name	Cremona
official name	''Comune di Cremona'' ''Municipality of Cremona''
image shield	Cremona-Stemma.png
coordinates display	title
region	Lombardy
province	Cremona (CR)
mayor party	PdL
mayor	Oreste Perri
area total km2	69.7
population total	72266
population as of	December 1, 2008
population demonym	Cremonesi
elevation m	47
saint	St. Omobono
day	November 13
postal code	26100
area code	0372
website
footnotes	}}

:''Cremonese redirects here. For the football team, see U.S. Cremonese.''

Cremona is a city and ''comune'' in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po River in the middle of the ''Pianura Padana'' (Po valley). It is the capital of the province of Cremona and the seat of the local City and Province governments. The city of Cremona is especially famous for its musical history and traditions, including some of the earliest and most renowned luthiers, such as Guarneri and Stradivari.

History

Ancient

Cremona is first mentioned in history as a settlement of the Cenomani, a Gallic (Celtic) tribe that arrived in the Po valley around 400 BC. However, the name Cremona dates back (most probably) to earlier settlers and puzzled the ancients, who gave many fanciful interpretations. In 218 BC the Romans established on that spot their first military outpost (a colonia) north of the Po river, and kept the old name. Cremona and nearby Placentia (modern Piacenza, on the south bank of the Po), were founded in the same year, as bases for penetration into what became the Roman Province of ''Gallia Cisalpina'' (Cisalpine Gaul). Cremona quickly grew into one of the largest towns in northern Italy, as it was on the main road connecting Genoa to Aquileia, the Via Postumia. It supplied troops to Julius Caesar and benefited from his rule, but later supported Marcus Iunius Brutus and the Senate in their conflict with Augustus, who, having won, in 40 BC confiscated Cremona's land and redistributed it to his men. The famous poet Virgil, who went to school in Cremona, had to forfeit his ancestral farm ("too close to wretched Cremona"), but later regained it. The city's prosperity continued to increase until 69, when it was destroyed in the Second Battle of Bedriacum by the troops of Vespasian, fighting to install him as Emperor against his rival Vitellius. Cremona was rebuilt with the help of Vespasian himself, but it seems to have failed to regain its former prosperity as it disappeared from history until the 6th century, when it resurfaces as a military outpost of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire during the Gothic War.

Early Middle Ages

When the Lombards invaded much of Italy in the second half of 6th century, Cremona remained a Byzantine stronghold as part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. The city expanded towards the north-west, with the creation of a great trenched camp outside the walls. In 603, it was conquered by the Lombard king Agilulf and again destroyed. Its territory was divided between the two duchies of Brescia and Bergamo. However, in 615 queen Theodelinda, a devout Roman Catholic intent on converting her people, had Cremona rebuilt and re-installed a bishop there. Control of the city fell increasingly to its bishop, who became a Holy Roman Empire vassal after Charlemagne's conquest of Italy. In this way, Cremona increased its power and its prosperity steadily and some of its bishops had important roles between the 10th and 11th centuries. Bishop Liutprand of Cremona was a member of the Imperial court under the Saxony dynasty and Olderic gained strong privileges for his city from emperor Otto III. Its economy was boosted by the creation of a river port out of the former Byzantine fortress.

However, the two bishops Lambert and Ubaldo created discord with the city's people. Emperor Conrad II settled the quarrel by entering in Cremona in 1037 together with the young Pope Benedict IX.

Commune

Under Henry IV, Cremona refused to pay the oppressive taxes requested by the Empire and the bishop. According to a legend, the great ''gonfaloniere'' (mayor) Giovanni Baldesio of Cremona faced the emperor himself in a duel. As Henry was knocked from his horse, the city was saved the annual payment of the 3 kg. golden ball, which, for that year, was instead given to Berta, Giovanni's girlfriend, as her dowry. The first historical news about a free Cremona is from 1093, as it entered into an anti-Empire alliance led by Mathilde of Canossa, together with Lodi, Milan and Piacenza. The conflict ended with the defeat of Henry IV and his famous humiliation of Canossa to Pope Urban II in 1098. Cremona gained the ''Insula Fulcheria'', the area around the nearby city of Crema, as its territory.

From this time, the new commune warred against nearby cities to enlarge its territory. In 1107, Cremona conquered Tortona, but four years later its army was heavily defeated near Bressanoro. As in many northern Italian cities, the people were divided into two opposing parties, the Guelphs, who were stronger in the ''new city'', and the Ghibellines, who had their base in the ''old city''. The parties were so irreconcilable that the former built a second Communal Palace, the still existing Palazzo Cittanova ("new city's palace").

When Frederick Barbarossa descended into Italy to assert his authority, Cremona sided with him in order to gain his support against Crema, which had rebelled with the help of Milan. The subsequent victory and its loyal imperial stance earned Cremona the right to create a mint for its own coinage in 1154.

In 1162, Imperial and the Cremonese forces assaulted Milan and destroyed it. However, in 1167 the city changed side and joined the Lombard League. Its troops were part of the army that, on May 29, 1176, defeated Barbarossa in the Battle of Legnano. However, the Lombard League did not survive this victory for long. In 1213, at Castelleone, the Cremonese defeated the League of Milan, Lodi, Crema, Novara, Como and Brescia. In 1232, Cremona allied itself with Emperor Frederick II, who was again trying to reassert the Empire's authority over Northern Italy. In the Battle of Cortenuova, the Cremonese were on the winning side. Thereafter Frederick often held his court in the city. In the Battle of Parma, however, the Ghibellines suffered a heavy defeat and up to two thousand Cremonese were made prisoners. Some year later Cremona took its vengeance by defeating Parma's army. Its army, under the command of Umberto Pallavicino, captured Parma's carroccio and for centuries kept the enemy's trousers hanging from the Cathedral's ceiling as a sign of the rival's humiliation.

In 1301 the troubadour Luchetto Gattilusio was podestà of Cremona. During this period Cremona flourished and reached a population of up to 80,000, larger than the 69,000 of 2001.

Seignory

In 1266, Pallavicino was expelled from Cremona, and the Ghibelline rule ended after his successor Buoso da Dovara relinquished control to a consortium of citizens. In 1271 the position of ''Capitano del Popolo'' ("People's Chieftain") was created. In 1276 the signore passed to marquis Cavalcabò Cavalcabò, who in 1305 was succeeded by his son Guglielmo Cavalcabò, who held power until 1310. During this period many edifices were created or restored including the belfry of the Torrazzo, the Romanesque church of San Francis, the Cathedral's transepts and the Loggia dei Militi. Moreover, agriculture was boosted with a new network of canals. After some foreign invasions (notably that of Emperor Henry VII in 1311), the Cavalcabò lasted until November 29, 1322, when a more powerful family, the Visconti of Galeazzo I, came to prominence that in Cremona was to last for a century and a half. The Visconti's signore was interrupted in 1327 by Ludwig the Bavarian, in 1331 by John of Bohemia, and in 1403 by a short-lived return of the Cavalcabò. On July 25, 1406, the captain Cabrino Fondulo killed his employer Ubaldo Cavalcabò along with all the male members of his family, and assumed control over Cremona. Later, as he was revealed as unable to face the task, he ceded back the city to the Visconti for a payment of 40,000 golden florins.

Thus Filippo Maria Visconti made his signore hereditary. Cremona became part of the Duchy of Milan, following its fate until the unification of Italy. Under the Visconti and later the Sforza Cremona underwent high cultural and religious development. In 1411 Palazzo Cittanova become the seat of the University of fustian merchants. In 1441 the city hosted the marriage of Francesco I Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti in the temple built by the Benedictines, which today is the church of Saint Sigismund. In that occasion a new sweet was devised, which was later turned into the famous torrone. Ludovico il Moro supported the building of several operas for the Cathedral, the church of St. Agatha and the Communal Palace.

In 1446 Cremona was encircled by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme. The siege was raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì from Venice.

Foreign occupations

From 1499 to 1509 Cremona was under Venetian control. The victory of the Italian League at Agnadello gave it back to the Duchy of Milan. However, the latter was assigned to Spain under the Treaty of Noyon (1513). Cremona fell to the new rulers only in 1524 when the Castle of Santa Croce surrendered. The French were finally expelled from the duchy two years later, with the Treaty of Madrid, and subsequently Cremona remained for long a foreign dominion. This did not prevent from further embellishments like the Loggia of the Cathedral's Porch by Lorenzo Trotti (1550) or the new church of San Siro and Sepolcro by Antonio Gialdini (1614).

The Spanish rule was mediocre. Unable to face the famine of 1628 and the plague of 1630, the duchy, after a short-lived French conquest in 1701 during the War of Spanish Succession, passed to Austria on April 10, 1707.

''For later history, see Lombardy''

Main sights

Churches

The Cathedral of Cremona and the annexed Baptistery constitutes one of the most notable sites for Romanesque-Gothic art in northern Italy.

Other churches include:

San Michele

San Luca

San Sigismondo

Sant'Agostino

Sant'Agata

San Marcellino

Santa Lucia

Santa Rita

San Pietro al Po

Buildings

The Torrazzo, the second highest brickwork bell tower in Europe.

Loggia dei Militi

Palazzo Cittanova

Palazzo Fodri

Palazzo Comunale

Teatro Ponchielli

Museo Civico Ala Ponzone

Museo Stradivariano

Museo della Civiltà Contadina

Museo Berenziano

See also:

Le colonie padane

Economy

The economy of Cremona is deeply linked to the agricultural production of the countryside. Food industries include salted meat, sweets (torrone), vegetable oils, grana padano, provolone and "mostarda" (pickled fruit). Heavy industries include steel, oil and one electric plant. The river-port is a base for the barges transporting goods along the Po river.

Music

Cremona has a distinguished musical history. The 12th century cathedral was probably the focus of organized musical activity in the region in the late Middle Ages. By the 16th century the town had become a famous musical centre. Nowadays there are important ''ensembles'' for Renaissance and Baroque music, i.e. Choir & Consort ''Costanzo Porta'', and festivals which maintain Cremona as one of the most important towns in Italy for music. Composer Marc'Antonio Ingegneri taught there; Claudio Monteverdi was his most famous student, before leaving for Mantua in 1591. It was also the birthplace of Pierre-Francisque Caroubel, a collaborator with noted German composer Michael Praetorius. The bishop of Cremona, Nicolò Sfondrati, a fervent supporter of the Counter-Reformation, became Pope Gregory XIV in 1590. Since he was an equally fervent patron of music, the renown of the town as a musical destination grew accordingly.

From the 16th century onwards, Cremona was renowned as a centre of musical instrument manufacture, beginning with the violins of the Amati family, and later included the products of the Guarneri and Stradivari shops. To the present day, their work is widely considered to be the summit of achievement in string instrument making. Today Cremona is still renowned for producing high-quality instruments.

Cremona had a band tradition linked to the ''Guardia nazionale'' founded under Napoleonic influence. In 1864, native son, Amilcare Ponchielli, became its leader and created what might be considered one of the greatest bands of all time. In his role as ''capobanda'', Ponchielli founded a band school and a tradition that waned only at the onset of World War I.

Transport

Cremona railway station, opened in 1863, is the terminus of six railway lines, all of a regional nature, linking Cremona with Pavia, Mantua, Treviglio, Brescia, Piacenza and Fidenza, respectively.

Sport

Like in many other Italian cities, Cremona's favourite sport is football. The U.S. Cremonese played for several years in Serie A, its most renowned players being Aristide Guarneri, Emiliano Mondonico, Antonio Cabrini and Gianluca Vialli - all born in or near Cremona. The brightest page in the more than one century old history of Cremonese was written in the early 1990s, when President of the team was Domenico Luzzara and the coach was Gigi Simoni; the team managed to stay in Serie A for 3 consecutive years, ending one of the championship at the tenth place. On March 27, 1993, by defeating English team Derby County in the Final to win the Anglo-Italian Cup, Cremonese became the second Italian team in football history to win at Wembley.

Cremona has also a first-division waterpolo club and, by the 1980s, had built a strong basketball tradition, now brought on by Gruppo Triboldi, a team from Soresina which however plays usually in Cremona. There is also a century-old tradition in rowing and canoe racing, with three differents clubs, located along the Po river, that trained many world and olympic champions. One of its most famous sprint canoers was Oreste Perri, mayor of Cremona since 22 June 2009.

Notable people

Mina

Sicardo

Alberto Somenzi

Andrea Amati, luthier

Nicolò Amati, luthier

Gasparo Aselli

Eugenio Beltrami, mathematician

Antonio Cabrini

Massimo Capra

Raffaele Cesaro

Leonida Bissolati

Sergio Cofferati

Gerard of Cremona

Arcangelo Ghisleri

Guido Grandi

Sofonisba Anguissola lady painter of the Renaissance

Giuseppe Guarneri detto 'del Gesù', luthier

Saint Homobonus (Sant'Omobono)

Liutprand of Cremona

Filippo de Lurano, early 16th century composer

Gianello Torriani (better known as Juanelo Turriano)

Tarquinio Merula, composer of the Baroque

Danilo Montaldi, writer and revolutionary

Claudio Monteverdi, composer of the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras

Quartetto di Cremona Italian string Quartet

Mario Mosconi

Alessandro Magnoli Bocchi

Benedetto Pallavicino, composer of the Renaissance

Oreste Perri, sprint canoer in the 1970s and mayor since 22 June 2009

Amilcare Ponchielli, composer

Costanzo Porta, composer of the Renaissance

Aldo Protti

Antonio Stradivari, renowned luthier

Ugo Tognazzi

Gianluca Vialli

Marco Girolamo Vida

Luigi Voghera

Antonio Nicoli

Roberto Farinacci

Notable painters and architects

Sofonisba Anguissola

Bernardino and Giulio Campi

Francesco and Giuseppe Dattaro

Altobello Melone‎

Gallery

External links

City's portal

Category:218 BC establishments Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy Category:Cities and towns in Lombardy

ar:كريمونا an:Cremona br:Cremona bg:Кремона ca:Cremona cs:Cremona co:Cremona de:Cremona et:Cremona es:Cremona eo:Kremono eu:Cremona fa:کرمونا fr:Crémone gl:Cremona ko:크레모나 hr:Cremona id:Cremona is:Cremona it:Cremona he:קרמונה la:Cremona lb:Cremona lt:Kremona lmo:Cremùna hu:Cremona mr:क्रेमोना nl:Cremona (stad) ja:クレモナ nap:Cremona no:Cremona nn:Cremona oc:Cremona pms:Cremon-a pl:Cremona pt:Cremona ro:Cremona qu:Cremona ru:Кремона scn:Cremona simple:Cremona sk:Cremona (mesto) sr:Кремона sh:Cremona fi:Cremona sv:Cremona tl:Lungsod ng Cremona roa-tara:Cremona tr:Cremona uk:Кремона vec:Cremona vi:Cremona vo:Cremona war:Cremona zh:克雷莫納

Name	Li Lu
Birth date	April 06, 1966
Birth place	Tangshan, Hebei, China
Alma mater	Nanjing UniversityColumbia University
Awards	World Economic Forum2001 Global leader for tomorrow }}

Li Lu (born April 6, 1966) is a Chinese-American investment banker, fund manager, and investor, founder and Chairman of Himalaya Capital Management. He was one of the student leaders of the 1989 Tiananmen Square student protests, an experience he recounted in a 1990 book, ''Moving the Mountain: My Life in China'', that was the basis of a 1994 documentary by Michael Apted.

Biography

Li Lu was born and grew up in Tangshan, China. He was a survivor of 1976 Tangshan earthquake. In 1985, he went to Nanjing University, majored in Physics but later transferred to Economics. In 1989, he participated in the Tiananmen Square student protests and became one of the student leaders. He helped organize the students and participated in a hunger strike. He fled the PRC through Operation Yellowbird.

After the crackdown of the movement, he left China and went to study at Columbia University. In 1990, he published a book about his experience in China titled ''Moving the Mountain: My Life in China'' (ISBN 0-399-13545-6). The book was the basis of a 1994 feature-film documentary produced by Trudie Styler and directed by Michael Apted, which probed the origins of the 1989 protests in Tiananmen Square and the consequences of the movement in the lives of several of the movement's student leaders.

Li graduated from Columbia receiving three degrees simultaneously: a B.A. in Economics, a M.B.A. and a J.D. in 1996.

Li was inspired to get into banking after hearing Warren Buffett, a Columbia alumnus, give a lecture at Columbia in 1993. Upon graduation, Li Lu worked in an investment bank until late 1997, when he founded Himalaya Capital Management. From 1998 to 2004, he managed both a hedge fund and a venture capital fund. His fund suffered a 19% percent loss in 1998 from the Asian Financial Crisis. In late 2004, he transformed the hedge fund into a long only investment vehicle, LL Investment Partners, LP, which is currently focused on global investment opportunities. Charlie Munger, Vice-Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway and a long-time partner of legendary investor Warren Buffett, is one of investors of his fund, and a “mentor and good friend” (in Li Lu’s own words). Li Lu has been known as the man who introduced the Chinese battery and auto maker BYD Company to Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett. He is an informal advisor to BYD. His LL Investment Partners owns about 2.5% of BYD. Li was rumored to be the front runner to manage a large portion of Berkshire Hathaway's investment portfolio once Warren Buffett steps down. According to ''The Wall Street Journal'', Charlie Munger once said "it is a foregone decision" that Li Lu would be going to be a member of Berkshire's top investors team after Warren Buffett retires. This was also hinted several times in some conversations with Buffett. Li Lu decides to stay with his own firm, and Todd Combs from Castle Point Capital Management in Greenwich, Conn possibly becomes the chief investment officer at the Berkshire Hathaway.

In May 2010, Li Lu helped to translate and publish the Chinese version of ''Poor Charlie’s Almanack, The Wit and Wisdom of Charles T. Munger'' (ISBN 978-7-208-08994-5) in China and wrote a foreword for the book.

Li was named a global leader for tomorrow by the World Economic Forum in 2001, and a Henry Crown fellow by the Aspen Institute in 1998. He serves on the board of directors for Knovel is a member of Council on Foreign Relations and Young Presidents' Organization.

Published works

''Moving the Mountain: My Life in China'' (ISBN 0-399-13545-6)

See also

List of JD/MBAs

Reference

External links

''Moving the Mountain'' at the Internet Movie Database

Himalaya Capital official website

Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:American investors Category:Berkshire Hathaway Category:Chinese dissidents Category:Chinese emigrants to the United States Category:Columbia Business School alumni Category:Columbia Law School alumni Category:Investment bankers Category:Nanjing University alumni Category:People from Tangshan

fr:Li Lu zh-yue:李祿 zh:李錄