En name | Udmurt Republic |
---|---|
Ru name | Удмуртская Республика |
Loc name1 | Удмурт Республика |
Loc lang1 | Udmurt |
Anthem | National Anthem of the Udmurt Republic |
Political status | Republic |
Political status link | Republics of Russia |
Federal district | Volga |
Economic region | Urals |
Adm ctr type | Capital |
Adm ctr name | Izhevsk |
Official lang list | Udmurt |
Official lang ref | |
Pop 2010census | 1522700 |
Pop 2010census rank | 30th |
Urban pop 2010census | 69.2% |
Rural pop 2010census | 30.8% |
Pop 2010census ref | |
Pop 2002census | 1570316 |
Pop 2002census rank | 29th |
Urban pop 2002census | 69.7% |
Rural pop 2002census | 30.3% |
Pop 2002census ref | |
Area km2 | 42100 |
Area km2 rank | 57th |
Established date | November 4, 1920 |
License plates | 18 |
Iso | RU-UD |
Gov as of | March 2011 |
Leader title | President |
Leader title ref | |
Leader name | Alexander Volkov |
Leader name ref | |
Legislature | State Council |
Legislature ref | |
Basic law type | Constitution |
Basic law title | Constitution of the Udmurt Republic |
Website | http://www.udmurt.ru/en/ |
Date | August 2010 }} |
The Uralic language community was founded in the late Stone Age in the Ural region. Later, a Permic community split off from the Uralic community. At the end of the first millennium AD, Proto-Udmurts were differentiated from the Permic generality. Originally, the Proto-Udmurts lived in the middle Kama River region, then began to settle around the mouth of the Vyatka River.
Udmurts are mentioned by Arab historians Ibn Fadlan (921) and Abu-Said al-Balchi (950) as neighbors of the Idel River Bolgars. Thus, the southern Udmurts were under the influence of Volga Bulgaria.
By the middle of the second millennium, Udmurts had settled before the middle reaches of the Vyatka, where they began to settle in the valley of the Cheptsa River – from the mouth to the source of river. At the Vyatka River, Udmurts first met the Old Rus people, who had been settling there since the 12th century. In addition, Udmurts were contacted with Russian and Arab merchants. The Russian state exerted political and cultural influence on the northern Udmurt. By the 16th century, the northern Udmurt almost became part of the Russian state.
During the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria of 1237, the Mongols also conquered the land where most of the Udmurts lived. They had to pay annual taxes to the Khan of Kazan, who did not otherwise intervene in Udmurt tribal society.
By this time, some Udmurt tribes mixed with Tatars, and these people, still using the Udmurt language, were called Besermaans, in Udmurt Busurmans. The Maris called Udmurts "Odo". From this name, the Russians derived their second alternative name for Udmurts: Otjans (Otjaki) or Otiny. From this is derived Votjaki.
The Udmurts fought with the Tatars against the Muscovite Princes up to 1552, when the Khanate of Kazan was conquered and destroyed by the Russians. The territory of modern Udmurtia was divided after 1552 between the Kazan and Vyatka Governorates (guberniyas). In 1553–1557, Udmurts rebelled against the Russians. In 1582, a new rebellion broke out. The Russians had to make, from Moscow, an armed venture against the Udmurt rebels. A new revolt started again in 1592 together with Maris. In 1609, Udmurts took part in a rebellion and conquered, in 1612 and for a short period, Kazan, together with the Tatars. The next uprising took place when Udmurts joined the Stenka Razin rebellion in 1667–1671. However, the Russians still considered Udmurts dangerous enough that an order was issued in 1697 not to sell any iron which could be used to arm the Udmurt population. The last large scale uprising took place in 1773–1774, when Udmurts joined the Yemelyan Pugachyov's rebellion.
The Udmurt Republic in its present form has existed since September 20, 1990.
+Borders | !Kind | !Polity or geographical feature | !Direction |
Kirov Oblast | SW/W/NW/N | ||
Perm Krai | NE/E | ||
Republic of Bashkortostan | SE | ||
Republic of Tatarstan | S/SW | ||
Water | Votkinsk Reservoir | E |
Highest point: Maximum N->S distance: Maximum E->W distance:
Forests cover over 40% of the republic's territory. Most of the forests are coniferous.
+Average temperatures | !Month | !Average temperature |
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!Ethnic group | ! census 1926 | ! census 1939 | ! census 1959 | ! census 1970 | ! census 1979 | ! census 1989 | ! census 2002 |
Udmurts | 395,607 (52.3%) | 460,584 (29.3%) | |||||
Besermyan | 9,200 (1.2%) | 2,998 (0.2%) | |||||
Russians | 327,493 (43.3) | 679,294 (55.7%) | 758,770 (56.8%) | 809,563 (57.1%) | 870,270 (58.3%) | 945,216 (58.9%) | 944,108 (60.1%) |
Tatars | 19,248 (2.5%) | 40,561 (3.3%) | 71,930 (5.4%) | 87,150 (6.1%) | 99,139 (6.6%) | 110,490 (6.9%) | 109,218 (7.0%) |
Others | 4,716 (0.6%) | 19,481 (1.6%) | 30,314 (2.3%) | 36,794 (2.6%) | 43,061 (2.9%) | 53,435 (3.3%) | 53,408 (3.4%) |
Over two thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic.
Although as of 2007 population is declining, the decline is more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas(11.86 per 1000) and 7,036 were in rural areas(14.88 per 1000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas(13.49 per 1000) and 7,361 were in rural areas(15.56 per 1000). Natural decline of population was measured at -0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant -0.07% for rural areas (average for Russia is -0.33%).
The Republic's parliament is the State Council, popularly elected every five years. The State Council has 100 deputies.
The Republic's constitution was adopted on December 7, 1994.
In Udmurtia, there are eight professional theaters, the Philharmonic Society, and more than ten state and numerous public museums which tell about history and culture of Udmurtia and its people, like the Museum of history and culture in Sarapul, or the Tchaikovsky Museum in Votkinsk. One of the oldest arms museums is located in Izhevsk, as well as the newer Kalashnikov Museum (dedicated in November 2004), which has recently become a general small-arms museum. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union a new, pan-Uralic cultural movement has evolved called "Ethnofuturism".
Official website of the Udmurt Republic Official website of the Izhevsk State Medical Academy Official website of the State Council of the Udmurt Republic Official website of the Izhevsk State Technical University
Category:1934 establishments Category:States and territories established in 1920 Category:Republics of Russia
ace:Republik Udmurt am:ኡድሙርቲያ ar:أودمورتيا az:Udmurtiya ba:Удмурт Республикаһы be:Удмуртыя be-x-old:Удмуртыя bs:Udmurtija bg:Удмуртия ca:Udmúrtia cv:Удмурт Республики cs:Udmurtsko da:Udmurtien de:Udmurtien et:Udmurtia el:Δημοκρατία των Ουντμούρτ myv:Удмуртонь Республикась es:Udmurtia eo:Udmurtio eu:Udmurtia fa:اودمورتیا fr:Oudmourtie ga:An Udmairt gv:Yn Udmurt xal:Удмурдин таңһч ko:우드무르트 공화국 hr:Udmurtska id:Udmurtia os:Удмурти it:Udmurtia he:אודמורטיה ka:უდმურტეთი rw:Udimuritiya ky:Удмуртия kv:Удмуртия koi:Удмурт Республика la:Udmurtia lv:Udmurtija lt:Udmurtija hu:Udmurtföld mk:Удмуртија mr:उद्मुर्तिया प्रजासत्ताक ms:Udmurtia mn:Удмурт nl:Oedmoertië ja:ウドムルト共和国 no:Udmurtia nn:Udmurtia pnb:ادمرتیا pl:Udmurcja pt:Udmúrtia ro:Udmurtia ru:Удмуртия sah:Удмуртия sk:Udmurtsko sl:Udmurtija sr:Удмуртија sh:Udmurtska fi:Udmurtia sv:Udmurtien tl:Udmurtia tt:Удмуртия tr:Udmurtya udm:Удмуртия uk:Удмуртія ug:ئۇدمۇرتىيە vi:Udmurtia war:Udmurtia zh:乌德穆尔特共和国This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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