A ''Yogi'' is a male practitioner of Yoga. The word is also used to refer to ascetic practitioners of meditation in a number of South Asian Religions including Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism.

Etymology

Yogi (Sanskrit: masc '''', योगी ; fem '''') originally referred in the Classical Sanskrit of the Puranas specifically to a male practitioner of Yoga. In the same literature ''yoginī'' is the term used for female practitioners as well as divine goddesses and enlightened mothers, all revered as aspects of the Divine Mother Devi, without whom there would be no yogis. The two terms are still used today but the word ''Yogi'' is also generically used to refer to both male and female practitioners of yoga and related meditative practices in Buddhism, Jainism, Taoism etc.

Hinduism

In Hinduism the term refers to an adherent of Yoga. As an Urdu term, ''yogī'' (Nastaliq یوگی) is mostly used to refer to wandering Sufi saints and ascetics. The word is also often used in the Buddhist context to describe Buddhist monks or a householder devoted to meditation. The Shiva Samhitadefines the yogi Kanabar as someone who knows that the entire cosmos is situated within his own body, and the ''Yoga-Shikha-Upanishad'' text distinguishes two kinds of yogis: those who pierce through the "sun" (surya) by means of the various yogic techniques and those who access the door of the central conduit (sushumna-nadi) and drink the nectar.

As to what this nectar is, all meditation lineages do focus on self-mastery of essence, both spiritual and sexual. The Yoga-Bhashya, the oldest extant commentary on the Yoga-Sutra offers the following fourfold classification of yogis:

1. neophyte/beginner (prathama-kalpika) 2. one who has reached the "honeyed level" (madhu-bhumika) 3. the advanced practitioner who enjoys enlightenment (prajna-jyotis) and, 4. the transcender (atikranta-bhavaniya).

In light of the above, many self-described western yogis or certified yoga teachers may in fact be only in the basic stages of development, having an irregular personal practice, along with compulsive discharge of sexual essence. Traditionally, yogic training involved deferring the tantric practices of sexual yoga/marriage until such time that sexual self-mastery had been established, whereupon sexual union is considered to be the ultimate yoga of Shiva and Shakti.

Brahmacarya for yogis, as stated in the Agni-Purana, embodies self-imposed abstention from sexual activity: fantasizing, glorifying the sex act or someone's sexual attraction, dalliance, sexual ogling, sexually flirtatious talk, the resolution to break one's vow, and consummation of sexual intercourse itself, with any being.

Married practitioners aspire to likewise abstain from unconscious/harmful sexual behavior, and to meditatively practice sexual yoga (as opposed to ego-centered sexual release) with their partner, but must practice aware chastity with regard to others.

Modern science now understands that such a code of sexual conduct is also organically assisted by neurochemical changes in brain states of intense meditators (reduced dopamine and increased oxytocin) that induce general relaxation and mental stability, and is not sheerly by willpower alone.

List of Yogis

Historical Yogis and Yoga gurus: Swami Nigamananda (1880-1935) Sivananda Saraswati (1887-1963) Tirumalai Krishnamacharya (1888-1989) Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji (1890-1996) Swami Narayanananda (1902-1988) Pranavanda Saraswathi (1908-1982) K. Pattabhi Jois (1915-2009) Swami Chidananda Saraswati (1916-2008) Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (1921-1990) Swami Venkatesananda (b. 1921) Swami Krishnananda (1922-2001) Satyananda Saraswati (1923-2009) Swami Vishnu-devananda (1927-1993) Albert Rudolph (1928-1973)

Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev

See also

Yogini

Yoga

List of yoga schools

Ngagpa

Asfandyar

References

1-2. Feuerstein, Georg. The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, Shambhala Publications, Boston, 2000 p. 321, 350.

:Category:Yogis

Category:Asceticism Category:Titles and occupations in Hinduism Category:Sanskrit words and phrases Category:Vajrayana Buddhists

es:Yogui hi:योगी id:Yogi mr:योगी nl:Yogi pl:Jogin pt:Iogue simple:Yogi vi:Yogi

name	Harbhajan Singh Khalsa Yogi
birth date	August 26, 1929
birth place	Kot Harkarn, Punjab, British India
death date	October 06, 2004
death place	Espanola, New Mexico
profession	Spiritual Director of 3HO (Yoga) Foundation, Religious Leader (Siri Singh Sahib of Sikh Dharma), Board Member of Akal Security, Golden Temple Bakery, and other US Corporations, Founder of Miri Piri Academy, Former Indian Civil Servant (in Customs Service)
spouse	Bibi Inderjit Kaur
children	Ranbir Singh, Kulbir Singh, Kamaljit Kaur
religion	Sikhism }}

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa Yogiji (born as Harbhajan Singh Puri) (August 26, 1929–October 6, 2004), also known as Yogi Bhajan and Siri Singh Sahib, was a spiritual leader and entrepreneur who introduced Kundalini Yoga and Sikhism to the United States. He was the spiritual director of the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation, with over 300 centers in 35 countries.

Family

Singh was born on August 26, 1929 into a Sikh family in Kot Harkarn, district Gujranwala, in the province of Punjab (British India). His father, Dr. Kartar Singh Puri, served the British Raj as a medical doctor. His mother was named Harkrishan Kaur. His father was born in the Sikh tradition, while his mother was a Hindu, and young Harbhajan was educated in a Catholic school run by nuns. Theirs was a well-to-do landlord family, owning most of their village in the foothills of the Himalayas. Singh married Inderjit Kaur Uppal in Delhi in 1954. They had three children, Ranbir Singh, Kulbir Singh and Kamaljit Kaur.

In 1976, Singh legally changed his name to Harbhajan Singh Khalsa. His wife, known as "Bibiji" went on to inherit the religious post of "Bhai Sahiba" of Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere in the 1980s.

Education

Most influential of Singh's relations in his early development was his paternal grandfather, Bhai Fateh Singh, who taught him the foundations of Sikh dharma. As a teen, Singh spent several years under the strict tutelage of Sant Hazara Singh who declared his student a Master of Kundalini Yoga at the young age of sixteen.

Singh's schooling was interrupted in 1947 by the violent partition of India, when he and his family fled to New Delhi as refugees. There, Singh attended Camp College – a hastily put together arrangement for thousands of refugee students – and led the Sikh Students Federation in Delhi. Four years later, he graduated with a Masters Degree in Economics.

Singh years later graduated from the University of Humanistic Studies in San Francisco with a Ph.D. in Psychology with his seminal doctoral thesis, ''Communication: Liberation or Condemnation''.

Indian Civil Service

In 1953, Singh entered the Indian Civil Service. Singh served in the Revenue Department, where his duties took him all over India. Eventually, he was promoted to the post of customs inspector for the country's largest airport, outside of Delhi. His government duties often facilitated his traveling to remote ashrams and distant hermitages in order to seek out reclusive yogis and swamis.

In the mid-1960s, Singh took up a position as instructor at the Vishwayatan Ashram in New Delhi, under Dhirendra Brahmachari. This yoga centre was frequented by the Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, his daughter, Indira Gandhi, and diplomats and employees from a host of foreign embassies.

Migration to North America

Singh emigrated to Canada in 1968. According to his own account, he left India under pressure to participate in Soviet psychic experiments at their designated research center in Tashkent.

Although a promised position as director of a new yogic studies department at the University of Toronto did not materialize because of the death of his sponsor, Singh the Yogi made a considerable impact in the predominantly Anglo-Saxon metropolis. In three months, he established classes at several YMCAs, co-founded a yoga centre, was interviewed for national press and television, and helped set in motion the creation of eastern Canada's first Sikh temple in time for Guru Nanak's five hundredth birthday the following year.

Late in 1968, bearded and turbaned Singh went to visit a friend in Los Angeles, but ended up staying to share the teachings of Kundalini Yoga with the already longhaired members of the hippie counterculture of California and New Mexico. In effect, he had found his calling.

Kundalini yoga

Yoga practice and philosophy is generally considered a part of Hindu culture, but Singh distinguished himself as a teacher and practitioner of yoga and a Sikh. Singh would say he was adhering to the fundamental, empowering roots of Sikh teachings. He would quote Bhai Gurdas to say, “The Sikhs who are Yogis remain detached and wakeful in the world of attachments.” (Var 29, Verse 15)

While adhering to the three pillars of Patanjali's traditional yoga system: discipline, self-awareness and self-dedication (Patanjali Yoga Sutras, II:1), Kundalini Yoga as taught by Yogi Bhajan does not condone extremes of asceticism or renunciation. Singh encouraged his students to marry, establish businesses, and be fully engaged in society. Rather than worshiping God, Singh insisted that his students train their mind to experience God.

Singh was a master of kundalini yoga. His students referred to Singh's teachings as Raj Yoga which they described as the yoga of living detached, yet fully engaged in the world. In respect of the rigor of his teachings, Singh would find kinship with other 20th century Sikh sadhu saints, such as Sant Baba Attar Singh, Sant Baba Nand Singh, and Bhai Randhir Singh. In the outreach of his teachings, Singh's contributions are unparalleled in modern times.

Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization

In 1969, Singh established the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation to further his missionary work. It served his premise that every human possessed the birthright to be healthy, happy and holy. According to Yogi Bhajan, it was only a matter of unlearning one set of habits and replacing it with a kinder, more uplifting routine.

For some of the free-spirited hippies, Singh's discipline was more than they could take. Others, however, took to it almost naturally. Most of them were already longhaired. Many were already vegetarian. They liked to experience elevated states of awareness. They also deeply wanted to feel they were contributing to a world of peace and social justice. Singh offered them all these things with vigorous yoga, an embracing holistic vision, and an optimistic spirit of sublime destiny.

By 1972, there would be over one hundred 3HO yoga ashrams mostly in the U.S., but also in Canada, Europe and Israel. Student-teachers would rise each day for a cold shower and two-and-a-half hours of yoga and meditation before sunrise. Often, they would spend the rest of the day at some "family business" be it a natural foods restaurant, or a landscaping business, or some other concern. A Sikh was supposed to earn honestly "by the sweat of their brow" and many did just that.

By the 1990s, there was a culture shift. On a personal level, rising early and overtly being a Sikh was considered more of an option than an implied directive. Meanwhile, the surviving communal businesses had incorporated and many had grown exponentially to keep pace with the rising demand for health-oriented products and services. This period also saw an increased interest in yoga worldwide.

To serve the changing times, Singh created the International Kundalini Yoga Teachers Association, dedicated to setting standards for teachers and the propagation of the teachings.

In 1994, the 3HO Foundation joined the United Nations as a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, representing women's issues, promoting human rights, and providing education about alternative systems of medicine.

Aquarian age timeline

In spring of 1969, soon after Singh had begun teaching in Los Angeles, a hit medley "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" was topping the music charts and being played everywhere. The performers, The 5th Dimension, happened to be signed to a record label owned by one of his students (and his green card sponsor), musician and entrepreneur Johnny Rivers.

Singh incorporated the storyline of the dawning new age into his teachings, a case of melding Western astrology with Sikh tradition. "Guru Nanak," proclaimed Singh, "was the Guru for the Aquarian Age." It was, he declared, to be an age where people first experienced God, then believed, rather than the old way of believing and then being liberated by one's faith.

His timeline for the arrival of the Aquarian age varied over the years, but in 1992, Singh fixed it at 2012 and gave his students a set of morning meditations to practice until that date to prepare themselves.

Native American connections

Some of Singh's earliest students in Los Angeles had spent time in New Mexico influenced by Native American, especially Hopi teachings. To fulfill their wishes, he accompanied them in June 1969 to their summer solstice celebration at the Tesuque Indian reservation outside of Santa Fe.

At the next year's celebration, a delegation of Hopi Indian elders arrived. They spoke of their ancient legend that before the end of the present age of darkness, a white-clad warrior would come from the East and create an army of warriors in white who would rise up and protect the "Unified Supreme Spirit." A sweat lodge ceremony was held and a sacred arrow given in trust to him. The elders explained that they had determined he was the white-clad warrior of their legend.

Seven years later, he purchased a large parcel of land in the Jemez Mountains where the Hopis had indicated sacred gatherings had taken place for thousands of years. The elders had said this land needed to be prepared so "the Unified Supreme Spirit can once again be experienced by the great tribes and spread through all the people of the world." The land was named "Ram Das Puri" and annual solstice prayers and festivities have been celebrated there every summer since. Since 1990, these have included a Hopi sacred prayer walk.

Pilgrimage to Amritsar

In the winter of 1970-71, Singh brought an entourage of eighty-four Americans on a pilgrimage to the Sikh holy city of Amritsar, India. The Punjabi Sikhs had never seen Westerners in turbans before, and at first, they were suspicious. The Sikh administration in the holy city of Amritsar was in a turmoil. Once they understood that the devotion of the Westerners was genuine, they approved of the visit. Of the eight-four Americans, twenty-six took vows to join the Order of Khalsa as full-fledged Sikhs.

On March 3, 1971, outside the Akal Takhat (the traditional seat of Sikh temporal authority in Amritsar), Sant Fateh Singh and Sant Chanan Singh bestowed on Singh a ceremonial sword and a robe of honor and a unique designation. They had reasoned that Yogi Singh had indeed created "Singh Sahibs" (noble lions), and to continue in his work he would need a higher designation. For this reason, they gave Singh the unprecedented title of "great, noble lion": Siri Singh Sahib. Because no one before in all of Sikh history had received this title, it would ignite controversy in years to come.

Inter-faith work

In the summer of 1970, Singh participated in an informal "Holy Man Jam" at the University of Colorado at Boulder with Swami Satchidananda, Stephen Gaskin of The Farm in Tennessee, Zen Buddhist Bill Quan-roshi, and other local luminaries. A few weeks later, he carried that inspiration forward and organized a gathering of spiritual teachers to engage and inspire the 200,000 attendees of the Atlanta Pop Festival on the stage between the performance of the bands.

These seminal events served to awaken interest in inter-faith discussion such as had not been seen since the 1920s. In 1972, Singh participated in religious panels at Harvard University, Cornell University, Boston University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. That same year, he visited Pope Paul VI and advised him to convene a gathering of friendship and understanding for representatives of all religions. He reminded Paul VI that catholic meant "universal" and suggested that, as head of the world's largest religious organization, he would be the most suitable leader to host such a meeting.

Singh maintained his relationship with the Catholic Church under Pope John Paul II. In 1983 and again in 1984, they met. When the Golden Temple came under assault from the Indian Army with the loss of life of many hundreds of pilgrims, the pontiff offered his official condolences.

During the United Nations Year of Peace 1986, Singh instituted a yearly Peace Prayer Day for people of all denominations at the Summer Solstice near Santa Fe.

In that same year, Pope John Paul II convened a gathering of religious representatives of the world such as Singh had proposed fourteen years earlier. Singh participated in a ceremony held the same day in Los Angeles.

All through the 1970s and 80s, Singh actively engaged in and chaired numerous inter-religious councils and forums, including the Inter-Religious Council of Southern California, the World Conference for the Unity of Man, and the World Parliament of Religions. In 1999, he gave a presentation at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Cape Town, South Africa.

Gender relations

Singh, the son of a graceful mother, was deeply shocked and offended by the exploitation of women in America. In 1971, he taught a gathering of his female students that they were the "Grace of God." Thus began the Grace of God Movement for the Women of America. Strip clubs in San Francisco were briefly picketed, but Singh's real emphasis was on re-educating America's largest exploited class.

In the summer of 1975 Singh held an eight week camp in New Mexico where he taught the psychology of a successful woman. Successive camps included subjects such as martial arts, rappelling, fire arms training and healing arts to build the character and confidence of the women in training, which is why the camps were designated "Khalsa Women Training Camps."

Although Singh did teach a few weekend courses for men, his emphasis was on women because he recognized in them the foundation of any society, and he wanted to fundamentally end the disempowerment of Western women and the destruction of families.

As far as homosexuality was concerned, Singh at first was shocked by the phenomenon. Through the 1970s and early 1980s, Singh taught that the condition could be cured through intensive yoga and self-analysis. By the late 1980s, however, Singh had resigned himself to the conclusion that "sometimes God goofs" and puts men into women's bodies and vice versa.

Sikh rights in North America

Singh played a role in having the right of practicing Sikhs to keep their distinctive turbans recognized in the United States and Canada. When, in 1973, three men serving in the U.S. Armed Forces took up the Sikh faith, they faced harsh discipline for maintaining their beards and turbans contrary to military regulations. Singh arranged for religious authorities in Amritsar to take notice of their cases, which caused the U.S. Armed Forces to change its policy in regards to the keeping of beards and wearing of turbans, so as to accommodate Sikhs in the service.

This development led to a similar case launched by a student of Singh in 1977, a test challenge involving the Canadian Armed Forces. The Canadian Human Rights Commission decided the case in favour of the Sikhs. A number of subsequent cases in Canada led to widespread acceptance of the wearing of turbans in a number of uniformed services, including municipal transit companies and police forces, most notably the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, where Baltej Singh Dhillon became the first turbaned member of the national police force in 1990.

During the 1980s Ghallooghaaraa

During the 1980s Sikh struggle for civil rights in Punjab, Yogi Bhajan strove for peace and attempted to mediate between the Sikh leadership in Punjab and the Indian government under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. In 1980, he warned the Sikhs of 'terrible consequences' if they did not unite and later advised Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale to work peacefully when the movement turned violent. He tried, in vain, to mediate peace between the members of Indira Gandhi's government and the Sikh leadership in Punjab.

Singh played a unique role in the unfolding cataclysm. He was familiar with people on both sides of the conflict. Through his time in Delhi, teaching at the Vishwayatan Yoga Ashram of Swami Dhirendra Acharya, he had come to know the ruling Nehru family who were patrons and students of the swami. He was also well-connected with Sikhs, holy men and politicians alike. Singh, given the unique spiritual designation “Siri Singh Sahib” by the elected leaders of the SGPC and Shiromani Akali Dal in 1971 for his work spreading Sikh teachings in the west, also brought a visionary sense and a global perspective to the situation. In the first month of 1980, Singh was visited by a terrible vision of destruction at the Golden Temple. In response, he had 250 letters sent to Sikh leaders in India urging them to unite in order to avoid a tidal wave of destruction within two years. Singh also spent January and February of that year in India meeting with leaders on all sides with a view to preventing that outcome. This effort continued in his annual visits to India through 1984.

As it turned out, the Sikhs belonging to the Congress party, namely the Giani Zail Singh the Home Minister, Darbara Singh the Chief Minister in Punjab, the Maharaja of Patiala - Amarinder Singh, and Buta Singh kept apart from their Akali party counterparts until June 1984 when Amarinder Singh turned in his party membership and, for a time joined the Akali party. On the Akali side, by August 1980, it was divided into two factions. That rift endured for two years, until the two groups joined with the group led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale to prosecute the civil disobedience campaign against the Central Government under the leadership of Sant Harchand Singh Longowal and six other members of a designated high command, namely Parkash Singh Badal – former Chief Minister of Punjab, Gurcharan Singh Tohra – President of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Jagdev Singh Talwandi, Surjit Singh Barnala – former Union Agriculture Minister, Sukhjinder Singh – former Punjab Minister, and Ravi Inder Singh – former Speaker of the Punjab Legislature. This coalition held together until September 1983, when the increasing frustrations of negotiating with the Prime Minister began to take its toll in a growing division between hardliners led by Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and Jagdev Singh Talwandi and the moderates led by Harchand Singh Longowal.

In early 1982, Singh met with the Akali high command in Teja Singh Samundri Hall at the Golden Temple complex in Amritsar. On that occasion, he warned them of the danger in the international community of Sikhs being labeled as terrorists. Singh also advised the Sikh leaders that in Indira Gandhi's gambit to win popular support she could either send the Indian army into Sri Lanka to protect the Tamil minority there or she could target the Sikhs. Either way, she could come out as “saviour of the Hindus”. According to Singh, the choice belonged to the Sikh leaders. He advised they conduct an information campaign using the Sikh President of India, Giani Zail Singh as a symbol to show the world Sikhs are peaceful people. The leaders, all of them members of the Akali party, however could not fathom using their long-time political foe as a positive instrument for peace and self-preservation. Harbajan Singh also suggested highlighting the tradition of Bhai Khanaiya as the first Red Cross Society in history and the tradition of Guru Gobind Singh whose arrows were embedded with gold so even enemies who died could have their last rites done gracefully. He proposed that Baba Nihal Singh, the leader of the Taruna Dal of Nihung Sikhs based in Harianbela be made the head priest of the Akal Takhat, the Sikh seat of temporal authority. He also promised that if they did this and afterwards anything untoward happened to the Nation of Khalsa, he would present himself before them to receive any punishment they would like to award. Rather, he promised that if Baba Nihal Singh were made Jathedar of the Akal Takhat, Sikhs would come through their trial with victory and grace. This proposal was also unacceptable to the political leadership. For all Singh's advice and consideration, the leaders did not alter their tactics.

On Singh's visit to Amritsar in 1983, he was summoned by Baba Kharak Singh, the elderly and widely respected builder and maintainer of holy places. Then, in the presence of Sant Harchand Singh, Sant Jarnail Singh, and Abhinashi Singh, the SGPC Secretary, Baba Kharak Singh gave him two blankets, four embroidered sheets, and 800 rupees as an offering of appreciation. He then predicted that there would be a time of great pain in the west and the east. As a remedy, Baba Kharak Singh dispensed a mantra for Singh to recite: “Aap sahaa-ee ho-aa, sachay daa, sachaa DHo-aa.” Baba Kharak Singh said to him: “In the west, you are going to be hit with a lot of pain, but these Sikhs may not be ready to take that pain. Therefore, chant this mantra: 'Aap sahaa-ee ho-aa, sachay daa, sachaa DHo-aa.'” Harbhajan Singh took it and then he said: “Don't doubt me. You think I am an old man? I don't know anything?” Harbhajan Singh said: “No, no, no. I don't doubt you. It's alright. What kind of hurt?” Baba Kharak Singh said: “None of your business! Don't ask questions. But I will tell you a story. In such-and-such a Gurdwara there was a man who made our life miserable and I went to Santji (my respected teacher). I told him, this man is making our life miserable, teasing us, beating us, and trying to do all kinds of treacheries. And then he said, “Chant this verse: 'Aap sahaa-ee ho-aa, sachay daa, sachaa DHo-aa' and the enemy dissolves.”” Singh subsequently urged all his students to chant the verse each day during the heat of the crisis.

When the mobilization against India's Central Government turned ugly with the targeted killing of six Hindu bus passengers at Dhilwan, Punjab on October 5, 1983, he sent money to the victims' families and a telegram to the Sant Harchand Singh Longowal to call a halt to the campaign for a few weeks, until peace returned. When the Golden Temple complex was then attacked and overrun by the Indian Army during Operation Blue Star, Singh proclaimed that the event marked the end of a dynasty. He also uniquely advised that the Akal Takhat had martyred itself to awaken the Sikh nation.

Singh's contact with Pope John Paul II at the Vatican in the summer of 1983 may have instrumental in the pontiff's awareness of Sikhs and his timely proclamation of goodwill at the time of the Golden Temple attack and massacre. He was also persuasive in keeping India's Sikh President, Giani Zail Singh from resigning his position in protest, a move that he anticipated would bring on even greater disunity and bloodshed. Singh encouraged his students to send telegrams to the President, urging him to stay on.

Singh convened a conference in New Mexico, June 23–25, 1984 to chart a response to events in India. The outcome of the gathering was an agreement on a series of objectives including an international investigation of the disaster, free media access to Punjab, proper medical care to the wounded, the return of Sikh temples to Sikh control, the release of Sikh prisoners, withdrawal of the army, police and paramilitaries from Punjab, and restoration of civil rights to Sikhs throughout India. Singh suspected a larger Soviet agenda behind the humiliating destruction, which he termed the “martyrdom of the Akal Takhat”. The Soviets and their influential Marxist allies in India needed to eliminate or demoralize the Sikhs in order to achieve their objective of a secular, Communist state in south Asia. The plucky Sikhs were targeted because they found to be prosperous, essential to India's agriculture and its armed forces, and proven opponents of political oppression. The first objective of the Soviet plan was to discredit Sikhs as violent terrorists. In a November 1984 interview, he described Jarnail Singh Bindranwala as an “armed plant”. He also accused the KGB of involvement in Mrs. Gandhi's assassination, saying the Soviet Union preferred a weaker Rajiv as Prime Minister over his powerful, independently-minded mother.

Unlike many Sikh leaders in the west, Singh was cool to the idea of a small separatist homeland where Sikhs might find security. He pointed out that whenever Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister, the so-called “President of Khalistan” would be at his post in London, but when she was out of power, he would come to India. Why, Singh asked, was this? Singh's vision was vast, global, and inclusive. Rather than Khalistan, he vouched for “Duniastan” - the World as a homeland for all Sikhs (in Punjabi: "dunia" = world, "stan" = land).

As the international media and human rights observers were kept out of Punjab, indiscriminate arrests, tortures and killings by the police left an estimated 10,000 civilians dead, and hundreds more of the visible minority Sikhs disappeared or detained without charges or trial. Singh continued throughout the crisis to press for justice, forgiveness and reconciliation.

Work for nuclear disarmament

In 1982 Singh joined other civil leaders in demanding mutual nuclear disarmament.

Singh's efforts took the form of his speaking at a number of disarmament rallies and his mobilization of his students, encouraging them to talk to their friends and relatives about the dangers of nuclear war.

Shortly after Singh began his activism again the U.S. government's defense policy, the special Sikh exemption which allowed Sikh males to serve wearing their distinctive turbans and beards was disallowed.

Sikh unity

In 1974, a distinguished delegation of Sikhs from India toured North America and Europe and offered their approval of Singh's work. The group consisted of Gurcharan Singh Tohra, President of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, Mahinder Singh Giani, Secretary of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, Sardar Hukam Singh, President of the Sri Guru Singh Sabha Shatabdhi Committee (and former Speaker of the Indian Parliament and Governor of Rajasthan), and Surjit Singh Barnala, General Secretary of the Shiromani Akali Dal.

While some Sikhs, including a Jathedar of the Akal Takhat, subsequently criticized Singh, deeming his administrative titles, structures and symbols as heterodox, in 1979 the Professor of Sikhism designated by the Akal Takhat, Dr. Kapur Singh, came from Amritsar and addressed the Khalsa Council, Singh's governing council, and assured their practices were well within the parameters of Sikh tradition.

In 1986, as the Khalistan movement (Sikh separatist movement within India) exerted an increasingly divisive role in the Sikh community by splitting Sikhs between those who demanded an independent homeland using violent means if necessary to achieve that goal and Sikhs who wished to work toward a peaceful resolution, Singh acknowledged Bhai Sahib Bhai Jiwan Singh of the Akhand Kirtani Jatha as Jathedar (Secretary) of Sikh Unity.

Although he was instrumental in creating a new culture of Sikhs in the Western Hemisphere – Gursikh yogis speaking English, Spanish, German and Italian – Singh did not appreciate artificial divisions dividing Sikhs from one another, whether based on caste, race, nationality or any other grounds. He valued Sikh unity and always considered himself a Sikh first and last. This was ably and aptly reflected in the new media of Sikhnet.com which today serves Sikhs around the globe. It was begun by students of Singh in 1983 while the internet was still in its infancy – and has since grown to be the largest Sikh resource in cyberspace.

Political influence in U.S.

Singh was not in the least naive about the importance of being politically connected if one wanted to succeed in the United States, and did not shy from political functions. While he opposed the Reagan government’s regime of high debt and high unemployment, Singh appreciated a strong foreign policy and especially U.S. efforts to dislodge the Soviet Union from Afghanistan.

As early as 1970, Singh was known to call on members of Congress in their Washington offices. He also befriended successive governors of the state of New Mexico. Singh was known as a Democrat. Since 1980, he was both friend and adviser to Bill Richardson, who served variously as New Mexico governor (2002–present), U.S. Energy Secretary (1998–2001), U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (1997–98), and member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1982–97). Bill Richardson was a candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination to run for the office of U.S. President in 2008.

Healing arts

When U.S. President Nixon called drugs America's "Number one domestic problem," Singh launched a pilot program with two longtime heroin addicts in Washington, D.C. in 1972. The next year, a full-blown drug treatment center known as "3HO SuperHealth" was launched in Tucson, Arizona. The program used Kundalini Yoga, diet and massage therapy to cure the addicts. It distinguished itself in 1978 as being among the top 10% of all treatment programs throughout the United States, with a recovery rate of 91%.

Early on, when the term "stress" was still practically unheard of, Singh warned his students a tidal wave of insanity would soon engulf modern industrialized societies. As a remedy, Singh taught hundreds of techniques of yogic exericise and meditation. Many have been catalogued by their traditionally known effects in calming and healing the mind and body. Some of those techniques have been scientifically studied and applied in clinical practice with favorable results.

One of the most noteworthy successes has been achieved by Dharma Singh Khalsa, M.D., whose holistic treatment of Alzheimers disease using yoga with other therapeutic modalities has been lauded by the U.S. Surgeon General.

Business life

Singh encouraged his students to go into business and served as a trusted adviser to a number of profitable enterprises. The best known of these are the Yogi Tea Company which packages and markets his tea formulas, Golden Temple Bakery which specializes in natural cereal products, the Soothing Touch health and beauty care products company, Akal Security and the Yoga West Center in Los Angeles.

Ten percent of the profits of Peace Cereals go to the annual Peace Prayer Day, held at Ram Das Puri, near Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Miri Piri Academy

In 1998, Singh founded the Miri Piri Academy at a short distance outside of Amritsar, India. The distinctive boarding school offers studies in a regular curriculum, plus Sikh studies and a daily regimen of yoga, meditation and service. Currently, students of seventeen nationalities are enrolled.

Notable students

Alfredo Sfeir-Younis

Dharma Singh Khalsa

Gurmukh (yoga teacher)

Singh Kaur

Snatam Kaur

Media coverage

Outspoken and quotable, visually striking and iconoclastic, Singh received his share of coverage in the North American media, particularly in the early 1970s when yoga was still a matter of general curiosity.

Moreover, Singh's message of no drugs, family values and healthy living struck a chord with the Western psyche. The dozens of stories were overwhelmingly positive, serving not only to educate the public, but also to publicize the work of the 3HO Foundation. Some focussed on the lifestyle, others on the inspiration behind the organization. Others focussed on Singh's holistic approach to drug addiction. Some writers reported on Singh's officiating at picturesque marriages where several couples would be betrothed and everyone wore white. Others zeroed in on the issue of Sikhs up against the US Army dress code.

While Newsweek, USA Today and Macleans Magazine in Canada published favorable articles about Singh in 1977, James Wilde of Time Magazine wrote a critical article that year, titled "Yogi Bhajan's Synthetic Sikhism". Wilde quoted embittered former students who alleged sexual improprieties on the part of Yogi Bhajan. Wilde also alleged that Gurucharan Singh Tohra, former President of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, the SGPC, had stated that Singh is not the Sikh leader of Sikhism in the Western World as he claimed, and that Tohra had denied the gurdwara committee has ever given the title of Siri Singh Sahib to Singh.

The Time article was followed by emphatic rebuttals from Gurcharan Singh Tohra, the President of the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee, the leading Sikh organization in Amritsar and other authorities based in India. There was also a demonstration held outside Time's London office and a detailed demand for a retraction published under the title “Time Will Tell” in the 3HO publication Beads of Truth, Issue 36, Fall 1977.

Singh is mentioned in a range of reference works, including the New Age Encyclopedia, ed. J. Gordon Melton (Detroit: Gale Research, Inc., 1990). Western scholarly appraisal of his work may be found in Hew McLeod's Who is a Sikh? (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) and Sikhism (London: Penguin Books, 1997), and in Verne A. Dusenbery's article "Punjabi Sikhs and Gora Sikhs: Conflicting Assertions of Sikh Identity in North America" published in Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century, eds. Joseph T. O'Connell, Milton Israel, Willard G. Oxtoby, W.H. McLeod, J.S. Grewal (Toronto: University of Toronto Centre for South Asian Studies, 1998).

BBC interviewed Singh at the 300th anniversary celebration of the Baisakhi holiday at Anandpur Sahib, India in 1999.

Singh is also featured in a couple of books featuring the successes of Sikhs who had migrated from India to the West. They are Dr. Surjit Kaur's Among the Sikhs: Reaching for the Stars (New Delhi: Lotus Collection, 2003) and Gurmukh Singh's The Global Indian: The Sikhs (New Delhi: Rupi and Co., 2003). These provide valuable perspective on the immigrant Sikh who made good as a yogi in America and beyond.

The 1973 documentary Sunseed stars a number of teachers of eastern wisdom, including Singh. The Sunseed crew accompanied him to India in 1970-71 for the filming.

Honors

As well as his title "Siri Singh Sahib" awarded to him at the holy Akal Takhat in Amritsar in 1971, Singh was also designated "Bhai Sahib" in 1974.

The Peace Abbey of Sherborn, Massachusetts awarded Singh the Courage of Conscience award on November 17, 1995.

In 1999, at the three hundedth anniversary of the founding of the Order of Khalsa in Anandpur Sahib, India, Singh was awarded another rare honorific, the title "Panth Rattan" – Jewel of the Sikh nation.

After his death, Singh joined a select few – Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Mother Teresa, and Pope John Paul II – in having members of the U.S. Congress pass a bipartisan resolution honoring his life and work.

Obituaries

Singh died of complications of heart failure at his home in Española, New Mexico, on October 6, 2004, aged 75. He was survived by his wife, sons, daughter and five grandchildren.

The Los Angeles Times said:

The SGPC, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, the foremost governing body for Sikhs closed its offices in the Punjab to commemorate Singh's death. Bibi Jagir Kaur, President, SGPC, Punjab Chief Minister Capt. Amarinder Singh, Dr S.P. Singh, Vice Chancellor, Guru Nanak Dev University, Mr Parmjit Singh Sarna, president Shiromani Akali Dal, New Delhi, and the then Punjabi University Vice Chancellor Swarn Singh Boparai offered their condolences over his death.

The Vice Chancellor said simplicity pervaded the life of Yogi. Describing the Yogi as a missionary, he said the latter had always preached the unadulterated wisdom and ideals of Sikh religion which inspired transformation of many modern minds across countries. Mr. Boparai said the Yogi had built bridges of understanding between the East and the West through the preaching of Sikh values.

The State of New Mexico honored him with the naming of a highway after him. It is called the Yogi Bhajan Memorial Highway.

There was an obituary notice for Singh in the ''Yoga Journal''. The journal said, "In time, he became an influential figure in modern yoga, attracting a large and devoted following; today there are more than 4,000 Kundalini Yoga teachers at 300 centers in 35 countries."

The PR Newswire service in Europe mentioned Singh's many achievements in its obituary notice. The article mentioned his various achievements: his promotion of Yogi Tea, his teaching of Kundalini Yoga to 1 million students, and his leadership role to the hippie movement.

The Times of India titled its obituary for Singh, "The Capitalist Yogi":

In conclusion the Times of India article said that the United States had seen many spiritual gurus, but Singh was one of a kind.

The New York Times titled its obituary for Singh, "Boss of Worlds Capitalistic and Spiritual, Dies":

Sikh scholars' views on Singh's mission

According to Bhai Sahib Sardar Kapur Singh, the National Professor of Sikhism appointed to his post by the Akal Takhat, the highest temporal religious authority of the Sikhs:

Dr. Fauja Singh, M.A., Ph.D, Professor and Director, Department of History and Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala, India offered the following personal observations of Singh and his work:

Sardar Dr. Gobind Singh Mansukhani, M.A, L.L.B., Ph.D., the author of ten books on Sikh Gurus and teachings often visited Singh and had him contribute a preface to a couple of his books. He appreciated the work of Singh:

Dr. Trilochan Singh, author of over twenty books on Sikh history, wrote a book in 1977 highly critical of Singh entitled "Sikhism and Tantric Yoga." Dr. Singh argued that Kundalini and Tantric yoga has no place in traditional Sikhism. In James Wilde's Time magazine article of September 5, 1977 “Yogi Bhajan's Synthetic Sikhism,” Dr. Trilochan Singh proffered his opinion that "Bhajan's synthesis of Sikhism and Tantrism is a sacrilegious hodgepodge."

Publications

Yogi Bhajan, The Teachings of Yogi Bhajan, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 1977.

Siri Singh Sahib Bhai Sahib Harbhajan Singh Khalsa Yogiji (Yogi Bhajan), Furmaan Khalsa: Poems to Live By, Columbus, Ohio, Furman Khalsa Publishing Company, 1987.

Yogi Bhajan, The Master's Touch, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 1997.

Yogi Bhajan with Gurucharan Singh Khalsa, The Mind: Its Projections and Multiple Facets, Espanola, New Mexico, Kundalini Research Institute, 1997.

Yogi Bhajan, The Aquarian Teacher - KRI International Kundalini Yoga Certification Text and Manual, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 2003.

Yogi Bhajan, The Game of Love, A Book of Consciousness: The Poems and Art of Yogi Bhajan, Espanola, NM, Sikh Dharma International, 2007.

Yogi Bhajan, Man to Man: A Journal of Discovery for the Conscious Man, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 2008.

Yogi Bhajan, I am a Woman: Book and Yoga Manual, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 2009.

References

Further reading

Khalsa, Guru Fatha Singh, ''The Essential Gursikh Yogi: The Yoga and Yogis in the Past, Present and Future of Sikh Dharma'', Toronto, Monkey Minds Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9682658-2-6

Khalsa, Guru Fatha Singh, ''Five Paragons of Peace: Magic and Magnificence in the Guru's Way'', Toronto, Monkey Minds Press, 2010, ISBN 978-9682658-1-9, On-line at: http://www.gurufathasingh.com/five-paragons-of-peace.html

Khalsa, Sat Kirpal Kaur and Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa, editors, ''The Man Called Siri Singh Sahib'', Los Angeles, Sikh Dharma, 1979, no ISBN

Khalsa, Shakti Parwha Kaur, ''Kundalini Yoga: The Flow of Eternal Power'', New York, Perigree Books, 1998, ISBN 978-0-3995242-0-2

Khalsa, Shanti Kaur, ''The History of Sikh Dharma in the Western Hemisphere,'' ISBN 978-09639847-4-8

Lal, Harbans, "Celebrating the Life of Yogi Harbhajan Singh Ji", Kolkata, ''The Sikh Review'', October 2007.

Laue, Thorsten: ''Kundalini Yoga, Yogi Tee und das Wassermannzeitalter. Religionswissenschaftliche Einblicke in die Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO) des Yogi Bhajan'', Münster: LIT, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8258-0140-3 [in German]

Laue, Thorsten: ''Kundalini Yoga, Yogi Tee und das Wassermannzeitalter. Bibliografische Einblicke in die Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization (3HO) des Yogi Bhajan.'' Tübingen: 2008. Online at [in German]

McDonald, Sherri Buri, "Yogi’s legacy in question" in ''The Register-Guard'', May 9, 2010.

McDonald, Sherri Buri, "Golden Temple Reorganization Called Conspiracy" in ''The Register-Guard'', May 26, 2011.

Shameel, Balraam: ''Singh Yogee - Pachhmee dhartee dee sikh lehar. Bhaaee Harbhajan Singh Yogee Jee dee roohaanee jeevan'', Lokgeet Parkashan, Chandigarh, 2005 [in Punjabi]

External links

The 3HO website

Legacy of Yogi Bhajan

Category:Indian emigrants to the United States Category:1929 births Category:2004 deaths Category:American Sikhs Category:Punjabi people Category:American people of Indian descent Category:Yogis

ca:Yogi Bhajan de:Yogi Bhajan es:Yogi Bhajan eo:Yogi Bhajan fr:Yogi Bhajan gl:Yogi Bhajan nl:Harbhajan Singh Khalsa ru:Йоги Бхаджан

name	T. J. Miller
birth name	Todd Joseph Miller
birth date	June 04, 1981
birth place	Denver, Colorado, U.S.
occupation	Actor/Comedian
yearsactive	2007–present }}

Todd Joseph Miller (born June 4, 1981), better known as T. J. Miller, is an American actor and stand-up comedian.

Life and career

Miller was born in Denver, Colorado. Miller attended the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. where he was a member of the comedy group receSs and the Lambda chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa.

Stand-up comedy

Miller was selected as a new face in the 2007 HBO ''Aspen Comedy Arts Festival''. He appeared as Marmaduke Brooker in the TV series ''Carpoolers''. Miller has co-hosted on the comedy radio show ''Red Bar Radio'' a number of times.

Miller was named one of ''Variety'' magazine's Top Ten Comics to Watch in 2008, and was also named one of ''Entertainment Weekly'''s 12 rising stars of comedy.

On December 13, 2010, he performed stand-up on ''Conan''.

Miller appears frequently as a member of the "round table" on Chelsea Lately.

Film acting

Miller plays Hudson "Hud" Platt in the 2008 feature film ''Cloverfield''. In 2009, he played Cessna Jim in ''The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard''. In 2010, he co-starred in ''She's Out of My League'' as Stainer, provided the voice of Tuffnut in the animated film ''How to Train Your Dragon'', played Brian the Concierge in ''Get Him to the Greek'' and appeared in a supporting role in ''Unstoppable''. He also played Dan in ''Gulliver's Travels'', released in December 2010.

Miller played the supporting character of Ranger Jones in the live-action ''Yogi Bear'' 2010 film. Unlike his character on the cartoon show, he is "dumb-but-not-in-a-funny-way," according to the ''Buffalo News''. Miller was cast in the part after two auditions, as a joke he sent Warner Bros. an improvised video audition with an actual bear, he had already been offered the part before they received it.

In 2011, he will appear in the film ''Our Idiot Brother''.

TJ voices over theLEGENDofKARL in the Call of Duty Elite video, The Legend of Karl. http://www.callofduty.com/elite/video.

Filmography

Title	Year	Role	Notes
''Carpoolers''	2007–2008	Marmaduke Brooker
''Curb Your Enthusiasm''	2007	Nightclub Bouncer
''Cloverfield''	2008	Hudson "Hud" Platt
! scope="row"	2009	Rory
''''	2009	Cessna Jim
''She's Out of My League''	2010	Wendell aka "Stainer"
! scope="row"	2010	Tuffnut	Voice
''Get Him to the Greek''	2010	Brian the Concierge
! scope="row"	2010	Gilleece
! scope="row"	2010	Ranger Jones
! scope="row"	2010	Dan
''Our Idiot Brother''	2011	Billy
''Charlie On Parole''	2011	Charlie	(short film)

References

External links

Official website

T. J. Miller's corporate comedy with Prestige Comedians, Inc

Interview from March 27, 2007

TJ Miller Stand Up Comedy Videos on Effinfunny.com

Interview with Miller, ''TV Guide'', December 4, 2010.

Charlie On Parole

Category:1981 births Category:American actors Category:American comedians Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:American stand-up comedians Category:George Washington University alumni Category:Living people Category:People from Denver, Colorado

id:T. J. Miller ja:T・J・ミラー ru:Миллер, Ти Джей

Name	Yogi Berra
Position	Catcher / Outfielder / Manager
Bats	Left
Throws	Right
Birth date	May 12, 1925
Birth place	St. Louis, Missouri
Debutdate	September 22
Debutyear	1946
Debutteam	New York Yankees
Finaldate	May 9
Finalyear	1965
Finalteam	New York Mets
Stat1label	Batting average
Stat1value	.285
Stat2label	Home runs
Stat2value	358
Stat3label	Runs batted in
Stat3value	1,430
Teams	As player New York Yankees (–) New York Mets () As manager New York Yankees () New York Mets (–) New York Yankees (–)
Highlights	18× All-Star selection (1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1959², 1960, 1960², 1961, 1961², 1962²) 13× World Series champion (, , , , , , , , , , , , ) 3× AL MVP (1951, 1954, 1955) New York Yankees #8 retired Major League Baseball All-Century Team
Hofdate
Hofvote	85.61% (second ballot) }}

Lawrence Peter "Yogi" Berra (born May 12, 1925) is a former American Major League Baseball catcher, outfielder, and manager. He played almost his entire 19-year baseball career (1946–1965) for the New York Yankees. Berra was one of only four players to be named the Most Valuable Player of the American League three times and is one of only six managers to lead both American and National League teams to the World Series. As a player, coach, or manager, Berra appeared in 21 World Series. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1972.

Berra is widely regarded as one of the greatest catchers in baseball history. According to the win shares formula developed by sabermetrician Bill James, Berra is the greatest catcher of all time and the 52nd greatest non-pitching player in major-league history.

Berra, who quit school after the eighth grade, has a tendency toward malapropism and fracturing the English language. "It ain't over till it's over" is arguably his most famous example, often quoted. Simultaneously denying and confirming his reputation, Berra once stated, "I really didn't say everything I said."

Nickname

He picked up his famous nickname from a friend, Bobby Hofman, who said he resembled a Hindu holy man (yogi) they had seen in a movie, whenever Berra sat around with arms and legs crossed waiting to bat, or while looking sad after a losing game. Years later, the Hanna-Barbera cartoon character Yogi Bear was presumably named after Berra (the cartoon's creators denied it), something Berra did not appreciate after he started being periodically addressed as "Yogi Bear."

Early life

Berra was born in a primarily Italian neighborhood of St. Louis called "The Hill", to Italian immigrants Pietro and Paolina (née Longoni) Berra. Pietro, originally from Milan in northern Italy, arrived at Ellis Island on October 18, 1909, at the age of 23. In a 2005 interview for the Baseball Hall of Fame, Yogi said, "My father came over first. He came from the old country. And he didn't know what baseball was. He was ready to go to work. And then I had three other brothers and a sister. My brother and my mother came over later on. My two oldest brothers, they were born there—Mike and Tony. John and I and my sister Josie were born in St. Louis." Yogi's parents originally nicknamed him "Lawdie", derived from his mother's difficulty pronouncing "Lawrence" or "Larry" correctly. He grew up on Elizabeth Avenue, across the street from boyhood friend and later competitor Joe Garagiola; that block, also home to baseball broadcaster Jack Buck, was later renamed "Hall of Fame Place". Berra and Garagiola both attended South Side Catholic, now called St. Mary's High School, in south St. Louis. Berra has been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

He began playing baseball in local American Legion leagues, where he learned the basics of catching while playing outfield and infield positions as well. Berra also played for a Cranston, Rhode Island team under an assumed name.

Playing career

In 1942, the St. Louis Cardinals spurned Berra in favor of his boyhood best friend, Joe Garagiola. On the surface, the Cardinals seemed to think Garagiola the superior prospect—but team president Branch Rickey actually had an ulterior motive: knowing he was soon to leave St. Louis to take over the operation of the Brooklyn Dodgers and more impressed with Berra than he let on, Rickey apparently planned to hold Berra off until he could sign him for the Dodgers. The plan was ruined when the Yankees got to him first, signing him for the same $500 bonus the Cardinals offered Garagiola. Berra was assigned to the Norfolk Tars of the Class B Piedmont League, where his most memorable feat was driving in 23 runs in a doubleheader.

Following his service in the U.S. Navy during World War II where he served as a Gunner's Mate in the D-Day invasion, Berra played minor league baseball with the Newark Bears before being called up for seven games in the major leagues in 1946 and was taught under the mentorship of Hall of Famer Bill Dickey, whose number Berra took. The following season he played 83 games for the Yankees, and he would play more than a hundred in each of the following fourteen years.

Berra appeared in fourteen World Series, winning ten championships, both of which are records. Partly because Berra's playing career coincided with the Yankees' most consistent period of World Series participation, he established World Series records for the most games (75), at-bats (259), hits (71), doubles (10), singles (49), games caught (63), and catcher putouts (457). In Game 3 of the 1947 World Series, Berra hit the first pinch-hit home run in World Series history, off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca (who later served up Bobby Thomson's famous home run in 1951).

Berra was a fifteen-time All-Star, and won the league's MVP award three times, in 1951, 1954 and 1955. From 1950 to 1957, Berra never finished lower than 4th in the voting. He received MVP votes in fifteen consecutive seasons, tied with Barry Bonds and second only to Hank Aaron's nineteen straight seasons with MVP support. (Ted Williams also received MVP votes in every year of his career, but it was twice interrupted by military service.) Between 1949 and 1955, on a team filled with stars such as Mickey Mantle and Joe DiMaggio, it was Berra who led the Yankees in RBI for seven consecutive seasons.

One of the most notable days of Berra's playing career came when he caught Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series, the first of only two no-hitters ever thrown in postseason play. The pictures of Berra leaping into Larsen's arms following the 27th out are among the sport's most memorable images.

Playing style

Berra was excellent at hitting poor pitches, covering all areas of the strike zone (as well as beyond) with great extension. In addition to this wide plate coverage, he also had great bat control. He was able to both swing the bat like a golf club to hit low pitches for deep home runs, and chop at high pitches for line drives. Five times, Berra had more home runs in a season than strikeouts. In 1950, Berra struck out twelve times in 597 at-bats. This combination made him a feared "clutch hitter"; rival manager Paul Richards once called Berra "the toughest man in the league in the last three innings." When asked about swinging at "bad pitches", Berra reportedly said, "If I can hit it, it's a good pitch."

As a fielder, Berra was truly outstanding. Quick, mobile, and a great handler of pitchers, Berra led all American League catchers eight times in games caught and in chances accepted, six times in double plays (a major league record), eight times in putouts, three times in assists, and once in fielding percentage. Berra left the game with the AL records for catcher putouts (8,723) and chances accepted (9,520). He was also one of only four catchers to ever field 1.000 for a season, playing 88 errorless games in 1958. He was the first catcher to leave a finger outside his glove, a style most other catchers eventually emulated. Later in his career, he became a good defensive outfielder in Yankee Stadium's notoriously difficult left field. In June 1962, at the age of 37, Berra showed his superb physical endurance by catching an entire 22-inning, seven-hour game against the Tigers. Casey Stengel, Berra's manager during most of his playing career with the Yankees and with the Mets in 1965, once said, "I never play a game without my man."

Managing career

After Berra's Yankee playing career ended with the 1963 World Series, he was hired as the manager of the New York Yankees. Much was made of an incident on board the team bus in August 1964. Following a loss, infielder Phil Linz was playing his harmonica, and Berra ordered him to stop. Seated on the other end of the bus, Linz couldn't hear what Berra had said, and Mickey Mantle impishly informed Linz, "He said to play it louder." When Linz did so, an angry Berra slapped the harmonica out of his hands. All was apparently forgotten when Berra's Yankees rode a September surge to return to the World Series. But the team lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games, after which Berra was fired. It was later learned that general manager Ralph Houk had been ready to discharge Berra since midseason, apparently for a perceived loss of control over the team.

Berra made a very brief return to the field as a player-coach for the crosstown Mets, playing in just four games. His last at-bat came on May 9, 1965, just three days shy of his 40th birthday. Berra stayed with the Mets as a coach for the next eight seasons, including their 1969 World Championship season. He then became the team's manager in 1972, following the sudden death of manager Gil Hodges.

The following season looked like a disappointment at first. Midway through the 1973 season, the Mets were stuck in last place but in a very tight divisional race. When the press asked Yogi if the season was finished, he replied,

A late surge allowed the Mets to win the NL Eastern division despite an 82–79 record, making it the only time between 1970 and 1980 that the NL East was not won by either their rival Philadelphia Phillies or the Pittsburgh Pirates. When the Mets faced the 99-win Cincinnati Reds in the 1973 National League Championship Series, a memorable brawl erupted between Bud Harrelson and Pete Rose in Game Three. After the incident, fans began throwing objects at Rose on the field. Sparky Anderson pulled Rose and his Reds off the field until order was restored or a forfeit was declared. Berra walked out to left field with Willie Mays, Tom Seaver, Rusty Staub and Cleon Jones in order to plead with the fans to desist. Yogi's Mets went on to defeat the highly favored "Big Red Machine" in 5 games to capture the NL pennant. It was Berra's second as a manager, one in each league.

In the 1973 World Series, Yogi's Mets had a 3-games-to-2 lead on the Oakland Athletics. Berra chose Seaver and Jon Matlack, each pitching on 3 days rest, to start for games 6 and 7. When the Mets lost both games, Berra was criticized for not using George Stone in Game Six as a starter, thus giving him a fully-rested Game Seven pitcher. Berra expressed no regrets: "What better situation would you want to have? Seaver and Matlack having to win one game! I have no regrets or second thoughts. I went for the kill. It just wasn't in the cards."

Berra's tenure as Mets manager ended with his firing on August 5, 1975. In 1976, he rejoined the Yankees as a coach. The team won its first of three consecutive AL titles, as well as the 1977 World Series and 1978 World Series, and (as had been the case throughout his playing days) Berra's reputation as a lucky charm was reinforced. (Casey Stengel once said of his catcher, "He'd fall in a sewer and come up with a gold watch.") Berra was named Yankee manager before the 1984 season. Berra agreed to stay in the job for 1985 after receiving assurances that he would not be fired, but the impatient Steinbrenner did fire Berra after the 16th game of the season. Instead of firing him personally, Steinbrenner dispatched Clyde King to deliver the news for him. This caused a rift between the two men that was not mended for almost 15 years.

Berra later joined the Houston Astros as bench coach, where he again made it to the NLCS in 1986. The Astros lost the series in six games to the Mets. Berra remained a coach in Houston until 1989.

Career statistics

G	AB	R	H	2B	3B	HR	RBI	SB	BB	SO	BA	OBP	SLG	TB	SH	HBP
2,120	7,555	1,175	2,150	321	49	358	1,430	33	704	414	.285	.348	.482	3,643	9	52

Honors

In 1972, Berra was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

The No. 8 was retired in 1972 by the Yankees, jointly honoring Berra and Bill Dickey, his predecessor as the Yankees' star catcher. Yankee television announcer Michael Kay introduced Berra on Old Timers Day as "one of the best known faces on the planet."

On August 22, 1988, Berra and Dickey were honored with plaques to be hung in Monument Park at Yankee Stadium. Berra's plaque calls him "A legendary Yankee" and cites his most frequent quote, "It ain't over till it's over." However, the honor was not enough to shake Berra's conviction that Steinbrenner had broken their personal agreement; Berra did not set foot in the Stadium for another decade, until Steinbrenner publicly apologized to Berra.

In 1999, Berra appeared at No. 40 on ''The Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and fan balloting elected him to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. At the 2008 All-Star Game at Yankee Stadium, Berra had the honor of being the last of the 49 Hall of Famers in attendance to be announced. The hometown favorite received the loudest standing ovation of the group.

On July 18, 1999, Berra was honored with "Yogi Berra Day" at Yankee Stadium. Don Larsen threw the first pitch to Berra, to honor the perfect game from the 1956 World Series. This was a part of the celebration to mark the return of Berra to the Stadium, which ended his 14-year feud with Yankees' owner George Steinbrenner. The feud started in 1985 when Steinbrenner promised Berra an honest chance as manager, then fired him in the third week of the season. Berra vowed to never return to Yankee Stadium so long as Steinbrenner owned the team. On that day, Yankees pitcher David Cone threw a perfect game against the Montreal Expos, only the 16th time it had ever been done in Major League history.

Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center and Yogi Berra Stadium

In 1998, the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center and Yogi Berra Stadium (home of the New Jersey Jackals and Montclair State University baseball teams) opened on the campus of Montclair State University in Upper Montclair, New Jersey. The museum is currently the home of various artifacts, including the mitt with which Yogi caught the only perfect game in World Series history, several autographed and "game-used" items, and nine of Yogi's championship rings. (Berra only wears the 1953 ring, in commemoration of the Yankees' record 5th consecutive World Championship.) It was an appearance on behalf of the museum by George Steinbrenner that led to their ultimate reconciliation. Yogi Berra was given the 1951 Yankee World Series banner for display purposes.

Berra is very involved with the project, and he frequently visits the museum for signings, discussions, and other events. It is his intention to teach children important values such as sportsmanship and dedication, both on and off the baseball diamond.

Other activities

Berra and former teammate Phil Rizzuto were partners in a bowling alley venture in Clifton, New Jersey, originally called Rizzuto-Berra Lanes. The two sold the alley to other owners, who kept the alley open as Astro Bowl until the late 1990s when it was sold again and converted to retail space.

Berra remains involved in causes related to his Italian American heritage. A longtime supporter of the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF), Berra has helped fundraise for the Foundation, even signing baseballs at NIAF events for auction. In 1996, he received the NIAF Special Achievement Award for Sports at NIAF's 21st Anniversary Gala.

Berra is a recipient of the Boy Scouts of America's highest adult award, the Silver Buffalo Award.

In February 2005, Berra filed a lawsuit against Turner Broadcasting System. He alleged that they unfairly used his name in a racy advertisement for the TV series ''Sex and the City''. The advertisement asked what the definition of a "yogasm" is: a) a type of yo-yo trick; (b) sex with Yogi Berra; or c) what Samantha has with a guy from yoga class. (The answer given was C.) This case was settled out of court for an undisclosed sum of money.

Berra has frequently appeared in advertisements for Yoo-hoo, AFLAC, Entenmann's, and Stove Top stuffing, among others, frequently demonstrating his famous "yogiisms." He is among the longest running commercial pitchmen in the U.S.; his television commercials span the early 1950s to the present day. Based on his style of speaking, Yogi was named "Wisest Fool of the Past 50 Years" by ''The Economist'' magazine in January 2005.

Berra appears on the YES Network in ''Yogi and a Movie'' where he and Bob Lorenz comment on different movies intermittently as they play.

In the 2007 television miniseries ''The Bronx is Burning'', Berra was portrayed by the actor Joe Grifasi. In the HBO sports docudrama 61*, Berra was portrayed by actor Paul Borghese, and Hank Steinberg's script included more than one of Berra's famous "Yogiisms".

In 2009 Berra appeared in the documentary film "A Time for Champions" recounting his childhood memories of soccer in St. Louis.

Personal life

Berra married his wife Carmen on January 26, 1949. They have three children and have lived in Montclair, New Jersey since Berra's playing days. Two of Berra's sons also played professional sports. His son Dale Berra played shortstop for the Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, and Houston Astros, and his son Tim Berra played pro football for the Baltimore Colts in 1974.

Quotations

Berra is also well known for his pithy comments and witticisms, known as Yogiisms. Yogiisms very often take the form of either an apparently obvious tautology, or a paradoxical contradiction.

Examples

As a general comment on baseball: "90% of the game is half mental." On why he no longer went to Ruggeri's, a St. Louis restaurant: "Nobody goes there anymore. It's too crowded." "It ain't over till it's over." In July 1973, when Berra's Mets trailed the Chicago Cubs by 9½ games in the National League East; the Mets rallied to win the division title on the final day of the season. When giving directions to Joe Garagiola to his New Jersey home, which is accessible by two routes: "When you come to a fork in the road, take it." On being the guest of honor at an awards banquet: "Thank you for making this day necessary." "It's déjà vu all over again". Berra explained that this quote originated when he witnessed Mickey Mantle and Roger Maris repeatedly hit back-to-back home runs in the Yankees' seasons in the early 1960s. "You can observe a lot by watching." "Always go to other people's funerals, otherwise they won't go to yours."

Books

''Yogi: It Ain't Over'' (1989) ISBN 0-07-096947-7

''The Yogi Book: 'I Really Didn't Say Everything I Said''' (1998) ISBN 0-7611-1090-9

''When You Come to a Fork in the Road, Take It! Inspiration and Wisdom from One of Baseball's Greatest Heroes'' (2001) ISBN 0-7868-6775-2

''What Time Is It? You Mean Now?: Advice for Life from the Zennest Master of Them All'' (2002) ISBN 0-7432-3768-4

''Ten Rings: My Championship Seasons'' (2003) ISBN 0-06-051381-0

''Let's Go, Yankees!'' (2006) ISBN 1-9328-8881-0

''You Can Observe a Lot by Watching'' (2011)

See also

List of top 300 Major League Baseball home run hitters

List of major league players with 2,000 hits

List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 runs

List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 RBIs

References

Further reading

External links

Yogi Berra, the Official Web Site presented by LTD Enterprises

Yogi Berra Museum & Learning Center

Thehillstl.com, Yogi's birthplace, The Hill in St. Louis. Site includes various "Yogi-isms"

Yogi Berra Quotes, A comprehensive list of "Yogi-isms"

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