh Dyfrdwy) in the northeast. The Irish sea (Môr Iwerddon) washes the coast of Gwynedd to the west and north and lands formerly part of the Kingdom of Powys border Gwynedd in the south-east.
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd -
Kingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre (, , ), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean.
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Navarre -
Macedon
http://wn.com/Macedon -
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire (, ; Urdu: ; self-designation: , ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in former English usage, was an Indian-Islamic power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and early 18th centuries and ended in the mid-19th century.
http://wn.com/Mughal_Empire -
Palenque
Palenque (Bàak' in Modern Maya) was a Maya city state in southern Mexico that flourished in the seventh century CE. After its decline it was absorbed into the jungle, but has been excavated and restored and is now a famous archaeological site attracting thousands of visitors. It is located near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas, located about 130 km south of Ciudad del Carmen (see [http://www.placeopedia.com/?6262 map]) about 150 meters above sea-level.
http://wn.com/Palenque -
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD), also known as the Arsacid Empire (Modern Persian: اشکانیان Ashkanian) after the eponymous founder, was a major Iranian political and cultural power in the Ancient Near East. It was founded in the mid-3rd century BC by Arsaces I of Parthia, leader of the Parni tribe, when he conquered the Parthia region ("roughly western Khurasan" in Iran's northeast), then a satrapy (province) in rebellion against the Greek Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I of Parthia (r. c. 171–138 BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now eastern Turkey, to eastern Iran. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han Dynasty in China, quickly became a center of trade and commerce.
http://wn.com/Parthian_Empire -
Persian Empire
http://wn.com/Persian_Empire -
Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
http://wn.com/Sri_Lanka -
Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex () or Kingdom of the West Saxons () was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons, in South West England, from the 6th century, until the emergence of a united English state in the 10th century, under the Wessex dynasty. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms, and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
http://wn.com/Wessex -
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (; pinyin: Yuáncháo; ), ), or Great Yuan Empire () was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division or continuation of the Mongol Empire and as an imperial dynasty of China. In Chinese history, the Yuan Dynasty followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he had his grandfather Genghis Khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or Taizu (). Besides Emperor of China, Kublai Khan had also claimed the title of Great Khan, i.e. supremacy over the other Mongol khanates (Chagatai Khanate, Golden Horde, Ilkhanate); however this claim was only truly recognized by the Il-Khanids, who were nevertheless essentially self-governing. Although later emperors of the Yuan Dynasty were recognized by the three virtually independent western khanates as their nominal suzerains, they each continued their own separate developments. The Yuan is sometimes referred to as the Empire of the Great Khan, as the Mongol Emperors of the Yuan held the title of Great Khan of all Mongol Khanates.
http://wn.com/Yuan_Dynasty
- Abraham Kidunaia
- Achaemenid Empire
- Ajax (mythology)
- Akbar
- Akkadian Empire
- Alain I of Albret
- Albert the Great
- Albertus Magnus
- Alexander the Great
- Alfonso III of León
- Alfred the Great
- ancient China
- Anthony the Great
- Antiochus the Great
- Ashoka
- Ashoka the Great
- Ashot I of Iberia
- Askia Mohammad I
- Ayutthaya Kingdom
- Babai the Great
- Babylon
- Basil of Caesarea
- Behistun Inscription
- Beli Mawr
- Bhumibol Adulyadej
- Bohemia
- Bolesław I Chrobry
- Bosporan Kingdom
- Bruno the Great
- Byzantine Empire
- Carthage
- Catherine the Great
- Caucasian Iberia
- Chandragupta II
- Charlemagne
- Chlothar II
- Cholas
- Chulalongkorn
- clay
- Cnut the Great
- Constantine I
- Cyrus cylinder
- Cyrus the Great
- Darius I of Persia
- Darius the Great
- Devapala
- Dionysius I
- Eastern Orthodox
- Emmy the Great
- Emperor Meiji
- English language
- epithet
- Euthymius the Great
- Franks
- Frederick the Great
- Genghis Khan
- Gero
- Gertrude the Great
- Goguryeo
- Grand Prince of Kiev
- Gupta empire
- Gwanggaeto the Great
- Hanno the Great
- Henry IV of France
- Herod the Great
- History of India
- Hiyya the Great
- Holy Roman Emperor
- Hugh the Great
- Humphrey I de Bohun
- Hussite
- India
- Indian subcontinent
- Ivan III of Russia
- John I of Portugal
- John II of Aragon
- Justinian I
- Kakheti
- Kamehameha I
- Kanishka
- Kievan Rus
- Kingdom of Gwynedd
- Kingdom of Navarre
- Kublai Khan
- Kushan Empire
- Lanna
- Llywelyn the Great
- Louis I of Hungary
- Louis XIV of France
- Macarius of Egypt
- Macedon
- Mangrai the Great
- Margrave of Meissen
- Maurya dynasty
- Mongol
- Mongol Empire
- Mstislav I of Kiev
- Mughal Empire
- Narai
- Naresuan
- Neustria
- Odo the Great
- Ostrogoths
- Pala Empire
- Palenque
- Parthian Empire
- Persian Empire
- Persian language
- Peter III of Aragon
- Peter the Great
- Plautus
- Pompey
- Pompey the Great
- Pontus
- Pope Gregory I
- Pope John Paul II
- Pope Leo I
- Pope Nicholas I
- Prokop the Great
- Radama I
- Raja Raja Chola I
- Rajendra Chola I
- Ram Khamhaeng
- Ramesses II
- Rattanakosin Kingdom
- Rhodri the Great
- Roman emperor
- Roman empire
- Roman the Great
- Samudragupta
- Sargon of Akkad
- Sassanid Empire
- Sejong the Great
- Seleucid Empire
- Seleucids
- Shah of Iran
- Shapur II
- Simeon I of Bulgaria
- Songhai Empire
- Sri Lanka
- Sukhothai Kingdom
- Swedish Empire
- Taksin
- Theodoric the Great
- Theodosius I
- Thonburi Kingdom
- Tigranes the Great
- Timur
- Timurid Dynasty
- Umar
- Urdu
- Valentinian I
- Visigoths
- Vladimir I of Kiev
- Vytautas
- Wessex
- Wilhelm II
- William of Maleval
- Xerxes I
- Yu the Great
- Yuan Dynasty
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x-way HANNO( bappo bilu fav dai kingzZz lotus motion zoom bewalk rival realize ceed doubleG )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Published: 13 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 15 Dec 2011
- Author: BloOdLoTus1512
It was a realy nice day in hanno with lots of pors^^ watch till the end ^^ :P hope you like it :P btw it is not the real song ^^ Disclaimer: I do not own the song, all rights to their owner. Award : #88 - Top-Favoriten (heute) - Unterhaltung #90 - Heiß diskutiert (heute) -...
http://wn.com/x-way_HANNO_bappo_bilu_fav_dai_kingzZz_lotus_motion_zoom_bewalk_rival_realize_ceed_doubleG_
AL STEWART 'HANNO THE NAVIGATOR' ROOSENDAAL 2008
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Published: 12 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Jul 2011
- Author: vincentlyons
Al Stewart in great form, performing to a mesmerised audience at De Kring theatre, in Roosendaal, The Netherlands, October 7th, 2008. The song is called 'Hanno The Navigator' from Al's new CD, 'Sparks of Ancient Light' A friend suggested that this song was not yet on YouTube, so here it is now. The video work here could be better, but a dynamic performance, and (of course) quality listening material. Please do check out an excellent version of 'Year of the Cat' from the same gig: www.youtube.com Featuring: Al Stewart & Dave Nachmanoff Ellen Van den Berg guesting on tambourine. Al Stewart's website: www.alstewart.com Al Stewart Al Stewart Al Stewart
http://wn.com/AL_STEWART_'HANNO_THE_NAVIGATOR'_ROOSENDAAL_2008
In memoriam of Hanno
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Published: 04 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: xJocika10x
My German shepherd dog, Hanno died in May.He was only 7 month old. He was a great dog, but he is still the best. Here is a slideshow of his pictures.
http://wn.com/In_memoriam_of_Hanno
Daniel Brühl singing in Hin und weg (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Published: 24 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: farabovetheclouds
Inglorious Basterds and Goodbye Lenin star Daniel Brühl singing in Hin und weg (1999) a TV movie directed by his father Hanno Brühl, great movie!
http://wn.com/Daniel_Brühl_singing_in_Hin_und_weg_1999
Hanno's projects for the Parallax Propeller- 12Blocks and friends...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:17
- Published: 22 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: mydancebot
I'm a full-time developer for the Parallax Propeller. I use the Propeller to build sophisticated, yet affordable tools and robots. In the last 2 years I've had a great time developing: - ViewPort, the premier debugging tool for the Propeller - IODreamkit, the ultimate analog and digital synthesis and measurement kit - PropScope, a multi-function Oscilloscope, Logic Analyzer and Function Generator for the masses - 12Blocks, a fun graphical development environment for the Propeller: sounds, graphics, robots and more
http://wn.com/Hanno's_projects_for_the_Parallax_Propeller_12Blocks_and_friends
Al Stewart - Hanno The Navigator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Published: 28 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 11 Dec 2011
- Author: Kriztian4Ever
Great Song ! Enjoy it ... Lyrics ... It's a good day for going to sea Hanno the Navigator said to me. There's an open sky and a steady breeze out beyond the Pillars of Hercules. Above the foam-kissed waves seagulls scream up in the masts of our trireme and it's a good day for going to sea Hanno the Navigator said to me. Water Water From horizon to horizon All I see is water Steer beyond all maps and charts down along the coast of Africa. The first Phoenicians on this beach, where the monkeys gibber and the parakeets screech. Strangest women run wild down there, covered head to toe in fur and hair. They fight like demons, better let them be, Hanno the Navigator said to me. Water Water From horizon to horizon All I see is water When you pull close to your fire at night with your family framed in the candlelight, safe inside these walls of stone in the only village you've ever known. The rain-soaked moon plays splintered crystal shadows on your windowsill. Like sparks of light in the shifting skies, our ancient ships go sailing still on Water Water When my sailing days are done I'll seek Poseidon's daughter. Oarsmen pull and curse and sweat underneath this creaking deck. At night I hear their stories told, strong through storms and weak for gold. Carthage stands like an azure pearl here in the middle of the known world. And it's a good day for going to sea, Hanno the Navigator said to me. Water Water From horizon to horizon All I see is water. Water Water When my sailing <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Al_Stewart__Hanno_The_Navigator
Coffee: The Greatest Addiction Ever
Why you shouldn't feel guilty about that coffee addiction. More information at: blog.cgpgrey.com Italian translation by: www.proz.com Russian translation by: www.facebook.com If you would like to help me make more videos please join the discussion on: Google+: plus.google.com Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com Or suggest ideas and vote on other peoples' ideas on my channel: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Coffee_The_Greatest_Addiction_Ever
![Great Minds: Carl Sagan - Pale Blue Dot [new HD version]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120126030605im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/8Lm6pEhykhs/0.jpg "Great Minds: Carl Sagan - Pale Blue Dot [new HD version]")
Great Minds: Carl Sagan - Pale Blue Dot [new HD version]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Published: 21 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: FFreeThinker
Science & Reason on Facebook: tinyurl.com Great Minds, Great Words: Carl Sagan - Pale Blue Dot. A Vision of Human Future in Space. The Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken in 1990 by Voyager 1 from a record distance, showing it against the vastness of space. By request of Carl Sagan, NASA commanded the Voyager 1 spacecraft, having completed its primary mission and now leaving the solar system, to turn its camera around and to take a photograph of Earth. It was subsequently used by Sagan as the title of his 1994 book of the same name. Playlist "Great Minds, Great Words": • www.youtube.com --- Subscribe to Science & Reason: • www.YouTube.com • www.YouTube.com • www.YouTube.com • www.YouTube.com --- BEST OF CARL SAGAN'S "COSMOS": 1) 10 Years After: Carl Sagan & Ann Druyan Reflect: www.youtube.com 2) Lost Between Immensity And Eternity: www.youtube.com 3) The Realm Of The Galaxies: www.youtube.com 4) Our Galaxy, The Milky Way: www.youtube.com 5) Our Solar System: www.youtube.com 6) Eratosthenes And The Round Earth Model: www.youtube.com 7) The Library Of Alexandria: www.youtube.com 8) A Short History Of The Universe: www.youtube.com 9) Artificial And Natural Selection: www.youtube.com 10) The Cosmic Year: www.youtube.com 11) Tree Of Life - 4 Billion Years Of Evolution: www.youtube.com 12) The Miracle Of Life: www.youtube.com 13) DNA - The Common Basis Of Life: www.youtube.com 14) Abiogenesis - The Origin Of Life: www.youtube.com 15) Astronomy vs Astrology: www <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Great_Minds_Carl_Sagan__Pale_Blue_Dot_ new_HD_version
Great Expectations: Starring John Mills, Valerie Hobson and Tony Wager (1946 Movie)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 113:21
- Published: 03 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 31 Dec 2011
- Author: thefilmarchive
DVD: www.amazon.com thefilmarchived.blogspot.com Great Expectations is a 1946 British film which won two Academy Awards and was nominated for three others (best picture, best director and best screenplay). It was directed by David Lean, based on the novel by Charles Dickens and stars John Mills, Valerie Hobson, Finlay Currie, Martita Hunt and Alec Guinness. Jean Simmons, who played the role of the young Estella in the film, later played Miss Havisham in a 1989 version directed by Kevin Connor. The script, a slimmed-down version of Dickens's novel which had been inspired after seeing an abridged stage version of the novel, in which Alec Guinness (responsible for the adaptation) played Herbert Pocket and Martita Hunt was Miss Havisham -- casting that was carried over into the film - was written by Anthony Havelock-Allan, David Lean, Cecil McGivern, Ronald Neame and Kay Walsh. The film was produced by Ronald Neame and photographed by Guy Green. It was the first of two films Lean directed based on Dickens' novels, the other being his 1948 adaptation of Oliver Twist. Cast * John Mills as Pip as an adult * Jean Simmons as Estella as a girl * Valerie Hobson as Estella as an adult * Martita Hunt as Miss Havisham * Finlay Currie as Abel Magwitch * Francis L. Sullivan as Mr. Jaggers * Bernard Miles as Joe Gargery * Alec Guinness as Herbert Pocket as an adult * Anthony Wager as Pip as a boy * John Forrest as Herbert Pocket as a boy * Freda Jackson as Mrs. Joe Gargery * Ivor Barnard <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Great_Expectations_Starring_John_Mills,_Valerie_Hobson_and_Tony_Wager_1946_Movie
The Best Table Tennis play ever
Wonderful rally, the best table tennis performance ever.
http://wn.com/The_Best_Table_Tennis_play_ever
Best Speech You Will Ever Hear - Gary Yourofsky
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 70:23
- Published: 22 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: TheAnimalHolocaust
Gary Yourofsky's entire inspirational speech on animal rights and veganism held at Georgia Tech in summer of 2010. Listen to this amazing speaker who will blow away the myths, fill your mind with interesting facts, and help you make ethical choices for a healthy heart and soul. His charismatic and straightforward style is one of a kind - a must-see for anyone who cares about nonhuman animals or wishes to make the world a better place. Use the [CC] button for captions. The Q&A session can be seen here: www.youtube.com PLEASE SHARE this brilliant speech in any way you can. Read the amount of positive feedback this speech creates: www.adaptt.org Learn more: www.adaptt.org http www.30bananasaday.com http www.pcrm.org http www.veganhealth.org http International versions: Bulgarian version: www.youtube.com Chinese Simplified version: www.youtube.com Chinese Traditional version: www.youtube.com Czech version: www.youtube.com Danish version: www.youtube.com Dutch version: www.youtube.com French version: www.youtube.com German version: www.youtube.com Greek version: www.youtube.com Hebrew version: www.youtube.com Indonesian version: www.youtube.com Italian version: www.youtube.com Mongolian version: www.youtube.com Polish version: www.youtube.com Portuguese-BR version: www.youtube.com Romanian version: www.youtube.com Russian version : www.youtube.com Russian voice-over version: www.youtube.com Serbian version: www.youtube.com Slovenian version: www.youtube.com Spanish version <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Best_Speech_You_Will_Ever_Hear__Gary_Yourofsky
OVER THE TOP - Sylvester Stallone - best scene
OVER THE TOP - best scene
http://wn.com/OVER_THE_TOP__Sylvester_Stallone__best_scene
JK Wedding Entrance Dance
Our wedding entrance dance to Forever...yeah, forever. For more information or to make a donation towards violence prevention please visit our website: www.jkweddingdance.com
http://wn.com/JK_Wedding_Entrance_Dance
Free Palestine: the last time they killed me (l'ultima volta che mi hanno ucciso)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:06
- Published: 25 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: freepalestineee
by guerrillaradio.iobloggo.com 9am, 24th February 2009, Khozaa, Khan Younis , Gaza Strip:Palestinian farmers, accompanied by international Human Rights Workers (HRWs), were fired upon by Israeli forces in the village of Khozaa, near Khan Younis, this morning. The farmers and HRWs were attempting to work on land around 300m from the Green Line. We were accompanying farmers to gather peas from their lands. The farmers, for the most part, were elderly men and women with their sons. There were many farmers spread out over a large area. We were only in the fields for about five minutes before the Israeli forces began firing. I believe the firing was coming from four army jeeps and a hummer. The shots were coming very close, and were sniper-type of shots. One old woman was so paralyzed by fear that she couldnt move off of the ground before we were finally able to accompany her out of the fields. While the majority of the farmers left the area, some say they must return to work the land later on in the day. There is great concern that the Israeli army will continue their targeting of these farmers. - Eva Bartlett (Canada) - International Solidarity Movement I have two children. I must go back to my fields to work there today. This is our life, what can we do? - Mohammad Abu Jela, Farmer from Khozaa. Four Palestinian farmers have been shot by Israeli forces while working within 700m of the Green Line since the 27th January 2009. On the 18th February, farm worker Mohammad Il <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Free_Palestine_the_last_time_they_killed_me_l'ultima_volta_che_mi_hanno_ucciso
Great Expectations: John Mills, Jean Simmons, Alec Guinness, Valerie Hobson (1946 Movie)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 113:21
- Published: 02 May 2011
- Uploaded: 31 Dec 2011
- Author: nologorecords
DVD: www.amazon.com thefilmarchive.org Great Expectations is a 1946 British film which won two Academy Awards and was nominated for three others (best picture, best director and best screenplay). It was directed by David Lean, based on the novel by Charles Dickens and stars John Mills, Valerie Hobson, Finlay Currie, Martita Hunt and Alec Guinness. Jean Simmons, who played the role of the young Estella in the film, later played Miss Havisham in a 1989 version directed by Kevin Connor. The script, a slimmed-down version of Dickens' novel which had been inspired after seeing an abridged stage version of the novel, in which Guinness (responsible for the adaptation) played Herbert Pocket and Martita Hunt was Miss Havisham -- casting that was carried over into the film - was written by Anthony Havelock-Allan, David Lean, Cecil McGivern, Ronald Neame and Kay Walsh. The film was produced by Ronald Neame and photographed by Guy Green.[1] It was the first of two films Lean directed based on Dickens' novels, the other being his 1948 adaptation of Oliver Twist. Cast * John Mills as Pip as an adult * Jean Simmons as Estella as a girl * Valerie Hobson as Estella as an adult * Martita Hunt as Miss Havisham * Finlay Currie as Abel Magwitch * Francis L. Sullivan as Mr. Jaggers * Bernard Miles as Joe Gargery * Alec Guinness as Herbert Pocket as an adult * Anthony Wager as Pip as a boy * John Forrest as Herbert Pocket as a boy * Freda Jackson as Mrs. Joe Gargery * Ivor Barnard as Mr <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Great_Expectations_John_Mills,_Jean_Simmons,_Alec_Guinness,_Valerie_Hobson_1946_Movie
Simon Boccanegra, Berlin, 27. October 2009, Plácido Domingo, Harteros, Barenboim
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Published: 29 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Nov 2011
- Author: vocedivino
This is a short part of the curtain calls after Simon Boccanegra in Berlin with Plácido Domingo in the title role. The premiere was a great success (more than 20 minutes of standing ovation, stomping, clapping and screaming), and so was the following performance. Domingo as "baritenor" is stunning and convincing! He proved that he CAN do it. His voice might not be a natural baritone voice - but its colours and his splendid acting added another dimension to the role. Anja Harteros as Amelia was wonderful! Tenor Fabio Sartori - well ... a good voice, but maybe not the best actor ...:-) Hanno Müller-Brachmann succeeded in his Verdi-debut! Great voice! Kwangchul Youn as Fiesco: Solid voice, but maybe not yet "heavy enough" for this part. Daniel Barenboim and the Berliner Philharmoniker delivered wonderful music.
http://wn.com/Simon_Boccanegra,_Berlin,_27_October_2009,_Plácido_Domingo,_Harteros,_Barenboim
How To Look Great in Photographs
Handle any emergency with Howcast's First Aid app - howc.stExpand the description and view the text of the steps for this how-to video. Check out Howcast for other do-it-yourself videos from Seaworthy and more videos in the General Photo Techniques category. You can contribute too! Create your own DIY guide at www.howcast.com or produce your own Howcast spots with the Howcast Filmmakers Program at www.howcast.com Sure, a beautiful photograph takes some skill behind the lens, but it takes a little skill in front of it, too. To complete this How-To you will need: A photographer A camera with flash Step 1: Choose your clothes When choosing your clothes, leave bright colors, crazy patterns, and horizontal stripes in the closet. Neutral colors look best. Step 2: Check your face Check your face in the mirror: Do you have any blemishes you could cover, or greasy skin that needs powdering? Could your eyes use some drop to clear up redness? Are your eyebrows trim and neat? Tip: If you wear makeup, remember that colors will look more intense in photos, especially on black-and-white film. Step 3: Take pictures outside in morning or before sunset Try to have the pictures taken outside in the morning or before sunset. The light is soft and flattering at these times, whereas high noon or flash photography can illuminate a little too much. Step 4: Make sure camera is eye level Make sure the camera lens is at eye level or just slightly higher. Any lower and you'll look like you have a <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/How_To_Look_Great_in_Photographs
The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery: Starring Steve McQueen (1959)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 88:47
- Published: 08 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 31 Dec 2011
- Author: nologorecords
DVD: www.amazon.com thefilmarchived.blogspot.com The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery is a 1959 heist film shot in black and white. The noir film stars Steve McQueen as a college dropout hired to be the getaway driver in a bank robbery. The film is based on a 1953 bank robbery attempt of Southwest Bank in St. Louis. The film was shot on location in St. Louis and some of the men and woman from the St. Louis Police Department, as well as local residents and bank employees, play the same parts they did in the actual robbery attempt. Main cast * Steve McQueen as George Fowler * Crahan Denton as John Egan the Boss * David Clarke as Gino, Ann's Brother * James Dukas as Willie the driver * Mollie McCarthy as George's Ex Girl * Martha Gable as Eddie's Wife * Larry Gerst as Eddie Brief Summary Steve McQueen shows himself as an ex football hero. He finds himself slowly drawn into the gangster world more and more. Finding himself in need of just $50 more, he asks his ex girl for that amount in a check, supposedly for Gino. The plan starts to unravel when she sees Gino coming out of a restaurant across the street from the bank. When questioned about it George later reveals he's involved with robbing the bank. She writes 'Warning The bank will be Robbed!' with lipstick on the window, the bank taking it as a joke. As the day of the heist grows nearer the tension within the gang heightens with no one trusting anyone. The robbers burst into George's and Gino's apartment that night and demand <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/The_Great_St_Louis_Bank_Robbery_Starring_Steve_McQueen_1959
Free Palestine: the last time Netanyahu killed me (l'ultima volta che mi hanno ucciso)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Published: 29 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: freepalestineee
www.facebook.com ------------------------------------------ by guerrillaradio.iobloggo.com 9am, 24th February 2009, Khozaa, Khan Younis , Gaza Strip:Palestinian farmers, accompanied by international Human Rights Workers (HRWs), were fired upon by Israeli forces in the village of Khozaa, near Khan Younis, this morning. The farmers and HRWs were attempting to work on land around 300m from the Green Line. We were accompanying farmers to gather peas from their lands. The farmers, for the most part, were elderly men and women with their sons. There were many farmers spread out over a large area. We were only in the fields for about five minutes before the Israeli forces began firing. I believe the firing was coming from four army jeeps and a hummer. The shots were coming very close, and were sniper-type of shots. One old woman was so paralyzed by fear that she couldnt move off of the ground before we were finally able to accompany her out of the fields. While the majority of the farmers left the area, some say they must return to work the land later on in the day. There is great concern that the Israeli army will continue their targeting of these farmers. - Eva Bartlett (Canada) - International Solidarity Movement I have two children. I must go back to my fields to work there today. This is our life, what can we do? - Mohammad Abu Jela, Farmer from Khozaa. Four Palestinian farmers have been shot by Israeli forces while working within 700m of the Green Line since the 27th <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Free_Palestine_the_last_time_Netanyahu_killed_me_l'ultima_volta_che_mi_hanno_ucciso
Run (LIKE HELL) From The Cure - The Rick Simpson Story.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Published: 14 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 31 Dec 2011
- Author: WeSellHemp
Music by-Twisted Sister
http://wn.com/Run_LIKE_HELL_From_The_Cure__The_Rick_Simpson_Storywmv
Freddie Mercury Exercises In Free Love
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 10 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: sandrativadar
When Freddie first met Caballé on March 1987, he brought in a piece he and Mike Moran had composed called "Exercises In Free Love," to which Caballé added lyrics and became "Ensueno" later on. I downloaded it from www.Indavideo.hu to you all. My website: www.gportal.hu
http://wn.com/Freddie_Mercury_Exercises_In_Free_Love
Alberto Contador Pre-Season Interview - What Makes a Great Bike?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Published: 30 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Oct 2011
- Author: specialized411
THERE'S SUBTITLES! Use the menu arrow in the lower right corner of the player to show the Closed Caption option. Subtitles are in English, Italian, and Spanish (you know, for those who like to read videos). Specialized caught up with Team Astana and sat down with Alberto Contador to ask him a few questions. In this clip Contador discusses what the important characteristics of a great bicycle are.
http://wn.com/Alberto_Contador_Pre-Season_Interview__What_Makes_a_Great_Bike?
AL STEWART, 'YEAR OF THE CAT' with DAVE NACHMANOFF, Roosendaal 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:16
- Published: 01 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: vincentlyons
Al Stewart treated a mesmerised audience to a brilliant rendition of 'Year of the Cat' at De Kring theatre, in Roosendaal, The Netherlands, October 7th, 2008. This was the finale piece, performed after hearing three great new songs in a row, from Al's new CD 'Sparks of Ancient Light' Check out 'Hanno The Navigator' from Al's new CD, 'Sparks of Ancient Light', also on YouTube www.youtube.com This is a fine CD, adding several impressive new songs to Al's amazing portfolio of musical masterpieces. Dave Nachmanoff plays superb (but apparantly effortless) accompaniment guitar to this great song. Featuring: Al Stewart & Dave Nachmanoff Ellen Van den Berg guesting on tambourine Al Stewart's website: www.alstewart.com Al Stewart Al Stewart Al Stewart Year of the Cat Year of the Cat Year of the Cat
http://wn.com/AL_STEWART,_'YEAR_OF_THE_CAT'_with_DAVE_NACHMANOFF,_Roosendaal_2007
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This is a list of people whose names in English are commonly appended with the phrase "''the Great''", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as ''e Bozorg'' and ''e azam'' in Persian and Urdu respectively.
Abbas I of Persia (1571-1629), Shah of Iran
Akbar (1542-1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India
Alain I of Albret (1440-1522), French aristocrat
Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia
Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia
Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias
Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex
Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty
Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),
Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire
Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand
Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland
Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)
Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736-1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)
Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden
Casimir III the Great (1310-1370), King of Poland
Catherine the Great (1729-1796), Empress of Russian
Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India
Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans
Chulalongkorn (1853-1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)
Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks
Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen
Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman Emperor
Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire
Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire
Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent
Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse
Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile
Frederick the Great (1712-1786), King of Prussia
Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594-1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader
Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea
Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC
Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)
Henry IV of France (1553-1610), King of France and King of Navarre
Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea
Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris
Hugh Magnus of France (1007-1025), co-King of France
Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057-1101)
Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat
Ivan III of Russia (1440-1505), Tsar of Russia
John I of Portugal (1358-1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve
John II of Aragon (1398-1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre
Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor
Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i
Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India
Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010-1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia
Kublai Khan (1215-1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty
Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales
Louis I of Hungary (1326-1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland
Mangrai the Great (1238-1317), Lanna, northern Thailand
Emperor Meiji (1852-1912), Emperor of Japan
Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)
Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)
Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom
Mstislav I of Kiev (1076-1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus
Narai (1633-1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)
Naresuan (1555-1605), King of Ayutthaya
Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine
Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)
K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque
Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka
Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia
Peter the Great (1672-1725), Tsar of Russia
Peter III of Aragon (1239-1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily
Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar
Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar
Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.
Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014-1044), Tamil King of India
Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt
Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)
Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082-1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties
Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)
Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev
Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent
Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre
Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire
Sejong the Great (1397-1450), Korean king
Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia
Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire
Stephen III of Moldavia (1433-1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)
Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks
Taksin (1734-1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)
Timur (1336-1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty
Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie
Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire
Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor
Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia
Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia
Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire
Valdemar I of Denmark (1131-1182), King of Denmark
Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor
Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus
Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy
William I, Count of Burgundy (1020-1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon
William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou
Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)
Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China
Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East
Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia
Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian
Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt
Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader
Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian
Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)
Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint
Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint
Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)
Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine
Pope John Paul II (1920-2005)
Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)
Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit
Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)
Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople
William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites
Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies
Emmy the Great, folk singer
Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III
Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia
Epithet
List of monarchs by nickname
List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I
James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus
Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater
In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.
The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus) assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "''the Great''".
The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).
Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.
As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.
Rulers
Religious figures
Other
See also
Notes
Category:Monarchs Great, List of people known as The Category:Greatest Nationals Category:Epithets
bs:Spisak osoba znanih kao Veliki id:Daftar tokoh dengan gelar yang Agung jv:Daftar pamimpin ingkang dipun paringi julukan Ingkang Agung la:Magnus lt:Sąrašas:Žmonės, vadinami Didžiaisiais ja:称号に大が付く人物の一覧 ru:Великий (прозвище) sl:Seznam ljudi z vzdevkom Veliki sv:Lista över personer kallade den store th:รายพระนามกษัตริย์ที่ได้รับสมัญญานามมหาราช vi:Đại đếThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
There were three leaders of ancient Carthage who were known as ''Hanno the Great'', according to two historians (the Picards). These figures they call for convenience: Hanno I the Great, Hanno II the Great, and Hanno III the Great. According to another historian (Warmington), there were three ancients of Carthage called ''Hanno'' "given the same nickname", that is ''the Great'', but he conjectures that it was a family nickname or a term not well understood by the ancient Greek or Roman writers. Warmington discusses only two of them (I and II), but he does not use the "I" or "II". Another historian (Lancel) mentions only one Hanno the Great, namely Hanno "I" the Great. The one already referred to here as "Hanno II the Great" he discusses but calls him simply "Hanno". Of course, it is an anomaly for multiple people to be called ''Hanno the Great''. In all, there were many historical figures named Hanno in ancient Carthage.
Hanno II the Great
Hanno I the Great
Hanno the Great was a politician and military leader of the 4th century BC.His title, according to Justin, was ''princeps Cathaginiensium''. It is considered more likely that the title signifies ''first among equals'', rather than being a title of nobility or royalty.
His rival Suniatus was called the ''potentissimus Poenorum'', or "the most powerful of the Carthaginians", in the year 368. Several years later Suniatus was accused of high treason (for correspondence with Syracuse) and probably executed.
In 367 Hanno the Great commanded a fleet of 200 ships which won a decisive naval victory over the Greeks of Sicily. His victory effectively blocked the plans of Dionysius I of Syracuse to attack Lilybaeum, a city allied to Carthage in western Sicily.
For about twenty years Hanno the Great was the leading figure of Carthage, and perhaps the wealthiest. In the 340s he schemed to become the tyrant. After distributing food to the populace, the time for a show of force came and he utilized for that purpose the native slaves and a Berber chieftain. Although not a military threat to Carthage, Hanno the Great was captured, found to be a traitor, and tortured to death. Many members of his family were also put to death.
Yet later his son Gisgo was given the command of seventy ships of Carthage manned by Greek mercenaries and sent to Lilybaeum, after which peace was negotiated by Carthage with Timoleon of Syracuse, c. 340. Thereafter, this family's prestige and influence at Carthage would tell in later generations.
Hanno I the Great was probably an ancestor of Hanno II the Great.
Hanno II the Great
Hanno the Great was a wealthy Carthaginian aristocrat in the 3rd century BC.Hanno's wealth was based on the land he owned in Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, and during the First Punic War he led the faction in Carthage that was opposed to continuing the war against Roman Republic. He preferred to continue conquering territory in Africa rather than fight a naval war against Rome that would bring him no personal gain. In these efforts, he was opposed by the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca. Hanno demobilized the Carthaginian navy in 244 BC, giving Rome time to rebuild its navy and finally defeat Carthage by 241 BC.
After the war, Hanno refused to pay the mercenaries who had been promised money and rewards by Hamilcar. The mercenaries revolted, and Hanno took control of the Carthaginian army to attempt to defeat them. His attempt failed and he gave control of the army back to Hamilcar. Eventually, they both cooperated to crush the rebels in 238 BC.
His nickname "the Great" was apparently earned because of his conquests among the African enemies of Carthage, and he continued to oppose war with Rome, which would necessarily involve naval engagements. During the Second Punic War, he led the anti-war faction in Carthage, and is blamed for preventing reinforcements from being sent to Hamilcar's son Hannibal after his victory at the Battle of Cannae. After Carthage's defeat at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, he was among the ambassadors to negotiate peace with the Romans.
Hanno III the Great
The third Hanno the Great was an ultra-conservative politician at Carthage during the 2nd century BC.
References
External links
Category:Carthaginians Category:First Punic War commanders Category:Anti-war Category:4th-century BC rulers
bg:Хано Велики ca:Hannó el Gran de:Hanno der Große es:Hannón el Grande fr:Hannon le Grand ko:한노 대왕 id:Hanno yang Agung it:Annone II il Grande he:חנו הגדול ka:ჰანო დიდი nl:Hanno de Grote ja:大ハンノ no:Hanno den store pl:Hannon Wielki ru:Ганнон Великий sk:Hanno Veľký sr:Ханон Велики sh:Hanon Veliki fi:Hanno Suuri uk:Ганнон ВеликийThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 53°20′26″N6°25′32″N |
|---|---|
| name | Al Stewart |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Alastair Ian Stewart |
| born | September 05, 1945 Glasgow, Scotland |
| origin | Wimborne, England |
| instrument | Vocals, guitar, keyboards |
| genre | Rock Folk rockPop Psychedelic Rock |
| occupation | Musician, Songwriter |
| years active | 1966–present |
| website | AlStewart.com |
| notable instruments | }} |
Al Stewart (born Alastair Ian Stewart, 5 September 1945) is a Scottish singer-songwriter and folk-rock musician.
Stewart came to stardom as part of the British folk revival in the 1960s and 1970s, and developed his own unique style of combining folk-rock songs with delicately woven tales of the great characters and events from history.
He is best known for his hit 1976 single "Year of the Cat", the title song from the platinum album ''Year of the Cat''.
Though ''Year of the Cat'' and its 1978 platinum follow-up ''Time Passages'' brought Stewart his biggest worldwide commercial successes, earlier albums such as ''Past, Present and Future'' from 1973 are often seen as better examples of his intimate brand of historical folk-rock - a style to which he has returned in recent albums.
Stewart was a key figure in a fertile era in British music and he appears throughout the musical folklore of the age. He played at the first ever Glastonbury Festival in 1970, knew Yoko Ono before she met John Lennon, shared a London apartment with a young Paul Simon, and hosted at the legendary Les Cousins folk club in London in the 1960s.
Stewart has released sixteen studio and three live albums since his debut album ''Bedsitter Images'' in 1967, and continues to tour extensively around the US and Canada, Europe and the UK. His latest release, is ''Uncorked'', which was released on his independent label, Wallaby Trails Recordings.
He has worked with Peter White, Alan Parsons, Jimmy Page, Richard Thompson, Rick Wakeman, Tori Amos and Tim Renwick and recently has played with Dave Nachmanoff and former Wings lead-guitarist Laurence Juber.
Early life
Though born in Glasgow, Al Stewart grew up in the town of Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England after moving from Scotland with his mother. He attended Wycliffe College school in Stonehouse, Gloucestershire, as a boarder. After that, as he sings in the song "Post World War II Blues" (from ''Past, Present and Future''): ''"I came up to London when I was 19 with a corduroy jacket and a head full of dreams."''Having bought his first guitar from future Police guitarist Andy Summers, Stewart traded in his electric guitar for an acoustic guitar when he was offered a weekly slot at Bunjies Coffee House in London's Soho in 1965. From there, he went on to compete at the Les Cousins folk club on Greek Street, where he played alongside Cat Stevens, Bert Jansch, Van Morrison, Roy Harper and Ralph McTell.
It was at this time that Stewart also met Yoko Ono, who persuaded him to part with the only £100 he had in the world to put towards her film entitled ''No 4'', a compilation of naked bottoms.
Career
Stewart's first record was the single "The Elf" (backed with a version of the Yardbirds' "Turn into Earth"), which was released in 1966 on Decca Records, and included guitar work from Jimmy Page (later of the Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin), the first of many leading guitarists Stewart worked with, including Richard Thompson, Tim Renwick and Peter White. Stewart then signed to Columbia Records (CBS in the UK), for whom he released six albums. Though the first four of these attracted relatively little commercial interest, Stewart's popularity and cult-following grew steadily through albums that contain some of Stewart's most incisive and introspective songwriting.
Early albums
Stewart's debut album ''Bed-Sitter Images'' was released on LP in 1967 (though technically his first recording was 'The Elf', an extract from Tolkien's 'Lord of the Rings' set to music and released by Decca in 1966 - it sold 496 copies!). A revised version appeared in 1970 as ''The First Album (Bed-Sitter Images)'' with a few tracks changed, and the album was reissued on CD in 2007 with all tracks from both versions.''Love Chronicles'' (1969) was notable for the 18-minute title track, an anguished autobiographical tale of sexual encounters that was the first mainstream record release ever to include the word "fucking". It was voted "Folk Album of the Year" by the UK music magazine ''Melody Maker'', and also features Jimmy Page on guitar.
His third album, ''Zero She Flies'' followed in 1970 and included a number of shorter songs which ranged from acoustic ballads and instrumentals to songs that featured electric lead guitar. These first three albums (including ''The Elf'') were later released as the two CD set ''To Whom it May Concern: 1966–70''.
In 1970, Stewart jumped into a car with fellow musician Ian Anderson and headed to the small town of Pilton, Somerset. There, at Michael Eavis's Worthy Farm, Stewart performed at the first ever Glastonbury festival to a field of 1,000 hippies who had paid just £1 each to be there.
On the back of his growing success, Stewart released ''Orange'' in 1972. It was written after a tumultuous break-up with his girlfriend and muse, Mandi, and was very much a transitional album, combining songs in Stewart's confessional style with more intimations of the historical themes that he would increasingly adopt (e.g. "The News from Spain", with its prog-rock overtones, including dramatic piano by Rick Wakeman).
The fifth release, ''Past, Present and Future'' (1973), was Stewart's first album to receive a proper release in the United States, via Janus Records. It echoed a traditional historical storytelling style and contained the song "Nostradamus," a long (9:43) track in which Stewart tied into the re-discovery of the claimed seer's writings by referring to selected possible predictions about twentieth century people and events. While too long for mainstream radio airplay at that time, the song became a hit on many U.S. college/university radio stations, which were flexible about running times.
Such airplay helped the album to reach #133 on the ''Billboard'' album chart in the US. Other songs on ''Past, Present and Future'' characterized by Stewart's 'history genre' mentioned American President Warren Harding, World War II, Ernst Röhm, Christine Keeler, Louis Mountbatten, and Joseph Stalin's purges.
Alan Parsons years
Stewart followed ''Past, Present and Future'' with ''Modern Times'' (1975), in which the songs were lighter on historical references and more of a return to the theme of short stories set to music. Significantly, though, it was the first of his albums to be produced by Alan Parsons, and Allmusic regards it as his best. It produced his first hit single, "Carol", and received substantial airplay on album oriented stations and reached #30 in the US, some 30 years before Bob Dylan would release an album of the same name.Stewart's contract with CBS Records expired at this point and he signed to RCA Records for the world outside North America. His first two albums for RCA, ''Year of the Cat'' (released on Janus in the U.S., then reissued by Arista Records after Janus folded) and ''Time Passages'' (released in the U.S. on Arista), set the style for his later work, and have certainly been his biggest-selling recordings.
As Stewart told Kaya Burgess of The Times: "When I finished ''Year of the Cat'', I thought: ‘If this isn’t a hit, then I can’t make a hit.’ We finally got the formula exactly right."
The most amazing fact about this album is that Stewart had all of the music and orchestration written and completely recorded before he even had a title of any of the songs. He mentioned, in a Canadian radio interview, that he has done this for 6 of his albums, and he often writes 4 different sets of lyrics for each song. The hit single ''Year of the Cat'' was originally going to be about a British comic who had committed suicide, but this was vetoed by his record company.
Both albums reached the top ten in the US, with "Year of the Cat" peaking at #5 and "Time Passages" at #10, and both albums produced hit singles in the US ("Year of the Cat" #8, and "On the Border", #42; "Time Passages" #7 and "Song On the Radio", #29). Meanwhile "Year of the Cat" became Stewart's first chart single in Britain, where it peaked at #31. The overwhelming success of these songs, both of which still receive substantial radio airplay on classic-rock/pop format radio stations, has perhaps later overshadowed the depth and range of Stewart's body of songwriting. Stewart himself has frequently expressed disappointment with the quality of his recordings during this era, commercial success notwithstanding.
1980s
Stewart then released ''24 Carrots'' (#37 US 1980) and his first live album ''Live/Indian Summer'' (#110 US 1981), which both featuring backing by Peter White's band Shot in the Dark (who released their own unsuccessful album in 1981). While "24 Carrots" did produce a #24 single with "Midnight Rocks," the album sold less well than its two immediate predecessors.After those releases, Stewart was dropped by Arista and his popularity declined. Despite his lower profile and waning commercial success, he continued to tour the world, record albums, and maintain a loyal fanbase. There was a four-year gap between his next two albums, the highly political ''Russians and Americans'' (1984) and the upbeat pop-oriented ''Last Days of the Century'' (1988), which appeared on smaller labels and had lower sales than his previous works.
1990s
Stewart followed up with his second live album, the acoustic ''Rhymes in Rooms'' (1992), which featured only himself and Peter White, and ''Famous Last Words'' (1993), which was dedicated to the memory of the late Peter Wood (who co-wrote "Year of the Cat"), who died the year of its release.Stewart followed these up with a concept album, with ''Between the Wars'' (1995), covering major historical and cultural events from 1918 to 1939, such as the Versailles Treaty, Prohibition, the Spanish Civil War, and the Great Depression.
In 1995, Stewart was invited to play at the 25th anniversary Glastonbury festival, taking to the same stage he had graced in 1970 at the first ever festival.
21st century
In 2000, Stewart released ''Down in the Cellar'', a concept album themed on wine. Stewart had begun a love-affair with wine in the 1970s when, he admitted, he had more money than he knew how to spend, and so turned to fine wines.In 2005 he released ''A Beach Full of Shells'', which was set in exotic places from First World War England to the 1950s rock'n'roll scene that influenced him.
In 2008, he released ''Sparks of Ancient Light'' produced, like his previous album, by Laurence Juber. Here he weaves tales of William McKinley, Lord Salisbury and Hanno the Navigator.
Stewart and guitarist Dave Nachmanoff released a live album, ''Uncorked (Live with Dave Nachmanoff)'' on Stewart's label, Wallaby Trails Recordings, in 2009.
Stewart and Nachmanoff played the Glastonbury Festival 40th anniversary in June 2010 on the Acoustic stage.
Stewart sang a duet with Albert Hammond of Hammond's "It Never Rains in Southern California" on Hammond's 2010 album "Legend."
In 2011, Stewart sang a duet with his guitarist and opening act Dave Nachmanoff on Nachmanoff's album "Step Up". The song, "Sheila Won't Be Coming Home", was co-written by Stewart and Nachmanoff.
Residence
Born in Scotland, raised in Dorset and gaining fame in London, Stewart moved to Los Angeles in the late 1970s. He married in the mid-1990s, and he, his wife and their two daughters moved to Marin County, California.
Use of historical and literary sources
Historical references
Stewart's historical work includes such subjects as:
Literary sources
"Sirens of Titan", from ''Modern Times'' is a musical precis of Kurt Vonnegut's novel of the same title.On occasion, Stewart has set poems to music, such as "My Enemies Have Sweet Voices" (lyrics by the poet Pete Morgan) on the 1970 album ''Zero She Flies''. During his 1999 UK tour, Stewart invited Morgan to read the lyrics as he performed this song in the Leeds City Varieties Theatre show of 7 November 1999.
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilations
Charted Singles
References
External links
Category:Scottish folk singers Category:Scottish male singers Category:Scottish rock singers Category:Scottish pop singers Category:Scottish singer-songwriters Category:People from Glasgow Category:People from Wimborne Minster Category:Scottish agnostics Category:British expatriates in the United States Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:Old Wycliffians
de:Al Stewart es:Al Stewart fr:Al Stewart it:Al Stewart he:אל סטיוארט nl:Al Stewart no:Al Stewart pt:Al Stewart fi:Al Stewart sv:Al Stewart uk:Ел СтюартThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 53°20′26″N6°25′32″N |
|---|---|
| birth date | June 16, 1978 |
| birth place | Barcelona, Spain |
| birthname | Daniel César Martín Brühl González Domingo |
| othername | Slim |
| occupation | Actor |
| yearsactive | 1995–present |
| homepage | }} |
Personal life
Brühl was born in Arenys de Munt, Catalonia, Spain. His father was the late German stage director Hanno Brühl and his mother was a Spanish (Catalan) professor. He also has a brother and a sister. Shortly after his birth his family moved to Cologne, Germany, where he grew up and attended the Dreikönigsgymnasium. Brought up in a fully multilingual home, he speaks Spanish, German, Catalan, French and English. In 2006, Brühl separated from his long-time girlfriend, actress Jessica Schwarz, to whom he was engaged.
Career
Brühl began acting at a young age and made his first steps in 1995 as street kid Benji in the soap opera ''Verbotene Liebe (Forbidden Love)''. His international breakthrough role came in 2003 as Alex Kerner in the Golden Globe-nominated film ''Good Bye Lenin!'', which reached an estimated six million cinema-goers worldwide. In 2003, Brühl won the European Film Academy award trophies for Best Actor (Critics/Audience Awards) for the role. Brühl made his English-speaking film debut in 2004's ''Ladies in Lavender'', starring alongside British acting legends Judi Dench and Maggie Smith. The same year, he won the People's Choice trophy for Best Actor for the film ''Love in Thoughts'' while at the same time, he was nominated for Best Actor (critics) for ''The Edukators''. Brühl featured as Lieutenant Horstmayer, a central character in the 2005 film ''Joyeux Noël'', a trilingual World War One film based on the experiences of French, German and British (Scottish) soldiers during the Christmas truce of 1914. The film shows Brühl's linguistic ability as he ably communicates in German, French and English throughout.In 2006, he was invited as one of the short film and Cinéfondation juries in the Cannes Film Festival. In June 2006, he made a cameo appearance in ''Two Days in Paris'', a romantic comedy film which was directed by French actress Julie Delpy. In September 2006 his Cannes-nominated film ''Salvador (Puig Antich)'' premiered in Spain. In the film he played Salvador Puig Antich, a Catalan anarchist executed during the Franco era. In 2007 he appeared in a small role in the film ''The Bourne Ultimatum.'' He was in ''Krabat'', based on a popular German children's story, which premiered in German cinemas in October 2008.
He was introduced to mainstream American audiences in the role of Frederik Zoller, a German war hero in Quentin Tarantino's ''Inglourious Basterds,'' starring Brad Pitt, which premiered at Cannes 2009. He and his co-stars won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. In 2009, he also starred in Julie Delpy's third directorial film ''''.
Brühl's forthcoming projects include the British-Russian production ''In Transit'' where he will be playing a young Nazi soldier opposite John Malkovich. In May 2009 Brühl decided to become active in a different field of filmmaking by launching the production company Fouronfilm together with Film1. Brühl will co-star with Clive Owen in the horror thriller ''Intruders'', which is directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo.
Awards
''Bavarian Film Awards'' (2002) — Best Young Actor for and ''German Film Awards'' (2002) — Best Actor (Film Award in Gold) for , and
Nominations
Filmography
| ! Year | ! Film | ! Role | ! Other notes | |
| rowspan="3" | ||||
| ''Schule'' aka ''No More School'' | Markus | |||
| ''Deeply'' | Jay | |||
| rowspan="2" | Daniel | |||
| ''Das Weisse Rauschen'' aka ''The White Sound'' | Lukas | |||
| rowspan="2" | Arbo | |||
| ''Elefantenherz'' | Marko | |||
| ''Good Bye Lenin!'' | Alex | aka ''[[Love in Thoughts">European_Film_Awards#Best_European_Actor | ||
| rowspan="4" | aka ''[[Love in Thoughts'' | Paul | ||
| ''Ladies in Lavender'' | Andrea | |||
| ''Farland'' | Frank | |||
| aka ''The Edukators'' | Jan | |||
| Hortsmayer | ||||
| rowspan="3" | Chris | |||
| ''Salvador (Puig Antich)'' | Salvador Puig Antich | Nominated – Goya Award for Best Actor | ||
| aka ''A Friend of Mine'' | Karl | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''2 Days in Paris'' | Lukas | ||
| Martin Kreutz | ||||
| rowspan="3" | ''In Tranzit'' | Klaus | ||
| Tonda | ||||
| ''A Tram in SP'' | Marcos | |||
| rowspan="4" | ||||
| Istvan Thurzo | ||||
| ''Inglourious Basterds'' | Fredrick Zoller | Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureBroadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast | ||
| ''Lila, Lila'' | David Kern | |||
| rowspan="2" | Rupert | |||
| ''Die kommenden Tage'' | Hans Krämer | |||
| rowspan="5" | Alex | |||
| ''Der ganz große Traum'' | Konrad Koch | |||
| Dirk | ||||
| ''Los Pelayos'' | Iván | |||
References
External links
Category:1978 births Category:European Film Awards winners (people) Category:German film actors Category:German people of Spanish descent Category:Living people Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Actors from Barcelona
an:Daniel Brühl ca:Daniel Brühl da:Daniel Brühl de:Daniel Brühl et:Daniel Brühl es:Daniel Brühl eu:Daniel Brühl fr:Daniel Brühl gl:Daniel Brühl id:Daniel Brühl it:Daniel Brühl he:דניאל בריהל nl:Daniel Brühl ja:ダニエル・ブリュール no:Daniel Brühl pl:Daniel Brühl pt:Daniel Brühl ru:Брюль, Даниэль sr:Данијел Брил fi:Daniel Brühl sv:Daniel Brühl tr:Daniel Brühl zh:丹尼爾·布爾This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 53°20′26″N6°25′32″N |
|---|---|
| name | Carl Sagan |
| birth date | November 09, 1934 |
| birth place | Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. |
| residence | United States |
| nationality | American |
| death date | December 20, 1996 |
| death place | Seattle, Washington, U.S. |
| death cause | Pneumonia |
| education | Rahway High School |
| alma mater | University of Chicago,Cornell University |
| field | Astronomy, Astrophysics, Cosmology, Astrobiology, Space science, Planetary science |
| work institutions | Cornell UniversityHarvard UniversitySmithsonian Astrophysical ObservatoryUniversity of California, Berkeley |
| alma mater | University of Chicago(B.A.), (B.Sc.), (M.Sc.), (Ph.D.) |
| known for | Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI)''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage''''Cosmos''Voyager Golden RecordPioneer plaque''Contact''''Pale Blue Dot'' |
| prizes | Oersted Medal (1990)NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal (twice)Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction (1978)National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare Medal (1994) }} |
Carl Edward Sagan () (November 9, 1934 December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, astrophysicist, cosmologist, author, science popularizer, and science communicator in the space and natural sciences. During his lifetime, he published more than 600 scientific papers and popular articles and was author, co-author, or editor of more than 20 books. In his works, he advocated skeptical inquiry and the scientific method. He pioneered exobiology and promoted the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI).
Sagan became world-famous for his popular science books and for the award-winning 1980 television series ''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage'', which he narrated and co-wrote. A book to accompany the program was also published. Sagan also wrote the novel ''Contact'', the basis for the 1997 film of the same name.
Early life
Carl Sagan was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to a Ukrainian Jewish family. His father, Sam Sagan, was an immigrant garment worker from Kamenets-Podolsk, Ukraine; his mother, Rachel Molly Gruber, a housewife. Carl was named in honor of Rachel's biological mother, Chaiya Clara, in Sagan's words, "the mother she never knew." Sagan graduated from Rahway High School in Rahway, New Jersey, in 1951.He had one sister, Carol, and the family lived in a modest apartment near the Atlantic Ocean, in Bensonhurst, a Brooklyn neighborhood. According to Sagan, they were Reform Jews, the most liberal of the three main Jewish groups. Both Sagan and his sister agree that their father was not especially religious, but that their mother "definitely believed in God, and was active in the temple ... and served only Kosher meat." During the height of the Depression, his father had to accept a job as a theater usher.
According to biographer Keay Davidson, Sagan's "inner war" was a result of his close relations with both his parents, who were in many ways "opposites." Sagan traced his later analytical urges to his mother, a woman who had known "extreme poverty as a child," and had grown up almost homeless in New York City during World War I and the 1920s. She had her own intellectual ambitions as a young woman, but they were blocked by social restrictions, because of her poverty, her being a woman and wife, and her Jewish religion. Davidson notes that she therefore "worshiped her only son, Carl. He would fulfill her unfulfilled dreams."
However, his "sense of wonder" came from his father, who was a "quiet and soft-hearted escapee from the Czar." In his free time, he gave apples to the poor, or helped soothe labor-management tensions within New York's "tumultuous" garment industry. Although he was "awed" by Carl's "brilliance, his boyish chatter about stars and dinosaurs," he took his son's inquisitiveness in stride, as part of his growing up. In his later years as a writer and scientist, Sagan would often draw on his childhood memories to illustrate scientific points, as he did in his book, ''Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors''. Sagan describes his parents' influence on his later thinking:
:''My parents were not scientists. They knew almost nothing about science. But in introducing me simultaneously to skepticism and to wonder, they taught me the two uneasily cohabiting modes of thought that are central to the scientific method.''
1939 World's Fair
Sagan recalls that one of his best experiences was when he was four or five years old, his parents took him to the 1939 New York World's Fair. The exhibits became a turning point in his life. He later recalled the moving map of the "America of Tomorrow" exhibit: "It showed beautiful highways and cloverleaves and little General Motors cars all carrying people to skyscrapers, buildings with lovely spires, flying buttresses — and it looked great!" At other exhibits, he remembered how a flashlight that shined on a photoelectric cell created a cracking sound, and how the sound from a tuning fork became a wave on an oscilloscope. He also witnessed the future media technology that would replace radio: television. Sagan wrote::''Plainly, the world held wonders of a kind I had never guessed. How could a tone become a picture and light become a noise?''
He also saw one of the Fair's most publicized events, the burial of a time capsule at Flushing Meadows, which contained mementos of the 1930s to be recovered by Earth's descendants in a future millennium. "The time capsule thrilled Carl," writes Davidson. As an adult, Sagan and his colleagues created similar time capsules, but ones that would be sent out into the galaxy. These were the Pioneer plaque and the ''Voyager Golden Record'' records, all of which were spinoffs of Sagan's memories of the World Fair.
World War II
During World War II, Sagan's family worried about the fate of their European relatives. Sagan, however, was generally unaware of the details of the ongoing war. He writes, "Sure, we had relatives who were caught up in the Holocaust. Hitler was not a popular fellow in our household ... But on the other hand, I was fairly insulated from the horrors of the war." His sister, Carol, said that their mother "above all wanted to protect Carl ... She had an extraordinarily difficult time dealing with World War II and the Holocaust." Sagan's book, ''The Demon-Haunted World'' (1996), included his memories of this conflicted period in his life, where his family dealt with the realities of the war in Europe, but tried to prevent it from undermining his optimistic spirit.
Inquisitiveness about nature
Soon after entering elementary school, he began to express a strong inquisitiveness about nature. Sagan recalled taking his first trips to the public library alone, at the age of five, when his mother got him a library card. He wanted to learn what stars were, since none of his friends or their parents could give him a clear answer: :''I went to the librarian and asked for a book about stars ... And the answer was stunning. It was that the Sun was a star but really close. The stars were suns, but so far away they were just little points of light ... The scale of the universe suddenly opened up to me. It was a kind of religious experience. There was a magnificence to it, a grandeur, a scale which has never left me. Never ever left me.''About the time he was six or seven, he and a close friend took trips to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. While there, they went to the Hayden Planetarium and walked around the museum's exhibits of space objects, such as meteorites, and displays of dinosaurs and animals in natural settings. Sagan writes about those visits: :''I was transfixed by the dioramas — lifelike representations of animals and their habitats all over the world. Penguins on the dimly lit Antarctic ice; ... a family of gorillas, the male beating his chest, ... an American grizzly bear standing on his hind legs, ten or twelve feet tall, and staring me right in the eye.''
His parents helped nurture his growing interest in science by buying him chemistry sets and reading materials. His interest in space, however, was his primary focus, especially after reading science fiction stories by writers such as Edgar Rice Burroughs, which stirred his imagination about life on other planets, such as Mars. According to biographer Ray Spangenburg, these early years as Sagan tried to understand the mysteries of the planets, became a "driving force in his life, a continual spark to his intellect, and a quest that would never be forgotten."
Education and scientific career
He attended the University of Chicago, where he participated in the Ryerson Astronomical Society, received a bachelor of arts with general and special honors in 1954, a bachelor of science in 1955, and a master of science in physics in 1956 before earning a PhD in astronomy and astrophysics in 1960. During his time as an undergraduate, Sagan worked in the laboratory of the geneticist H. J. Muller. From 1960 to 1962 Sagan was a Miller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. From 1962 to 1968, he worked at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Sagan lectured and did research at Harvard University until 1968, when he moved to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. He became a full Professor at Cornell in 1971, and he directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies there. From 1972 to 1981, Sagan was the Associate Director of the Center for Radio Physics and Space Research at Cornell.
Sagan was associated with the American space program from its inception. From the 1950s onward, he worked as an advisor to NASA, where one of his duties included briefing the Apollo astronauts before their flights to the Moon. Sagan contributed to many of the robotic spacecraft missions that explored the solar system, arranging experiments on many of the expeditions. He conceived the idea of adding an unalterable and universal message on spacecraft destined to leave the solar system that could potentially be understood by any extraterrestrial intelligence that might find it. Sagan assembled the first physical message that was sent into space: a gold-anodized plaque, attached to the space probe Pioneer 10, launched in 1972. Pioneer 11, also carrying another copy of the plaque, was launched the following year. He continued to refine his designs; the most elaborate message he helped to develop and assemble was the Voyager Golden Record that was sent out with the Voyager space probes in 1977. Sagan often challenged the decisions to fund the Space Shuttle and Space Station at the expense of further robotic missions.
Sagan taught a course on critical thinking at Cornell University until he died in 1996 from pneumonia, a few months after finding that he was in remission of myelodysplastic syndrome.
Scientific achievements
Sagan's contributions were central to the discovery of the high surface temperatures of the planet Venus. In the early 1960s no one knew for certain the basic conditions of that planet's surface, and Sagan listed the possibilities in a report later depicted for popularization in a Time-Life book, ''Planets''. His own view was that Venus was dry and very hot as opposed to the balmy paradise others had imagined. He had investigated radio emissions from Venus and concluded that there was a surface temperature of . As a visiting scientist to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, he contributed to the first Mariner missions to Venus, working on the design and management of the project. Mariner 2 confirmed his conclusions on the surface conditions of Venus in 1962.Sagan was among the first to hypothesize that Saturn's moon Titan might possess oceans of liquid compounds on its surface and that Jupiter's moon Europa might possess subsurface oceans of water. This would make Europa potentially habitable for life. Europa's subsurface ocean of water was later indirectly confirmed by the spacecraft Galileo. Sagan also helped solve the mystery of the reddish haze seen on Titan, revealing that it is composed of complex organic molecules constantly raining down onto the moon's surface.
He further contributed insights regarding the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter as well as seasonal changes on Mars. Sagan established that the atmosphere of Venus is extremely hot and dense with pressures increasing steadily all the way down to the surface. He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect. Sagan and his Cornell colleague Edwin Ernest Salpeter speculated about life in Jupiter's clouds, given the planet's dense atmospheric composition rich in organic molecules. He studied the observed color variations on Mars' surface and concluded that they were not seasonal or vegetational changes as most believed but shifts in surface dust caused by windstorms.
Sagan is best known, however, for his research on the possibilities of extraterrestrial life, including experimental demonstration of the production of amino acids from basic chemicals by radiation.
He is also the 1994 recipient of the Public Welfare Medal, the highest award of the National Academy of Sciences for "distinguished contributions in the application of science to the public welfare." He was denied membership in the Academy, reportedly because his media activities made him unpopular with many other scientists.
Sagan's ability to convey his ideas allowed many people to better understand the cosmos — simultaneously emphasizing the value and worthiness of the human race, and the relative insignificance of the Earth in comparison to the universe. He delivered the 1977 series of Royal Institution Christmas Lectures in London. He hosted and, with Ann Druyan, co-wrote and co-produced the highly popular thirteen-part PBS television series ''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage'' modeled on Jacob Bronowski's ''The Ascent of Man''.
Sagan was a proponent of the search for extraterrestrial life. He urged the scientific community to listen with radio telescopes for signals from intelligent extraterrestrial life-forms. So persuasive was he that by 1982 he was able to get a petition advocating SETI published in the journal ''Science'' and signed by 70 scientists including seven Nobel Prize winners. This was a tremendous turnaround in the respectability of this controversial field. Sagan also helped Dr. Frank Drake write the Arecibo message, a radio message beamed into space from the Arecibo radio telescope on November 16, 1974, aimed at informing extraterrestrials about Earth.
Sagan was chief technology officer of the professional planetary research journal ''Icarus'' for twelve years. He co-founded the ''Planetary Society'', the largest space-interest group in the world, with over 100,000 members in more than 149 countries, and was a member of the SETI Institute Board of Trustees. Sagan served as Chairman of the Division for Planetary Science of the American Astronomical Society, as President of the Planetology Section of the American Geophysical Union, and as Chairman of the Astronomy Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
At the height of the Cold War, Sagan became involved in public awareness efforts for the effects of nuclear war when a mathematical climate model suggested that a substantial nuclear exchange could upset the delicate balance of life on Earth. He was one of five authors — the "S" of the "TTAPS" report as the research paper came to be known. He eventually co-authored the scientific paper hypothesizing a global nuclear winter following nuclear war. He also co-authored the book ''A Path Where No Man Thought: Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race'', a comprehensive examination of the phenomenon of nuclear winter.
''Cosmos'' covered a wide range of scientific subjects including the origin of life and a perspective of our place in the universe. The series was first broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service in 1980, winning an Emmy and a Peabody Award. It has been broadcast in more than 60 countries and seen by over 500 million people, making it the most widely watched PBS program in history. In addition, ''Time'' magazine ran a cover story about Sagan soon after the show broadcast, referring to him as "creator, chief writer and host-narrator of the new public television series Cosmos, [and] takes the controls of his fantasy spaceship."
Sagan also wrote books to popularize science, such as ''Cosmos'', which reflected and expanded upon some of the themes of ''A Personal Voyage'', and became the best-selling science book ever published in English; ''The Dragons of Eden: Speculations on the Evolution of Human Intelligence'', which won a Pulitzer Prize; and ''Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science''. Sagan also wrote the best-selling science fiction novel ''Contact'' in 1985, based on a film treatment he wrote with his wife in 1979, but he did not live to see the book's 1997 motion picture adaptation, which starred Jodie Foster and won the 1998 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Adaption.
thumb|left|Pale Blue Dot: Earth is a bright pixel when photographed from "Voyager 1" six billion kilometers out (past Pluto). Sagan encouraged NASA to generate this image. He wrote a sequel to ''Cosmos,'' ''Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space'', which was selected as a notable book of 1995 by ''The New York Times''. He appeared on PBS' Charlie Rose program in January 1995. Sagan also wrote an introduction for the bestselling book by Stephen Hawking, ''A Brief History of Time''. Sagan was also known for his popularization of science, his efforts to increase scientific understanding among the general public, and his positions in favor of scientific skepticism and against pseudoscience, such as his debunking of the Betty and Barney Hill abduction. To mark the tenth anniversary of Sagan's passing, David Morrison, a former student of Sagan, recalled "Sagan's immense contributions to planetary research, the public understanding of science, and the skeptical movement" in ''Skeptical Inquirer''.
Sagan hypothesized in January 1991 that enough smoke from the 1991 Kuwaiti oil fires "might get so high as to disrupt agriculture in much of South Asia ..." He later conceded in ''The Demon-Haunted World'' that this prediction did not turn out to be correct: "it ''was'' pitch black at noon and temperatures dropped 4°–6°C over the Persian Gulf, but not much smoke reached stratospheric altitudes and Asia was spared." A 2007 study noted that modern computer models have been applied to the Kuwait oil fires, finding that individual smoke plumes are not able to loft smoke into the stratosphere, but that smoke from fires covering a large area, like some forest fires or the burning of cities that would be expected to follow a nuclear strike, would loft significant amounts of smoke into the stratosphere.
In his later years Sagan advocated the creation of an organized search for near Earth objects that might impact the Earth. When others suggested creating large nuclear bombs that could be used to alter the orbit of a NEO that was predicted to hit the Earth, Sagan proposed the Deflection Dilemma: If we create the ability to deflect an asteroid away from the Earth, then we also create the ability to deflect an asteroid towards the Earth — providing an evil power with a true doomsday bomb.
Billions and billions
From ''Cosmos'' and his frequent appearances on ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'', Sagan became associated with the catchphrase "billions and billions". Sagan stated that he never actually used the phrase in the ''Cosmos'' series. The closest that he ever came was in the book ''Cosmos'', where he talked of "billions ''upon'' billions": }}
However, his frequent use of the word ''billions'', and distinctive delivery emphasizing the "b" (which he did intentionally, in place of more cumbersome alternatives such as "billions with a 'b'", in order to distinguish the word from "millions" in viewers' minds), made him a favorite target of comic performers, including Johnny Carson, Gary Kroeger, Mike Myers, Bronson Pinchot, Penn Jillette, Harry Shearer, and others. Frank Zappa satirized the line in the song "Be In My Video", noting as well "atomic light". Sagan took this all in good humor, and his final book was entitled ''Billions and Billions'' which opened with a tongue-in-cheek discussion of this catchphrase, observing that Carson himself was an amateur astronomer and that Carson's comic caricature often included real science.
The popular perception of his characterization of large cosmic quantities continued to be a sense of wonderment at the vastness of space and time, as in his phrase "The total number of stars in the Universe is larger than all the grains of sand on all the beaches of the planet Earth." However, this famous saying was widely misunderstood, as he was in fact referring to the world being at a "critical branch point in history" as in the following quote from ''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage'', Episode 8: "Journeys in Space and Time":
"Those worlds in space are as countless as all the grains of sand on all the beaches of the earth. Each of those worlds is as real as ours and every one of them is a succession of incidents, events, occurrences which influence its future. Countless worlds, numberless moments, an immensity of space and time. And our small planet at this moment, here we face a critical branch point in history: what we do with our world, right now, will propagate down through the centuries and powerfully affect the destiny of our descendants. It is well within our power to destroy our civilization and perhaps our species as well."
Sagan units
As a humorous tribute to him, a ''sagan'' has been defined as a unit of measurement equal to at least four billion, since the lower bound of a number conforming to the constraint of ''billions and billions'' must be two billion plus two billion.
Social concerns
Sagan believed that the Drake equation, on substitution of reasonable estimates, suggested that a large number of extraterrestrial civilizations would form, but that the lack of evidence of such civilizations highlighted by the Fermi paradox suggests technological civilizations tend to destroy themselves rather quickly. This stimulated his interest in identifying and publicizing ways that humanity could destroy itself, with the hope of avoiding such a cataclysm and eventually becoming a spacefaring species. Sagan's deep concern regarding the potential destruction of human civilization in a nuclear holocaust was conveyed in a memorable cinematic sequence in the final episode of ''Cosmos'', called "Who Speaks for Earth?" Sagan had already resigned from the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board and voluntarily surrendered his top secret clearance in protest over the Vietnam War. Following his marriage to his third wife (novelist Ann Druyan) in June 1981, Sagan became more politically active — particularly in opposing escalation of the nuclear arms race under President Ronald Reagan.In March 1983, Reagan announced the Strategic Defense Initiative — a multi-billion dollar project to develop a comprehensive defense against attack by nuclear missiles, which was quickly dubbed the "Star Wars" program. Sagan spoke out against the project, arguing that it was technically impossible to develop a system with the level of perfection required, and far more expensive to build than for an enemy to defeat through decoys and other means — and that its construction would seriously destabilize the nuclear balance between the United States and the Soviet Union, making further progress toward nuclear disarmament impossible.
When Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev declared a unilateral moratorium on the testing of nuclear weapons, which would begin on August 6, 1985 — the 40th anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima — the Reagan administration dismissed the dramatic move as nothing more than propaganda, and refused to follow suit. In response, American anti-nuclear and peace activists staged a series of protest actions at the Nevada Test Site, beginning on Easter Sunday in 1986 and continuing through 1987. Hundreds of people were arrested, including Sagan, who was arrested on two separate occasions as he climbed over a chain-link fence at the test site.
Personal life and beliefs
Sagan was married three times — in 1957, to biologist Lynn Margulis, mother of Dorion Sagan and Jeremy Sagan; in 1968, to artist Linda Salzman, mother of Nick Sagan; and in 1981, to author Ann Druyan, mother of Alexandra Rachel (Sasha) Sagan and Samuel Democritus Sagan. His marriage to Druyan continued until his death in 1996.Isaac Asimov described Sagan as one of only two people he ever met whose intellect surpassed his own. The other, he claimed, was the computer scientist and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky.
Sagan wrote frequently about religion and the relationship between religion and science, expressing his skepticism about the conventional conceptualization of God as a sapient being. For example:
Some people think God is an outsized, light-skinned male with a long white beard, sitting on a throne somewhere up there in the sky, busily tallying the fall of every sparrow. Others — for example Baruch Spinoza and Albert Einstein — considered God to be essentially the sum total of the physical laws which describe the universe. I do not know of any compelling evidence for anthropomorphic patriarchs controlling human destiny from some hidden celestial vantage point, but it would be madness to deny the existence of physical laws.
In another description of his view of God, Sagan emphatically writes:
The idea that God is an oversized white male with a flowing beard who sits in the sky and tallies the fall of every sparrow is ludicrous. But if by God one means the set of physical laws that govern the universe, then clearly there is such a God. This God is emotionally unsatisfying... it does not make much sense to pray to the law of gravity.
Despite his criticism of religion, Sagan denied that he was an atheist, saying "An atheist has to know a lot more than I know. An atheist is someone who knows there is no god. By some definitions atheism is very stupid." In reply to a question in 1996 about his religious beliefs, Sagan answered, "I'm agnostic." Sagan maintained that the idea of a creator of the universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could challenge it would be an infinitely old universe. According to his last wife, Ann Druyan, he was not a believer: }}
In 2006, Ann Druyan edited Sagan's 1985 Glasgow ''Gifford Lectures in Natural Theology'' into a book, ''The Varieties of Scientific Experience: A Personal View of the Search for God'', in which he elaborates on his views of divinity in the natural world. Sagan is also widely regarded as a freethinker or skeptic; one of his most famous quotations, in ''Cosmos'', was, "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" (called the "Sagan Standard" by some). This was based on a nearly identical statement by fellow founder of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, Marcello Truzzi, "An extraordinary claim requires extraordinary proof." This idea originated with Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827), a French mathematician and astronomer who said, "The weight of evidence for an extraordinary claim must be proportioned to its strangeness."
Late in his life, Sagan's books elaborated on his skeptical, naturalistic view of the world. In ''The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark'', he presented tools for testing arguments and detecting fallacious or fraudulent ones, essentially advocating wide use of critical thinking and the scientific method. The compilation ''Billions and Billions: Thoughts on Life and Death at the Brink of the Millennium'', published in 1997 after Sagan's death, contains essays written by Sagan, such as his views on abortion, and his widow Ann Druyan's account of his death as a skeptic, agnostic, and freethinker.
Sagan warned against humans' tendency towards anthropocentrism. He was the faculty adviser for the Cornell Students for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In the ''Cosmos'' chapter "Blues For a Red Planet", Sagan wrote, "If there is life on Mars, I believe we should do nothing with Mars. Mars then belongs to the Martians, even if the Martians are only microbes."
Sagan was a user and advocate of marijuana. Under the pseudonym "Mr. X", he contributed an essay about smoking cannabis to the 1971 book ''Marihuana Reconsidered''. The essay explained that marijuana use had helped to inspire some of Sagan's works and enhance sensual and intellectual experiences. After Sagan's death, his friend Lester Grinspoon disclosed this information to Sagan's biographer, Keay Davidson. The publishing of the biography, ''Carl Sagan: A Life'', in 1999 brought media attention to this aspect of Sagan's life. Not long after his death, widow Ann Druyan had gone on to preside over the board of directors of NORML, a foundation dedicated to reforming cannabis laws.
In 1994, engineers at Apple Computer code-named the Power Macintosh 7100 "Carl Sagan" in the hope that Apple would make "billions and billions" with the sale of the PowerMac 7100. The name was only used internally, but Sagan was concerned that it would become a product endorsement and sent Apple a cease and desist letter. Apple complied, but engineers retaliated by changing the internal codename to "BHA" for "Butt-Head Astronomer". Sagan then sued Apple for libel, a form of defamation, in federal court. The court granted Apple's motion to dismiss Sagan's claims and opined in dicta that a reader aware of the context would understand Apple was "clearly attempting to retaliate in a humorous and satirical way", and that "It strains reason to conclude that Defendant was attempting to criticize Plaintiff's reputation or competency as an astronomer. One does not seriously attack the expertise of a scientist using the undefined phrase 'butt-head'." Sagan then sued for Apple's original use of his name and likeness, but again lost. Sagan appealed the ruling. In November 1995, an out of court settlement was reached and Apple's office of trademarks and patents released a conciliatory statement that "Apple has always had great respect for Dr. Sagan. It was never Apple's intention to cause Dr. Sagan or his family any embarrassment or concern."
Sagan briefly served as an adviser on Stanley Kubrick's film ''2001: A Space Odyssey''. Sagan proposed that the film would suggest, rather than depict, extraterrestrial superintelligence.
Sagan and UFOs
Sagan had some interest in UFO reports from at least 1964 when he had several conversations on the subject with Jacques Vallee. Though quite skeptical of any extraordinary answer to the UFO question, Sagan thought scientists should study the phenomenon, at least because there was widespread public interest in UFO reports.Stuart Appelle notes that Sagan "wrote frequently on what he perceived as the logical and empirical fallacies regarding UFOs and the abduction experience. Sagan rejected an extraterrestrial explanation for the phenomenon but felt there were both empirical and pedagogical benefits for examining UFO reports and that the subject was, therefore, a legitimate topic of study."
In 1966, Sagan was a member of the Ad Hoc Committee to Review Project Blue Book, the U.S. Air Force's UFO investigation project. The committee concluded Blue Book had been lacking as a scientific study, and recommended a university-based project to give the UFO phenomenon closer scientific scrutiny. The result was the Condon Committee (1966–1968), led by physicist Edward Condon, and in their final report they formally concluded that UFOs, regardless of what any of them actually were, did not behave in a manner consistent with a threat to national security.
Ron Westrum writes that "The high point of Sagan's treatment of the UFO question was the AAAS's symposium in 1969. A wide range of educated opinions on the subject were offered by participants, including not only proponents such as James McDonald and J. Allen Hynek but also skeptics like astronomers William Hartmann and Donald Menzel. The roster of speakers was balanced, and it is to Sagan's credit that this event was presented in spite of pressure from Edward Condon". With physicist Thornton Page, Sagan edited the lectures and discussions given at the symposium; these were published in 1972 as ''UFOs: A Scientific Debate''. Some of Sagan's many books examine UFOs (as did one episode of ''Cosmos'') and he claimed a religious undercurrent to the phenomenon.
Sagan again revealed his views on interstellar travel in his 1980 ''Cosmos'' series. In one of his last written works, Sagan argued that the chances of extraterrestrial spacecraft visiting Earth are vanishingly small. However, Sagan did think it plausible that Cold War concerns contributed to governments misleading their citizens about UFOs, and that "some UFO reports and analyses, and perhaps voluminous files, have been made inaccessible to the public which pays the bills ... It's time for the files to be declassified and made generally available." He cautioned against jumping to conclusions about suppressed UFO data and stressed that there was no strong evidence that aliens were visiting the Earth either in the past or present.
Death
After a long and difficult fight with myelodysplasia, which included three bone marrow transplants, Sagan died of pneumonia at the age of 62 at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington, on December 20, 1996. He was buried at Lakeview Cemetery in Ithaca, New York.
Posthumous recognition
The 1997 movie ''Contact'', based on Sagan's novel of the same name and finished after his death, ends with the dedication "For Carl".In 1997, the Sagan Planet Walk was opened in Ithaca New York. It is a walking scale model of the solar system, extending 1.2 km from the center of The Commons in downtown Ithaca, NY, to the Sciencenter, a hands-on museum. The exhibition was created in memory of Carl Sagan, who was an Ithaca resident and Cornell Professor. Professor Sagan had been a founding member of the museum's advisory board.
The landing site of the unmanned Mars Pathfinder spacecraft was renamed the ''Carl Sagan Memorial Station'' on July 5, 1997.
Sagan's son, Nick Sagan, wrote several episodes in the ''Star Trek'' franchise. In an episode of ''Star Trek: Enterprise'' entitled "Terra Prime", a quick shot is shown of the relic rover Sojourner, part of the Mars Pathfinder mission, placed by a historical marker at Carl Sagan Memorial Station on the Martian surface. The marker displays a quote from Sagan: "Whatever the reason you're on Mars, I'm glad you're there, and I wish I was with you." Sagan's student Steve Squyres led the team that landed the Spirit Rover and Opportunity Rover successfully on Mars in 2004.
Asteroid 2709 Sagan is also named in his honor.
On November 9, 2001, on what would have been Sagan's 67th birthday, the NASA Ames Research Center dedicated the site for the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Cosmos. "Carl was an incredible visionary, and now his legacy can be preserved and advanced by a 21st century research and education laboratory committed to enhancing our understanding of life in the universe and furthering the cause of space exploration for all time", said NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin. Ann Druyan was at the Center as it opened its doors on October 22, 2006.
Sagan has at least three awards named in his honor:
On December 20, 2006, the tenth anniversary of Sagan's death, a blogger, Joel Schlosberg, organized a Carl Sagan "blog-a-thon" to commemorate Sagan's death, and the idea was supported by Nick Sagan. Many members of the blogging community participated.
August 2007 the Independent Investigative Group IIG awarded Sagan posthumously a Lifetime Achievement Award. This honor has also been awarded to Harry Houdini and James Randi.
In 2008, Benn Jordan, also known as "The Flashbulb", released the album ''Pale Blue Dot: A Tribute to Carl Sagan''.
In 2009, clips from Carl Sagan's ''Cosmos'' were used as the basis for ''A Glorious Dawn'', the first video produced for the Symphony of Science, an educational music video production by composer John Boswell. Musician Jack White later released this song as a vinyl single under his record label Third Man Records. Additional clips were used in several followup videos which featured Sagan alongside other noted scientists and proponents of rational thinking, such as Richard Dawkins, Richard Feynman, Brian Greene, Lawrence M. Krauss, Bill Nye, and Neil deGrasse Tyson.
In 2010, the 76th anniversary of Carl Sagan's birth, the second "Carl Sagan Day" was celebrated on November 6.
Awards and honors
Publications
References
Further reading
External links
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