__NOTOC__ Year 1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar.

Overview

As the second year of the massive Russo-Japanese War begins, more than 100,000 die in the largest world battles of that era, and the war chaos leads to a revolution against the Tsar. (Shostakovich's 11th Symphony is subtitled "The Year 1905" to commemorate this.) Canada and the U.S. expand west, with the Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces and the founding of Las Vegas. 1905 is also the ''annus mirabilis'' of Albert Einstein, publishing papers which lay the foundations of quantum physics, introduced the special theory of relativity, explained Brownian motion, and established mass-energy equivalence.

Events

January

January 1 – The Trans-Siberian Railway officially opens after its completion on July 21, 1904.

January 2 – Russo-Japanese War: The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur, China.

January 5 – The play ''The Scarlet Pimpernel'' opens at the New Theatre in London and begins a run of 122 performances and numerous revivals.

January 22 (January 9 O.S.) – The Bloody Sunday massacre of Russian demonstrators, at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, helps trigger the abortive Russian Revolution of 1905.

January 26 – The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa at the Premier Mine.

February

February 12 – In Christchurch, New Zealand, the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament is opened.

February 16 – At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, 2 explosions on board the HM Submarine A5, due to petrol fumes after refueling, kill 6 of 11 crew.

February 17 – At Fremantle, Western Australia, the R.M.S. ''Orizaba'' wrecks, but all 160 passengers and the mail are saved.

February 19 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Mukden begins in Manchuria.

February 23 – Rotary International is founded.

March

March 1 – Australian Conservative leader Richard Butler takes office as Premier of South Australia.

March 3 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly (the Duma).

March 4 – U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt begins a full term.

March 5 – Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops begin to retreat from Mukden after losing 100,000 troops in 3 days.

March 10

* Russo-Japanese War: The Japanese capture of Mukden (now Shenyang) completes the rout of Russian armies in Manchuria.

* Cassie Chadwick is sentenced for 14 years in Cleveland, Ohio for fraud.

March 14 – Chelsea FC is founded.

March 17 – Albert Einstein publishes his paper ''On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light'', in which he explains the photoelectric effect using the notion of light quanta.

March 20 – Grover Shoe Factory disaster: A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire in Brockton, Massachusetts kills 58.

March 31 – German Emperor William II asserts German equality with France in Morocco, triggering the Tangier or First Moroccan Crisis.

April

April – Albert Einstein works on the special theory of relativity as well as the theory of Brownian motion.

April 1 – Penny post established between the United Kingdom and Australia.

April 2 – The Simplon Tunnel is officially opened through the Alps.

April 4 – In India, the 1905 Kangra earthquake hits the Kangra valley, kills 20,000, and destroys most buildings in Kangra, Mcleodganj and Dharamshala.

April 6 – ''Lochner v. New York'': The Supreme Court of the United States invalidates New York's 8-hour-day law.

May

May 11 – Albert Einstein submits his doctoral dissertation ''On the Motion of Small Particles...'', in which he explains Brownian motion. In the course of the year, Einstein publishes 4 papers, formulates the theory of special relativity and explains the photoelectric effect by quantization. 1905 is regarded as his "miracle year".

May 13 – Mata Hari debuts in Paris.

May 15

* Las Vegas, Nevada is founded when 110 acres (0.4 km²), in what later becomes downtown, are auctioned off.

May 17 – Kappa Delta Rho is founded in in room 14 of Old Painter Hall at Middlebury College in Middlebury, VT.

May 27–May 28 – Russo-Japanese War – Battle of Tsushima: The Japanese fleet under Admiral Heihachiro Togo destroys the Russian fleet under Admiral Zinovi Petrovich Rozhdestvenski in a 2-day battle.

June

June 7 – The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence.

June 9 – The Charlton Athletic F.C. is founded.

June 15 – Princess Margaret of Connaught marries Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Duke of Skåne (Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden).

June 27 – (June 14 according to the Julian calendar): Mutiny breaks out on the Russian ironclad ''Potemkin''.

June 29 – The Automobile Association was founded in United Kingdom.

June 30 – Albert Einstein publishes the article ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'' where he reveals his theory of special relativity.

July

July 22 – Taft-Katsura Agreement.

July 23 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the second time.

September

September 1 – The Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are established from the southwestern part of the Northwest Territories.

September 5 – Russo-Japanese War – Treaty of Portsmouth: In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by victor Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin and port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.

October

October 1 – Galatasaray SK is founded.

October 2 – HMS ''Dreadnought'' is laid down, revolutionizing battleship design and triggering a naval arms race.

October 5 – The Wright Brothers' third aeroplane (Wright Flyer III) stays in the air for 39 minutes with Wilbur piloting. This is the first aeroplane flight lasting over half an hour.

October 16 – Russian Revolution of 1905: The Russian army opens fire in a meeting on a street market in Tallinn, killing 94 and injuring over 200.

October 26 – Sweden agrees to the repeal of the union with Norway.

October 30 – Tsar Nicholas II is forced to grant Russia's first constitution, conceding a national assembly (Duma) with limited powers.

November

November 9 – The Province of Alberta, Canada holds its first general election.

November 18 – Prince Carl of Denmark becomes King Haakon VII of Norway.

November 28 – Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin in Dublin, as a political party whose goal is independence for all of Ireland.

December

December 30 – A bomb kills Frank Steunenberg, ex-governor of Idaho; the case leads to a trial against leaders of the Western Federation of Miners.

Date unknown

Women are given the vote and admitted to the practice of law in Queensland.

Workers' compensation is introduced in Queensland.

The title Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is officially recognized by King Edward VII.

Pathé Frères colors black and white films by machine.

''Huckleberry Finn'' and ''Tom Sawyer'' are banned from the Brooklyn Public Library for setting a "bad example."

Neo-Druidic rituals begin in Stonehenge.

Alfred Einhorn introduces novocaine.

The first U-boat is launched.

Wolves become extinct in Japan.

The Fauvism movement is founded, led by Henri Matisse and André Derain.

The word "lime" is first used to describe a color.

Civil service examinations are abolished in China.

Germany insists on an international conference on the whole Moroccan question.

Max Weber publishes ''Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus''.

Births

January–February

January 2 – Michael Tippett, English composer (d. 1998)

January 3 – Anna May Wong, American actress (d. 1961)

January 4 – Sterling Holloway, American actor (d. 1992)

January 8 – Giacinto Scelsi, Italian composer (d. 1988)

January 12

* James Bennett Griffin, American archaeologist (d. 1997)

* Tex Ritter, American actor and singer (d. 1974)

January 17 – Guillermo Stabile, Argentine football player and manager (d. 1966)

January 18 – Joseph Bonanno, American gangster (d. 2002)

January 19 – Stanley Hawes, British-born Australian film producer, director and administrator (d. 1991)

January 21 – Christian Dior, French couturier (d. 1957)

January 26

* Charles Lane, American actor (d. 2007)

* Maria von Trapp, Austrian singer (d. 1987)

January 27 – Howard McNear, American actor (d. 1969)

January 29 – Barnett Newman, American painter (d. 1970)

January 31 – John O'Hara, American writer (d. 1970)

February 1 – Emilio G. Segrè, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)

February 2 – Ayn Rand, American author (''The Fountainhead'') (d. 1982)

February 4 – Hylda Baker, English actress (d. 1986)

February 7 – Paul Nizan, French author (d. 1940)

February 10 – Walter A. Brown, American basketball and ice hockey pioneer (d. 1964)

February 14 – Thelma Ritter, American actress (d. 1969)

February 15 – Harold Arlen, American composer of popular music (d. 1986)

February 18 – Queenie Leonard, British character actress and singer (d. 2002)

February 23 – Derrick Henry Lehmer, American mathematician (d. 1991)

February 27 – Franchot Tone, American actor (d. 1968)

March–April

March 1 – Doris Hare, English actress (d. 2000)

March 3 – Marie Glory, French silent screen actress (d. 2009)

March 6 – Bob Wills, American singer (d. 1975)

March 10 – Richard Haydn, English comic actor (d. 1985)

March 12

* Takashi Shimura, Japanese actor (d. 1982)

* Yin Shun, Chinese Buddist master (d. 2005)

March 15 – Berthold Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, German lawyer and Nazi opponent (d. 1944)

March 16 – Elisabeth Flickenschildt, German actress (d. 1977)

March 18

* Thomas Townsend Brown, American scientist (d. 1985)

* Robert Donat, English actor (d. 1958)

* Benny Friedman, American football player (d. 1982)

March 19

* Albert Speer, German Nazi official and architect (d. 1981)

* Joe Rollino, American strongman, weightlifter, and boxer (d. 2010)

March 20

* Jean Galia, French rugby footballer (d. 1949)

* Vera Panova, Soviet-Russian writer (d. 1973)

March 23

* Lale Andersen, German singer (d. 1972)

* Joan Crawford, American actress (d. 1977)

March 25 – Pura Santillan-Castrence, Filipino writer and diplomat (d. 2007)

March 27 – Elsie MacGill, Canadian aeronautical engineer (d. 1980)

March 30 – Mikio Oda, Japanese athlete (d. 1998)

April 21 – Edmund G. Brown, Governor of California (d. 1996)

April 25 – George Nepia, New Zealand Maori Rugby Player (d. 1986)

April 30 – Sergey Nikolsky, Russian mathematician

May–June

May 3 – Werner Fenchel, German mathematician (d. 1988)

May 5 – Floyd Gottfredson, American "Mickey Mouse" comic strip cartoonist (d. 1986)

May 8 – Red Nichols, American jazz musician (d. 1965)

May 14 – Herbert Morrison, American radio reporter (d. 1989)

May 15 – Joseph Cotten, American actor (d. 1994)

May 16 – Henry Fonda, American actor (''The Grapes of Wrath'') (d. 1982)

May 20 – Gerrit Achterberg, Dutch poet (d. 1962)

May 27 – Signe Johansson-Engdahl, Swedish Olympic diver (d. 2010)

May 28 – Sada Abe, Japanese actress (d. 1970)

May 29 – Sebastian Shaw, English actor (d. 1994)

June 7 – James J. Braddock, Irish-American wrestler (d. 1974)

June 12 – Ray Barbuti, American athlete (d. 1975)

June 14 – Arthur Davis, American animator (d. 2000)

June 21 – Jean-Paul Sartre, French existentialist (d. 1980)

June 23 – Mary Livingstone, American radio comedian (d. 1983)

June 30 – Nestor Paiva, American actor (d. 1966)

July–August

July 4 – Irving Johnson, American sail training pioneer (d. 1991)

July 5 – Jock Cameron, South African cricketer (d. 1935)

July 8 – Leonid Amalrik, Russian animator (d. 1997)

July 12

* Edward Bernds, American director (d. 2000)

* Prince John of the United Kingdom (d. 1919)

July 13 – Alfredo M. Santos, Filipino general (d. 1990)

July 15 – Dorothy Fields, American songwriter (d. 1988)

July 22 – Doc Cramer, American baseball player (d. 1990)

July 23 – Leopold Engleitner, Austrian Holocaust survivor

July 25 – Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-born British writer (d. 1994)

July 29

* Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish United Nations Secretary-General (d. 1961)

* Clara Bow, American silent film actress (d. 1965)

August 2 – Karl Amadeus Hartmann, German composer (d. 1963)

August 3 – Franz König, Austrian Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 2004)

August 5 – Wassily Leontief, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)

August 8 – André Jolivet, French composer (d. 1974)

August 9 – Leo Genn, English actor (d. 1978)

August 11 – Erwin Chargaff, Austrian biochemist (d. 2002)

August 16 – Marian Rejewski, Polish mathematician and cryptologist (d. 1980)

August 20 – Jean Gebser, German-born author, linguist and poet (d. 1973)

August 21 – Friz Freleng, American "Looney Tunes' Director (d. 1995)

August 23 – Constant Lambert, British composer (d. 1951)

August 24 – Siaka Stevens, former President of Sierra Leone (d. 1988)

August 29

* Dhyan Chand, Indian hockey player (d. 1979)

* Al Taliaferro, Disney comics artist (d. 1969)

August 31 – Dore Schary, American film writer, director, and producer (d. 1980)

September–October

September 1 – Elvera Sanchez, Puerto Rican dancer (d. 2000)

September 3 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1991)

September 5 – Justiniano Montano, Filipino politician (d. 2005)

September 18

* Eddie Anderson, American actor (d. 1977)

* Greta Garbo, Swedish actress (d. 1990)

September 22

* Eugen Sänger, Austrian aerospace engineer (d. 1964)

* Haakon Lie, Norwegian politician (d. 2009)

September 24 – Severo Ochoa, Spanish–American biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1993)

September 26 – Emilio Navarro, Puerto Rican baseball player (d. 2011)

September 28 – Max Schmeling, German boxer (d. 2005)

September 30

* Savitri Devi, Greek writer and National Socialist philosopher (d. 1982)

* Nevill Francis Mott, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1996)

* Michael Powell, British director (d. 1990)

October 5 – Helen Wills Moody, American tennis player (d. 1998)

October 18 – Felix Houphouet-Boigny, former President of Côte d'Ivoire (d. 1993)

October 23 – Felix Bloch, Swiss-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1983)

November–December

November 2 – Georges Schehadé, Lebanese poet and playwright (d. 1989)

November 4 – Dragutin Tadijanović, Croatian poet (d. 2007)

November 7 – William Alwyn, English composer (d. 1985)

November 9 – Erika Mann, German author and war correspondent (d. 1969)

November 15 – Mantovani, Italian-born conductor and arranger (d. 1980)

November 17 – Queen Astrid of Belgium (d. 1935)

November 26 – Bob Johnson, American baseball player (d. 1982)

December 11 – Gilbert Roland, Mexican-born American actor (d. 1994)

December 17 – Simo Häyhä, Finnish sniper (d. 2002)

December 18 – Irving Kahn, American financial analyst and investor

December 21 – Anthony Powell, British author (d. 2000)

December 22 – Kenneth Rexroth, American poet (d. 1982)

December 23 – Paul Caraway, American general and High Commissioner (d. 1985)

December 24 – Howard Hughes, American millionaire, aviation pioneer and film mogul (d. 1976)

December 27 – Leonard Goldenson, American television executive (d. 1999)

December 30 – Jule Styne, English-born composer (d. 1994)

Deaths

January–June

January 14 – Ernst Abbe, German physicist (b. 1840)

January 19 – Debendranath Tagore, Indian philosopher (b. 1817)

February 4 – Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (b. 1841)

February 15 – Lew Wallace, American writer, author of Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (b. 1827)

February 17 – Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, (b. 1857)

February 20 – Jeremiah W. Farnham, American merchant captain (b. c. 1828)

March 6 – John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (b. 1818)

March 15 – Meyer Guggenheim, Swiss-born patriarch of the Guggenheim family (b. 1828)

March 24 – Jules Verne, French science fiction author (''Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea'') (b. 1828)

March 26 – Maurice Barrymore, British actor (b. 1849)

March 28 – Huang Zunxian, Chinese poet and writer (b. 1848)

April 23 – Joseph Jefferson, American actor (b. 1829)

May 13 – Sam S. Shubert, American theater owner (b. 1878)

June 1 – Émile Delahaye, French automotive pioneer (b. 1843)

June 3 – James Hudson Taylor, British missionary (b. 1832)

June 22 – Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (b. 1815)

June 27 – Grigory Vakulinchuk, Russian mutineer (b. 1877)

July–December

July 1 – John Hay, American diplomat and private secretary to Abraham Lincoln (b. 1838)

July 8 – Walter Kittredge, American musician and composer (b. 1834)

July 11 – Muhammad Abduh, Egyptian philosopher and jurist (b. 1849)

August 1 – John Brown, Canadian politician (b. 1841)

August 14 – Simeon Solomon, British artist (b. 1840)

September 5 – Touch the Clouds, Minneconjou chief (b. c. 1838)

September 13 – René Goblet, French politician (b. 1828)

September 14 – Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, Franco-Italian explorer (b. 1852)

September 18 – George MacDonald, Scottish author, poet and Christian minister (b. 1824)

September 19 – Thomas John Barnardo, Irish philanthropist (b. 1845)

October 3 – José María de Heredia, French poet (b. 1842)

October 13 – Sir Henry Irving, English actor (b. 1838)

October 15 – Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov, Russian general (b. 1830)

October 29 – Étienne Desmarteau, Canadian athlete (b. 1873)

November 2 – Albert von Kölliker, Swiss anatomist (b. 1817)

December 9 – Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb, British scholar and politician (b. 1841)

December 12 – Reimond Stijns, Belgian writer (b. 1850)

Nobel Prizes

Physics – Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard

Chemistry – Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

Medicine – Robert Koch

Literature – Henryk Sienkiewicz

Peace – Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita Von Suttner

References

af:1905 am:1905 እ.ኤ.አ. ang:1905 ar:ملحق:1905 an:1905 frp:1905 ast:1905 gn:1905 av:1905 az:1905 bn:১৯০৫ zh-min-nan:1905 nî map-bms:1905 be:1905 be-x-old:1905 bh:१९०५ bcl:1905 bs:1905 br:1905 bg:1905 ca:1905 cv:1905 cs:1905 cbk-zam:1905 co:1905 cy:1905 da:1905 de:1905 et:1905 el:1905 myv:1905 ие es:1905 eo:1905 eu:1905 fa:۱۹۰۵ (میلادی) hif:1905 fo:1905 fr:1905 fy:1905 fur:1905 ga:1905 gv:1905 gd:1905 gl:1905 gan:1905年 ko:1905년 hy:1905 hi:१९०५ hr:1905. io:1905 ilo:1905 bpy:মারি ১৯০৫ id:1905 ia:1905 os:1905-æм аз is:1905 it:1905 he:1905 jv:1905 kn:೧೯೦೫ pam:1905 krc:1905 джыл ka:1905 csb:1905 kk:1905 kw:1905 sw:1905 kv:1905 во ht:1905 (almanak gregoryen) ku:1905 la:1905 lv:1905. gads lb:1905 lt:1905 m. lij:1905 li:1905 lmo:1905 hu:1905 mk:1905 mg:1905 ml:1905 mi:1905 mr:इ.स. १९०५ arz:1905 ms:1905 mdf:1905 mn:1905 nah:1905 nl:1905 new:ई सं १९०५ ja:1905年 nap:1905 no:1905 nn:1905 nrm:1905 nov:1905 oc:1905 mhr:1905 uz:1905 pa:੧੯੦੫ pi:१९०५ pnb:1905 tpi:1905 nds:1905 pl:1905 pt:1905 ty:1905 ro:1905 qu:1905 rue:1905 ru:1905 год sah:1905 se:1905 sq:1905 scn:1905 simple:1905 sk:1905 sl:1905 ckb:١٩٠٥ srn:1905 sr:1905 sh:1905 su:1905 fi:1905 sv:1905 tl:1905 ta:1905 tt:1905 ел te:1905 tet:1905 th:พ.ศ. 2448 tr:1905 tk:1905 udm:1905 ар uk:1905 ur:1905ء vec:1905 vi:1905 vo:1905 fiu-vro:1905 wa:1905 vls:1905 war:1905 yi:1905 yo:1905 zh-yue:1905年 diq:1905 bat-smg:1905 zh:1905年

Name	Theodore Roosevelt
Office	26th President of the United States
Vicepresident	Charles Fairbanks
Term start	September 14, 1901
Term end	March 4, 1909
Predecessor	William McKinley
Successor	William Howard Taft
Office2	25th Vice President of the United States
President2	William McKinley
Term start2	March 4, 1901
Term end2	September 14, 1901
Predecessor2	Garret Hobart
Successor2	Charles Fairbanks
Order3	33rd Governor of New York
Lieutenant3	Timothy Woodruff
Term start3	January 1, 1899
Term end3	December 31, 1900
Predecessor3	Frank Black
Successor3	Benjamin Odell
Office4	Assistant Secretary of the Navy
President4	William McKinley
Term start4	April 19, 1897
Term end4	May 10, 1898
Predecessor4	William McAdoo
Successor4	Charles Allen
Birth date	October 27, 1858
Birth place	New York City, New York, U.S.
Death date	January 06, 1919
Death place	Oyster Bay, New York, U.S.
Party	Progressive Party (1912–1916)
Otherparty	Republican Party (Before 1912)
Spouse	Alice Lee (1880–1884)Edith Carrow (1886–1919)
Children	AliceTheodoreKermitEthelArchieQuentin
Alma mater	Harvard UniversityColumbia University
Profession	AuthorHistorianExplorerConservationistCivil servant
Religion	Presbyterianism
Signature	Theodore Roosevelt Signature-2.svg
Signature alt	Cursive signature in ink
Branch	United States Army
Serviceyears	1898
Rank
Commands	1st United States Volunteer Cavalry
Battles	Spanish-American WarBattle of Las GuasimasBattle of San Juan Hill
Awards	Nobel Peace Prize (1906)Medal of Honor (Posthumously; 2001) }}

Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt ( ; October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the 26th President of the United States (1901–1909). He is noted for his exuberant personality, range of interests and achievements, and his leadership of the Progressive Movement, as well as his "cowboy" persona and robust masculinity. He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President, he held offices at the city, state, and federal levels. Roosevelt's achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a politician.

Born into a wealthy family, Roosevelt was a sickly child who suffered from asthma and stayed at home studying natural history. To compensate for his physical weakness, he embraced a strenuous life. Home-schooled, he became an eager student of nature. He attended Harvard University, where he boxed and developed an interest in naval affairs. In 1881, one year out of Harvard, he was elected to the New York State Assembly as its youngest member. Roosevelt's first historical book, ''The Naval War of 1812'' (1882), established his professional reputation as a serious historian. After a few years of operating a cattle ranch in the Dakotas, Roosevelt returned to New York City and gained fame fighting police corruption. The Spanish–American War broke out while Roosevelt was, effectively, running the Department of the Navy. He promptly resigned and led a small regiment in Cuba known as the Rough Riders, earning a nomination for the Medal of Honor, which was received posthumously on his behalf on January 16, 2001. After the war, he returned to New York and was elected Governor in a close-fought election. Within two years, he was elected Vice President of the United States.

In 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated and Roosevelt became President at the age of 42, taking office at the youngest age of any U.S. President in history. Roosevelt attempted to move the Republican Party toward Progressivism, including trust busting and increased regulation of businesses. Roosevelt coined the phrase "Square Deal" to describe his domestic agenda, emphasizing that the average citizen would get a fair share under his policies. As an outdoorsman and naturalist, he promoted the conservation movement. On the world stage, Roosevelt's policies were characterized by his slogan, "Speak softly and carry a big stick". Roosevelt was the force behind the completion of the Panama Canal, sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to demonstrate American power, and negotiated an end to the Russo-Japanese War, for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize. Roosevelt was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in any field.

Roosevelt declined to run for re-election in 1908. After leaving office, he embarked on a safari to Africa and a tour of Europe. On his return to the U.S., a bitter rift developed between Roosevelt and his anointed successor as president, William Howard Taft. In 1912, Roosevelt attempted to wrest the Republican nomination from Taft, and when he failed, he launched the Bull Moose Party. In the ensuing election, Roosevelt became the only third-party candidate to come in second place, beating Taft but losing to Woodrow Wilson. After the election, Roosevelt embarked on a major expedition to South America; the river on which he traveled now bears his name. He contracted malaria on the trip, which damaged his health, and he died a few years later at the age of 60. Roosevelt has consistently been ranked by scholars as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents.

Family

Genealogy

Roosevelt often described his ancestry as "half Irish and half Dutch." The Roosevelt family, colonists of Dutch origin, had been in New York since the mid-17th century. Roosevelt was born into considerable wealth, for the family by the 19th century had grown in wealth, power, and influence from the profits of several businesses, including hardware and plate-glass importing. The family was strongly Democratic in its political affiliation until the mid-1850s, then joined the new Republican Party. Theodore's father, known in the family as "Thee", was a New York City philanthropist, merchant, and partner in the family glass-importing firm Roosevelt and Son. "Father," as the children called him, was an ardent Unionist, a prominent supporter of Abraham Lincoln and the Union effort during the American Civil War. His mother Martha "Mittie" Bulloch was a Southern belle from a slave-owning family in Roswell, Georgia, and she maintained Confederate sympathies. Mittie's brother, Theodore's uncle, James Dunwoody Bulloch, was a United States Navy officer who became a Confederate admiral and naval procurement officer and secret agent in Britain. Another uncle, Irvine Bulloch, was a midshipman on the Confederate raider ; both remained in England after the war.

Theodore Roosevelt was distantly related by birth to the 32nd president of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt (they were fifth cousins), and he was the uncle of Franklin D. Roosevelt's wife, Eleanor Roosevelt.

Childhood

Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858, in a four-story brownstone at 28 East 20th Street, in the modern-day Gramercy section of New York City, the second of four children of Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (1831–1878) and Martha "Mittie" Bulloch (1835–1884). He had an older sister, Anna, and two younger siblings: his brother Elliott (the father of future First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt) and his sister Corinne.

Sickly and asthmatic as a child, Roosevelt had to sleep propped up in bed or slouching in a chair during much of his early years, and had frequent ailments. Despite his illnesses, he was hyperactive and often mischievous. His lifelong interest in zoology was formed at age seven upon seeing a dead seal at a local market. After obtaining the seal's head, the young Roosevelt and two of his cousins formed what they called the "Roosevelt Museum of Natural History". Learning the rudiments of taxidermy, he filled his makeshift museum with animals that he killed or caught, studied, and prepared for display. At age nine, he codified his observation of insects with a paper titled "The Natural History of Insects".

Encouraged by his father, the boy began exercising and boxing to combat his poor physical condition. Two trips abroad had a lasting impact: family tours of Europe in 1869 and 1870, and Egypt 1872 to 1873.

Theodore, Sr. had a tremendous influence on his son, of whom Roosevelt wrote, "My father, Theodore Roosevelt, was the best man I ever knew. He combined strength and courage with gentleness, tenderness, and great unselfishness. He would not tolerate in us children selfishness or cruelty, idleness, cowardice, or untruthfulness."

Education

Young "Teedie", as he was nicknamed as a child, was mostly home schooled by tutors and his parents. A leading biographer says: "The most obvious drawback to the home schooling Roosevelt received was uneven coverage of the various areas of human knowledge." He was solid in geography (thanks to his careful observations on all his travels) and well-read in history, strong in biology, French, and German, but deficient in mathematics, Latin and Greek.

He matriculated at Harvard College in 1876. His father's death in 1878 was a tremendous blow, but Roosevelt redoubled his activities. He did well in science, philosophy and rhetoric courses but fared poorly in Latin and Greek. He studied biology with considerable interest and was already an accomplished naturalist and published ornithologist. He had a photographic memory and developed a life-long habit of devouring books, memorizing every detail. He was an eloquent conversationalist who, throughout his life, sought out the company of the smartest people. He could multitask in impressive fashion, dictating letters to one secretary and memoranda to another, while browsing through a new book. While at Harvard, Roosevelt was active in rowing, boxing, the Alpha Delta Phi literary society, the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and was a member of the Porcellian Club. He also edited a student magazine. He was runner-up in the Harvard boxing championship.

Upon graduating, Roosevelt underwent a physical examination, and his doctor advised him that because of serious heart problems, he should find a desk job and avoid strenuous activity. He chose to embrace strenuous life instead. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa (22nd of 177) from Harvard with an A.B. ''magna cum laude'' in 1880 and entered Columbia Law School. When offered a chance to run for New York Assemblyman in 1881, he dropped out of law school to pursue his new goal of entering public life.

First marriage

In 1880, Roosevelt married Alice Hathaway Lee (July 29, 1861 – February 14, 1884) of Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. She died young of an undiagnosed case of kidney failure (in those days called Bright's disease) two days after their infant Alice was born. Her pregnancy had masked the illness. Theodore Roosevelt's mother Mittie died of typhoid fever on the same day, at 3 am, some eleven hours earlier, in the same house. After the nearly simultaneous deaths of his mother and wife, Roosevelt left his daughter in the care of his sister, Anna "Bamie/Bye" in New York City. In his diary, he wrote a large 'X' on the page and then, "The light has gone out of my life." (See diary photo).

For the rest of his life, Roosevelt never spoke of his wife Alice publicly or privately and did not write about her in his autobiography. As late as 1919, when Roosevelt was working with Joseph Bucklin Bishop on a biography that included a collection of his letters, Roosevelt made no mention of either his first or second marriage, which took place in London.

Early political career

''The Naval War of 1812''

While at Harvard, Roosevelt began a systematic study of the role played by the nascent US Navy in the War of 1812, largely completing two chapters of a book he would publish after graduation. Helped in part by his two uncles, he did his own research using original source materials and official US Navy records. Roosevelt's carefully-researched book was comparable to modern doctoral dissertations, complete with drawings of individual and combined ship maneuvers, charts depicting the differences in iron throw weights of cannon shot between American and British forces, and analyses of the differences between British and American leadership down to the ship-to-ship level. Published after Roosevelt's graduation from college, ''The Naval War of 1812'' was praised for its scholarship and style. This book established Roosevelt's reputation as a serious historian. One modern naval historian wrote: "Roosevelt’s study of the War of 1812 influenced all subsequent scholarship on the naval aspects of the War of 1812 and continues to be reprinted. More than a classic, it remains, after 120 years, a standard study of the war."

State Assemblyman

Roosevelt was a Republican activist during his years in the Assembly, writing more bills than any other New York state legislator did. Already a leading player in state politics, he attended the Republican National Convention in 1884 and fought alongside the Mugwump reformers; they lost to the Stalwart faction that nominated James G. Blaine. Refusing to join other Mugwumps in supporting Grover Cleveland, the Democratic nominee, he debated with his friend Henry Cabot Lodge the pros and cons of staying loyal. When asked by a reporter whether he would support Blaine, he replied, "That question I decline to answer. It is a subject I do not care to talk about." Upon leaving the convention, he complained "off the record" to a reporter about Blaine's nomination. In a crucial moment of his budding political career, he resisted the instinct to bolt from the Party that would overwhelm his political sense in 1912. In an account of the convention, another reporter quoted Roosevelt as saying that he would give "hearty support to any decent Democrat." He would later take great (and to some historical critics such as Henry Pringle, disingenuous) pains to distance himself from his earlier comment, indicating that while he made it, it had not been made "for publication." Leaving the convention with his idealism disillusioned by party politics, Roosevelt said he had no further aspiration but to retire to his ranch in the Badlands of the Dakota Territory, which he had purchased the previous year while on a buffalo hunting expedition.

Cowboy in Dakota

Roosevelt built a second ranch, which he named Elk Horn, thirty-five miles (56 km) north of the boomtown of Medora, North Dakota. On the banks of the Little Missouri, Roosevelt learned to ride western style, rope, and hunt. He rebuilt his life and began writing about frontier life for Eastern magazines. As a deputy sheriff, Roosevelt hunted down three outlaws who stole his river boat and were escaping north with it up the Little Missouri. Capturing them, he decided against hanging them (apparently yielding to established law procedures in place of vigilante justice), and sending his foreman back by boat, he took the thieves back overland for trial in Dickinson, guarding them forty hours without sleep and reading Tolstoy to keep himself awake. When he ran out of his own books, he read a dime store western that one of the thieves was carrying." While searching for a group of relentless horse thieves, Roosevelt met Seth Bullock, the famous sheriff of Deadwood, South Dakota. The two would remain friends for life.

Return to New York

After the uniquely-severe U.S. winter of 1886-1887 wiped out his herd of cattle (together with those of his competitors) and his $60,000 investment, Roosevelt returned to the East. In 1885, he had built Sagamore Hill in Oyster Bay, New York on Long Island, which was his home and estate until his death. In 1886, Roosevelt ran as the Republican candidate for mayor of New York City, portraying himself as "The Cowboy of the Dakotas"; he came in third.

Second marriage

Following the election, he went to London in 1886 and married his childhood sweetheart, Edith Kermit Carow. They honeymooned in Europe, and Roosevelt led a group to the summit of Mont Blanc, an achievement that resulted in his induction into the British Royal Society. They had five children: Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel Carow, Archibald Bulloch "Archie", and Quentin.

Reentering public life

Civil Service Commission

In the 1888 presidential election, Roosevelt campaigned in the Midwest for Benjamin Harrison. President Harrison appointed Roosevelt to the United States Civil Service Commission, where he served until 1895. In his term, Roosevelt vigorously fought the spoilsmen and demanded enforcement of civil service laws. His close associate, friend and biographer, Joseph Bucklin Bishop, described Roosevelt's assault on the spoils system:

The very citadel of spoils politics, the hitherto impregnable fortress that had existed unshaken since it was erected on the foundation laid by Andrew Jackson, was tottering to its fall under the assaults of this audacious and irrepressible young man.... Whatever may have been the feelings of the (fellow Republican party) President (Harrison) — and there is little doubt that he had no idea when he appointed Roosevelt that he would prove to be so veritable a bull in a china shop—he refused to remove him and stood by him firmly till the end of his term.

During this time, the ''New York Sun'' described Roosevelt as "irrepressible, belligerent, and enthusiastic"

Despite Roosevelt's support for Harrison's reelection bid in the presidential election of 1892, the eventual winner, Grover Cleveland (a Bourbon Democrat), reappointed him to the same post.

New York City Police Commissioner

Roosevelt became president of the board of New York City Police Commissioners in 1895. During his two years in this post, Roosevelt radically reformed the police department. The police force was reputed as one of the most corrupt in America. The NYPD's history division records that Roosevelt was "an iron-willed leader of unimpeachable honesty, (who) brought a reforming zeal to the New York City Police Commission in 1895." Roosevelt and his fellow commissioners established new disciplinary rules, created a bicycle squad enforce New York's traffic laws, and standardized the use of pistols by officers. Roosevelt implemented regular inspections of firearms and annual physical exams, appointed 1,600 new recruits based on their physical and mental qualifications and not on political affiliation, established meritorious service medals, and closed corrupt police hostelries. During his tenure, a Municipal Lodging House was established by the Board of Charities, and Roosevelt required officers to register with the Board. He also had telephones installed in station houses.

In 1894, Roosevelt met Jacob Riis, the muckraking ''Evening Sun'' newspaper journalist who was opening the eyes of New York's rich to the terrible conditions of the city's millions of poor immigrants with such books as, ''How the Other Half Lives.'' In Riis' autobiography, he described the effect of his book on the new police commissioner:

Roosevelt made a habit of walking officers' beats late at night and early in the morning to make sure they were on duty. As Governor of New York State before becoming Vice President in March 1901, Roosevelt signed an act replacing the Police Commissioners with a single Police Commissioner.

Emergence as a national figure

Assistant Secretary of the Navy

Roosevelt had always been fascinated by naval history. Urged by Roosevelt's close friend, Congressman Henry Cabot Lodge, President William McKinley appointed a Roosevelt to the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897. Because of the inactivity of Secretary of the Navy John D. Long, this gave Roosevelt control over the department. Ten days after the battleship ''Maine'' exploded in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, the Secretary left for a massage, and Roosevelt became Acting Secretary for four hours. Roosevelt told the Navy worldwide to prepare for war, ordered ammunition and supplies, brought in experts, and went to Congress asking authority to recruit as many sailors as he wanted, thus moving the nation toward war. Roosevelt was instrumental in preparing the Navy for the Spanish-American War and was an enthusiastic supporter of testing the U.S. military in combat, at one point saying, "I should welcome almost any war, for I think this country needs one".

War in Cuba

Upon the 1898 Declaration of War launching the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt resigned from the Navy Department. With the aid of U.S. Army Colonel Leonard Wood, Roosevelt found volunteers from cowboys from the Western territories to Ivy League friends from New York, forming the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment. The newspapers called them the "Rough Riders."

Originally, Roosevelt held the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and served under Colonel Wood. In Roosevelt's own account, ''The Rough Riders'', "after General Young was struck down with the fever, Wood took charge of the brigade. This left me in command of the regiment, of which I was very glad, for such experience as we had had is a quick teacher." Accordingly, Wood was promoted to Brigadier General of Volunteer Forces, and Roosevelt was promoted to Colonel and given command of the Regiment.

Under his leadership, the Rough Riders became famous for dual charges up Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898 (the battle was named after the latter "hill," which was the shoulder of a ridge known as San Juan Heights). Out of all the Rough Riders, Roosevelt was the only one with a horse, as the troopers' horses had been left behind because transport ships were scarce. He rode back and forth between rifle pits at the forefront of the advance up Kettle Hill, an advance that he urged in absence of any orders from superiors. He was forced to walk up the last part of Kettle Hill on foot, because of barbed wire entanglement and after his horse, Little Texas, tired.

For his actions, Roosevelt was nominated for the Medal of Honor, which was later disapproved. As historian John Gable wrote, "In later years Roosevelt would describe the Battle of San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898, as 'the great day of my life' and 'my crowded hour.'.... (but) Malaria and other diseases now killed more troops than had died in battle. In August, Roosevelt and other officers demanded that the soldiers be returned home. The famous 'round robin letter', and a stronger letter by Roosevelt – now acting brigade commander – were leaked to the press by the commanding general, enraging Secretary of War, Russell Alger and President McKinley. Roosevelt believed that it was this incident that cost him the Medal of Honor."

In September 1997, Congressman Rick Lazio, representing the 2nd District of New York, sent two award recommendations to the U.S. Army Military Awards Branch. These recommendations, addressed to Brigadier General Earl Simms, the Army's Adjutant General, and Master Sergeant Gary Soots, Chief of Authorizations, were successful in garnering the award. In 2001, Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions. The medal is displayed in the Roosevelt Room of the White House. He was the first and, thus far, the only President of the United States to be awarded America's highest military honor, and the only person in history to receive both his nation's highest honor for military valor and the world's foremost prize for peace. His oldest son, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., would also be awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously, for his actions at Normandy on June 6, 1944.

After return to civilian life, Roosevelt preferred to be known as "Colonel Roosevelt" or "The Colonel." As a moniker, "Teddy" remained much more popular with the public, despite the fact he found it vulgar and called it "an outrageous impertinence." Political friends and others working closely with Roosevelt customarily addressed him by his rank.

Governor and Vice-President

On leaving the Army, Roosevelt was elected governor of New York in 1898 as a Republican. He made such an effort to root out corruption and "machine politics" that Republican boss Thomas Collier Platt forced him on McKinley as a running mate in the 1900 election, against the wishes of McKinley's manager, Senator Mark Hanna. Roosevelt was a powerful campaign asset for the Republican ticket, which defeated William Jennings Bryan in a landslide based on restoration of prosperity at home and a successful war and new prestige abroad. Bryan stumped for Free Silver again, but McKinley's promise of prosperity through the gold standard, high tariffs, and the restoration of business confidence enlarged his margin of victory. Bryan had strongly supported the war against Spain, but denounced the annexation of the Philippines as imperialism that would spoil America's innocence. Roosevelt countered with many speeches that argued it was best for the Filipinos to have stability, and the Americans to have a proud place in the world. Roosevelt's six months as Vice President (March to September 1901) were uneventful. On September 2, 1901, at the Minnesota State Fair, Roosevelt first used in a public speech a saying that would later be universally associated with him: "Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far."

Presidency 1901–1909

On September 6, President McKinley was shot while at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. Initial reports in the succeeding days suggested his condition was improving, so Roosevelt embarked on a vacation at Mount Marcy in northeastern New York. He was returning from a climb to the summit on September 13 when a park ranger brought him a telegram informing him that McKinley's condition had deteriorated, and he was near death.

Roosevelt and his family immediately departed for Buffalo. When they reached the nearest train station at North Creek, at 5:22 am on September 14, he received another telegram informing him that McKinley had died a few hours earlier. Roosevelt arrived in Buffalo that afternoon, and was sworn in there as President at 3:30 pm by U.S. District Judge John R. Hazel.

Roosevelt kept McKinley's cabinet and promised to continue McKinley's policies. One of his first notable acts as president was to deliver a 20,000-word address to Congress asking it to curb the power of large corporations (called "trusts"). For his aggressive attacks on trusts over his two terms, he has been called a "trust-buster."

In the 1904 presidential election, Roosevelt won the presidency in his own right in a landslide victory. His vice president was Charles Fairbanks.

Roosevelt also dealt with union workers. In May 1902, United Mine Workers went on strike to get higher pay wages and shorter workdays. He set up a fact-finding commission that stopped the strike, and resulted in the workers getting more pay for fewer hours.

In August 1902, Roosevelt was the first president to be seen riding in an automobile in public. This took place in Hartford, CT. The car was a Columbia Electric Victoria Phaeton, manufactured in Hartford. The police squad rode bicycles alongside the car. (The reference includes a photo of the event.)

In 1905, he issued a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which allows the United States to "exercise international policy power" so they can intervene and keep smaller countries on their feet.

Roosevelt helped the wellbeing of people by passing laws such as The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and The Pure Food and Drug Act. The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 banned misleading labels and preservatives that contained harmful chemicals. The Pure Food and Drug Act banned food and drugs that are impure or falsely labeled from being made, sold, and shipped.

The Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan came into play in 1907, banning all school segregation of Japanese, yet controlling Japanese immigration in California. That year, Roosevelt signed the proclamation establishing Oklahoma as the 46th state of the Union.

Building on McKinley's effective use of the press, Roosevelt made the White House the center of news every day, providing interviews and photo opportunities. After noticing the White House reporters huddled outside in the rain one day, he gave them their own room inside, effectively inventing the presidential press briefing. The grateful press, with unprecedented access to the White House, rewarded Roosevelt with ample coverage.

He chose not to run for another term in 1908, and supported William Taft for the presidency, instead of Fairbanks. Fairbanks withdrew from the race, and would later support Taft for re-election against Roosevelt in the 1912 election.

Roosevelt appointed a record 75 federal judges. Roosevelt appointed three Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (1902), William Rufus Day (1903), William Henry Moody (1906). In addition to these three, Roosevelt appointed 19 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 53 judges to the United States district courts.

Post-presidency

African safari

In March 1909, shortly after the end of his presidency, Roosevelt left New York for a safari in east and central Africa. Roosevelt's party landed in Mombasa, British East Africa (now Kenya), traveled to the Belgian Congo (now Democratic Republic of the Congo) before following the Nile to Khartoum in modern Sudan. Financed by Andrew Carnegie and by his own proposed writings, Roosevelt's party hunted for specimens for the Smithsonian Institution and for the American Museum of Natural History in New York. The group, led by the legendary hunter-tracker R. J. Cunninghame, included scientists from the Smithsonian and was joined from time to time by Frederick Selous, the famous big game hunter and explorer. Among other items, Roosevelt brought with him four tons of salt for preserving animal hides, a lucky rabbit's foot given to him by boxer John L. Sullivan, an elephant-rifle donated by a group of 56 admiring Britons, and the famous Pigskin Library, a collection of classics bound in pig leather and transported in a single reinforced trunk.

Roosevelt and his companions killed or trapped more than 11,397 animals, from insects and moles to hippopotamuses and elephants. These included 512 big game animals, including six rare white rhinos. The expedition consumed 262 of the animals. Tons of salted animals and their skins were shipped to Washington; the quantity was so large that it took years to mount them all, and the Smithsonian shared many duplicate animals with other museums. Regarding the large number of animals taken, Roosevelt said, "I can be condemned only if the existence of the National Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, and all similar zoological institutions are to be condemned."

Although the safari was ostensibly conducted in the name of science, it was as much a political and social event as it was a hunting excursion; Roosevelt interacted with renowned professional hunters and land-owning families, and made contact with many native peoples and local leaders. Roosevelt became a Life Member of the National Rifle Association, while President, in 1907 after paying a $25 fee. He later wrote a detailed account in the book ''African Game Trails'', where he describes the excitement of the chase, the people he met, and the flora and fauna he collected in the name of science.

Republican Party schism

Roosevelt certified William Howard Taft to be a genuine "progressive" in 1908, when Roosevelt pushed through the nomination of his Secretary of War for the Presidency. Taft easily defeated three-time candidate William Jennings Bryan. Taft promoted a different progressivism, one that stressed the rule of law and preferred that judges rather than administrators or politicians make the basic decisions about fairness. Taft usually proved a less adroit politician than Roosevelt and lacked the energy and personal magnetism, not to mention the publicity devices, the dedicated supporters, and the broad base of public support that made Roosevelt so formidable. When Roosevelt realized that lowering the tariff would risk severe tensions inside the Republican Party—pitting producers (manufacturers and farmers) against merchants and consumers—he stopped talking about the issue. Taft ignored the risks and tackled the tariff boldly, on the one hand encouraging reformers to fight for lower rates, and then cutting deals with conservative leaders that kept overall rates high. The resulting Payne-Aldrich tariff of 1909 was too high for most reformers, but instead of blaming this on Senator Nelson Aldrich and big business, Taft took credit, calling it the best tariff ever. He again had managed to alienate all sides. While the crisis was building inside the Party, Roosevelt was touring Africa and Europe, to allow Taft to be his own man.

Unlike Roosevelt, Taft never attacked business or businessmen in his rhetoric. However, he was attentive to the law, so he launched 90 antitrust suits, including one against the largest corporation, U.S. Steel, for an acquisition that Roosevelt had personally approved. Consequently, Taft lost the support of antitrust reformers (who disliked his conservative rhetoric), of big business (which disliked his actions), and of Roosevelt, who felt humiliated by his protégé. The left wing of the Republican Party began agitating against Taft. Senator Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin created the National Progressive Republican League (precursor to the Progressive Party (United States, 1924)) to defeat the power of political bossism at the state level and to replace Taft at the national level. More trouble came when Taft fired Gifford Pinchot, a leading conservationist and close ally of Roosevelt. Pinchot alleged that Taft's Secretary of Interior Richard Ballinger was in league with big timber interests. Conservationists sided with Pinchot, and Taft alienated yet another vocal constituency.

Roosevelt, back from Europe, unexpectedly launched an attack on the courts. His famous speech at Osawatomie, Kansas, in August 1910 was the most radical of his career and openly marked his break with the Taft administration and the conservative Republicans. Osawatomie was well known as the base used by John Brown when he launched his bloody attacks on slavery. Taft was deeply upset. Roosevelt was attacking both the judiciary and the deep faith Republicans had in their judges (most of whom had been appointed by McKinley, Roosevelt or Taft.) In the 1910 Congressional elections, Democrats swept to power, and Taft's reelection in 1912 was increasingly in doubt. In 1911, Taft responded with a vigorous stumping tour that allowed him to sign up most of the party leaders long before Roosevelt announced.

Election of 1912

Republican primaries

Late in 1911, Roosevelt finally broke with Taft and LaFollette and announced himself as a candidate for the Republican nomination. Roosevelt, however, had delayed too long, and Taft had already won the support of most party leaders in the country. Because of LaFollette's nervous breakdown on the campaign trail before Roosevelt's entry, most of LaFollette's supporters went over to Roosevelt, the new progressive Republican candidate.

Roosevelt, stepping up his attack on judges, carried nine of the states that held preferential primaries, LaFollette took two, and Taft only one. The 1912 primaries represented the first extensive use of the presidential primary, a reform achievement of the progressive movement. However, these primary elections, while demonstrating Roosevelt's continuing popularity with the electorate, were not nearly as pivotal as primaries became later in the century. There were fewer states where a common voter had an opportunity to express a recorded preference. Many more states selected convention delegates at state party conventions, or in caucuses, which were not as open as they later became. While Roosevelt was popular with the public, most Republican politicians and party leaders supported Taft, and their support proved difficult to counter in states without primaries.

Formation of the Bull Moose Party

At the Republican Convention in Chicago, despite being the incumbent, Taft's victory was not immediately assured. After two weeks, Roosevelt, realizing he would not win the nomination outright, asked his followers to leave the convention hall. They moved to the Auditorium Theatre, and then Roosevelt, along with key allies such as Pinchot and Albert Beveridge created the Progressive Party, structuring it as a permanent organization that would field complete tickets at the presidential and state level. It was popularly known as the "Bull Moose Party", which got its name after Roosevelt told reporters, "I'm as fit as a bull moose." At the convention Roosevelt cried out, "We stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord." Roosevelt's platform echoed his 1907–08 proposals, calling for vigorous government intervention to protect the people from the selfish interests.

{{bquote|To destroy this invisible Government, to dissolve the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day." – 1912 Progressive Party Platform, attributed to him and quoted again in his autobiography where he continues "'This country belongs to the people. Its resources, its business, its laws, its institutions, should be utilized, maintained, or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest.' This assertion is explicit. ... Mr. Wilson must know that every monopoly in the United States opposes the Progressive party. ... I challenge him ... to name the monopoly that did support the Progressive party, whether ... the Sugar Trust, the Steel Trust, the Harvester Trust, the Standard Oil Trust, the Tobacco Trust, or any other. ... Ours was the only programme to which they objected, and they supported either Mr. Wilson or Mr. Taft...}}

Assassination attempt

While Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on October 14, 1912, a saloonkeeper named John Schrank shot him, but the bullet lodged in his chest only after penetrating his steel eyeglass case and passing through a thick (50 pages) single-folded copy of the speech he was carrying in his jacket. Roosevelt, as an experienced hunter and anatomist, correctly concluded that since he wasn't coughing blood, the bullet had not completely penetrated the chest wall to his lung, and so declined suggestions he go to the hospital immediately. Instead, he delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt. He spoke for 90 minutes. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, "Ladies and gentlemen, I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot; but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose." Afterwards, probes and x-ray showed that the bullet had traversed three inches (76 mm) of tissue and lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle but did not penetrate the pleura, and it would be more dangerous to attempt to remove the bullet than to leave it in place. Roosevelt carried it with him for the rest of his life.

Because of the bullet wound, Roosevelt was taken off the campaign trail in the final weeks of the race (which ended election day, November 5). Though the other two campaigners stopped their own campaigns in the week Roosevelt was in the hospital, they resumed it once he was released. The bullet lodged in his chest caused his chronic rheumatoid arthritis- which he had suffered from for years- to get worse and it soon prevented him from doing his daily stint of exercises; Roosevelt would soon become obese as well. Roosevelt, for many reasons, failed to move enough Republicans in his direction. He did win 4.1 million votes (27%), compared to Taft's 3.5 million (23%). However, Wilson's 6.3 million votes (42%) were enough to garner 435 electoral votes. Roosevelt had 88 electoral votes to Taft's 8 electoral votes. This meant that Taft became the only incumbent president to place third in a re-election bid. But Pennsylvania was Roosevelt's only eastern state; in the Midwest, he carried Michigan, Minnesota and South Dakota; in the West, California and Washington; he did not win any southern states.

1913–1914 South American Expedition

Roosevelt's popular book ''Through the Brazilian Wilderness'' describes his expedition into the Brazilian jungle in 1913 as a member of the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition, co-named after its leader, Brazilian explorer Cândido Rondon. The book describes the scientific discovery, scenic tropical vistas, and exotic flora and fauna experienced during the adventure. A friend, Father John Augustine Zahm, had searched for new adventures and found them in the forests of South America. After a briefing of several of his own expeditions, he persuaded Roosevelt to commit to such an expedition in 1912. To finance the expedition Roosevelt received support from the American Museum of Natural History, promising to bring back many new animal specimens.

Once in South America, a new far more ambitious goal was added: to find the headwaters of the Rio da Duvida, the River of Doubt, and trace it north to the Madeira and thence to the Amazon River. It was later renamed Roosevelt River in honor of the former President. Roosevelt's crew consisted of his 24-year-old son Kermit, Colonel Rondon, a naturalist, George K. Cherrie, sent by the American Museum of Natural History, Brazilian Lieutenant Joao Lyra, team physician Dr. José Antonio Cajazeira, and 16 skilled paddlers and porters (called camaradas in Portuguese). The initial expedition started, probably unwisely, on December 9, 1913, at the height of the rainy season. The trip down the River of Doubt started on February 27, 1914.

During the trip down the river, Roosevelt suffered a minor leg wound after he jumped into the river to try to prevent two of his crew's canoes from smashing against the rocks. The flesh wound he absorbed, however, soon gave him tropical fever that resembled the malaria he contracted while in Cuba fifteen years before. Because the bullet he absorbed in his chest during his failed assassination attempt in 1912 was never removed, his health worsened from the infection. This weakened Roosevelt so greatly that six weeks into the adventure, he had to be attended day and night by the expedition's physician and his son, Kermit. By then he could not walk because of both the infection in his injured leg and an infirmity in his other from a traffic accident a decade earlier. Roosevelt was riddled with chest pains, fighting a fever that soared to 103 °F (39 °C), and at times so delirious that he would repeat endlessly the opening line from Coleridge's poem Kubla Khan. Regarding his condition as a threat to the survival of the others, Roosevelt insisted he be left behind to allow the by then poorly-provisioned expedition to proceed as rapidly as it could. Only an appeal by his son convinced him to continue.

Despite his continued decline and loss of over 50 pounds (20 kg) of his original 220, Commander Rondon had been repeatedly slowing down the pace of the expedition in dedication to his commission's mapmaking and other geographical goals that demanded regular stops to fix the expedition's position by sun-based survey.

Upon Roosevelt's return to New York, friends and family were startled by his physical appearance and fatigue. Roosevelt wrote to a friend that the trip had cut his life short by ten years. He might not have known just how accurate that analysis would prove. For the rest of his few remaining years he would be plagued by flare-ups of malaria and leg inflammations so severe that they would require surgery.

Before Roosevelt had even completed his sea voyage home, doubts were raised over his claims of exploring and navigating a completely uncharted river over 625 miles (1,000 km) long. When he had recovered sufficiently he addressed a standing-room-only convention organized in Washington, D.C. by the National Geographic Society and satisfactorily defended his claims. The River of Doubt later was named the Rio Roosevelt.

World War I

When World War I began in 1914, Roosevelt strongly supported the Allies and demanded a harsher policy against Germany, especially regarding submarine warfare. Roosevelt angrily denounced the foreign policy of President Wilson, calling it a failure regarding the atrocities in Belgium and the violations of American rights. In 1916, he campaigned energetically for Charles Evans Hughes and repeatedly denounced Irish-Americans and German-Americans who Roosevelt said were unpatriotic because they put the interest of Ireland and Germany ahead of America's by supporting neutrality. He insisted one had to be 100% American, not a "hyphenated American" who juggled multiple loyalties. When the U.S. entered the war in 1917, Roosevelt sought to raise a volunteer infantry division, but Wilson refused.

Roosevelt's attacks on Wilson helped the Republicans win control of Congress in the off-year elections of 1918. Roosevelt was popular enough to seriously contest the 1920 Republican nomination, but his health was broken by 1918, because of the lingering malaria. His family and supporters threw their support to Roosevelt's old military companion, General Leonard Wood, who was ultimately defeated by Warren G. Harding.

His son Quentin, a daring pilot with the American forces in France, was shot down behind German lines in 1918. Quentin was his youngest son and probably his favorite. It is said the death of his son distressed him so much that Roosevelt never recovered from his loss.

Death

Despite his rapidly declining health, Roosevelt remained active to the end of his life. He was an enthusiastic proponent of the Scouting movement. The Boy Scouts of America gave him the title of Chief Scout Citizen, the only person to hold such title. One early Scout leader said, "The two things that gave Scouting great impetus and made it very popular were the uniform and Teddy Roosevelt's jingoism."

On January 6, 1919, Roosevelt died in his sleep at Oyster Bay of a coronary thrombosis (heart attack), preceded by a 2½-month illness described as inflammatory rheumatism, and was buried in nearby Youngs Memorial Cemetery. Upon receiving word of his death, his son Archie telegraphed his siblings simply, "The old lion is dead."

Political positions and speeches

Theodore Roosevelt introduced the phrase "Square Deal" to describe his progressive views in a speech delivered after leaving the office of the Presidency in August 1910. In his broad outline, he stressed equality of opportunity for all citizens and emphasized the importance of fair government regulations of corporate 'special interests'.

Roosevelt was one of the first Presidents to make conservation a national issue. In a speech that Roosevelt gave at Osawatomie, Kansas, on August 31, 1910, he outlined his views on conservation of the lands of the United States. He favored using America's natural resources, but opposed wasteful consumption. One of his most lasting legacies was his significant role in the creation of 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, and 150 National Forests, among other works of conservation. Roosevelt was instrumental in conserving about of American soil among various parks and other federal projects.

In the Eighth Annual Message to Congress (1908), Roosevelt mentioned the need for federal government to regulate interstate corporations using the Interstate Commerce Clause, also mentioning how these corporations fought federal control by appealing to states' rights.

Positions on immigration, minorities, and civil rights

In an 1894 article on immigration, Roosevelt said, "We must Americanize in every way, in speech, in political ideas and principles, and in their way of looking at relations between church and state. We welcome the German and the Irishman who becomes an American. We have no use for the German or Irishman who remains such... He must revere only our flag, not only must it come first, but no other flag should even come second."

Roosevelt was the first president to appoint a representative of the Jewish minority to a cabinet position - Secretary of Commerce and Labor, Oscar S. Straus, 1906–09.

In 1886 he said: "I don't go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead Indians, but I believe nine out of ten are, and I shouldn't like to inquire too closely into the case of the tenth." He later became much more favorable.

About African Americans, Roosevelt said, "I have not been able to think out any solution of the terrible problem offered by the presence of the Negro on this continent, but of one thing I am sure, and that is that inasmuch as he is here and can neither be killed nor driven away, the only wise and honorable and Christian thing to do is to treat each black man and each white man strictly on his merits as a man, giving him no more and no less than he shows himself worthy to have."

Roosevelt appointed numerous African Americans to federal office, such as Walter L. Cohen of New Orleans, Louisiana, a leader of the Black and Tan Republican faction whom he named register of the federal land office.

Starting in 1907 eugenicists in many States started the forced sterilization of the sick, unemployed, poor, criminals, prostitutes, and the disabled. Roosevelt said in 1914: "I wish very much that the wrong people could be prevented entirely from breeding; and when the evil nature of these people is sufficiently flagrant, this should be done. Criminals should be sterilized and feeble-minded persons forbidden to leave offspring behind them."

Writer

Roosevelt was a prolific author, writing with passion on subjects ranging from foreign policy to the importance of the national park system. Roosevelt was also an avid reader of poetry. American poet, Robert Frost said of TR, "He was our kind. He quoted poetry to me. He knew poetry."

As an editor of ''Outlook'' magazine, he had weekly access to a large, educated national audience. In all, Roosevelt wrote about 18 books (each in several editions), including his ''Autobiography'', ''The Rough Riders'' ''History of the Naval War of 1812'', and others on subjects such as ranching, explorations, and wildlife. His most ambitious book was the four volume narrative ''The Winning of the West'', which connected the origin of a new "race" of Americans (i.e. what he considered the present population of the United States to be) to the frontier conditions their ancestors endured throughout the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries.

In 1907, Roosevelt became embroiled in a widely publicized literary debate known as the nature fakers controversy. A few years earlier, naturalist John Burroughs had published an article entitled "Real and Sham Natural History" in the ''Atlantic Monthly'', attacking popular writers of the day such as Ernest Thompson Seton, Charles G. D. Roberts and William J. Long for their fantastical representations of wildlife. Roosevelt agreed with Burroughs' criticisms, and published several essays of his own denouncing the booming genre of "naturalistic" animal stories as "yellow journalism of the woods". It was the President himself who popularized the negative term "nature faker" to describe writers who depicted their animal characters with excessive anthropomorphism.

Character and beliefs

Roosevelt intensely disliked being called "Teddy," and was quick to point out this fact to those who used the nickname, though it would become widely used by newspapers during his political career. He attended church regularly. Of including the motto "In God We Trust" on money, in 1907 he wrote, "It seems to me eminently unwise to cheapen such a motto by use on coins, just as it would be to cheapen it by use on postage stamps, or in advertisements." He was also a member of the Freemasons and Sons of the American Revolution.

Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in pursuing what he called, in an 1899 speech, "the strenuous life". To this end, he exercised regularly and took up boxing, tennis, hiking, rowing, polo, and horseback riding. As governor of New York, he boxed with sparring partners several times a week, a practice he regularly continued as President until one blow detached his left retina, leaving him blind in that eye (a fact not made public until many years later). Thereafter, he practiced judo attaining a third degree brown belt and continued his habit of skinny-dipping in the Potomac River during winter.

He was an enthusiastic singlestick player and, according to ''Harper's Weekly'', in 1905 showed up at a White House reception with his arm bandaged after a bout with General Leonard Wood. Roosevelt was also an avid reader, reading tens of thousands of books, at a rate of several a day in multiple languages. Along with Thomas Jefferson, Roosevelt is often considered the most well read of any American politician.

Legacy

Historians credit Roosevelt for changing the nation's political system by permanently placing the presidency at center stage and making character as important as the issues. His notable accomplishments include trust busting and conservationism. However, he has been criticized for his interventionist and imperialist approach to nations he considered "uncivilized". His friend, historian Henry Adams, proclaimed, "Roosevelt, more than any other living man ....showed the singular primitive quality that belongs to ultimate matter the quality that mediaeval theology assigned to God he was pure act." Historians typically rank Roosevelt among the top five presidents.

Memorials

Roosevelt was included with George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln at the Mount Rushmore Memorial, designed in 1927 with the approval of Republican President Calvin Coolidge.

For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the Medal of Honor. In the late 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again took up the flag for him. On January 16, 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor posthumously for his charge up San Juan Hill, Cuba, during the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt's eldest son, Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., received the Medal of Honor for heroism at the Battle of Normandy in 1944. The Roosevelts thus became one of only two father-son pairs to receive this honor (the other pair being Arthur and Douglas MacArthur).

Roosevelt's legacy includes several other important commemorations. The United States Navy named two ships for Roosevelt: the , a submarine that was in commission from 1961 to 1982; and the , an aircraft carrier that has been on active duty in the Atlantic Fleet since 1986.

On November 18, 1956, the United States Postal Service released a 6¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Roosevelt.

The Roosevelt Memorial Association (later the Theodore Roosevelt Association) or "TRA", was founded in 1920 to preserve Roosevelt's legacy. The Association preserved Roosevelt's birthplace, "Sagamore Hill" home, papers, and video film. In 1941, it published the ''Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia'', a compendium of Roosevelt's key writings, sayings and conversations, which is available online.

Among the hundreds of schools and streets named in Roosevelt's honor are Roosevelt High School in Seattle, Washington, the surrounding Roosevelt neighborhood, the district's main arterial, Roosevelt Way N.E., and Roosevelt Middle School in Eugene, Oregon.

The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles is named after him, as is the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City.

In Chicago, the city renamed 12th Street to Roosevelt Road. In Philadelphia, Roosevelt Boulevard, also known as U.S. 1, was named in his honor in 1918.

In popular culture

Roosevelt's 1901 saying "Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick" is still quoted by politicians and columnists in different countries—not only in English but also in translation to various other languages.

A quote from Roosevelt's 1912 Progressive Party platform was cited as an epigram by Julian Assange, founder of WikiLeaks, in his 2006 manifesto: "Behind the ostensible government sits enthroned an invisible government, owing no allegiance and acknowledging no responsibility to the people. To destroy this invisible government, to dissolve the unholy alliance between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day."

Roosevelt's lasting popular legacy, however, is the stuffed toy bears—teddy bears—named after him following an incident on a hunting trip in Mississippi in 1902. Roosevelt famously ordered the mercy killing of a wounded black bear. After the cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman illustrated the President with a bear, a toy maker heard the story and asked Roosevelt if he could use his name on a toy bear. Roosevelt approved, and the teddy bear was born. Bears and later bear cubs became closely associated with Roosevelt in political cartoons thereafter.

On June 26, 2006, Roosevelt, again, made the cover of ''TIME'' magazine with the lead story, "The Making of America—Theodore Roosevelt—The 20th Century Express": "At home and abroad, Theodore Roosevelt was the locomotive President, the man who drew his flourishing nation into the future."

In 1905, Roosevelt, an admirer of various western figures, named Captain Bill McDonald of the Texas Rangers, as his bodyguard and entertained the legendary Texan in the White House. Ironically, in the 1912 campaign, McDonald was Woodrow Wilson's bodyguard. Wilson thereafter named the Democrat McDonald as U.S. Marshal for the Northern district of Texas.

Roosevelt has been portrayed many times in film and on television. The actor Karl Swenson played him in the 1967 western picture ''Brighty of the Grand Canyon'', the story of a real-life burro who guided Roosevelt on a hunting trip to find mountain lions.

Brian Keith portrayed Roosevelt in the 1975 film ''The Wind and the Lion'', a dramatization of the Perdicaris incident of 1904.

In the play Arsenic and Old Lace, and the 1944 film of the same name, the character Teddy Brewster is convinced he's Roosevelt, and is enlisted in this role by his aunts to bury their victims' bodies in the cellar by building "another lock for the canal". When he runs up the stairs brandishing an imaginary sword and yelling "Charge!", his aunt Abby Brewster explains to Officer Brophy, "The stairs are always San Juan Hill".

He was also portrayed by actor Tom Berenger in 1997 for the TNT movie "Rough Riders", a made-for-cable film about his exploits during the Spanish-American War in Cuba.

Frank Albertson played Roosevelt in the episode "Rough and Ready" of the CBS series ''My Friend Flicka."

Robin Williams portrayed Roosevelt in the form of a wax mannequin that comes to life in ''Night at the Museum'' and its sequel ''Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian''.

Roosevelt was portrayed in several episodes of the comic book story ''The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck'': the young Scrooge McDuck first meets Roosevelt in his Badlands years, later in a fictional siege of Fort Duckburg and finally in Panama during the construction of the Panama Canal.

George Burroughs Torrey painted a portrait of him.

Since 2000, Roosevelt has been portrayed by a number of reprisers including historian and Rhodes Scholar, Clay Jenkinson of North Dakota and Joe Wiegand of Tennessee. Wiegand has portrayed Roosevelt in all 50 US states. In 2008, Wiegand portrayed TR in the White House at TR's 150th Birthday.

Theodore Roosevelt is an important character in the alternate history series, Timeline-191, by Harry Turtledove. He was a New Yorker who moved to Montana to become a rancher after Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt rejects his marriage proposal. He raises and leads his own volunteer cavalry regiment (nicknamed the Unauthorized Regiment) in the Second Mexican War, fighting alongside George Armstrong Custer to repulse the Anglo-Canadian army led by Charles George Gordon. He later becomes the Democratic 28th president of the United States and leads the United States to victory in the Great War on the side of the Central Powers. He runs for a third term as President, but is defeated by Socialist candidate, Upton Sinclair and dies of a brain hemorrhage in 1924. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery as a final insult to the Confederate States of America and is regarded as one of the most esteemed Presidents in United States (alternate) history.

Media

Theodore Roosevelt was one of the first presidents whose voice was recorded for posterity. Several of his recorded speeches survive. A 4.6-minute voice recording, which preserves Roosevelt's lower timbre ranges particularly well for its time, is among those available from the Michigan State University libraries. (This is the 1912 recording of ''The Right of the People to Rule'', recorded by Edison at Carnegie Hall). In what some consider the best example of Roosevelt's animated oratorical style, an audio clip sponsored by the Authentic History Center includes his defense of the Progressive Party in 1912 wherein he proclaims it the "party of the people" in contrast with the other major parties.

Roosevelt goes for a ride in Arch Hoxsey's plane in October 1910

See also

Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt

First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt

Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt

List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War

List of Presidents of the United States

List of United States political appointments across party lines

Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site

Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site

US Presidents on US postage stamps

Theodore Roosevelt Association

William Allen White

Indian Head eagle, coin designed by Roosevelt

References

Bibliography

Biographical

Blum, John Morton. (1954). ''The Republican Roosevelt.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Series of essays that examine how TR did politics OCLC 310975

Brands, Henry William. (1997). ''T.R.: The Last Romantic.'' New York: Basic Books. Reprinted 2001, full biography OCLC 36954615

Brinkley, Douglas. (2009). ''The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America.'' New York: HarperCollins. ; .

Chace, James. ''1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft, and Debs – The Election That Changed the Country.'' (2004). 323 pp.

Cooper, John Milton ''The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.'' (1983) a dual scholarly biography

Dalton, Kathleen. ''Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life.'' (2002), full scholarly biography

DiSilvestro, Roger, ''Theodore Roosevelt in the Badlands: A Young Politician's Quest in the American West'', Walker & Co, 2011.

Dorsey, Leroy G. "The Frontier Myth and Teddy Roosevelt's Fight for Conservation". In ''Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II''. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, St. James, NY. ISBN 1-881-089-97-5

Fehn, Bruce. "Theodore Roosevelt and American Masculinity." ''Magazine of History'' (2005) 19(2): 52–59. Full text online at Ebsco. Provides a lesson plan on TR as the historical figure who most exemplifies the quality of masculinity.

Gluck, Sherwin. "T.R.'s Summer White House, Oyster Bay." (1999) Chronicles the events of TR's presidency during the summers of his two terms.

Goldman, Eric F. ''Rendezvous with Destiny: A History of Modern American Reform.'' (1952) Bancroft Prize, 1953, ISBN 1-56663-369-9

Gould, Lewis L. ''The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.'' (1991), standard history of his domestic and foreign policy as president

Harbaugh, William Henry. ''The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt.'' (1963), full scholarly biography

Keller, Morton, ed., ''Theodore Roosevelt: A Profile'' (1967) excerpts from TR and from historians.

Kohn, Edward. "Crossing the Rubicon: Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, and the 1884 Republican National Convention." ''Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era'' 2006 5(1): 18–45. Issn: 1537-7814 Fulltext: in History Cooperative

Millard, Candice. ''River of Doubt: Theodore Roosevelt's Darkest Journey''. (2005)

McCullough, David. ''Mornings on Horseback, The Story of an Extraordinary Family. a Vanished Way of Life, and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt.'' (2001) popular biography to 1884

Morris, Edmund ''The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt'', to 1901 (1979); vol 2: ''Theodore Rex'' 1901–1909. (2001); vol 3: ''Colonel Roosevelt'' (2010); Pulitzer prize for Volume 1.

Mowry, George E. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement''. (2001) focus on 1912

O'Toole, Patricia. ''When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt after the White House.'' (2005). 494 pp.

Powell, Jim. ''Bully Boy: The Truth About Theodore Roosevelt's Legacy'' (Crown Forum, 2006). Examines TR policies from conservative/libertarian perspective. ISBN 0-307-23722-2

Pringle, Henry F. ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (1932; 2nd ed. 1956), full scholarly biography

Putnam, Carleton ''Theodore Roosevelt: A Biography, Volume I: The Formative Years'' (1958), only volume published, to age 28.

Renehan, Edward J. ''The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War''. (Oxford University Press, 1998), examines TR and his family during the World War I period

Testi, Arnaldo (1995). "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," ''Journal of American History'', Vol. 81, No. 4, pp. 1509–1533. in JSTOR

Watts, Sarah. ''Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire.'' 2003. 289 pp.

Foreign policy

Beale Howard K. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power.'' (1956). standard history of his foreign policy

Holmes, James R. ''Theodore Roosevelt and World Order: Police Power in International Relations.'' 2006. 328 pp.

Marks III, Frederick W. ''Velvet on Iron: The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt'' (1979)

McCullough, David. ''The Path between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914'' (1977).

Ricard, Serge. "The Roosevelt Corollary." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 2006 36(1): 17–26. Issn: 0360-4918 Fulltext: in Swetswise and Ingenta

Ricard, Serge. "Theodore Roosevelt: Imperialist or Global Strategist in the New Expansionist Age?" ''Diplomacy and Statecraft,'' Dec 2008, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 639–657

Rofe, J. Simon. "'Under the Influence of Mahan': Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and their Understanding of American National Interest," ''Diplomacy and Statecraft,'' Dec 2008, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 732–745

Tilchin, William N. and Neu, Charles E., ed. ''Artists of Power: Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, and Their Enduring Impact on U.S. Foreign Policy.'' (Praeger, 2006). 196 pp.

Tilchin, William N. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the British Empire: A Study in Presidential Statecraft'' (1997)

Primary sources

Auchincloss, Louis, ed. ''Theodore Roosevelt, The Rough Riders and an Autobiography'' (Library of America, 2004) ISBN 978-1-931082-65-5

Auchincloss, Louis, ed. ''Theodore Roosevelt, Letters and Speeches'' (Library of America, 2004) ISBN 978-1-931082-66-2

Brands, H.W. ed. ''The Selected Letters of Theodore Roosevelt.'' (2001)

Harbaugh, William ed. ''The Writings of Theodore Roosevelt'' (1967). A one-volume selection of Roosevelt's speeches and essays.

Hart, Albert Bushnell and Herbert Ronald Ferleger, eds. ''Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia'' (1941), Roosevelt's opinions on many issues; online version at TheodoreRoosevelt.org

Morison, Elting E., John Morton Blum, and Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., eds., ''The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt'', 8 vols. (1951–1954). Very large, annotated edition of letters from TR.

Roosevelt, Theodore (1999). ''Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography''. online at Bartleby.com.

Roosevelt, Theodore. ''The Works of Theodore Roosevelt'' (National edition, 20 vol. 1926); 18,000 pages containing most of TR's speeches, books and essays, but not his letters; a CD-ROM edition is available; some of TR's books are available online through Project Bartleby

Roosevelt, Theodore, ''The Naval War of 1812 Or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans'' (1882) (New York: The Modern Library, 1999). ISBN 0-375-75419-9.

External links

Obituary from ''The New York Times''

Theodore Roosevelt's genealogy

Roosevelt family history and genealogy

Detailed biography from the ''Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition'' (1911)

Julian L. Street Papers on Theodore Roosevelt at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University

Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Collection at Houghton Library, Harvard University

Hunting in Many Lands: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club (1895), Roosevelt, Theodore (Editor). Project Gutenberg. (Also contains a chapter written by Theodore Roosevelt.)

Category:1858 births Category:1919 deaths Category:American autobiographers Category:American conservationists Category:American essayists Category:American explorers Category:American historians Category:American hunters Category:American judoka Category:American military personnel of the Spanish–American War Category:American naval historians Category:American Nobel laureates Category:American people of Dutch descent Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent Category:American political writers Category:American progressives Category:American ranchers Category:American shooting survivors Category:Army Medal of Honor recipients Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Bulloch family Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in New York Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Commissioners of the New York City Police Department Category:Explorers of Amazonia Category:Governors of New York Category:Harvard University alumni Category:History of the United States (1865–1918) Category:Members of the New York State Assembly Category:National Rifle Association members Category:New York Progressives (1912) Category:New York Republicans Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates Category:People associated with the Boy Scouts of America Category:People from Long Island Category:People from New York City Category:Politicians with physical disabilities Category:Presidents of the American Historical Association Category:Presidents of the United States Category:Reformed Church in America Christians Category:Republican Party Presidents of the United States Category:Republican Party state governors of the United States Category:Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Category:Roosevelt family Category:Sons of the American Revolution Theodore Roosevelt Category:United States presidential candidates, 1904 Category:United States presidential candidates, 1912 Category:United States presidential candidates, 1916 Category:United States vice-presidential candidates, 1900 Category:U.S. Presidents surviving assassination attempts Category:Vice Presidents of the United States Category:Writers from New York

am:ቴዮዶር ሮዝቬልት ar:ثيودور روزفلت an:Theodore Roosevelt az:Teodor Ruzvelt bn:থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট zh-min-nan:Theodore Roosevelt be:Тэадор Рузвельт be-x-old:Тэадор Рузвэлт bcl:Theodore Roosevelt bs:Theodore Roosevelt bg:Теодор Рузвелт ca:Theodore Roosevelt ceb:Theodore Roosevelt cs:Theodore Roosevelt co:Theodore Roosevelt cy:Theodore Roosevelt da:Theodore Roosevelt de:Theodore Roosevelt nv:Hastiin alą́ąjįʼ dahsidáhígíí Theodore Roosevelt et:Theodore Roosevelt el:Θεόδωρος Ρούζβελτ es:Theodore Roosevelt eo:Theodore Roosevelt eu:Theodore Roosevelt fa:تئودور روزولت fo:Theodore Roosevelt fr:Theodore Roosevelt fy:Theodore Roosevelt ga:Theodore Roosevelt gv:Theodore Roosevelt gd:Theodore Roosevelt gl:Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. ko:시어도어 루스벨트 hi:थियोडोर रूज़वेल्ट hr:Theodore Roosevelt io:Theodore Roosevelt id:Theodore Roosevelt is:Theodore Roosevelt it:Theodore Roosevelt he:תאודור רוזוולט jv:Theodore Roosevelt pam:Theodore Roosevelt ka:თეოდორ რუზველტი rw:Theodore Roosevelt sw:Theodore Roosevelt ku:Theodore Roosevelt la:Theodorus Roosevelt lv:Teodors Rūzvelts lb:Theodore Roosevelt lt:Theodore Roosevelt hu:Theodore Roosevelt mr:थियोडोर रूझवेल्ट ms:Theodore Roosevelt nl:Theodore Roosevelt ja:セオドア・ルーズベルト no:Theodore Roosevelt nn:Theodore Roosevelt oc:Theodore Roosevelt pa:ਥਿਓਡੋਰ ਰੂਜ਼ਵੈਲਟ pnb:تھیوڈور روزویلٹ pl:Theodore Roosevelt pt:Theodore Roosevelt ro:Theodore Roosevelt rm:Theodore Roosevelt qu:Theodore Roosevelt ru:Рузвельт, Теодор sq:Theodore Roosevelt scn:Theodore Roosevelt simple:Theodore Roosevelt sk:Theodore Roosevelt sl:Theodore Roosevelt sr:Теодор Рузвелт sh:Theodore Roosevelt fi:Theodore Roosevelt sv:Theodore Roosevelt tl:Theodore Roosevelt ta:தியொடோர் ரோசவெல்ட் tt:Теодор Рузвельт th:ธีโอดอร์ รูสเวลต์ tr:Theodore Roosevelt uk:Теодор Рузвельт ur:تھیوڈور روزویلٹ ug:تېئودور روزېۋېلت vi:Theodore Roosevelt war:Theodore Roosevelt yi:טעאדער רוזעוועלט yo:Theodore Roosevelt zh-yue:西奧多羅斯福 zh:西奥多·罗斯福

Name	Georges Méliès
Birth name	Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès
Birth date	December 08, 1861
Birth place	Paris, France
Death date	January 21, 1938
Death place	Paris, France
Years active	1896–1914
Occupation	Filmmaker, Illusionist, Toymaker
Spouse	Jeanne d'Alcy (1926-1938) }}

Georges Méliès (December 8, 1861 – January 21, 1938), full name Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès, was a French filmmaker famous for leading many technical and narrative developments in the earliest cinema. He was very innovative in the use of special effects. He accidentally discovered the stop trick, or substitution, in 1896, and was one of the first filmmakers to use multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted color in his films. Because of his ability to seemingly manipulate and transform reality through cinematography, Méliès is sometimes referred to as the First "Cinemagician."

Biography

Méliès was born in Paris, where his family manufactured shoes. He had two older brothers, Henri and Gaston. Before making films, he was a stage magician at the Theatre Robert-Houdin.

In 1895, he became interested in film after seeing a demonstration of the Lumière brothers' camera. In 1897, he established a studio on a rooftop property in Montreuil. Actors performed in front of a painted set as inspired by the conventions of magic and musical theater. He directed 531 films between 1896 and 1914, ranging in length from one to forty minutes. In subject matter, these films are often similar to the magic theater shows that Méliès had been doing, containing "tricks" and impossible events, such as objects disappearing or changing size. These early special effects films were essentially devoid of plot. The special effects were used only to show what was possible, rather than enhance the overall film.

Melies early films were mostly composed of single in-camera effects, used for the entirety of the film. For example, after experimenting with multiple exposure, Melies created his film ''The One Man Band'' in which he played seven different characters simultaneously.

His most famous film is ''A Trip to the Moon'' (''Le voyage dans la Lune'') made in 1902, which includes the celebrated scene in which a spaceship hits the eye of the man in the moon. Also famous is ''The Impossible Voyage'' (''Le voyage à travers l'impossible'') from 1904. Both of these films are about strange voyages, somewhat in the style of Jules Verne. These are considered to be some of the most important early science fiction films, although their approach is closer to fantasy. In addition, horror cinema can be traced back to Georges Méliès's ''Le Manoir du diable'' (1896). A print of the film was acquired by Thomas Edison, who then duplicated and distributed it in the United States, where it achieved financial success; however, Edison did not pay any revenues to Méliès.

In 1913 Georges Méliès' film company was forced into bankruptcy by the large French and American studios, and his company was bought out of receivership by Pathé Frères. Méliès did not grasp the value of his films, and with some 500 films recorded on cellulose, the French Army seized most of this stock to be melted down into boot heels during World War I. Many of the other films were sold to be recycled into new film. As a result many of his films do not exist today.

After being driven out of business, Méliès became a toy salesman at the Montparnasse station, with the assistance of funds collected by other filmmakers. In 1932 the Cinema Society gave Méliès a home in Château d'Orly. Georges Méliès was also awarded the Légion d'honneur (Legion of honor), which was presented to him by Louis Lumière.

Méliès died in Paris and was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

His 1899 short film ''Cleopatra'' was believed to be a lost film until a copy was discovered in 2005 in Paris.

Filmography

name	Georges Méliès film Conquest of the Pole

Georges Méliès directed hundreds of films including the following. For a full filmography see Georges Méliès filmography.

''The Bewitched House'' (1896)

''Batteuse à vapeur'' (1896)

''Bébé et fillettes'' (1896)

''Le Bivouac'' (1896)

''The Vanishing Lady'' / ''Escamotage d'une dame chez Robert-Houdin'' (1896)

''The House of the Devil'' / ''Le Manoir du Diable'' (1896)

''Boulevard des Italiens'' (1896)

''Cléopâtre'' (1899)

''Cinderella'' / ''Cendrillon'' (1899)

''The Dreyfus Affair'' / ''L'affaire Dreyfus'' (1899)

''Jeanne d'Arc'' (1899)

''A Trip to the Moon'' / ''Le Voyage dans la Lune'' (1902)

''The Man With The Rubber Head'' / ''L'homme à la tête de Caoutchouc'' (1902)

''Gulliver's Travels'' / ''Le Voyage de Gulliver à Lilliput et chez les Géants'' (1902)

''The Inn Where No Man Rests'' / ''L'Auberge du Bon Repos'' (1903)

''The Mystical Flame'' / ''La Flamme Merveilleuse'' (1903)

''Kingdom of the Fairies'' / ''Le Royaume des Fées'' (1903)

''Hilarious Posters'' / ''Les affiches en Guette'' (1905)

''Palace of the Arabian Knights'' / Le Palais des Mille et une Nuits'' (1905)

''Paris to Monte Carlo'' / ''Le raid Paris-Monte Carlo en Deux Heures'' (1905)

''The Mysterious Retort'' / ''L'Alchimiste Parafaragamus ou La Cornue Infernale'' (1906)

''20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'' / ''20,000 Lieues Sous les Mers'' (1907)

''Conquest of the Pole'' / ''La Conquète du Pole'' (1912)

''Baron Munchausen's Dream'' / ''Les hallucinations du Baron de Münchausen'' (1911)

''The Ranchman's Debt of Honor'' (1911 - USA)

''The Knight of the Snows'' / ''Le Chevalier des Neiges'' (1912)

''Cinderella or The Glass Slipper'' / ''Cendrillon ou La Pantoufle Mystérieuse'' (1912)

''The Ghost of Sulpher Mountain'' (1912 -USA)

''The Prisoner's Story'' (1912 - USA)

''Le Voyage de la Famille Bourrichon'' (1913)

Videorecordings

Films of George Méliès

The Great Train Robbery and Other Primary Works

Marvelous Méliès

Méliès Le Cinémagicien

Mes Mémoires

Pioneers of the French Cinema, Volume One

''Le Grand Méliès'' (1952) - The life of Georges Méliès is told in this biodrama, directed by Georges Franju. André Méliès plays the part of his own father.

Popular culture

The work of Georges Méliès has been referenced a number of times in film, television and fiction, including:

The 1956 film version of ''Around the World in Eighty Days'' features ''Le Voyage Dans La Lune'' at the Introduction.

In Jean-Luc Godard's 1967 film, La Chinoise, Guillaume (Jean-Pierre Léaud) prefaces a lecture on current events with a discussion of who, in French cinema, was the true originator of the filming of current events, the Lumière brothers or Méliès. Guillaume makes the argument that Méliès, rather than the Lumières, was the true originator of current event films in French cinema.

The music video for The Smashing Pumpkins' song "Tonight, Tonight" was largely shot in the style of Méliès' best-known films, particularly ''Le Voyage Dans La Lune.'' The video also features a paddle wheel steamship named "S.S. Méliès."

In the last episode of the HBO miniseries ''From The Earth to the Moon'', Méliès was played by Tchéky Karyo.

Queen's 1995 video "Heaven for Everyone" uses clips from ''Le Voyage dans la Lune''

In series 2 and 3 of ''The Mighty Boosh'', an incidental character called 'The Moon' appears, complete with a face covered in shaving foam, bearing a strong resemblance to Méliès' moon in ''Le Voyage Dans La Lune''.

In the ''Futurama'' episode "The Series Has Landed", Bender planting a beer bottle in the right eye of an amusement park attendant with a moon-shaped head, leaving him looking like Méliès' moon with the spacecraft in its eye.

The 2007 children's novel ''The Invention of Hugo Cabret'' by Brian Selznick details the story of a young girl, Isabelle, and Hugo, the son of a horologist, who discover Georges Méliès' secret in 1931 Paris. This book won the Caldecott Medal in 2008. The novel is currently being adapted for the big screen by director Martin Scorsese with Ben Kingsley playing Georges Méliès.

See also

Gaston Méliès

La Maison de la Magie Robert-Houdin

References

External links

Official Georges Méliès website

Museo Méliès, English and Spanish (Pequeña Coleccion Privada)

Index des Films avec Georges Méliès

Cinémathèque Méliès (Les Amis de Georges Méliès)

Georges Méliès daily in-depth reviews of individual Méliès films

New music for Méliès - Bringing silent cinema back to life

Category:1861 births Category:1938 deaths Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery Category:Cinema pioneers Category:French animators Category:French actors Category:French film directors Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Category:Special effects people Category:Silent film directors ar:جورج ميلييس bg:Жорж Мелиес ca:Georges Méliès cs:Georges Méliès de:Georges Méliès el:Ζορζ Μελιέ es:Georges Méliès eo:Georges Méliès eu:Georges Méliès fa:ژرژ ملیس fr:Georges Méliès it:Georges Méliès he:ז'ורז' מלייס la:Georgius Méliès lt:Georges Melies hu:Georges Méliès nl:Georges Méliès ja:ジョルジュ・メリエス no:Georges Méliès oc:Georges Méliès pl:Georges Méliès pt:Georges Méliès ksh:Georges Méliès ro:Georges Méliès ru:Мельес, Жорж sk:Georges Méliès sr:Жорж Мелијес sh:Georges Méliès fi:Georges Méliès sv:Georges Méliès tr:Georges Méliès

Leoš Janáček (, baptised Leo Eugen Janáček, 3 July 1854 – 12 August 1928) was a Czech composer, musical theorist, folklorist, publicist and teacher. He was inspired by Moravian and all Slavic folk music to create an original, modern musical style. Until 1895 he devoted himself mainly to folkloristic research and his early musical output was influenced by contemporaries such as Antonín Dvořák. His later, mature works incorporate his earlier studies of national folk music in a modern, highly original synthesis, first evident in the opera ''Jenůfa'', which was premiered in 1904 in Brno. The success of ''Jenůfa'' (often called the "Moravian national opera") at Prague in 1916 gave Janáček access to the world's great opera stages. Janáček's later works are his most celebrated. They include the symphonic poem Sinfonietta, the oratorial ''Glagolitic Mass'', the rhapsody ''Taras Bulba'', string quartets, other chamber works and operas. He is considered to rank with Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana, as one of the most important Czech composers.

Biography

Early life

Leoš Janáček, son of schoolmaster Jiří (1815–1866), and Amalie, (née Grulich) Janáček (1819–1884), was born in Hukvaldy, Moravia, (then part of the Austrian Empire). He was a gifted child in a family of limited means, and showed an early musical talent in choral singing. His father wanted him to follow the family tradition, and become a teacher, but deferred to Janáček's obvious musical abilities. In 1865 young Janáček enrolled as a ward of the foundation of the Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno, where he took part in choral singing under Pavel Křížkovský and occasionally played the organ. One of his classmates, František Neumann, later described Janáček as an ''"excellent pianist, who played Beethoven symphonies perfectly in a piano duet with a classmate, under Křížkovský's supervision"''. Křížkovský found him a problematic and wayward student but recommended his entry to the Prague Organ School. Janáček later remembered Křížkovský as a great conductor and teacher.

Janáček originally intended to study piano and organ but eventually devoted himself to composition. He wrote his first vocal compositions while choirmaster of the ''Svatopluk Artisan's Association'' (1873–76). In 1874 he enrolled at the Prague organ school, under František Skuherský and František Blažek. His student days in Prague were impoverished; with no piano in his room, he had to make do with a keyboard drawn on his tabletop. His criticism of Skuherský's performance of the Gregorian mass was published in the March 1875 edition of the journal ''Cecilie'' and led to his expulsion from the school – but Skuherský relented, and on 24 July 1875 Janáček graduated with the best results in his class. On his return to Brno he earned a living as a music teacher, and conducted various amateur choirs. From 1876 he taught music at Brno's Teachers Institute. Among his pupils there was Zdenka Schulzová, daughter of Emilian Schulz, the Institute director. She was later to be Janáček's wife. In 1876 he also became a piano student of Amálie Wickenhauserová-Nerudová, with whom he co-organized chamber concertos and performed in concerts over the next two years. In February, 1876, he was voted choirmaster of the ''Beseda brněnská'' Philharmonic Society. Apart from an interruption from 1879 to 1881, he remained its choirmaster and conductor until 1888.

From October 1879 to February 1880 he studied piano, organ, and composition at the Leipzig Conservatory. While there, he composed ''Thema con variazioni'' for piano in B flat, subtitled ''Zdenka's Variations''. Dissatisfied with his teachers (among them Oskar Paul and Leo Grill), and denied a studentship with Saint-Saëns in Paris, Janáček moved on to the Vienna Conservatory where from April to June 1880 he studied composition with Franz Krenn. He concealed his opposition to Krenn's neo-romanticism, but he quit Joseph Dachs's classes and further piano study when he was criticised for his piano style and technique. He submitted a violin sonata (now lost) to a Vienna Conservatory competition, but the judges rejected it as ''"too academic"''. Janáček left the conservatory in June, 1880, disappointed despite Franz Krenn's very complimentary personal report. He returned to Brno where on 13 July 1881, he married his young pupil Zdenka Schulzová.

Janáček was appointed director of the organ school, and held this post until 1919, when the school became the Brno Conservatory. In the mid 1880s Janáček began composing more systematically. Among other works, he created the ''Four male-voice choruses'' (1886), dedicated to Antonín Dvořák, and his first opera, ''Šárka'' (1887–8). During this period he began to collect and study folk music, songs and dances. In the early months of 1887 he sharply criticized the comic opera ''The Bridegrooms'', by Czech composer Karel Kovařovic, in a ''Hudební listy'' journal review: ''"Which melody stuck in your mind? Which motif? Is this dramatic opera? No, I would write on the poster: "Comedy performed together with music", since the music and the libretto aren't connected to each other"''. Janáček's review apparently led to mutual dislike and later professional difficulties when Kovařovic, as director of the National Theatre in Prague, refused to stage Janáček's opera ''Jenůfa''.

From the early 1890s, Janáček led the mainstream of folklorist activity in Moravia and Silesia, using a repertoire of folksongs and dances in orchestral and piano arrangements. Most of his achievements in this field were published in 1899–1901 though his interest in folklore would be lifelong. His compositional work was still influenced by the declamatory, dramatic style of Smetana and Dvořák. He expressed very negative opinions on German neo-classicism and especially on Wagner in the ''Hudební listy'' journal, which he founded in 1884. The death of his second child, Vladimír, in 1890 was followed by an attempted opera, ''Beginning of the Romance'' (1891) and the cantata ''Amarus'' (1897).

Later years and masterworks

In the first decade of the 20th century Janáček composed choral church music including ''Otčenáš'' (Our Father, 1901), ''Constitutes'' (1903) and ''Ave Maria'' (1904). In 1901 the first part of his piano cycle ''On an Overgrown Path'' was published, and gradually became one of his most frequently performed works. In 1902 Janáček visited Russia twice. On the first occasion he took his daughter Olga to St.Petersburg, where she stayed to study Russian. Only three months later, he returned to St. Petersburg with his wife because Olga was very ill. They took her back to Brno, but her health was worsening. Janáček expressed his painful feelings for his daughter in a new work, his opera ''Jenůfa'', in which the suffering of his daughter became Jenůfa's. When Olga died in February 1903, Janáček dedicated ''Jenůfa'' to her memory. The opera was performed in Brno in 1904, with reasonable success, but Janáček felt this was no more than a provincial achievement. He aspired to recognition by the more influential Prague opera, but ''Jenůfa'' was refused there (twelve years passed before its first performance in Prague). Dejected and emotionally exhausted, Janáček went to Luhačovice spa to recover. There he met Kamila Urválková, whose love story supplied the theme for his next opera, ''Osud'' (Destiny). In 1905 Janáček attended a demonstration in support of a Czech university in Brno, where the violent death of František Pavlík (a young joiner) at the hands of the police inspired his ''1. X. 1905'' piano sonata. The incident led him to further promote the anti-German and anti-Austrian ethos of the ''Russian Circle'', which he had co-founded in 1897 and which would be officially banned by the Austrian police in 1915. In 1906 he approached the Czech poet Petr Bezruč, with whom he later collaborated, composing several choral works based on Bezruč's poetry. These included ''Kantor Halfar'' (1906), ''Maryčka Magdónova'' (1908), and ''Sedmdesát tisíc'' (1909). Janáček's life in the first decade of the 20th century was complicated by personal and professional difficulties. He still yearned for artistic recognition from Prague. He destroyed some of his works – others remained unfinished. Nevertheless, he continued composing, and would create several remarkable choral, chamber, orchestral and operatic works, the most notable being the 1914 Cantata ''Věčné evangelium'' (The Eternal Gospel), ''Pohádka'' (Fairy tale) for violoncello and piano (1910), the 1912 piano cycle ''V mlhách'' (In the Mist) and his first symphonic poem ''Šumařovo dítě'' (A Fiddler's Child). His fifth opera, ''Výlet pana Broučka do měsíce'', composed from 1908 to 1917, has been characterized as the most "purely Czech in subject and treatment" of all Janáček's operas.

In 1916 he started what would be a long professional and personal relationship with theatre critic, dramatist and translator Max Brod. In the same year ''Jenůfa'', revised by Kovařovic, was finally accepted by the National Theatre; its performance in Prague (1916) was a great success, and brought Janáček his first acclaim. He was 62. Following the Prague première, he began a relationship with singer Gabriela Horváthová, which led to his wife Zdenka's attempted suicide and their "informal" divorce. A year later (1917) he met Kamila Stösslová, a young married woman 38 years his junior, who was to inspire him for the remaining years of his life. He conducted an obsessive and (on his side at least), passionate correspondence with her, of nearly 730 letters. From 1917 to 1919, deeply inspired by Stösslová, he composed ''The Diary of One Who Disappeared''. As he completed its final revision, he began his next 'Kamila' work, the opera ''Káťa Kabanová''. In 1920 Janáček retired from his post as director of the Brno Conservatory, but continued to teach until 1925. In 1921 he attended a lecture by the Indian philosopher-poet Rabindranath Tagore, and used a Tagore poem as the basis for the chorus ''The Wandering Madman'' (1922). At the same time he encountered the microtonal works of Alois Hába. In the early 1920s Janáček completed his opera ''The Cunning Little Vixen'', which had been inspired by a serialized novella in the newspaper Lidové noviny.

In Janáček's 70th year (1924) his biography was published by Max Brod, and he was interviewed by Olin Downes for the ''New York Times''. In 1925 he retired from teaching, but continued composing and was awarded the first honorary doctorate to be given by Masaryk University in Brno. In the spring of 1926 he created the monumental orchestral work ''Sinfonietta'', which rapidly gained wide critical acclaim. In the same year he went to England at the invitation of Rosa Newmarch. A number of his works were performed in London, including his first string quartet, the wind sextet ''Youth'', and his violin sonata. Shortly after, and still in 1926, he started to compose a setting to an Old Church Slavonic text. The result was the large-scale orchestral ''Glagolitic Mass''. Janáček was an atheist, and critical of the organised Church, but religious themes appear frequently in his work. The ''Glagolitic Mass'' was partly inspired by the suggestion by a clerical friend, and partly by Janáček's wish to celebrate the anniversary of Czechoslovak independence. In 1927 – the year of ''Sinfonietta's'' first performances in New York, Berlin and Brno – he began to compose his final operatic work, ''From the House of the Dead'', the third Act of which was found on his desk after his death. In January 1928 he began his second string quartet, the ''"Intimate Letters"'', his "manifesto on love". Meanwhile, ''Sinfonietta'' was performed in London, Vienna and Dresden. In his later years, the still-active Janáček became an international celebrity. He became a member of the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin in 1927, along with Arnold Schönberg and Paul Hindemith. His operas and other works were finally performed at the world stages, though ''From the House of the Dead'' was first performed posthumously. In August 1928 he took an excursion to Štramberk with Kamila Stösslová and her son Otto, but caught a chill, which developed into pneumonia. He died on the 12 August 1928 in Ostrava, at the sanatorium of Dr. L. Klein. He was given a large public funeral, to music from the last scene of his ''Cunning Little Vixen'', and was buried in the Field of Honour at the Central Cemetery, Brno.

Personality

Janáček's life was filled with work. He led the ''organ school'', was a Professor at the ''teachers institute'' and gymnasium in Brno, collected his "speech tunes" and was composing. From an early age he presented himself as an individualist and his firmly formulated opinions often led to conflict. He unhesitatingly criticized his teachers, who considered him a defiant and anti-authoritarian student. His own students found him strict and uncompromising. Vilém Tauský, one of his pupils, described his encounters with Janáček as somewhat distressing for someone unused to his personality, and noted that Janáček's characteristically staccato speech rhythms were reproduced in some of his operatic characters. In 1881, Janáček gave up his leading role with the ''Beseda brněnská'', as a response to criticism, but a rapid decline in ''"Beseda"'''s performance quality led to his recall in 1882.

His married life, settled and calm in its early years, became increasingly tense and difficult following the death of his daughter, Olga, in 1903. Years of effort in obscurity took their toll, and almost ended his ambitions as a composer.: ''"I was beaten down"'', he wrote later; ''"my own students gave me advices, how to compose, how to speak through orchestra"''. Success in 1916 – when Karel Kovařovic finally decided to perform ''Jenůfa'' in Prague – brought its own problems. Janáček grudgingly resigned himself to the changes forced upon his work. Its success brought him into Prague's music scene and the attentions of soprano Gabriela Horvátová, who guided him through Prague society. Janáček was enchanted by her. On his return to Brno, he appears not to have concealed his new passion from Zdenka, who responded by attempting suicide. Janáček was furious with Zdenka and tried to instigate a divorce, but lost interest in Horvátová. Zdenka, anxious to avoid the public scandal of formal divorce, persuaded him to settle for an "informal" divorce. From then on, until Janáček's death, they would live separate lives in the same household.

In 1917 he began his lifelong, inspirational and unrequited passion for Kamila Stösslová, who neither sought nor rejected his devotion. Janáček pleaded for first-name terms in their correspondence. In 1927 she finally agreed and signed herself ''"Tvá Kamila"'' (Your Kamila) in a letter, which Zdenka found. This revelation provoked a furious quarrel between Zdenka and Janáček, though their living arrangements did not change – Janáček seems to have persuaded her to stay. In 1928, the year of his death, Janáček confessed his intention to publicise his feelings for Stösslová. Max Brod had to dissuade him. Janáček's contemporaries and collaborators described him as mistrustful and reserved, but capable of obsessive passion for those he loved. His overwhelming passion for Stösslová was sincere but verged upon self-destruction. Their letters remain an important source for Janáček's artistic intentions and inspiration. His letters to his long-suffering wife are, by contrast, mundanely descriptive. Zdenka seems to have destroyed all hers to Janáček. Only a few postcards survive.

Style

In 1874 Janáček became friends with Antonín Dvořák, and began composing in a relatively traditional romantic style. After his opera ''Šárka'' (1887–1888), his style absorbed elements of Moravian and Slovak folk music.

His musical assimilation of the rhythm, pitch contour and inflections of normal Czech speech helped create the very distinctive vocal melodies of his opera ''Jenůfa'' (1904), whose 1916 success in Prague was to be the turning point in his career. In ''Jenůfa'', Janáček developed and applied the concept of ''"speech tunes"'' to build a unique musical and dramatic style quite independent of "Wagnerian" dramatic method. He studied the circumstances in which ''"speech tunes"'' changed, the psychology and temperament of speakers and the coherence within speech, all of which helped render the dramatically truthful roles of his mature operas, and became one of the most significant markers of his style. Janáček took these stylistic principles much farther in his vocal writing than Modest Mussorgsky, and thus anticipates the later work of Béla Bartók. The stylistic basis for his later works originates in the period of 1904–1918, but Janáček composed the majority of his output – and his best known works – in the last decade of his life.

Much of Janáček's work displays great originality and individuality. It employs a vastly expanded view of tonality, uses unorthodox chord spacings and structures, and often, modality: "there is no music without key. Atonality abolishes definite key, and thus tonal modulation....Folksong knows of no atonality." Janáček features accompaniment figures and patterns, with (according to Jim Samson) "the on-going movement of his music...similarly achieved by unorthodox means; often a discourse of short, 'unfinished' phrases comprising constant repetitions of short motifs which gather momentum in a cumulative manner." Janáček named these motifs "sčasovka" in his theoretical works. "Sčasovka" has no strict English equivalent, but John Tyrrell, a leading specialist on Janáček's music, describes it as ''"a little flash of time, almost a kind of musical capsule, which Janáček often used in slow music as tiny swift motifs with remarkably characteristic rhythms that are supposed to pepper the musical flow."'' Janáček's use of these repeated motifs demonstrates a remote similarity to minimalist composers (Sir Charles Mackerras called Janáček ''"the first minimalist composer"'').

Legacy

Janáček belongs to a wave of 20th century composers who sought greater realism and greater connection with everyday life, combined with a more all-encompassing use of musical resources. His operas in particular demonstrate the use of "speech"-derived melodic lines, folk and traditional material, and complex modal musical argument. Janáček's works are still regularly performed around the world, and are generally considered popular with audiences. He would also inspire later composers in his homeland, as well as music theorists, among them Jaroslav Volek, to place modal development alongside harmony of importance in music.

The operas of his mature period, ''Jenůfa'' (1904), ''Káťa Kabanová'' (1921), ''The Cunning Little Vixen'' (1924), ''The Makropulos Affair'' (1926) and ''From the House of the Dead'' (after a novel by Dostoyevsky and premiered posthumously in 1930) are considered his finest works. The Australian conductor Sir Charles Mackerras became very closely associated with Janáček's operas.

Janáček's chamber music, while not especially voluminous, includes works which are generally considered to be "in the standard repertory" as 20th century classics, particularly his two string quartets: Quartet No. 1, "The Kreutzer Sonata" inspired by the Tolstoy novel, and the Quartet No. 2, "Intimate Letters". Milan Kundera called these compositions the peak of Janáček's output.

At the Frankfurt am Main Festival of Modern Music in 1927 Ilona Štěpánová-Kurzová performed the world premiere of Janáček's lyrical Concertino for piano, two violins, viola, clarinet, French horn and bassoon; the Czech premiere took place in Brno on 16 February 1926. A comparable chamber work for an even more unusual set of instruments, the Capriccio for piano left hand, flute, two trumpets, three trombones and tenor tuba, was written for pianist Otakar Hollmann, who lost the use of his right hand during World War I. After its premiere in Prague on 2 March 1928, it gained considerable acclaim in the musical world.

Other well known pieces by Janáček include the ''Sinfonietta'', the ''Glagolitic Mass'' (the text written in Old Church Slavonic), and the rhapsody ''Taras Bulba''. These pieces and the above mentioned five late operas were all written in the last decade of Janáček's life.

Janáček established a school of composition in Brno. Among his notable pupils were Jan Kunc, Václav Kaprál, Vilém Petrželka, Jaroslav Kvapil, Osvald Chlubna, Břetislav Bakala, and Pavel Haas. Most of his students neither imitated nor developed Janáček's style, which left him no direct stylistic descendants. According to Milan Kundera, Janáček developed a personal, modern style in relative isolation from contemporary modernist movements but was in close contact with developments in modern European music. His path towards the innovative "modernism" of his later years was long and solitary, and he achieved true individuation as a composer around his 50th year.

Sir Charles Mackerras, the Australian conductor who helped promote Janáček's works on the world's opera stages, described his style as ''"... completely new and original, different from anything else ... and impossible to pin down to any one style"''. According to Mackerras, Janáček's use of whole-tone scale differs from that of Debussy, his folk music inspiration is absolutely dissimilar from Dvořák's and Smetana's, and his characteristically complex rhythms differ from the techniques of the young Stravinsky.

The French conductor and composer Pierre Boulez, who interpreted Janáček's operas and orchestral works, called his music surprisingly modern and fresh: ''"Its repetitive pulse varies through changes in rhythm, tone and direction."'' He described his opera ''From the House of the Dead'' as ''"primitive, in the best sense, but also extremely strong, like the paintings of Léger, where the rudimentary character allows a very vigorous kind of expression".''

Janáček's life has featured in several films. In 1974 Eva Marie Kaňková made a short documentary ''Fotograf a muzika'' (The Photographer and the Music) about the Czech photographer Josef Sudek and his relationship to Janáček's work. In 1983 the Brothers Quay produced a stop motion animated film, ''Leoš Janáček: Intimate Excursions'', about Janáček's life and work, and in 1986 the Czech director Jaromil Jireš made ''Lev s bílou hřívou'' (Lion with the White Mane), which showed the amorous inspiration behind Janáček's works. In Search of Janáček is a Czech documentary directed in 2004 by Petr Kaňka, made to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Janáček's birth. An animated cartoon version of ''The Cunning Little Vixen'' was made in 2003 by the BBC, with music performed by the Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin and conducted by Kent Nagano. A rearrangement of the opening of the ''Sinfonietta'' was used by the progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer for its song ''Knife-Edge'' on their debut album.

The Janáček Philharmonic Orchestra was established in 1954. Today the 116-piece ensemble is associated with mostly contemporary music but also regularly performs works from the classical repertoire. The orchestra is resident at the House of Culture Vítkovice (Dům kultury Vítkovice) in Ostrava, Czech Republic. The orchestra tours extensively and has performed in Europe, the U.S., Australia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Its current music director is Theodore Kuchar.

Criticism

Czech musicology at the beginning of the 20th century was strongly influenced by Romanticism, in particular by the styles of Wagner and Smetana. Performance practises were conservative, and actively resistant to stylistic innovation. During his lifetime, Janáček reluctantly conceded to Karel Kovařovic's instrumental rearrangement of ''Jenůfa'', most noticeably in the finale, in which Kovařovic added a more 'festive' sound of trumpets and French horns, and doubled some instruments to support Janáček's "poor" instrumentation. The score of ''Jenůfa'' was later restored by Charles Mackerras, and is now performed according to Janáček's original intentions.

Another important Czech musicologist, Zdeněk Nejedlý, a great admirer of Smetana and later a communist Minister of Culture, condemned Janáček as an author who could accumulate a lot of material, but was unable to do anything with it. He called Janáček's style "unanimated", and his operatic duets "only speech melodies", without polyphonic strength. Nejedlý considered Janáček rather an amateurish composer, whose music did not conform to the style of Smetana. According to Charles Mackerras, he tried to professionally destroy Janáček. Josef Bartoš, the Czech aesthetician and music critic, called Janáček a "musical eccentric" who clung tenaciously to an imperfect, improvising style, but Bartoš appreciated some elements of Janáček's works and judged him more positively than Nejedlý.

Janáček's friend and collaborator Václav Talich, former chief-conductor of the Czech Philharmonic, sometimes adjusted Janáček's scores, mainly for their instrumentation and dynamics; some critics sharply attacked him for doing so. Talich re-orchestrated ''Taras Bulba'' and the Suite from ''Cunning Little Vixen'' justifying the latter with the claim that ''"it was not possible to perform it in the Prague National Theatre unless it was entirely re-orchestrated"''. Talich's rearrangement rather emasculated the specific sounds and contrasts of Janáček's original, but was the standard version for many years. Charles Mackerras started to research Janáček's music in 1960s, and gradually restored the composer's distinctive scoring. The critical edition of Janáček's scores is published by the Czech ''Editio Janáček''.

Inspiration

Janáček's style and thematic inspiration make use of several fundamental sources.

Folklore

Janáček was deeply influenced by folklore, and by Moravian folk music in particular, but not by the pervasive, idealized 19th century romantic folklore variant. He took a realistic, descriptive and analytic approach to the material. Janáček partly composed the original piano accompaniments to more than 150 folk songs, respectful of their original function and context, and partly used folk inspiration in his own works, especially in his mature compositions. His work in this area was not stylistically imitative; instead, he developed a new and original musical aesthetic based on a deep study of the fundamentals of folk music. Through his systematic notation of folk songs as he heard them, Janáček developed an exceptional sensitivity to the melodies and rhythms of speech, from which he compiled a collection of distinctive segments he called ''"speech tunes"''. He used these "essences" of spoken language in his vocal and instrumental works. The roots of his style, marked by the lilts of human speech, emerge from the world of folk music.

Russia

Janáček's deep and lifelong affection for Russia and Russian culture represents another important element of his musical inspiration. In 1888 he attended the Prague performance of Tchaikovsky's music, and met the older composer. Janáček profoundly admired Tchaikovsky, and particularly appreciated his highly developed musical thought in connection with the use of Russian folk motifs. Janáček's Russian inspiration is especially apparent in his later chamber, symphonic and operatic output. He closely followed developments in Russian music from his early years, and in 1896, following his first visit of Russia, he founded a ''Russian Circle'' in Brno. Janáček read Russian authors in their original language. Their literature offered him an enormous and reliable source of inspiration, though this did not blind him to the problems of Russian society. He was twenty-two years old when he wrote his first composition based on a Russian theme: a melodrama, ''"Death"'', set to Lermontov's poem. In his later works, he often used literary models with sharply contoured plots. In 1910 Zhukovsky's ''Tale of Tsar Berendei'' inspired him to write the ''Fairy Tale for Cello and Piano''. He composed the rhapsody ''Taras Bulba'' (1918) to Gogol's short story, and five years later, in 1923, completed his first string quartet, inspired by Tolstoy´s ''Kreutzer Sonata''. Two of his later operas were based on Russian themes: ''Káťa Kabanová'', composed in 1921 to Alexander Ostrovsky's play, ''The Storm'': and his last work, ''From the House of the Dead'', which transformed Dostoyevsky's vision of the world into an exciting collective drama.

Janáček always deeply admired Antonín Dvořák, to whom he dedicated some of his works. He rearranged part of Dvořák's Moravian Duets for mixed choir with original piano accompaniment. In the early years of the 20th century, Janáček became increasingly interested in the music of other European composers. His opera ''Destiny'' was a response to another significant and famous work in contemporary Bohemia – Louise, by the French composer Gustave Charpentier. The influence of Giacomo Puccini is apparent particularly in Janáček's later works, for example in his opera ''Káťa Kabanová''. Although he carefully observed developments in European music, his operas remained firmly connected with Czech and Slavic themes.

Music theorist

Musicology

Janáček created his music theory works, essays and articles over a period of fifty years, from 1877 to 1927. He wrote and edited the ''Hudební listy'' journal, and contributed to many specialist music journals, such as ''Cecílie'', ''Hlídka'' and ''Dalibor''. He also completed several extensive studies, as ''Úplná nauka o harmonii'' (The Complete Harmony Theory), ''O skladbě souzvukův a jejich spojův'' (On the Construction of Chords and Their Connections) and ''Základy hudebního sčasování'' (Basics of Music ''"sčasování"''). In his essays and books, Janáček examined various musical topics, forms, melody and harmony theories, dyad and triad chords, counterpoint (or ''"opora"'', meaning "support") and devoted himself to the study of the mental composition. His theoretical works stress the Czech term "sčasování", Janáček's specific word for rhythm, which has relation to time ("čas" in Czech), and the handling of time in music composition. He distinguished several types of rhythm (''sčasovka''): ''"znící"'' (sounding) – meaning any rhythm, ''"čítací"'' (counting) – meaning smaller units measuring the course of rhythm; and ''"scelovací"'' (summing) – a long value comprising the length of a rhythmical unit. Janáček used the combination of their mutual action widely in his own works.

Other writing

Leoš Janáček's literary legacy represents an important illustration of his life, public work and art between 1875 and 1928. He contributed not only to music journals, but wrote essays, reports, reviews, feuilletons, articles and books. His work in this area comprises around 380 individual items. His writing changed over time, and appeared in many genres. Nevertheless, the critical and theoretical sphere remained his main area of interest.

Folk music research

Janáček came from a region characterized by its deeply rooted folk culture, which he explored as a young student under Pavel Křížkovský. His meeting with the folklorist and dialectologist František Bartoš (1837–1906) was decisive in his own development as a folklorist and composer, and led to their collaborative and systematic collections of folk songs. Janáček became an important collector in his own right, especially of Lachian, Moravian Slovakian, Moravian Wallachian and Slovakian songs. From 1879, his collections included transcribed speech intonations. He was one of the organizers of the ''Czech-Slavic Folklore Exhibition'', an important event in Czech culture at the end of 19th century. From 1905 he was President of the newly instituted ''Working Committee for Czech National Folksong in Moravia and Silesia'', a branch of the Austrian institute ''Das Volkslied in Österreich'' (Folksong in Austria), which was established in 1902 by the Viennese publishing house Universal Edition. Janáček was a pioneer and propagator of ethnographic photography in Moravia and Silesia. In October, 1909 he acquired an Edison phonograph and became one of the first to use phonographic recording as a folklore research tool. Several of these recording sessions have been preserved, and were reissued in 1998.

Selected works

For the complete list see ''List of compositions by Leoš Janáček''.

Operas

Leoš Janáček counts among the first opera composers who used prose for his libretti, not verse. He even wrote his own libretti to his last three operas. His libretti were translated into German by Max Brod.

''Šárka'', libretto by Julius Zeyer (1887)

''Počátek Románu'', "The Beginning of a Romance", libretto by Jaroslav Tichý after Gabriela Preissová (1894)

''Její pastorkyňa'', "Her Stepdaughter", known in the English-speaking world as ''Jenůfa'', libretto by the composer after Gabriela Preissová (1904)

''Osud'', "Destiny", libretto by Fedora Bartošová (1904)

''Výlety páně Broučkovy'', "The Excursions of Mr. Broucek", libretto by Viktor Dyk and František Sarafínský Procházka (1920)

''Káťa Kabanová'', "Katya Kabanova", libretto by Vincenc Cervinka, after Alexander Ostrovsky's The Storm (1921)

''Příhody lišky Bystroušky'', "The Cunning Little Vixen", libretto by the composer (1924)

''Věc Makropulos'', "The Makropoulos Affair", libretto by the composer, after Karel Čapek (1926)

''Z mrtvého domu'', "From the House of the Dead", libretto by the composer, after Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1927)

Orchestral

The early orchestral works are influenced by Romantic style, and especially by orchestral works of Dvořák. In his later works, created after 1900, Janáček found his own, original expression.

''Suite for Strings''

''Lachian Dances''

''Moravian Dances''

''Suite for Orchestra'' (1891)

''Jealousy'' (), overture for Orchestra (1894)

''The Fiddler's Child'' (1912–14)

''Taras Bulba'' (1918)

''Dunaj (Danube) Symphony'' (1923–25)

''Sinfonietta'' (1926)

''The Wandering of a Little Soul'' (violin concerto), (1926–27)

Vocal and choral

Janáček's choral works, known particularly in the Czech Republic, are considered extremely complicated. He wrote several choruses to the words of Czech poet Petr Bezruč.

''Lord, have mercy'' (1896)

''Amarus'' (1897)

''Otče náš'' (''The Lord's Prayer''. 1901. 5-movement work for tenor solo, chorus, harp, and organ.)

''Elegy on the Death of Daughter Olga'' (1903)

''Kantor Halfar'' (Teacher Halfar) (1906)

''Maryčka Magdónova'' (1908)

''Sedmdesát tisíc'' (Seventy Thousand) (1909)

''The Eternal Gospel'' (1914)

''The Diary of One Who Disappeared'' (1919)

''The Wandering Madman'' (1922)

''Glagolitic Mass'' (1926)

Chamber and instrumental

His string quartets became a standard repertoire of 20th century classical music, other notable chamber works are often written with unusual instrumentation.

''Pohádka'' (Fairy Tale), for cello and piano (1910)

Violin Sonata (1914)

String Quartet No. 1, ''Kreutzer Sonata'' (1923)

Youth (1924), wind sextet

''Concertino'' for piano and chamber ensemble (1925)

Capriccio for piano (left hand) and wind ensemble (1926)

String Quartet No. 2, ''Intimate Letters'' (1928)

Piano

Janáček composed his major piano works in a relatively short period of twelve years, from 1901 to 1912. His early ''Thema con variazioni'' (subtitled ''Zdenka's variations'') is a student work composed to the styles of famous composers.

''1. X. 1905'' (Piano Sonata) (1905)

''On an Overgrown Path'', Books 1 and 2 (1901–1911)

''In the Mists'' (1912)

Selected writings

Theoretical works

''O dokonalé představě dvojzvuku'' (On the Perfect Image of Dyad Chord) (1885–1886)

''Bedřich Smetana o formách hudebních'' (Bedřich Smetana: On Music Forms) (1886)

''O představě tóniny'' (On an Idea of Key) (1886–1887)

''O vědeckosti nauk o harmonii'' (On Scientism of Harmony Theories) (1887)

''O trojzvuku'' (On a Triad) (1887–1888)

''Slovíčko o kontrapunktu'' (A Word on Counterpoint) (1888)

''Nový proud v teorii hudební'' (New Stream in Music Theory) (1894)

''O skladbě souzvukův a jejich spojův'' (On the Construction of Chords and Their Progressions) (1896)

''Moderní harmonická hudba'' (Modern Harmonic Music) (1907)

''Můj názor o sčasování (rytmu)'' (My Opinion of "sčasování" (Rhythm)) (1907)

''Z praktické části o sčasování (rytmu)'' (On "sčasování" From practice) (1908)

''Váha reálních motivů'' (The Weight of Real Motifs) (1910)

''O průběhu duševní práce skladatelské'' (On the Course of Mental Compositional Work) (1916)

''Úplná nauka o harmonii'' (Harmony Theory) (1920)

Media

Notes

References

(notes based on English summary) (notes based on English summary) (notes based on English summary) BA 9502. ISMN M-2601-0365-8

Further reading

Zemanová, Mirka. Janáček. London: John Murray, 2002; Boston: Northwestern University, 2002.

Zemanová, Mirka. Uncollected Essays on Music. London: Marion Boyars, 1992 | Janáček's essays on music, translated into English.

Štědroň, Miloš (1998). ''Leoš Janáček a hudba 20. století''. Brno: Nadace Universitas Masarykiana. ISBN 80-210-1917-4.

External links

A detailed site on Leoš Janáček created by Gavin Plumley

Piano music of Leoš Janáček: An Exploration for Students of All Ages, an online feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (January, 2008

Leoš Janáček on Find-A-Grave

Leoš Janáček at Pytheas Center for Contemporary Music

Editio Janáček

Category:1854 births Category:1928 deaths Category:People from Frýdek-Místek District Category:Czech folk-song collectors Category:Czech composers Category:20th-century classical composers Category:Opera composers Category:People from Austrian Silesia Category:People from Brno Category:Felix Mendelssohn College of Music and Theatre alumni Category:Romantic composers Category:Composers for pipe organ

bg:Леош Яначек ca:Leóš Janáček cs:Leoš Janáček cy:Leoš Janáček da:Leoš Janáček de:Leoš Janáček es:Leoš Janáček eo:Leoš Janáček fa:لئوش یاناچک fr:Leoš Janáček ko:레오시 야나체크 hy:Լեոշ Յանաչեկ hr:Leoš Janáček it:Leóš Janáček he:לאוש יאנאצ'ק hu:Leoš Janáček nl:Leoš Janáček ja:レオシュ・ヤナーチェク no:Leoš Janáček nn:Leoš Janáček pl:Leoš Janáček pt:Leoš Janáček ru:Яначек, Леош simple:Leoš Janáček sk:Leoš Janáček sl:Leoš Janáček sr:Леош Јаначек sh:Леош Јаначек fi:Leoš Janáček sv:Leoš Janáček tr:Leoš Janáček uk:Леош Яначек vi:Leoš Janáček zh:莱奥什·雅纳切克

name	Charlie Chaplin
birth name
birth date	April 16, 1889
birth place	Walworth, London, United Kingdom
death date
death place	Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland
medium	Film, music, mimicry
nationality	British
active	1895–1976
genre	Slapstick, mime, visual comedy
influenced	Marcel MarceauThe Three StoogesFederico FelliniMilton BerlePeter SellersRowan AtkinsonJohnny DeppJacques Tati
spouse	1 child 2 children 8 children
Signature	Firma de Charles Chaplin.svg }}

Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, film director and composer best known for his work during the silent film era. He became the most famous film star in the world before the end of World War I. Chaplin used mime, slapstick and other visual comedy routines, and continued well into the era of the talkies, though his films decreased in frequency from the end of the 1920s. His most famous role was that of The Tramp, which he first played in the Keystone comedy ''Kid Auto Races at Venice'' in 1914. From the April 1914 one-reeler ''Twenty Minutes of Love'' onwards he was writing and directing most of his films, by 1916 he was also producing them, and from 1918 he was even composing the music for them. With Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith, he co-founded United Artists in 1919.

Chaplin was one of the most creative and influential personalities of the silent-film era. He was influenced by his predecessor, the French silent film comedian Max Linder, to whom he dedicated one of his films. His working life in entertainment spanned over 75 years, from the Victorian stage and the music hall in the United Kingdom as a child performer, until close to his death at the age of 88. His high-profile public and private life encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin's identification with the left ultimately forced him to resettle in Europe during the McCarthy era in the early 1950s.

In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Chaplin the 10th greatest male screen legend of all time. In 2008, Martin Sieff, in a review of the book ''Chaplin: A Life'', wrote: "Chaplin was not just 'big', he was gigantic. In 1915, he burst onto a war-torn world bringing it the gift of comedy, laughter and relief while it was tearing itself apart through World War I. Over the next 25 years, through the Great Depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler, he stayed on the job. ... It is doubtful any individual has ever given more entertainment, pleasure and relief to so many human beings when they needed it the most". George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin "the only genius to come out of the movie industry".

Biography

Early life in London (1889–1909)

Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889, supposedly in East Street, Walworth, London, England. (In 2011, a letter, written to him in the 1970s, came to light, claiming that he had been born in a Gypsy caravan at Black Patch Park in Smethwick, Staffordshire.) His parents were entertainers in the music hall tradition; his father, Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr, was a vocalist and an actor while his mother, Hannah Chaplin, was a singer and an actress who went by the stage name Lilly Harley. They separated before Charlie was three. He learned singing from his parents. The 1891 census shows that his mother lived with Charlie and his older half-brother Sydney on Barlow Street, Walworth.

As a child, Chaplin also lived with his mother in various addresses in and around Kennington Road in Lambeth, including 3 Pownall Terrace, Chester Street and 39 Methley Street. His paternal grandmother's mother was from the Smith family of Romanichals, a fact of which he was extremely proud, though he described it in his autobiography as "the skeleton in our family cupboard". Charles Chaplin Sr. was an alcoholic and had little contact with his son, though Chaplin and his half-brother briefly lived with him and his mistress, Louise, at 287 Kennington Road. The half-brothers lived there while their mentally ill mother lived at Cane Hill Asylum at Coulsdon. Chaplin's father's mistress sent the boy to Archbishop Temple's Boys School. His father died of cirrhosis when Charlie was twelve in 1901. As of the 1901 Census, Chaplin resided at 94 Ferndale Road, Lambeth, as part of a troupe of young male dancers, The Eight Lancashire Lads, managed by William Jackson.

A larynx condition ended the singing career of Hannah Chaplin. After her re-admission to the Cane Hill Asylum, her son was left in the workhouse at Lambeth in south London, moving several weeks later to the Central London District School for paupers in Hanwell.

In 1903 Chaplin secured the role of Billy the pageboy in ''Sherlock Holmes'', written by William Gillette and starring English actor H. A. Saintsbury. Saintsbury took Chaplin under his wing and taught him to marshal his talents. In 1905 Gillette came to England with Marie Doro to debut his new play, ''Clarice'', but the play did not go well. When Gillette staged his one-act curtain-raiser, ''The Painful Predicament of Sherlock Holmes'' as a joke on the British press, Chaplin was brought in from the provinces to play Billy. When ''Sherlock Holmes'' was substituted for ''Clarice'', Chaplin remained as Billy until the production ended on 2 December. During the run, Gillette coached Chaplin in his restrained acting style. It was during this engagement that the teenage Chaplin fell hopelessly in love with Doro, but his love went unrequited and Doro returned to America with Gillette when the production closed.

They met again in Hollywood eleven years later. She had forgotten his name but, when introduced to her, Chaplin told her of being silently in love with her and how she had broken his young heart. Over dinner, he laid it on thick about his unrequited love. Nothing came of it until two years later, when they were both in New York and she invited him to dinner and a drive. Instead, Chaplin noted, they simply “dined quietly in Marie’s apartment alone.” However, as Kenneth Lynn pointed out, “Chaplin would not have been Chaplin if he had simply dined quietly with Marie.”

First years in the United States (1910–1913)

Chaplin first toured the United States with the Fred Karno troupe from 1910 to 1912. After five months in England, he returned to the U.S. for a second tour, arriving with the Karno Troupe on 2 October 1912. In the Karno Company was Arthur Stanley Jefferson, who later became known as Stan Laurel. Chaplin and Laurel shared a room in a boarding house. Laurel returned to England but Chaplin remained in the United States. In late 1913, Chaplin's act with the Karno Troupe was seen by Mack Sennett, Mabel Normand, Minta Durfee, and "Fatty" Arbuckle. Sennett hired him for his studio, the Keystone Film Company as a replacement for Ford Sterling. Chaplin had considerable difficulty adjusting to the demands of film acting and his performance suffered for it. After Chaplin's first film appearance, ''Making a Living'' was filmed, Sennett felt he had made a costly mistake. Most historians agree it was Normand who persuaded him to give Chaplin another chance.

Sennett did not warm to Chaplin right away, and Chaplin believed Sennett intended to fire him following a disagreement with Normand. However, Chaplin's pictures were soon a success, and he became one of the biggest stars at Keystone.

Chaplin was given over to Normand, who directed and wrote a handful of his earliest films. Chaplin did not enjoy being directed by a woman, and they often disagreed. Eventually, the two worked out their differences and remained friends long after Chaplin left Keystone.

The Tramp (1914–1915)

The Tramp debuted during the silent film era in the Keystone comedy ''Kid Auto Races at Venice'' (released on 7 February 1914). However, Chaplin had devised the tramp costume for a film produced a few days earlier but released later (9 February 1914), ''Mabel's Strange Predicament''. Mack Sennett had requested that Chaplin "get into a comedy make-up". As Chaplin recalled in his autobiography: }}

"The Tramp" is a vagrant with the refined manners, clothes, and dignity of a gentleman. Arbuckle contributed his father-in-law's bowler hat ('derby') and his own pants (of generous proportions). Chester Conklin provided the little cutaway tailcoat, and Ford Sterling the size-14 shoes, which were so big, Chaplin had to wear each on the wrong foot to keep them on. He devised the moustache from a bit of crepe hair belonging to Mack Swain. The only thing Chaplin himself owned was the whangee cane.

Chaplin, with his Little Tramp character, quickly became the most popular star in Sennett's company of players. He immediately gained enormous popularity among cinema audiences. "The Tramp", Chaplin's principal character, was known as "Charlot" in the French-speaking world, Italy, Spain, Andorra, Portugal, Greece, Romania and Turkey, "Carlitos" in Brazil and Argentina, and "Der Vagabund" in Germany.

Chaplin continued to play the Tramp through dozens of short films and, later, feature-length productions (in only a handful of other productions did he play characters other than the Tramp). He portrayed a Keystone Kop in ''A Thief Catcher'' filmed 5–26 Jan 1914.

The Tramp was closely identified with the silent era, and was considered an international character; when the sound era began in the late 1920s, Chaplin refused to make a talkie featuring the character. The 1931 production ''City Lights'' featured no dialogue. Chaplin officially retired the character in the film ''Modern Times'' (released 5 February 1936), which appropriately ended with the Tramp walking down an endless highway toward the horizon. The film was only a partial talkie and is often called the last silent film. The Tramp remains silent until near the end of the film when, for the first time, his voice is finally heard, albeit only as part of a French/Italian-derived gibberish song.

Chaplin's early Keystones use the standard Mack Sennett formula of extreme physical comedy and exaggerated gestures. Chaplin's pantomime was subtler, more suitable to romantic and domestic farces than to the usual Keystone chases and mob scenes. The visual gags were pure Keystone, however; the tramp character would aggressively assault his enemies with kicks and bricks. Moviegoers loved this cheerfully earthy new comedian, even though critics warned that his antics bordered on vulgarity. Chaplin was soon entrusted with directing and editing his own films. He made 34 shorts for Sennett during his first year in pictures, as well as the landmark comedy feature ''Tillie's Punctured Romance''.

The Tramp was featured in the first film trailer to be exhibited in a U.S. cinema, a slide promotion developed by Nils Granlund, advertising manager for the Marcus Loew theatre chain, and shown at the Loew's Seventh Avenue Theatre in Harlem in 1914. In 1915, Chaplin signed a much more favourable contract with Essanay Studios, and further developed his cinematic skills, adding new levels of depth and pathos to the Keystone-style slapstick. Most of the Essanay films were more ambitious, running twice as long as the average Keystone comedy. Chaplin also developed his own stock company, including ingénue Edna Purviance and comic villains Leo White and Bud Jamison.

Chaplin's popularity continued to soar in the early years following the start of WW1. He started to become noticed by stars of the legitimate theatre. Minnie Maddern Fiske, one of the legends of the stage endorsed Chaplin's artistry in an article in Harper's Weekly(6 May 1915). At the start of her article Mrs. Fiske spoke, "...To the writer Charles Chaplin appears as a great comic artist, possessing inspirational powers and a technique as unfaltering as Rejane's. If it be treason to Art to say this, then let those exalted persons who allow culture to be defined only upon their own terms make the most of it..." In the following years Chaplin would make many friends from the world of the Broadway stage.

Chaplin was emerging as the supreme exponent of silent films, an emigrant himself from London. Chaplin's Tramp enacted the difficulties and humiliations of the immigrant underdog, the constant struggle at the bottom of the American heap and yet he triumphed over adversity without ever rising to the top, and thereby stayed in touch with his audience. Chaplin's films were also deliciously subversive. The bumbling officials enabled the immigrants to laugh at those they feared.

Pioneering film artist and global celebrity (1916–1918)

In 1916, the Mutual Film Corporation paid Chaplin US$670,000 to produce a dozen two-reel comedies. He was given near complete artistic control, and produced twelve films over an eighteen-month period that rank among the most influential comedy films in all cinema. Of his Mutual comedies, the best known include: ''Easy Street'', ''One A.M.'', ''The Pawnshop'', and ''The Adventurer''. Edna Purviance remained the leading lady, and Chaplin added Eric Campbell, Henry Bergman, and Albert Austin to his stock company; Campbell, a Gilbert and Sullivan veteran, provided superb villainy, and second bananas Bergman and Austin would remain with Chaplin for decades. Chaplin regarded the Mutual period as the happiest of his career, although he also had concerns that the films during that time were becoming formulaic owing to the stringent production schedule his contract required. Upon the U.S. entering World War I, Chaplin became a spokesman for Liberty Bonds with his close friend Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford.

Most of the Chaplin films in circulation date from his Keystone, Essanay, and Mutual periods. After Chaplin assumed control of his productions in 1918 (and kept exhibitors and audiences waiting for them), entrepreneurs serviced the demand for Chaplin by bringing back his older comedies. The films were recut, retitled, and reissued again and again, first for theatres, then for the home-film market, and in recent years, for home video. Even Essanay was guilty of this practice, fashioning "new" Chaplin comedies from old film clips and out-takes. The twelve Mutual comedies were revamped as sound films in 1933, when producer Amadee J. Van Beuren added new orchestral scores and sound effects.

At the conclusion of the Mutual contract in 1917, Chaplin signed a contract with First National to produce eight two-reel films. First National financed and distributed these pictures (1918–23) but otherwise gave him complete creative control over production. Chaplin now had his own studio, and he could work at a more relaxed pace that allowed him to focus on quality. Although First National expected Chaplin to deliver short comedies like the celebrated Mutuals, Chaplin ambitiously expanded most of his personal projects into longer, feature-length films, including ''Shoulder Arms'' (1918), ''The Pilgrim'' (1923) and the feature-length classic ''The Kid'' (1921).

United Artists (1919–1939)

In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the United Artists film distribution company with Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith, all of whom were seeking to escape the growing power consolidation of film distributors and financiers in the developing Hollywood studio system. This move, along with complete control of his film production through his studio, assured Chaplin's independence as a film-maker. He served on the board of UA until the early 1950s.

All Chaplin's United Artists pictures were of feature length, beginning with the atypical drama in which Chaplin had only a brief cameo role, ''A Woman of Paris'' (1923). This was followed by the classic comedies ''The Gold Rush'' (1925) and ''The Circus'' (1928).

After the arrival of sound films, Chaplin continued to focus on silent films with a synchronised recorded score, which included sound effects and music with melodies based in popular songs or composed by him; ''The Circus'' (1928), ''City Lights'' (1931), and ''Modern Times'' (1936) were essentially silent films. ''City Lights'' has been praised for its mixture of comedy and sentimentality. Critic James Agee, for example, wrote in ''Life'' magazine in 1949 that the final scene in ''City Lights'' was the "greatest single piece of acting ever committed to celluloid".

While ''Modern Times'' (1936) is a non-talkie, it does contain talk—usually coming from inanimate objects such as a radio or a TV monitor. This was done to help 1930s audiences, who were out of the habit of watching silent films, adjust to not hearing dialogue. ''Modern Times'' was the first film where Chaplin's voice is heard (in the nonsense song at the end, which Chaplin both performed and wrote the nonsense lyrics to). However, for most viewers it is still considered a silent film.

Although "talkies" became the dominant mode of film making soon after they were introduced in 1927, Chaplin resisted making such a film all through the 1930s. He considered cinema essentially a pantomimic art. He said: "Action is more generally understood than words. Like Chinese symbolism, it will mean different things according to its scenic connotation. Listen to a description of some unfamiliar object—an African warthog, for example; then look at a picture of the animal and see how surprised you are".

It is a tribute to Chaplin's versatility that he also has one film credit for choreography for the 1952 film ''Limelight'', and another as a singer for the title music of ''The Circus'' (1928). The best known of several songs he composed are "Smile", composed for the film ''Modern Times'' (1936) and given lyrics to help promote a 1950s revival of the film, famously covered by Nat King Cole. "This Is My Song" from Chaplin's last film, ''A Countess from Hong Kong'', was a number one hit in several different languages in the late 1960s (most notably the version by Petula Clark and discovery of an unreleased version in the 1990s recorded in 1967 by Judith Durham of The Seekers), and Chaplin's theme from ''Limelight'' was a hit in the 1950s under the title "Eternally." Chaplin's score to ''Limelight'' won an Academy Award in 1972; a delay in the film premiering in Los Angeles made it eligible decades after it was filmed. Chaplin also wrote scores for his earlier silent films when they were re-released in the sound era, notably ''The Kid'' for its 1971 re-release.

''The Great Dictator'' (1940)

Chaplin's first talking picture, ''The Great Dictator'' (1940), was an act of defiance against Nazism. It was filmed and released in the United States one year before the U.S. entry into World War II. Chaplin played the role of "Adenoid Hynkel", Dictator of Tomainia, modelled on German dictator Adolf Hitler, who was only four days his junior and sported a similar moustache. The film also showcased comedian Jack Oakie as "Benzino Napaloni", dictator of Bacteria, a jab at Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.

Paulette Goddard filmed with Chaplin again, depicting a woman in the ghetto. The film was seen as an act of courage in the political environment of the time, both for its ridicule of Nazism, for the portrayal of overt Jewish characters, and the depiction of their persecution. In addition to Hynkel, Chaplin also played a look-alike Jewish barber persecuted by the regime. The barber physically resembled the Tramp character.

At the conclusion, the two characters Chaplin portrayed swapped positions through a complex plot, and he dropped out of his comic character to address the audience directly in a speech denouncing dictatorship, greed, hate, and intolerance, in favour of liberty and human brotherhood.

The film was nominated for Academy awards for Best Picture (producer), Best Original Screenplay (writer) and Best Actor.

McCarthy era

Although Chaplin had his major successes in the United States and was a resident from 1914 to 1953, he always maintained a neutral nationalistic stance. During the era of McCarthyism, Chaplin was accused of "un-American activities" as a suspected communist and J. Edgar Hoover, who had instructed the FBI to keep extensive secret files on him, tried to end his United States residency. FBI pressure on Chaplin grew after his 1942 campaign for a second European front in the war and reached a critical level in the late 1940s, when Congressional figures threatened to call him as a witness in hearings. This was never done, probably from fear of Chaplin's ability to lampoon the investigators.

In 1952, Chaplin left the US for what was intended as a brief trip home to the United Kingdom for the London premiere of ''Limelight''. Hoover learned of the trip and negotiated with the Immigration and Naturalization Service to revoke Chaplin's re-entry permit, exiling Chaplin so he could not return for his alleged political leanings. Chaplin decided not to re-enter the United States, writing: "Since the end of the last world war, I have been the object of lies and propaganda by powerful reactionary groups who, by their influence and by the aid of America's yellow press, have created an unhealthy atmosphere in which liberal-minded individuals can be singled out and persecuted. Under these conditions I find it virtually impossible to continue my motion-picture work, and I have therefore given up my residence in the United States."

That Chaplin was unprepared to remain abroad, or that the revocation of his right to re-enter the United States by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover was a surprise to him, may be apocryphal: An anecdote in some contradiction is recorded during a broad interview with Richard Avedon, celebrated New York portraitist.

Avedon is credited with the last portrait of the entertainer to be taken before his departure to Europe and therefore, the last photograph of him as a singularly “American icon.” According to Avedon, Chaplin telephoned him at his studio in New York City, while on a layover for transportation connections before the final leg of his travel to England. The photographer considered the impromptu self-introduction a prank and angrily answered his caller with the riposte, “If you’re Charlie Chaplin, I’m Franklin Roosevelt!” To mollify Avedon, Chaplin assured the photographer of his authenticity and added the comment, “If you want to take my picture, you better do it now. They are coming after me and I won’t be back. I leave ... (imminently).” Avedon interrupted his production commitments to take Chaplin’s portrait the next day, and never personally saw Chaplin again.

Chaplin then made his home in Vevey, Switzerland. He briefly and triumphantly returned to the United States in April 1972, with his wife, to receive an Honorary Oscar, and also to discuss how his films would be re-released and marketed.

Final works (1957–1976)

Chaplin's final two films were made in London: ''A King in New York'' (1957) in which he starred, wrote, directed and produced; and ''A Countess from Hong Kong'' (1967), which he directed, produced, and wrote. The latter film stars Sophia Loren and Marlon Brando, and Chaplin made his final on-screen appearance in a brief cameo role as a seasick steward. He also composed the music for both films with the theme song from ''A Countess From Hong Kong,'' "This is My Song", reaching number one in the UK as sung by Petula Clark. Chaplin also compiled a film ''The Chaplin Revue'' from three First National films ''A Dog's Life'' (1918), ''Shoulder Arms'' (1918) and ''The Pilgrim'' (1923) for which he composed the music and recorded an introductory narration. As well as directing these final films, Chaplin also wrote ''My Autobiography,'' between 1959 and 1963, which was published in 1964.

In his pictorial autobiography ''My Life In Pictures'', published in 1974, Chaplin indicated that he had written a screenplay for his daughter, Victoria; entitled ''The Freak'', the film would have cast her as an angel. According to Chaplin, a script was completed and pre-production rehearsals had begun on the film (the book includes a photograph of Victoria in costume), but were halted when Victoria married. "I mean to make it some day," Chaplin wrote. However, his health declined steadily in the 1970s which hampered all hopes of the film ever being produced.

From 1969 until 1976, Chaplin wrote original music compositions and scores for his silent pictures and re-released them. He composed the scores of all his First National shorts: ''The Idle Class'' in 1971 (paired with The Kid for re-release in 1972), ''A Day's Pleasure'' in 1973, ''Pay Day'' in 1972, ''Sunnyside'' in 1974, and of his feature length films firstly ''The Circus'' in 1969 and ''The Kid'' in 1971. Chaplin worked with music associate Eric James whilst composing all his scores.

Chaplin's last completed work was the score for his 1923 film ''A Woman of Paris'', which was completed in 1976, by which time Chaplin was extremely frail, even finding communication difficult.

Death (1977)

Chaplin's robust health began to slowly fail in the late 1960s, after the completion of his final film ''A Countess from Hong Kong'', and more rapidly after he received his Academy Award in 1972. By 1977, he had difficulty communicating, and was using a wheelchair. Chaplin died in his sleep in Vevey, Switzerland on Christmas Day 1977.

Chaplin was interred in Corsier-Sur-Vevey Cemetery, Switzerland. On 1 March 1978, his corpse was stolen by a small group of Swiss mechanics in an attempt to extort money from his family. The plot failed; the robbers were captured, and the corpse was recovered eleven weeks later near Lake Geneva. His body was reburied under of concrete to prevent further attempts.

Filmmaking techniques

Chaplin never spoke more than cursorily about his filmmaking methods, claiming such a thing would be tantamount to a magician spoiling his own illusion. In fact, until he began making spoken dialogue films with ''The Great Dictator'' in 1940, Chaplin never shot from a completed script. The method he developed, once his Essanay contract gave him the freedom to write for and direct himself, was to start from a vague premise—for example "Charlie enters a health spa" or "Charlie works in a pawn shop." Chaplin then had sets constructed and worked with his stock company to improvise gags and "business" around them, almost always working the ideas out on film. As ideas were accepted and discarded, a narrative structure would emerge, frequently requiring Chaplin to reshoot an already-completed scene that might have otherwise contradicted the story. Chaplin's unique filmmaking techniques became known only after his death, when his rare surviving outtakes and cut sequences were carefully examined in the 1983 British documentary ''Unknown Chaplin''.

This is one reason why Chaplin took so much longer to complete his films than his rivals did. In addition, Chaplin was an incredibly exacting director, showing his actors exactly how he wanted them to perform and shooting scores of takes until he had the shot he wanted. Animator Chuck Jones, who lived near Charlie Chaplin's Lone Star studio as a boy, remembered his father saying he watched Chaplin shoot a scene more than a hundred times until he was satisfied with it. This combination of story improvisation and relentless perfectionism—which resulted in days of effort and thousands of feet of film being wasted, all at enormous expense—often proved very taxing for Chaplin, who in frustration would often lash out at his actors and crew, keep them waiting idly for hours or, in extreme cases, shutting down production altogether.

Comparison with other silent comics

Since the 1960s, Chaplin's films have been compared to those of Buster Keaton and Harold Lloyd (the other two great silent film comedians of the time), especially among the loyal fans of each comic.

The three had different styles: Chaplin had a strong affinity for sentimentality and pathos (which was popular in the 1920s), Lloyd was renowned for his everyman persona and 1920s optimism, and Keaton adhered to onscreen stoicism with a cynical tone more suited to modern audiences.

Commercially, Chaplin made some of the highest-grossing films in the silent era; ''The Gold Rush'' is the fifth with US$4.25 million and ''The Circus'' is the seventh with US$3.8 million. However, Chaplin's films combined made about US$10.5 million while Harold Lloyd's grossed US$15.7 million. Lloyd was far more prolific, releasing twelve feature films in the 1920s while Chaplin released just three. Buster Keaton's films were not nearly as commercially successful as Chaplin's or Lloyd's even at the height of his popularity, and only received belated critical acclaim in the late 1950s and 1960s.

There is evidence that Chaplin and Keaton, who both got their start in vaudeville, thought highly of one another: Keaton stated in his autobiography that Chaplin was the greatest comedian that ever lived, and the greatest comedy director, whereas Chaplin welcomed Keaton to United Artists in 1925, advised him against his disastrous move to MGM in 1928, and for his last American film, ''Limelight'', wrote a part specifically for Keaton as his first on-screen comedy partner since 1915.

Composer and songwriter

Chaplin wrote or co-wrote the scores and songs for many of his films. "Smile", which he composed for his film, ''Modern Times'', hit number 2 on the UK charts when sung by Nat King Cole in the 1950s. It was also Michael Jackson's favourite song. "This Is My Song", written and composed by Chaplin for his film, ''A Countess from Hong Kong'', hit number 1 on the UK charts when sung by Petula Clark in the 1960s. In 1973, Chaplin won the Oscar for Best Film Score for his film, ''Limelight''. Chaplin was not the only member of his family with musical talent; his nephew, Spencer Dryden was the drummer for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted band, Jefferson Airplane.

Politics

Chaplin's political sympathies always lay with the left. His silent films made prior to the Great Depression typically did not contain overt political themes or messages, apart from the Tramp's plight in poverty and his run-ins with the law, but his 1930s films were more openly political. ''Modern Times'' depicts workers and poor people in dismal conditions. The final dramatic speech in ''The Great Dictator'', which was critical of following patriotic nationalism without question, and his vocal public support for the opening of a second European front in 1942 to assist the Soviet Union in World War II were controversial.

Chaplin declined to support the war effort as he had done for World War I which led to public anger, although his two sons saw service in the Army in Europe. For most of World War II he was fighting serious criminal and civil charges related to his involvement with actress Joan Barry (see below). After the war, his 1947 black comedy, ''Monsieur Verdoux'' showed a critical view of capitalism. Chaplin's final American film, ''Limelight'', was less political and more autobiographical in nature. His following European-made film, ''A King in New York'' (1957), satirised the political persecution and paranoia that had forced him to leave the U.S. five years earlier.

On religion, Chaplin wrote in his autobiography, “In Philadelphia, I inadvertently came upon an edition of Robert Ingersoll's Essays and Lectures. This was an exciting discovery; his atheism confirmed my own belief that the horrific cruelty of the Old Testament was degrading to the human spirit.”

Other controversies

During World War I, Chaplin was criticised in the British press for not joining the Army. He had in fact presented himself for service, but was denied for being too small at 5'5" and underweight. Chaplin raised substantial funds for the war effort during war bond drives not only with public speaking at rallies but also by making, at his own expense, ''The Bond'', a comedic propaganda film used in 1918. The lingering controversy may have prevented Chaplin from receiving a knighthood in the 1930s. A 1916 propaganda short film ''Zepped'' with Chaplin was discovered in 2009.

For Chaplin's entire career, some level of controversy existed over claims of Jewish ancestry. Nazi propaganda in the 1930s and 40s prominently portrayed him as Jewish (named Karl Tonstein) relying on articles published in the U.S. press before, and FBI investigations of Chaplin in the late 1940s also focused on Chaplin's ethnic origins. There is no documentary evidence of Jewish ancestry for Chaplin himself. For his entire public life, he fiercely refused to challenge or refute claims that he was Jewish, saying that to do so would always "play directly into the hands of anti-Semites." Although baptised in the Church of England, Chaplin was thought to be an agnostic for most of his life.

Chaplin's lifelong attraction to younger women remains another enduring source of interest to some. His biographers have attributed this to a teenage infatuation with Hetty Kelly, whom he met in Britain while performing in the music hall, and which possibly defined his feminine ideal. Chaplin clearly relished the role of discovering and closely guiding young female stars; with the exception of Mildred Harris, all of his marriages and most of his major relationships began in this manner.

Personal life and family

Chaplin's mother died in 1928 in Glendale, California, seven years after she was brought to the U.S. by her sons. Unknown to Charlie and Sydney until years later, they had a half-brother through their mother. The boy, Wheeler Dryden (1892–1957), was raised abroad by his father but later connected with the rest of the family and went to work for Chaplin at his Hollywood studio.

The South African duo Locnville, Andrew and Brian Chaplin, are related to Chaplin (their grandfather was Chaplin's first cousin).

Relationships

Hetty Kelly was Chaplin's first love, a dancer with whom he fell in love when she was fifteen and almost married when he was nineteen, in 1908. It is said Chaplin fell madly in love with her and asked her to marry him. When she refused, Chaplin suggested it would be best if they did not see each other again; he was reportedly crushed when she agreed. Years later, her memory would remain an obsession with Chaplin. He was devastated in 1921 when he learned that she had died of influenza during the 1918 flu pandemic.

thumb|left|Chaplin with Edna Purviance in ''The Immigrant'' (1917) Edna Purviance was Chaplin's first major leading lady after Mabel Normand. Purviance and Chaplin were involved in a close romantic relationship during the production of his Essanay and Mutual films in 1916–1917. The romance seems to have ended by 1918, and Chaplin's marriage to Mildred Harris in late 1918 ended any possibility of reconciliation. Purviance would continue as leading lady in Chaplin's films until 1923, and would remain on Chaplin's payroll until her death in 1958. She and Chaplin spoke warmly of one another for the rest of their lives.

right|thumb|upright|Mildred Harris, c. 1918–1920 Mildred Harris: On 23 October 1918, Chaplin, age 29, married the popular child actress, Harris, who was 16 at the time. They had one son, Norman Spencer "The Little Mouse" Chaplin, born on 7 July 1919, who died three days later and is interred under the name ''The Little Mouse'' at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood California. Chaplin separated from Harris by late 1919, moving back into the Los Angeles Athletic Club. The couple divorced in November 1920, with Harris getting some of their community property and a US$100,000 settlement. Chaplin admitted that he "was not in love, now that [he] was married [he] wanted to be and wanted the marriage to be a success." During the divorce, Chaplin claimed Harris had an affair with noted actress of the time Alla Nazimova, rumoured to be fond of seducing young actresses.

Pola Negri: Chaplin was involved in a very public relationship and engagement with the Polish actress, Negri, in 1922–23, after she arrived in Hollywood to star in films. The stormy on-off engagement was halted after about nine months, but in many ways it foreshadowed the modern stereotypes of Hollywood star relationships. Chaplin's public involvement with Negri was unique in his public life. By comparison he strove to keep his other romances during this period very discreet and private (usually without success). Many biographers have concluded the affair with Negri was largely for publicity purposes.

Marion Davies: In 1924, during the time he was involved with the underage Lita Grey, Chaplin was rumoured to have had a fling with actress Davies, companion of William Randolph Hearst. Davies and Chaplin were both present on Hearst's yacht the weekend preceding the mysterious death of Thomas Harper Ince. Charlie allegedly tried to persuade her to leave Hearst and remain with him, but she refused and stayed by Hearst's side until his death in 1951. Chaplin made a rare cameo appearance in Davies' 1928 film ''Show People'', and by some accounts supposedly continued an affair with her until 1931.

Lita Grey: Chaplin first met Grey during the filming of ''The Kid''. Three years later, at age 35, he became involved with the then 16-year-old Grey during preparations for ''The Gold Rush'' in which she was to star as the female lead. They married on 26 November 1924, after she became pregnant (a development that resulted in her being removed from the cast of the film). They had two sons, the actors Charles Chaplin, Jr. (1925–1968) and Sydney Chaplin (1926–2009). The marriage was a disaster, with the couple hopelessly mismatched. The couple divorced on 22 August 1927. Their extraordinarily bitter divorce had Chaplin paying Grey a then-record-breaking US$825,000 settlement, on top of almost one million dollars in legal costs. The stress of the sensational divorce, compounded by a federal tax dispute, allegedly turned his hair white. The Chaplin biographer Joyce Milton asserted in ''Tramp: The Life of Charlie Chaplin'' that the Grey-Chaplin marriage was the inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov's 1950s novel ''Lolita''.

Merna Kennedy: Lita Grey's friend, Kennedy was a dancer who Chaplin hired as the lead actress in ''The Circus'' (1928). It is rumoured that the two had an affair during shooting. Grey used the rumoured infidelity in her divorce proceedings.

Georgia Hale was Lita Grey's replacement on ''The Gold Rush''. In the documentary series, ''Unknown Chaplin'', (directed and written by film historians Kevin Brownlow and David Gill), Hale, in a 1980s interview states that she had idolised Chaplin since childhood and that the then-19-year-old actress and Chaplin began an affair that continued for several years, which she details in her memoir, ''Charlie Chaplin: Intimate Close-Ups.'' During production of Chaplin's film ''City Lights'' in 1929–30, Hale, who by then was Chaplin's closest companion, was called in to replace Virginia Cherrill as the flower girl. Seven minutes of test footage survives from this recasting, and is included on the 2003 DVD release of the film, but economics forced Chaplin to rehire Cherrill. In discussing the situation in ''Unknown Chaplin'', Hale states that her relationship with Chaplin was as strong as ever during filming. Their romance apparently ended sometime after Chaplin's return from his world tour in 1933.

Louise Brooks was a chorine in the ''Ziegfeld Follies'' when she met Chaplin. He had gone to New York for the opening there of ''The Gold Rush''. For two months in the summer of 1925, the two cavorted together at the Ritz, and with film financier A.C. Blumenthal and Brooks' fellow Ziegfeld girl Peggy Fears in Blumenthal's penthouse suite at the Ambassador Hotel. Brooks was with Chaplin when he spent four hours watching a musician torture a violin in a Lower East Side restaurant, an act he would recreate in ''Limelight''.

May Reeves was originally hired to be Chaplin's secretary on his 1931–1932 extended trip to Europe, dealing mostly with reading his personal correspondence. She worked only one morning, and then was introduced to Chaplin, who was instantly infatuated with her. May became his constant companion and lover on the trip, much to the disgust of Chaplin's brother, Syd. After Reeves also became involved with Syd, Chaplin ended the relationship and she left his entourage. Reeves chronicled her short time with Chaplin in her book, "The Intimate Charlie Chaplin".

thumb|right|Chaplin and Paulette Goddard in ''The Great Dictator'' (1940) Paulette Goddard: Chaplin and actress Goddard were involved in a romantic and professional relationship between 1932 and 1940, with Goddard living with Chaplin in his Beverly Hills home for most of this time. Chaplin gave her starring roles in ''Modern Times'' and ''The Great Dictator''. Refusal to clarify their marital status is often claimed to have eliminated Goddard from final consideration for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in ''Gone with the Wind''. After the relationship ended in 1940, Chaplin and Goddard made public statements that they had been secretly married in 1936; but these claims were likely a mutual effort to prevent any lasting damage to Goddard's career. In any case, their relationship ended amicably in 1942, with Goddard being granted a settlement. Goddard went on to a major career in films at Paramount in the 1940s, working several times with Cecil B. DeMille. Like Chaplin, she lived her later life in Switzerland, dying in 1990.

Joan Barry (1920–1996): In 1942, Chaplin had a brief affair with Barry, whom he was considering for a starring role in a proposed film, but the relationship ended when she began harassing him and displaying signs of severe mental illness (not unlike his mother). Chaplin's brief involvement with Barry proved to be a nightmare for him. After having a child, she filed a paternity suit against him in 1943. Although blood tests proved Chaplin was not the father of Barry's child, Barry's attorney, Joseph Scott, convinced the court that the tests were inadmissible as evidence, and Chaplin was ordered to support the child. The injustice of the ruling later led to a change in California law to allow blood tests as evidence. Federal prosecutors also brought Mann Act charges against Chaplin related to Barry in 1944, of which he was acquitted. Chaplin's public image in America was gravely damaged by these sensational trials. Barry was institutionalised in 1953 after she was found walking the streets barefoot, carrying a pair of baby sandals and a child's ring, and murmuring: "This is magic". Chaplin's second wife, Lita Grey, later asserted that Chaplin had paid corrupt government officials to tamper with the blood test results. She further stated that "there is no doubt that she [Carol Ann] was his child." Oona O'Neill: During Chaplin's legal trouble over the Barry affair, he met O'Neill, daughter of Eugene O'Neill, and married her on 16 June 1943. He was fifty-four; she had just turned eighteen. The marriage produced eight children; their last child, Christopher, was born when Chaplin was 73 years old. Oona survived Chaplin by fourteen years, and died from pancreatic cancer in 1991.

Children

! Child	! Birth	! Death	! Chaplin's Age at Time of Birth	! Mother	! Grandchildren
Norman Spencer Chaplin	7 July 1919	10 July 1919	30	Mildred Harris
	5 May 1925	20 March 1968	36		Susan Maree Chaplin (b 1959)
	31 March 1926	3 March 2009	36	Stephan Chaplin (b 19xx)
Carol Ann Barry Chaplin (Disputed)	2 October 1943		54		Unknown
	31 July 1944		55		Shane Saura Chaplin (b 1974) Oona Castilla Chaplin (b 1986)
	7 March 1946		56	Kathleen Chaplin (b. 1975) Dolores Chaplin (b. 1979) Carmen Chaplin (b 19xx) George Chaplin (b 19xx)
	28 March 1949		59	Julien Ronet (b. 1980)
Victoria Chaplin	19 May 1951		62	Aurélia Thiérrée (b. 1971) James Thiérrée (b. 1974)
	23 August 1953		64	Kiera Chaplin (b. 1982)
Jane Cecil Chaplin	23 May 1957		68
Annette Emily Chaplin	3 December 1959		70	Orson Salkind (b. 1986) Osceola Salkind (b. 1994)
	6 July 1962		73

Awards and recognition

Chaplin was knighted in 1975 at the age of 85 as a Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II. The honour had been first proposed in 1931. Knighthood was suggested again in 1956, but was vetoed after a Foreign Office report raised concerns over Chaplin's purported "communist" views and his moral behaviour in marrying two 16 year girls; it was felt that honouring him would damage both the reputation of the British honours system and relations with the United States.

Among other recognitions, Chaplin was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1970; that he had not been among those originally honoured in 1961 caused some controversy. Chaplin's Swiss mansion is to be opened as a museum tracing his life from the music halls in London to Hollywood fame.

A statue of Charlie Chaplin was made by John Doubleday, to stand in Leicester Square in London. It was unveiled by Sir Ralph Richardson in 1981. A bronze statue of him is at Waterville, County Kerry.

Academy Awards

Chaplin received three Academy Awards in his lifetime: one for Best Original Score, and two Honorary Awards. However, during his active years as a filmmaker, Chaplin expressed disdain for the Academy Awards; his son Charles Jr wrote that Chaplin invoked the ire of the Academy in the 1930s by jokingly using his 1929 Oscar as a doorstop. This may help explain why ''City Lights'' and ''Modern Times,'' considered by several polls to be two of the greatest of all motion pictures, were not nominated for a single Academy Award.

The 1st Academy Awards ceremony: When the first Oscars were awarded on 16 May 1929, the voting audit procedures that now exists had not yet been put into place, and the categories were still very fluid. Chaplin's ''The Circus'' was set to be heavily recognised, as Chaplin had originally been nominated for Best Production, Best Director in a Comedy Picture, Best Actor and Best Writing (Original Story). However, the Academy decided to withdraw his name from all the competitive categories and instead give him a Special Award "for versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing ''The Circus''". The only other film to receive a Special Award that year was ''The Jazz Singer''.

The 13th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1941, ''The Great Dictator'' was nominated for five awards, including two for Chaplin: Best Writing and Best Actor. Chaplin lost out on both counts. For writing, he lost to Preston Sturges for ''The Great McGinty'', and for acting to James Stewart for ''The Philadelphia Story''.

The 20th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1948, Chaplin's screenplay for ''Monsieur Verdoux'' was nominated, but the award went instead to Sidney Sheldon for ''The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer''.

The 44th Academy Awards ceremony: Chaplin's second Oscar was awarded forty-three years after his first, in 1972. Chaplin came out of exile to accept the Honorary Award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century". Stepping onto the stage of the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Chaplin received the longest standing ovation in Academy Award history, lasting a full twelve minutes.

The 45th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1973, Chaplin's film ''Limelight'' was honoured with an Oscar for Best Original Score. Though the film had originally been released in 1952, due to Chaplin's political difficulties at the time, the film did not play for one week in Los Angeles, and thus did not meet the criterion for nomination until it was re-released in 1972.

Legacy

Chaplin's "tramp" character is possibly the most imitated on all levels of entertainment. Chaplin once entered a "Chaplin look-alike" competition and didn't even make the final round. The influence of his 'Tramp' character could be seen on other artists and media providers. Beginning early on there were many tributes, and parodies made. Early examples include; E. C. Segar's 1916 comic strip "Charlie Chaplin's Comedy Capers". Segar would later become famous for his character Popeye, and his 'Chaplin' comics would later be collected in 1917 into five books, precursors of the later comic book format. Two different animated cartoon series also starred 'Charlie' a tramp character, the first a series of nine shorts from 1916 by Movca Film Service. And later ten films by the Pat Sullivan Studio from 1918–1919, which would later use the 'Charlie/Charley' gestures to create Felix the Cat, the character made one later appearance in one of Felix's 1923 cartoons "Felix in Hollywood". From 1917 to 1918, silent film actor Billy West made more than 20 films as a comedian precisely imitating Chaplin's tramp character, makeup and costume.

The third of composer Karl Amadeus Hartmann's 1929–30 composition ''Wachsfigurenkabinett: Fünf kleine Opern (Waxworks: Five Little Operas)'' is entitled 'Chaplin-Ford-Trot', and features the character of Charlie Chaplin (in a speaking rather than operatic role).

Kamal Haasan moulded his character "Chaplin Chellappa" on Chaplin in the Tamil film Punnagai Mannan

In 1985, Chaplin was honoured with his image on a postage stamp of the United Kingdom, and in 1994 he appeared on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.

IBM ran a series of commercials for their personal computers during the 1980s featuring a Chaplin impersonator.

John Woo directed a parody film of Chaplin's "The Kid" called Hua ji shi dai (1981), also known as "Laughing Times."

A minor planet, 3623 Chaplin, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina in 1981, is named after Chaplin.

In 1992, a film was made about Chaplin's life entitled ''Chaplin'', directed by Oscar-winner Richard Attenborough, and starring Robert Downey, Jr., in an Oscar-nominated performance, and Geraldine Chaplin playing the part of Charlie Chaplin's mother, her own grandmother.

In 2001, British comedian Eddie Izzard played Chaplin in Peter Bogdanovich's film, ''The Cat's Meow'', which speculated about the still-unsolved death of producer Thomas H. Ince during a yachting party thrown by William Randolph Hearst, of which Chaplin was a guest.

On 15 April 2011, a day before his 122nd birthday anniversary, Google celebrated this with a special Google Doodle video on its global and other country-wide homepages.

Filmography and current rights issues

Chaplin wrote, directed, and starred in dozens of feature films and short subjects. Highlights include ''The Immigrant'' (1917), ''The Gold Rush'' (1925), ''City Lights'' (1931), ''Modern Times'' (1936), and ''The Great Dictator'' (1940), all of which have been selected for inclusion in the National Film Registry. Three of these films made the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies and AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) lists: ''The Gold Rush'', ''City Lights'', and ''Modern Times''.

A listing of the dozens of Chaplin films and alternate versions can be found in the Ted Okuda-David Maska book ''Charlie Chaplin at Keystone and Essanay: Dawn of the Tramp''. Thanks to The Chaplin Keystone Project, efforts to produce definitive versions of Chaplin's pre-1918 short films have come to a successful end: after ten years of research and clinical international cooperation work, 34 Keystone films have been fully restored and published in October 2010 on a 4-DVD box set. All twelve Mutual films were restored in 1975 by archivist David Shepard and Blackhawk Films, and new restorations with even more footage were released on DVD in 2006.

Today, nearly all of Chaplin's output is owned by Roy Export S.A.S. in Paris, which enforces the library's copyrights and decides how and when this material can be released. French company MK2 acts as worldwide distribution agent for the Export company. In the U.S. as of 2010, distribution is handled under license by Janus Films, with home video releases from Criterion Collection, affiliated with Janus.

See also

List of people on the cover of Time magazine (1920s)

References

Further reading

Charles Chaplin: ''My Autobiography''. Simon & Schuster, 1964.

Charles Chaplin: ''Die Geschichte meines Lebens''. Fischer-Verlag, 1964. (germ.)

Charlie Chaplin ''Die Wurzeln meiner Komik'' in: Jüdische Allgemeine Wochenzeitung, 3 March 1967, gekürzt: wieder ebd. 12.4. 2006, S. 54 (germ.)

''Chaplin: A Life'' by Stephen Weissman Arcade Publishing 2008.

Charles Chaplin: ''My Life in Pictures''. Bodley Head, 1974.

Alistair Cooke: ''Six Men''. Harmondsworth, 1978.

S. Frind: Die Sprache als Propagandainstrument des Nationalsozialismus, in: Muttersprache, 76. Jg., 1966, S. 129–135. (germ.)

Georgia Hale, ''Charlie Chaplin: Intimate Close-Ups'', edited by Heather Kiernan. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, 1995 and 1999. ISBN 978-1-57886-004-3 (1999 edition).

Victor Klemperer: ''LTI – Notizbuch eines Philologen.'' Leipzig: Reclam, 1990. ISBN 978-3-379-00125-0; Frankfurt am Main (19. A.) 2004 (germ.)

''Charlie Chaplin at Keystone and Essanay: Dawn of the Tramp'', Ted Okuda & David Maska. iUniverse, New York, 2005.

''Chaplin: His Life and Art'', David Robinson. McGraw-Hill, second edition 2001.

''Chaplin: Genius of the Cinema'', Jeffrey Vance. Abrams, New York, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8109-4532-6

''Charlie Chaplin: A Photo Diary'', Michel Comte & Sam Stourdze. Steidl, first edition, hardcover, 359pp, ISBN 978-3-88243-792-8, 2002.

''Chaplin in Pictures'', Sam Stourdze (ed.), texts by Patrice Blouin, Christian Delage and Sam Stourdze, NBC Editions, ISBN 978-2-913986-03-9, 2005.

''Double Exposure: Charlie Chaplin as Author and Celebrity'', Jonathan Goldman. M/C Journal 7.5.

''Charlie Chaplin's World of Comedy'', Wes D. Gehring, 1980.

External links

Official sites

* Charlie Chaplin Website

* Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival Website

* The Charlie Chaplin Archive

Biography

* Charlie Chaplin Biography

* Charlie Chaplin's Golden Silence

* Chaplin A Life: 40 Photo-Essays

* Works by or about Charlie Chaplin at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)

Filmography

* Films by, about or starring Charlie Chaplin at the Internet Archive

** More Chaplin films at the Internet Archive

Others

* Obituary, NY Times, 26 December 1977 ''Chaplin's Little Tramp, an Everyman Trying to Gild Cage of Life, Enthralled World''

* The TIME 100: Charlie Chaplin

* Chaplin films at ednapurviance.org

* About Chaplin UK

* Top 10 Charlie Chaplin Movies

Category:1889 births Category:1977 deaths Category:19th-century English people Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients Category:Actors awarded British knighthoods Category:Actors from London Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Autobiographers Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Category:British expatriates in the United States Category:British Romani people Category:Cinema pioneers Category:English agnostics Category:English child actors Category:English comedians Category:English expatriates in Switzerland Category:English film actors Category:English film directors Category:English screenwriters Category:English silent film actors Category:English socialists Category:Erasmus Prize winners Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:McCarthyism Category:Mimes Category:Music hall performers Category:Romani actors Category:Romani film directors Category:Short film directors Category:Silent film comedians Category:Slapstick comedians Category:Vaudeville performers Category:Children of Entertainers

kbd:Чарли Чаплин af:Charlie Chaplin ar:تشارلي تشابلن an:Charles Chaplin ast:Charles Chaplin az:Çarli Çaplin bn:চার্লি চ্যাপলিন zh-min-nan:Charlie Chaplin ba:Чарли Чаплин be:Чарлі Чаплін be-x-old:Чарлі Чаплін bar:Charlie Chaplin bs:Charlie Chaplin br:Charlie Chaplin bg:Чарли Чаплин ca:Charles Chaplin cv:Чарли Чаплин cs:Charlie Chaplin cy:Charles Chaplin da:Charlie Chaplin de:Charles Chaplin et:Charlie Chaplin el:Τσάρλι Τσάπλιν es:Charles Chaplin eo:Charlie Chaplin ext:Charles Chaplin eu:Charlie Chaplin fa:چارلی چاپلین hif:Charlie Chaplin fo:Charlie Chaplin fr:Charlie Chaplin fy:Charlie Chaplin ga:Charlie Chaplin gd:Charlie Chaplin gl:Charlie Chaplin gu:ચાર્લી ચૅપ્લિન ko:찰리 채플린 hy:Չարլի Չապլին hi:चार्ली चैप्लिन hr:Charles Chaplin io:Charlie Chaplin bpy:চার্লি চ্যাপলিন id:Charlie Chaplin ia:Charlie Chaplin is:Charlie Chaplin it:Charlie Chaplin he:צ'ארלי צ'פלין jv:Charlie Chaplin kn:ಚಾರ್ಲಿ ಚಾಪ್ಲಿನ್ pam:Charlie Chaplin ka:ჩარლზ ჩაპლინი kk:Чаплин, Чарли kw:Charlie Chaplin sw:Charlie Chaplin ht:Charlie Chaplin krc:Чарли Чаплин la:Carolus Chaplin lv:Čārlijs Čaplins lb:Charlie Chaplin lt:Charlie Chaplin li:Charlie Chaplin lmo:Charlie Chaplin hu:Charles Chaplin mk:Чарли Чаплин ml:ചാര്‍ളി ചാപ്ലിന്‍ mr:चार्ली चॅप्लिन arz:تشارلى تشابلين ms:Charlie Chaplin mn:Чарльз Спенсер Чаплин my:ချက်ပလင်၊ ချာလီ nah:Charles Chaplin mrj:Чаплин, Чарльз nl:Charlie Chaplin new:चार्ली च्याप्लिन ja:チャールズ・チャップリン nap:Charlie Chaplin no:Charlie Chaplin nn:Charlie Chaplin nov:Charlie Chaplin oc:Charlie Chaplin uz:Charlie Chaplin pnb:چارلی چپلن pap:Charlie Chaplin pfl:Dscharlie Dschäblin pms:Charlie Chaplin nds:Charlie Chaplin pl:Charlie Chaplin pnt:Τσάρλι Τσάπλιν pt:Charlie Chaplin kaa:Charlie Chaplin ksh:Charlie Chaplin ro:Charlie Chaplin qu:Charlie Chaplin rue:Чарлі Чаплін ru:Чаплин, Чарльз sah:Чарли Чаплин sc:Charlie Chaplin sq:Charlie Chaplin scn:Charlie Chaplin simple:Charlie Chaplin sk:Charlie Chaplin sl:Charlie Chaplin szl:Charlie Chaplin so:Charlie Chaplin ckb:چارڵی چاپلن srn:Charlie Chaplin sr:Чарли Чаплин sh:Charlie Chaplin fi:Charles Chaplin sv:Charlie Chaplin tl:Charlie Chaplin ta:சார்லி சாப்ளின் roa-tara:Charlie Chaplin tt:Чарльз Чаплин te:చార్లీ చాప్లిన్ th:ชาร์ลี แชปลิน tg:Чарли Чаплин tr:Charlie Chaplin uk:Чарлі Чаплін ur:چارلی چیپلن vec:Charlie Chaplin vi:Charlie Chaplin vo:Charlie Chaplin war:Charlie Chaplin yi:טשארלי טשאפלין zh-yue:差利 bat-smg:Charlie Chaplin zh:查理·卓别林