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Aretha Franklin
Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer, songwriter and pianist commonly referred to as The Queen of Soul. Although renowned for her soul recordings, Franklin is also adept at jazz, blues, R&B; and gospel music. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Franklin No. 1 on its list of The Greatest Singers of All Time.
http://wn.com/Aretha_Franklin -
Arthur Siegel
Arthur Siegel (December 31, 1923 - September 13, 1994) was an American songwriter.
http://wn.com/Arthur_Siegel -
Az Yet
Az Yet is an American R&B; group from Philadelphia, best known for their hits, "Last Night" and their cover of the Chicago song "Hard to Say I'm Sorry".
http://wn.com/Az_Yet -
Babyface (musician)
Kenneth Brian "Babyface" Edmonds (born April 10, 1958) is an American R&B; and pop singer, songwriter, guitarist, keyboardist, record producer, film producer, and entrepreneur.
http://wn.com/Babyface_(musician) -
Barry Weiss
Barry Weiss (born February 11, 1959 in Demarest, New Jersey) is currently a chairman and the CEO of RCA/Jive Label Group, as well as the CEO of its constituent Jive Label Group, both of which fall under the purview of Sony Music Entertainment. Weiss is best known as an important force in the careers of Britney Spears, Backstreet Boys, 'N Sync, among numerous others. Weiss' father, Hy Weiss, was a music entrepreneur from the first generation of rock'n'roll, owning and operating Old Town Records from 1953 until 1996.
http://wn.com/Barry_Weiss -
Bobby Brown
Robert Barisford "Bobby" Brown (born February 5, 1969) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter, occasional rapper, and dancer. After success in pop group New Edition, Brown began his solo career in 1987 and had a string of Top 10 Billboard hits, culminating in a Grammy Award. He was a pioneer of New Jack Swing music, a fusion of hip hop and R&B.; His second album, ''Don't Be Cruel, included popular songs such as "My Prerogative". Brown is the ex-husband of R&B; singer Whitney Houston and starred in the reality show Being Bobby Brown''.
http://wn.com/Bobby_Brown -
Butch Walker
Butch Walker (born Bradley Glenn Walker on November 14, 1969) is a current American recording artist, songwriter, and record producer who was also the lead guitarist for the metal band SouthGang from the late 80s to early 90s as well as the lead vocalist and guitarist for alternative rock band Marvelous 3 from 1997 until 2001.
http://wn.com/Butch_Walker -
Cee-Lo Green
http://wn.com/Cee-Lo_Green -
Chrisette Michele
Chrisette Michele Payne (born December 8, 1982), known professionally as Chrisette Michele, is an American R&B; and soul singer–songwriter on the Island Def Jam Music Group. She won a Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance in 2009 for her song "Be OK".
http://wn.com/Chrisette_Michele -
Ciara
Ciara Princess Harris (born October 25, 1985), who performs under the mononym Ciara, is an American recording artist, dancer, actress, and fashion model. Born in Austin, Texas, she traveled around the world during her childhood, only to land in Atlanta, Georgia where she met music producer, Jazze Pha. With his help, she was signed to LaFace Records, and went on to become a successful artist, selling more than seven million albums worldwide and having numerous top ten hits.
http://wn.com/Ciara -
Dido (singer)
'''Dido Florian Cloud de Bounevialle O'Malley Armstrong (born 25 December 1971), known mononymously as Dido''' ( ), is an English singer-songwriter.
http://wn.com/Dido_(singer) -
Father MC
Father MC (born Timothy Brown) African American rapper Timothy Brown Has achieved success in the early 1990s on the Uptown Records label . Discovered and signed by then-Uptown executive Sean "Puffy" Combs, he is best known for introducing the public to Uptown's successful R&B; act Jodeci in the track, "Treat Them Like They Want to Be Treated" and up-and-comer Mary J. Blige. One of his most famous hits was "Lisa Baby," an upbeat, bouncy R&B; hip hop crossover.
http://wn.com/Father_MC -
Hikaru Utada
(born January 19, 1983), known by her stage name Utada () in America and Europe, is a Japanese American singer, song writer, arranger, and producer.
http://wn.com/Hikaru_Utada -
Janet Jackson
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966) is an American recording artist and actress. Born in Gary, Indiana, and raised in Encino, Los Angeles, she is the youngest child of the Jackson family of musicians. She first performed on stage with her family at the age of seven, and started her career as an actress with the variety television series The Jacksons in 1976. She went on to appear in other television shows throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, including Good Times and Fame.
http://wn.com/Janet_Jackson -
Jennifer Lopez
Jennifer Lynn Lopez (born July 24, 1969), often nicknamed J.Lo, is an American actress, singer, record producer, dancer, fashion designer and television producer. She is the richest person of Latin American descent in Hollywood according to Forbes, and the most influential Hispanic entertainer in the U.S. according to People en Españols list of "100 Most Influential Hispanics". She her media fame into a fashion line and various perfumes with her celebrity endorsement. Outside of her work in the entertainment industry, Lopez advocates human rights, vaccinations and is a supporter of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles.
http://wn.com/Jennifer_Lopez -
Jermaine Jackson
Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (born December 11, 1954) is an American singer, bassist, composer, a member of The Jackson 5, older brother of American pop stars Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson and occasional film director. He also produced and recorded several duets with the legendary diva Whitney Houston in her early years as a recording artist.
http://wn.com/Jermaine_Jackson -
Johnny Gill
Johnny Gill (born May 22, 1966) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter best known for his romantic ballads and as a member of New Edition. His signature song "My, My, My" has been included on numerous romantic compilations.
http://wn.com/Johnny_Gill -
Justin Bieber
Justin Drew Bieber (, ; born March 1, 1994) is a Canadian pop-R&B; singer. Bieber was discovered in 2008 by Scooter Braun, who happened across Bieber's videos on YouTube and later became his manager. Braun arranged for him to meet with Usher in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher, and then to a recording contract with Island Records offered by L.A. Reid.
http://wn.com/Justin_Bieber -
Kanye West
Kanye Omari West (; born June 8, 1977) is an American rapper, singer, and record producer. West first rose to fame as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records, where he eventually achieved recognition for his work on Jay-Z's album The Blueprint, as well as hit singles for musical artists including Alicia Keys, Ludacris, and Janet Jackson. His style of production originally used pitched-up vocal samples from soul songs incorporated with his own drums and instruments. However, subsequent productions saw him broadening his musical palette and expressing influences encompassing '70s R&B;, baroque pop, trip hop, arena rock, folk, alternative, electronica, synth-pop, and classical music.
http://wn.com/Kanye_West -
Karyn White
Karyn White (born Karyn Layvonne White on October 14, 1965) is a Pop/R&B; singer who became popular during the late 1980s.
http://wn.com/Karyn_White -
Kenny Lattimore
Kenny Lattimore (born April 10, 1967) is an American R&B; singer. Among his most popular hits were "Never Too Busy" and "For You".
http://wn.com/Kenny_Lattimore -
Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey (born March 27, 1970) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter, record producer and actress. She made her recording debut, in 1990, under the guidance of Columbia Records executive Tommy Mottola and became the first recording artist to have her first five singles top the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart. Following her marriage to Mottola, in 1993, a series of hit records established her position as Columbia's highest-selling act. In 1998, Carey received the World Music Awards for becoming the "World's Best Selling Recording Artist of the 1990's" as well as the award for "World's Best Selling R&B; Artist."
http://wn.com/Mariah_Carey -
Nas
Nasir bin Olu Dara Jones (; born September 14, 1973), who performs under the name Nas (), formerly Nasty Nas, is an American rapper and actor. The son of jazz musician Olu Dara, he was born and raised in the Queensbridge housing projects in New York City. His debut album Illmatic, released in 1994 by Columbia Records, was critically acclaimed and would go on to be widely hailed a classic in the genre. Nas was part of hip-hop supergroup The Firm, which released one album.
http://wn.com/Nas -
Ne-Yo
Shaffer Chimere Smith (born October 18, 1982), better known by his stage name Ne-Yo, is an American pop and R&B; singer-songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and occasional rapper. Since his debut, Ne-Yo has had five top ten songs on the Billboard Hot 100 as a lead artist and two number-one albums on the Billboard 200. Ne-Yo has also amassed a catalog of chart-topping songs that he has written for other artists.
http://wn.com/Ne-Yo -
Nicole Scherzinger
Nicole Prescovia Elikolani Valiente Scherzinger (born June 29, 1978) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer and occasional actress who is best known as the lead singer of the Pussycat Dolls.
http://wn.com/Nicole_Scherzinger -
P!nk
http://wn.com/P!nk -
Paula Abdul
Paula Julie Abdul (; born June 19, 1962) is an American pop singer, record producer, dancer, choreographer, actress and television personality.
http://wn.com/Paula_Abdul -
Perri "Pebbles" Reid
Perri Nixon (formerly known as Pebbles), born Perri Alette McKissack on August 29, 1966, is an American dance-pop and urban contemporary singer-songwriter.
http://wn.com/Perri_"Pebbles"_Reid -
Pink (singer)
Alecia Beth Moore (born September 8, 1979), better known by her stage name Pink (stylized as P!nk), is an American contralto singer-songwriter, musician, acrobat, dancer and actress, who rose to fame in early 2000. She released her first single "There You Go", on her first album, the R&B-oriented; ''Can't Take Me Home, in 2000 via LaFace Records, which garnered commercial success. Her more pop rock-oriented second studio album, Missundaztood'', which began a marked shift in the sound of her music, was released in 2001 and was a huge success worldwide, featuring the singles Get The Party Started, Don't Let Me Get Me, Just Like A Pill and Family Portrait. Pink released her third album, Try This, in November 2003, which although less successful commercially than her previous release, still managed to sell around 3 million copies and earned her a Grammy for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for the single Trouble. Her fourth album, called ''I'm Not Dead, was released in April 2006. The album generated several hit singles, including "Stupid Girls", "U + Ur Hand" and "Who Knew". Both "U + Ur Hand" and "Who Knew" went to #1 on the pop chart. Her fifth album, Funhouse'', was released in late October 2008 and was preceded by her first solo number one on the Hot 100, "So What". The album notched three other Top 20 hits; "Sober", "Please Don't Leave Me" and "Glitter in the Air"
http://wn.com/Pink_(singer) -
Sam Salter
Sam Salter is an African-American R&B; artist. He grew up singing gospel music at Faithful Church of God in Christ in Los Angeles. Growing up, Salter won several local talent shows, with a vocal style that was influenced by Marvin Gaye and Stevie Wonder.
http://wn.com/Sam_Salter -
Shakir Stewart
Shakir Stewart (April 12, 1974 – November 1, 2008), a native of Oakland, California, was a US record executive in a number of companies, the latest being Def Jam. At the time of his death he was the Senior Vice President of Island Def Jam Music Group and the Executive Vice President of Def Jam.
http://wn.com/Shakir_Stewart -
Shanice
Shanice Lorraine Wilson-Knox (born May 14, 1973), better known as Shanice, is an American singer-songwriter. In 1991, she scored a Top 5 Billboard hit with the single "I Love Your Smile", followed by another Top 5 single "Saving Forever for You" in 1993.
http://wn.com/Shanice -
Sheena Easton
Sheena Easton (born Sheena Shirley Orr; 27 April 1959) is a Scottish recording artist who achieved worldwide fame in the 1980s. Easton became famous for being the focus of an episode in the British television program The Big Time, which recorded her attempts to gain a record contract and her eventual signing with EMI Records.
http://wn.com/Sheena_Easton -
Shyne
Moses Michael Leviy (born Jamal Michael Barrow on 8 November 1976), better known as Shyne, is a Belizean-born rapper. He grew up in the notorious Vanderveer Estates in East Flatbush (now known as 'Flatbush Gardens').
http://wn.com/Shyne -
Simon Cowell
Simon Phillip Cowell (born 7 October 1959) is a British music executive, television producer and entrepreneur. He is known in the United Kingdom and in the United States for his role as a talent judge on TV shows such as Pop Idol, The X Factor, ''Britain's Got Talent, and American Idol''. He is also the owner of the television production and music publishing house Syco.
http://wn.com/Simon_Cowell -
The Deele
The Deele (pronounced The Deal) is an American 80s R&B; band from Cincinnati, Ohio, originally consisting of Indianapolis native Kenny "Babyface" Edmonds along with Antonio "L.A." Reid, Carlos "Satin" Greene, Darnell "Dee" Bristol, Stanley Burke, and Kevin "Kayo" Roberson. They have currently reunited in an incarnation featuring Bristol, Greene, and Roberson. Burke has also rejoined this lineup.
http://wn.com/The_Deele -
Toni Braxton
Toni Michelle Braxton (born October 7, 1966) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter. Braxton has won six Grammy Awards in her career and has sold 40 million records worldwide. She has a contralto vocal range.
http://wn.com/Toni_Braxton -
Tony Rich
Tony Rich (born Antonio Jeffries; November 19, 1971 in Detroit, Michigan, U.S.) is a contemporary R&B; singer-songwriter.
http://wn.com/Tony_Rich -
Usher (entertainer)
Usher Raymond IV (born October 14, 1978; ), who performs under the mononym Usher, is an American recording artist and actor. He rose to fame in the late 1990s with the release of his sophmore album My Way, which spawned his first Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit, "Nice and Slow". It also spawned two more successful singles "You Make Me Wanna...", and "My Way". Both reached number-two on the Hot 100. His followup album 8701 (2001) produced the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hits "U Remind Me" and "U Got It Bad". As well "U Don't Have to Call" which reached number-three on the Hot 100. My Way has been certified six-times platinum by the RIAA and 8701 has been certified four-times platinum by the RIAA. Both albums sold over 8 million copies worldwide.
http://wn.com/Usher_(entertainer) -
Usher Raymond
http://wn.com/Usher_Raymond -
Whitney Houston
Whitney Elizabeth Houston (born August 9, 1963) is an American R&B;/Pop singer, actress, and former fashion model. A relative of several soul singers, including her mother Cissy Houston, cousins Dionne Warwick and Dee Dee Warwick, and close family friend Aretha Franklin, Houston began singing at her New Jersey church as a member of a junior gospel choir at age eleven. After she began performing alongside her mother at night clubs in the New York City area, she was discovered by Arista Records label head Clive Davis. Houston has released studio albums and movie soundtrack albums throughout her career, all of which have had diamond, multi-platinum, platinum, or gold certification.
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston -
Young Jeezy
Jay Wayne Jenkins (born October 12, 1977), better known by his stage name Young Jeezy, is an American rapper and member of the hip hop group United Streets Dopeboyz of America (USDA) and a former member of Boyz n da Hood. He began his career in 2001 under an independent label and joined Boyz N Da Hood in 2005, the same year his solo major label debut ''Let's Get It: Thug Motivation 101'' was released. Its single "Soul Survivor", which featured Akon, became a top-ten hit in the U.S.
http://wn.com/Young_Jeezy
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Atlanta
Atlanta (, ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Atlanta had an estimated population of about 540,900 people. Its metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the country, inhabited by more than 5.4 million people. The Atlanta Combined Statistical Area has a population approaching six million, making it the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. Like many areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth since about 1976, and it added about 1.1 million residents between 2000 and 2008.
http://wn.com/Atlanta -
Capri
Capri (, pronounced in English) is an Italian island in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side of the Gulf of Naples, in the Campania region of Southern Italy. It has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic.
http://wn.com/Capri -
Cincinnati
Cincinnati () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. The municipality is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border. The population within city limits was estimated to be 333,200 in 2009, making it the state's third-largest city. According to a 2008 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,155,137 making it the largest MSA in Ohio (surpassing Cleveland, which ranks 26th), and the 24th most populous in the United States. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
http://wn.com/Cincinnati -
Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
http://wn.com/Italy -
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,
http://wn.com/Ohio
- A Few Good Men
- After 7
- After 7 (album)
- American Idol
- Aretha Franklin
- Arista Records
- Arthur Siegel
- Atlanta
- Avril Lavigne
- Az Yet
- Babyface (musician)
- Barry Weiss
- Bell Biv DeVoe
- Blu Cantrell
- BMG
- Bobby (album)
- Bobby Brown
- Bon Jovi
- Boyz II Men
- Butch Walker
- Capri
- Cee-Lo Green
- Charmbracelet
- Chrisette Michele
- Ciara
- Cincinnati
- Clive Davis
- Cooleyhighharmony
- Corey Glover
- Damian Dame
- Dance!...Ya Know It!
- Dido (singer)
- Donell Jones
- Dru Hill
- Dungeon Family
- Entertainment Weekly
- Epic Label Group
- Epic Records
- Father MC
- Father's Day (album)
- For the Cool in You
- Forever Your Girl
- Fox
- From Zero
- Glitter (soundtrack)
- Goodie Mob
- Grammy Award
- Hikaru Utada
- HitQuarters
- Hollywood Reporter
- Hootie Mack
- Humpin' Around
- Island Def Jam
- Italy
- Janet Jackson
- Jay-Z
- Jennifer Lopez
- Jermaine Jackson
- Jive Records
- Johnny Gill
- Justin Bieber
- Kanye West
- Karyn White
- Karyn White (album)
- Kenny G
- Kenny Lattimore
- LaFace
- LaFace Records
- Lionel Richie
- Los Angeles Dodgers
- Mariah Carey
- Material Thangz
- MTV Party to Go 1
- My Super Sweet 16
- Nas
- Ne-Yo
- New York City
- Nicole Scherzinger
- Ohio
- OutKast
- P!nk
- Paula Abdul
- Perri "Pebbles" Reid
- Pink (singer)
- Pussycat Dolls
- RCA Music Group
- Record executive
- record industry
- Record producer
- Rihanna
- Sam Salter
- Santana (band)
- Shakir Stewart
- Shanice
- Sheena Easton
- Shut Up and Dance
- Shyne
- Simon Cowell
- Society of Soul
- songwriter
- Sony
- Street Beat (album)
- Tender Lover
- The Boys (band)
- The Deele
- The Jackson 5
- The Killers
- The Whispers
- The X Factor (U.S.)
- TLC (band)
- Toni Braxton
- Toni Braxton (album)
- Tony Rich
- Total (band)
- Two Occasions
- Usher (entertainer)
- Usher Raymond
- Whitney Houston
- You Said
- Young Jeezy
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LA Reid Interview with Chrlie Rose (part1)
LA Reid Interview with Chrlie Rose (part1) playlist for tshfkym.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/LA_Reid_Interview_with_Chrlie_Rose_part1
Why LA Reid? - THE X FACTOR 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:46
- Published: 23 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 14 Feb 2012
- Author: TheXFactorUSA
Catch all-new episodes of THE X FACTOR WED & THUR at 8/7c, on FOX bit.ly (Official Site) bit.ly ('Like' on Facebook) bit.ly (Follow on Twitter) bit.ly (Official Site) bit.ly ('Like' on Facebook) bit.ly (Follow on Twitter) bit.ly (Friend on Myspace)
http://wn.com/Why_LA_Reid?__THE_X_FACTOR_2011
Playaz Circle - Dear Mr. LA Reid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:35
- Published: 25 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: twochainztv
The X Factor - LA Reid
The X Factor judge and record exec talks about the new show.
http://wn.com/The_X_Factor__LA_Reid
LA Reid Flies To Belize To Sign Shyne To Def Jam (in 2010...)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Published: 24 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 31 Jan 2012
- Author: nrcfmlcvkmcsjgskk
LA flies in private jet to Belize to announce to press the million dollar signing of Shyne to Def Jam. www.NahRight.com
http://wn.com/LA_Reid_Flies_To_Belize_To_Sign_Shyne_To_Def_Jam_in_2010
LA Reid Introduces Rihanna as his Guest Judge! - THE X FACTOR 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Published: 13 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 13 Feb 2012
- Author: TheXFactorUSA
Rihanna gives a few words of encouragement to the boys. Catch an all-new episode of THE X FACTOR on a special night - SUN at 8/7c, on FOX bit.ly (Official Site) bit.ly ('Like' on Facebook) bit.ly (Follow on Twitter)
http://wn.com/LA_Reid_Introduces_Rihanna_as_his_Guest_Judge!__THE_X_FACTOR_2011
Paula Abdul & LA Reid share their favorite music memory: Michael Jackson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Published: 01 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 19 Feb 2012
- Author: FOXALLACCESS
Several months ago we asked Paula Abdul and LA Reid to share one of their favorite music memories. Little did we know the memory was one that they shared and would revolve around Michael Jackson and his music. Take a look.
http://wn.com/Paula_Abdul_LA_Reid_share_their_favorite_music_memory_Michael_Jackson
LA Reid speaks out on Astro's elimination & reacts to Rihanna's Grammy Noms
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:03
- Published: 02 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 14 Feb 2012
- Author: FOXALLACCESS
We caught up with LA Reid backstage right after The X Factor and got his reaction to Astro's elimination. L..A. also shares what it personally feels like to watch his "artists" succeed (We're talking about you Rihanna).
http://wn.com/LA_Reid_speaks_out_on_Astro's_elimination_reacts_to_Rihanna's_Grammy_Noms
Whitney Houston, 2012 Grammy Awards, Nicki Minaj & Can LA Reid Save Ciara?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:22
- Published: 14 Feb 2012
- Uploaded: 20 Feb 2012
- Author: theskorpionshow
Remembering Whitney Houston 1:43 54th Annual Grammy Awards 18:11 Was It Wrong Kanye & Jay-Z Didn't Attend Grammys 29:33 Housewives Recap 38:11 Mob Wives Recap 40:32 Braxton Family Values Recap 42:27 Christina Milian Signs With Young Money 43:17 Can LA Reid Save Ciara 46:17
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston,_2012_Grammy_Awards,_Nicki_Minaj_Can_LA_Reid_Save_Ciara?
Marcus Canty - All My Life - X Factor USA 2011 (LA Reid's House)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 17 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: AwesomeArtistsLive
Marcus Canty - All My Life - X Factor USA 2011 (LA Reid's House).....As Seen On ©Fox Wed/Thu at 8/7c, With Visual Content From Fremantle International...All Rights Reserved. X Factor Season 1 Playlist: www.youtube.com Tweet Me: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Marcus_Canty__All_My_Life__X_Factor_USA_2011_LA_Reid's_House
Whitney Houston Dead,Watching Reactions from Diana Ross,LA Reid & More At Hotel She Dies At!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:56
- Published: 12 Feb 2012
- Uploaded: 20 Feb 2012
- Author: THESNEAKERADDICT
TWITTER.COM
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston_Dead,Watching_Reactions_from_Diana_Ross,LA_Reid_More_At_Hotel_She_Dies_At!
after 7-ready or not
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Published: 25 Nov 2007
- Uploaded: 20 Feb 2012
- Author: OrgasmicTunes
old school slow jam
http://wn.com/after_7-ready_or_not
Whitney Houston - Miracle (album version)
Miracle (album version) / Whitney Houston written & produced by LA Reid & Babyface arranged by LA Reid, Babyface & Whitney Houston Executive producer Clive Davis keyboard, vocals, background vocals, rhythm by Babyface percussion, drums, vocals, rhythm by LA Reid Bass by Kayo *1990 (April 16, 1991) 3rd single from the 3rd album "I'm Your Baby Tonight" (November 6, 1990) (US Billboard Hot 100 #09) (US Billboard Hot Black Singles #02) (US Billboard Adult Contemporary Singles #04) album version Time 5:42 single version Miracle (Edit) Time 4:59
http://wn.com/Whitney_Houston__Miracle_album_version
Chris Rene - Where Do We Go from Here (Original Song) - Top 5 Perform - X Factor
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Published: 08 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 19 Feb 2012
- Author: IamStevenL
Here is Chris Rene's performance of his original song "where do we go from here". What did you think of it? Chris Rene Performs Where Do We Go From Here xfactor simon cowell tv the X tor factor simon cowell television ad fall 2011 music reality competition usa song twitter auditions audition paula abdul nicole scherzinger antonio la reid steve jones Simon Cowell United States Chris Rene performs "Where Do We Go From Here" by himself.
http://wn.com/Chris_Rene__Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here_Original_Song__Top_5_Perform__X_Factor
The X Factor USA Episode 1 Part 1 of 5
Whole ep on tinyurl.com The X Factor USA - Auditions 1 - Season 1 Episode 1 Solo artists and music groups compete for a $5 million recording contract. In the premiere, auditions are held in LA, Chicago, Miami, Dallas, Seattle and Newark, NJ The series' judges are Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, LA Reid and Nicole Scherzinger. Steve Jones hosts The X Factor USA, the x factor, the x factor us, usa, us, x factor, the x, factor, season, episode, premiere, new, promo, free, online, HD, HQ, full episode, episode 1, episode 2, episode 3, episode 4, week 1, auditions 1, auditions 2, auditions 3, 2011, LA, Chicago, Miami, Dallas, Seattle and Newark, NJ, Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, LA Reid, Nicole Scherzinger, x faktor
http://wn.com/The_X_Factor_USA_Episode_1_Part_1_of_5
The X Factor USA 2011 AUDITIONS 1 Pt2
FULL The X Factor EP tinyurl.com The X Factor USA - Auditions 1 - Season 1 Episode 1 Solo artists and music groups compete for a $5 million recording contract. In the premiere, auditions are held in LA, Chicago, Miami, Dallas, Seattle and Newark, NJ The series' judges are Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, LA Reid and Nicole Scherzinger. Steve Jones hosts The X Factor USA, the x factor, the x factor us, usa, us, x factor, the x, factor, season, episode, premiere, new, promo, free, online, HD, HQ, full episode, episode 1, episode 2, episode 3, episode 4, week 1, auditions 1, auditions 2, auditions 3, 2011, LA, Chicago, Miami, Dallas, Seattle and Newark, NJ, Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, LA Reid, Nicole Scherzinger, x faktor
http://wn.com/The_X_Factor_USA_2011_AUDITIONS_1_Pt2
Skyelor Anderson - The X Factor USA Judges Houses 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 14 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: ArtistsOnline2
Skyelor Anderson sings 'Nobody Knows It But Me' on The X Factor Judges Homes He sang in front of his mentor LA Reid and Rihanna. "Skyelor Anderson" "The X Factor USA" "Judges Houses" 2011 "skyelor anderson judges house" "skyelor anderson" "skyelor anderson judges homes" TheXFactorUSA skyelor anderson nobody knows it but me "x factor usa judges houses" "judges houses results" Results live shows factor usa judges homes The boys "la reid" rihanna "skyelor anderson x factor" "skyelor anderson Judges Houses" "Final 16" "Final 4" "x factor judges house results" "the boys judges house"
http://wn.com/Skyelor_Anderson__The_X_Factor_USA_Judges_Houses_2011
Phillip Lomax - The X Factor USA Judges Houses 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Published: 13 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 19 Feb 2012
- Author: ArtistsOnline2
Phillip Lomax sings 'Please Don't Stop The Music' on The X Factor Judges Homes He sang in front of his mentor LA Reid and Rihanna! "Phillip Lomax" "The X Factor USA" "Judges Houses" 2011 "phillip lomax judges house" "phillip lomax satisfaction" TheXFactorUSA phillip lomax please dont stop the music rihanna "x factor usa judges houses" "judges houses results" factor usa judges houses girls "La Reid" "Rihanna" "phillip lomax x factor" "phillip lomax Judges Houses" "phillip lomax judges house" "Final 16" "Final 4" "x factor judges house results" "the boys judges house" "phillip lomax judges homes" "phillip lomax rihanna"
http://wn.com/Phillip_Lomax__The_X_Factor_USA_Judges_Houses_2011
Brian Bradley - The X Factor USA Judges Houses 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Published: 14 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 20 Feb 2012
- Author: ArtistsOnline2
Brian 'Astro' Bradley raps 'The Message' on The X Factor Judges Homes He sang in front of his mentor LA Reid and Rihanna "Brian Bradley" "The X Factor USA" "Judges Houses" 2011 "brian bradley judges house" "brian bradley puff daddy" "brian bradley judges homes" TheXFactorUSA brian bradley can't nobody hold me down "x factor usa judges houses" "judges houses results" Results live shows factor usa judges homes The boys "la reid" rihanna "brian bradley x factor" "brian bradley Judges Houses" "Final 16" "Final 4" "x factor judges house results" "the boys judges house"
http://wn.com/Brian_Bradley__The_X_Factor_USA_Judges_Houses_2011
Milestone - i care 'bout you (1997)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Published: 19 May 2008
- Uploaded: 20 Feb 2012
- Author: djblacjamz
Executive Prod.: Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Tracey E. Edmonds and Antonio "LA" Reid, LaFace.
http://wn.com/Milestone__i_care_'bout_you_1997
Chris Rene Hears the Decision - Judges Houses - US X FACTOR 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Published: 19 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 14 Feb 2012
- Author: thesanguard
its time for Chris Rene to find out if he made it through to the live shows , with a confused La Reid , has he done enough to secure his path?? all rights reserved for this video
http://wn.com/Chris_Rene_Hears_the_Decision__Judges_Houses__US_X_FACTOR_2011
The X Factor USA Episode 18 - 1 of 9 Voted Off Part 6 (11/24/2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:56
- Published: 25 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 20 Jan 2012
- Author: Nicholsonp154
Download at tinyurl.com Results Night and for LA Reid and The Boys: Marcus Canty, Astro and Chris Rene, Simon Cowell and The Girls: Drew, Rachel Crow and Melanie Amaro, Paula Abdul and The Groups: "Lakoda Rayne", and Nicole Scherzinger and The Over 30s: Josh Krajcik and Leroy Bell wait for their results. It is the end of the road for two acts. Guest star: Kelly Clarkson and Bruno Mars. The X Factor USA - Season 1 Episode 18 - 1 of 9 Voted Off The X Factor USA, the x factor, 1 of 9 Voted Off, Top 9 Perform, the x factor us, LIVE Results Show 1, Finalists Revealed, Boot Camp, usa, us, x factor, Auditions 4, the x, factor, season, episode, premiere, new, promo, free, online, HD, HQ, full episode, Episode 18, Episode18, Episode 18, Ep18, week 9, auditions 5, 2018, LA, Chicago, Miami, Dallas, Seattle and Newark, NJ, Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, LA Reid, Nicole Scherzinger, x faktor
http://wn.com/The_X_Factor_USA_Episode_18__1_of_9_Voted_Off_Part_6_11/24/2011
![The Deele - Two Occasions - [STEREO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120222183752im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/GRJBPWta-CU/0.jpg "The Deele - Two Occasions - [STEREO]")
The Deele - Two Occasions - [STEREO]
Original 1988 Music Video From "The Deele" Formed In Cincinnati, Ohio By Babyface, LA Reid And Darnell Bristol
http://wn.com/The_Deele__Two_Occasions__ STEREO
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| Names | LA Reid |
|---|---|
| Background | non_performing_personnel |
| Birth name | Antonio Reid |
| Birth date | June 07, 1956 |
| Origin | Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. |
| Occupation | Record executive, Record producer, songwriter |
| Website | }} |
He is the President and chief executive of Hitco Music Publishing, based in Atlanta, and was also the chairman and chief executive of Island Def Jam Music Group until 2011, when he signed up to appear as a judge on the upcoming U.S. version of ''The X Factor''.
Early life
Reid was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He is one of four children of Emma Reid, a seamstress and interior decorator. He was raised in the Mount Auburn and Madisonville neighborhoods in Cincinnati's east side. Antonio gained the nickname "L.A." as a young musician when a guitar player in his band called him "L.A." because he was wearing a T-shirt that said “L.A.” in reference to the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were currently competing against the Cincinnati Reds at the time.His first drum lessons were with his uncle, Albert Baldwens.
At Hughes Center High School (Cincinnati, Ohio), Reid was a star drummer who cut his teeth playing with bands in "Merry-Go-Round," an annual talent show held in the school auditorium. He also played in the marching band. Reid's former music teacher Terry Brown (now deceased) taught him how to be a professional.
Career
Reid's first appearance on record was with Cincinnati funk rock outfit Pure Essence who released one solitary 45 in the middle 1970s as well as garnering an appearance on local FM rock radio station WEBN's second annual LP compilation, this time as Essence. Reid then became a member of the 1980s R&B; band The Deele, best known for their 1988 hit "Two Occasions". The band had broken up before the success of the single, then reunited to promote "Two Occasions" as it rose up the charts.
1989-2004: LaFace Records & Arista Years
After The Deele disbanded, Reid and fellow band mate Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds founded LaFace in 1989 through a joint venture with Arista Records, with funding from Arista Records creator Clive Davis. The label soon became one of the premiere destinations for popular African-American entertainers who created Black Pop music that was easily accessible to both Urban and Top 40 radio formats. Reid signed 14 year old Usher to the label, whose six album releases have sold 65 million units worldwide. Other popular acts on the label during its peak include Toni Braxton, TLC, and Outkast. Initially headquartered in Atlanta, the label played a role in building the current landscape of the Atlanta music industry.In May 2000, Edmonds and Reid sold their remaining 50% stake in LaFace to parent company BMG. The label became an imprint of Arista Records, with Arista taking on sales, marketing, and promotional duties for its acts. At this time, Reid also succeeded his mentor, Clive Davis, as President of Arista Records. This happened after Davis refused to name a successor at the request of Arista parent company, BMG, due to the fact that Davis, who was 67, was beyond the company's mandatory retirement age. Davis went on to find success creating another BMG imprint named J Records, which signed global superstars such as Alicia Keys, Luther Vandross & Rod Stewart. Reid then took a six week executive course at the Harvard Business School in order to prepare himself to become CEO and President of Arista.
As President of Arista Records, Reid brought the company great success by signing artists such as P!nk, Ciara and Avril Lavigne, whose debut album Let Go sold 6 million copies in the United States. Under Reid's tenure at Arista, Usher (whom Reid originally signed at LaFace) completed production on his multi-platinum hit 2004 album Confessions, which went on to spawn 4 #1 hit singles and sell 10 million copies in the United States alone.
2004-2011: Island Def Jam Music Group
Following the merger of Sony and BMG, L.A Reid was released from his contract at Arista in 2004 and quickly became the Chairman and CEO of The Island Def Jam Music Group in February 2004. Reid is noted for bringing Mariah Carey's career back to prominence with her multi-platinum 2005 album ''The Emancipation Of Mimi'' after her career had stalled from 2001-2003 with less than stellar sales and general lack of public interest for her two previous projects ''Glitter'' and ''Charmbracelet''.Reid has also played a role in the recent successes of artists such as Amerie, Kanye West, Rihanna (alongside Jay-Z) , Bon Jovi, and most recently teenage pop phenomenon Justin Bieber. In the last few years, L.A. Reid has also been responsible for the recent high profile signings of major Pop music artists such as Janet Jackson (who left the company after her 2008 album, ''Discipline''), Utada (who also left the company in 2010), as well as former Bad Boy rapper Shyne to the record company. Reid stepped down as CEO and Chairman of Def Jam in March 2011.
2011-present: The X Factor and Epic Label Group
It was officially confirmed by ''Entertainment Weekly'' and Fox on 18 March 2011 following speculation that Reid is to become a judge on the upcoming U.S. version of the British singing competition ''The X Factor'', alongside its creator and former ''American Idol'' judge Simon Cowell, 80's pop star Paula Abdul and former ''Pussycat Dolls'' singer Nicole Scherzinger. In July 2011, Reid became the Chairman & CEO of the newly formed Epic Label Group which includes Epic Records and various former Jive Records artists. Other artists from Jive Records will stay with Jive as it moves under the RCA Music Group.
Other ventures
With the belief that good songwriting is essential to the success of recording artists, Reid formed the Hitco Publishing Group in 1996, as a joint venture with Windswept Music. While starting up Hitco, Reid was looking to connect to a wholly new market of producers and songwriters and talent spotted the young Shakir Stewart whom he saw as someone with a "a finger on the pulse of the next generation of hot producers in the Atlanta music scene". He gave the future senior vice president of Island Def Jam Music Group his first position as an inter-level creative person at Hitco.In 2008, Reid launched a cosmetics line named LE MÉTIER DE BEAUTÉ, which is sold at upscale retailers such as Bergdorf Goodman and Neiman Marcus.
Awards/Accolades
On August 30, 2006, L.A. Reid, along with Babyface, was honored as a BMI Icon at the 6th annual BMI Urban Awards. As of 2006, he has won 18 BMI awards. Together with Babyface, Reid has produced and/or co-written penning numerous R&B; hits, racking up 33 No. 1 singles.
Personal life
Reid was married to singer and TLC manager Perri "Pebbles" Reid from 1989–1996, with whom he has two sons, Antonio Reid Jr. and Aaron Reid. Aaron was featured on an episode of MTV's ''My Super Sweet 16''. Reid also helped raise Perri's daughter Ashley V. Smith (born 1983 from a relationship with her former producer George L. Smith) and she now goes by the name Ashley V. Reid. Reid later married former schoolteacher Erica Holton in Capri, Italy in July 2000. Their daughter Ariana Manuelle was born in April 2001. Their son Addison Kennedy was born in August 2003. They reside in New York City.
Discography
References
External links
Category:1956 births Category:African American songwriters Category:American music industry executives Category:American record producers Category:Harvard Business School people Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Cincinnati, Ohio Category:World Music Awards winners Category:Reality television judges Category:The X Factor judges
de:Antonio Reid es:Antonio Reid fr:Antonio Reid id:L.A. Reid it:L.A. Reid pt:L.A. Reid ru:Рейд, Эл ЭйThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Name | Los Angeles |
|---|---|
| Official name | City of Los Angeles |
| Settlement type | City |
| Nickname | L.A., the City of Angels, Angeltown, the Entertainment Capital of the World, La-La Land |
| Website | lacity.org |
| Image seal | Seal of Los Angeles, California.svg |
| Map caption | Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California |
| Pushpin map | USA2 |
| Pushpin map caption | Location in the United States |
| Coordinates display | inline,title |
| Coordinates region | US-CA |
| Subdivision type | Country |
| Subdivision name | United States |
| Subdivision type1 | State |
| Subdivision name1 | California |
| Subdivision type2 | County |
| Subdivision name2 | Los Angeles |
| Government type | Mayor-Council |
| Governing body | Los Angeles City Council |
| Leader title | Mayor |
| Leader name | Antonio Villaraigosa |
| Leader title1 | City Attorney |
| Leader name1 | Carmen Trutanich |
| Leader title2 | City Controller |
| Leader name2 | Wendy Greuel |
| unit pref | US |
| area footnotes | |
| area total sq mi | 502.693 |
| area land sq mi | 468.670 |
| area water sq mi | 34.023 |
| area total km2 | 1301.970 |
| area land km2 | 1213.850 |
| area water km2 | 88.119 |
| area water percent | 6.77 |
| area note | |
| Population as of | 2010 |
| Population note | 2010 United States Census |
| Population total | 3792621 |
| Population rank | (2nd US, 48th World) |
| Population urban | 14,940,000 |
| Population metro | 15,250,000 |
| Population blank1 title | CSA |
| Population blank1 | 17786419 |
| Population demonym | Angeleno |
| Population density km2 | auto |
| Population density sq mi | auto |
| Timezone | PST |
| Utc offset | -8 |
| Timezone dst | PDT |
| Utc offset dst | −7 |
| Latns | N |
| Coordinates | 34°03′″N118°15′″N |
| Longew | W |
| Elevation m | 71 |
| Elevation ft | 233 (city hall) |
| Postal code type | ZIP code |
| Postal code | 90001–90068, 90070–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291-90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91601–91609 |
| Area code | 213, 310/424, 323, 661, 747/818 |
| Established title | Settled |
| Established date | September 4, 1781 |
| Established title2 | Incorporated |
| Established date2 | April 4, 1850 |
| Footnotes | }} |
Often known by its initials, ''LA'', and nicknamed the ''City of Angels'', Los Angeles is a world center of business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, technology, and education. It is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. Los Angeles has been ranked the third richest city and fifth most powerful and influential city in the world, behind only New York City in the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (as of 2008), making it the third largest economic center in the world, after the Greater Tokyo Area and the New York metropolitan area. As the home base of Hollywood, it is known as the "Entertainment Capital of the World", leading the world in the creation of motion pictures, television production, video games, and recorded music. The importance of the entertainment business to the city has led many celebrities to call Los Angeles and its surrounding suburbs home. Los Angeles hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics as well as multiple games of the 1994 FIFA World Cup, including the final. Los Angeles is also home to renowned universities such as the University of Southern California and the University of California, Los Angeles.
Los Angeles was founded on September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood.
Los Angeles enjoys a Mediterranean climate, with an average of 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.
History
The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva (or Gabrieleños) and Chumash Native American tribes thousands of years ago. The first Europeans arrived in 1542 in an expedition organized by the viceroy of New Spain and commanded by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese-born explorer who claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire. However, he continued with his voyage up the coast and did not establish a settlement. The next contact would not come until 227 years later, when Gaspar de Portolà, along with Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769. Crespí noted that the site had the potential to be developed into a large settlement.In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra built the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel near the Whittier Narrows, in what is now called San Gabriel Valley. In 1777, the new governor of California, Felipe de Neve, recommended to Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, viceroy of New Spain, that the site noted by Juan Crespí be developed into a pueblo. The town was officially founded on September 4, 1781, by a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores". Tradition has it that on this day they were escorted by four Spanish colonial soldiers, two priests from the Mission and Governor de Neve. The town was named ''El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula'' (The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of the Porciúncula River). These pueblo settlers came from the common Hispanic culture that had emerged in northern Mexico among a racially mixed society. Two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto, and therefore, had African, Amerindian, and European ancestry. More importantly, they were intermarrying. The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820 the population had increased to about 650 residents. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.
New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo continued as a part of Mexico. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico, made Los Angeles Alta California's regional capital. Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.
Railroads arrived with the completion of the Southern Pacific line to Los Angeles in 1876. Oil was discovered in 1892, and by 1923, the discoveries had helped California become the country's largest oil producer, accounting for about one-quarter of the world's petroleum output.
By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000 people, putting pressure on the city's water supply. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, under the supervision of William Mulholland, assured the continued growth of the city.
In the 1920s, the movie and aviation industries flocked to Los Angeles, with continuing growth ensuring that the city suffered less during the Great Depression. In 1932, with population surpassing one million, the city hosted the Summer Olympics.
The post-war years saw an even greater boom, as urban sprawl expanded the city into the San Fernando Valley. In 1960, non-Hispanic whites made up 82% of the population of Los Angeles County. In 1969, Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to SRI in Menlo Park.
In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became the most financially successful in history, and only the second Olympics to turn a profit – the other being the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.
During the remaining decades of the 20th century, the city was plagued by increasing gang warfare, drug activity, and police corruption; the century ended with the Rampart scandal, one of the most widespread documented cases of police misconduct in American history. Racial tensions erupted again in 1992 with the Rodney King controversy and the large-scale riots that followed the acquittal of his police attackers. In 1994, the 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.
Voters defeated efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city in 2002.
Gentrification and urban redevelopment have occurred in many parts of the city, most notably Hollywood, Koreatown, Silver Lake, Echo Park and Downtown.
Cityscape
The city is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods, many of which were incorporated places or communities that were annexed by the city. There are also several independent cities around Los Angeles, but they are popularly grouped with the city of Los Angeles, either due to being completely engulfed as enclaves by Los Angeles, or lying within its immediate vicinity. Generally, the city is divided into the following areas: Downtown Los Angeles, The Eastside and Northeast Los Angeles, South Los Angeles (still often colloquially referred to as South Central by locals), the Harbor Area, Greater Hollywood, Wilshire, the Westside and the San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys.
Some well-known communities within Los Angeles include West Adams, Watts, Leimert Park, Baldwin Hills, Venice, the Downtown Financial District, Los Feliz, Silver Lake, Hollywood, Koreatown, Westwood and the more affluent areas of Bel Air, Benedict Canyon, Hollywood Hills, Hancock Park, Pacific Palisades, Century City, and Brentwood.
Landmarks
Important landmarks in Los Angeles include Walt Disney Concert Hall, Kodak Theatre, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Getty Villa, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Hollywood Sign, Hollywood Boulevard, Capitol Records Tower, Los Angeles City Hall, Hollywood Bowl, Theme Building, Watts Towers, Randy's Donuts, Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and La Placita Olvera/Olvera Street. Downtown Los Angeles is quickly becoming a landmark of itself, with development of billion dollar projects such as Wilshire Grand Tower I, rivaling the prominence of places such as Times Square.
Geography
Los Angeles is irregularly shaped and, according to the United States Census Bureau, covers a total area of , comprising of land and of water. The city extends for longitudinally and for latitudinally. The perimeter of the city is . It is the only major city in the United States bisected by a mountain range.Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The highest point in the city is Mount Lukens, located at the northeastern end of the San Fernando Valley. The hilly parts of Los Angeles include the entire Santa Monica Mountains which stretch from Downtown to the Pacific Ocean, the Mt. Washington area north of Downtown, eastern parts such as Boyle Heights, the Crenshaw district around the Baldwin Hills, and the San Pedro district.
thumb|240px|Mallards on the Los Angeles RiverThe Los Angeles River, a major river which is largely seasonal, is the primary drainage channel. It was straightened and lined in concrete by the Army Corps of Engineers for almost its entire length to act as a flood control channel. The river begins in the Canoga Park district of the city and flows east from the San Fernando Valley along the north edge of the Santa Monica Mountains as they diminish, then south through the city center, then through nearby Vernon on its way to its mouth in the Port of Long Beach at the Pacific Ocean.
Geology
Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerous faults, which cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes annually. One of the major faults is the San Andreas Fault. Located at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, it is predicted to be the source of Southern California's next big earthquake. Major earthquakes to have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake near Sylmar, and the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Nevertheless, all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not felt. The most recent earthquake felt was the 4.4 2010 Pico Rivera earthquake on March 16, 2010. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to Pacific Ocean tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from the Valdivia earthquake in 1960. The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.
Climate
Los Angeles has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification ''Csb'' on the coast, ''Csa'' inland), and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid Köppen's ''BSh'' (semi-arid climate) classification. Los Angeles enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.
The average annual temperature in downtown is : during the day and at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature typically ranges from during the day and at night. In the warmest month – August – the temperature typically ranges from during the day and around at night. Temperatures exceed on a dozen or so days in the year, from one day a month in April, May, June and November to three days a month in July, August, October and to five days in September. Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30 °F (17 °C). Average annual temperature of sea is , from in January to in August. Sunshine hours is above 3,000 per year, from average 7 hours of sunshine / day in December to average 12 hours of sunshine / day in July.
The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate. As such, the temperatures can vary as much as 36 °F (20 °C) between inland areas and the coast. California also has a weather phenomenon called "June Gloom or May Grey", which sometimes gives overcast or foggy skies in the morning at the coast, but usually gives sunny skies by noon, during late spring and early summer.
Downtown Los Angeles averages of precipitation annually, which mainly occurs during the winter and spring (November through April) with generally moderate rain showers, but usually as heavy rainfall and thunderstorms during Winter storms. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the mountains get slightly more. However the San Fernando Valley Region of Los Angeles can get between of rain per year. Years of average rainfall are rare; the usual pattern is bimodal, with a short string of dry years (perhaps ) followed by one or two wet years that make up the average. Snowfall is extremely rare in the city basin, but the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was in 1932. The highest recorded temperature in downtown Los Angeles is on September 27, 2010 and the lowest recorded temperature is on December 22, 1944.
Flora
The Los Angeles area is rich in native plant species due in part to a diversity in habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent botanical environment is coastal sage scrub, which covers the hillsides in combustible chaparral. Native plants include: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Coast Live Oak, and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species, such as the Los Angeles sunflower, have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Though it is not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (''Erythrina caffra'') and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (''Strelitzia reginae''). Mexican Fan Palms, California Fan Palms, and Canary Island Palms can be seen throughout the Los Angeles area, despite the latter being non-indigenous to Southern California.
Environmental issues
The name given by the Chumash tribe of Native Americans for the area now known as Los Angeles translates to "the valley of smoke" because of the smog from native campfires. Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources. The smog season lasts from May to October. Unlike other large cities that rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years due to aggressive steps to reduce it, electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other pollution reducing measures.The number of Stage 1 smog alerts in Los Angeles has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution. In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution. In addition, the groundwater is increasingly threatened by MTBE from gas stations and perchlorate from rocket fuel. With pollution still a significant problem, the city continues to take aggressive steps to improve air and water conditions. The city met its goal of providing 20 percent of the city's power from renewable sources in 2010.
Economy
The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, recorded music), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism. Los Angeles is also the largest manufacturing center in the western United States. The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the fifth-busiest port in the world and the most significant port in the Western Hemisphere and is vital to trade within the Pacific Rim. Los Angeles has been classified an "Alpha(-) world city" according to a 2008 study by a research group at Loughborough University in England.
Until the mid-1990s, Los Angeles was home to many major financial institutions in the western United States. Mergers meant reporting to headquarters in other cities. For instance, First Interstate Bancorp merged with Wells Fargo in 1996, Great Western Bank merged with Washington Mutual in 1998, and Security Pacific Bank merged with Bank of America in 1992. Los Angeles was also home to the Pacific Exchange, until it closed in 2001.
The city is home to seven Fortune 500 companies. They are aerospace contractor Northrop Grumman, energy company Occidental Petroleum, healthcare provider Health Net, metals distributor Reliance Steel & Aluminum, engineering firm AECOM, real estate group CB Richard Ellis and builder Tutor Perini.
Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles include California Pizza Kitchen, Capital Group, Capstone Turbine, Cathay Bank, City National Bank, The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf, DeviantArt, Far East National Bank, Farmers Insurance Group, Fox Entertainment Group, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Guess?, Hanmi Bank, Herbalife, J2 Global Communications, The Jim Henson Company, KB Home, Korn/Ferry, Latham & Watkins, Mercury Insurance Group, Oaktree Capital Management, O’Melveny & Myers; Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Premier America, Premiere Radio Networks, Rentech, Roll International, Sunkist, The TCW Group, Tokyopop, Triton Media Group, United Online, and VCA Antech.
The metropolitan area contains the headquarters of companies who moved outside of the city to escape its taxes but keep the benefits of proximity. For example, Los Angeles charges a gross receipts tax based on a percentage of business revenue, while many neighboring cities charge only small flat fees.
The University of Southern California (USC) is the city's largest private sector employer and contributes $4 billion annually to the local economy.
The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Los Angeles, the main one of which is located at 7001 South Central Avenue.
According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top ten employers in the city are the City of Los Angeles, the County of Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Kaiser Permanente, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Farmers Insurance Group, TeamOne, Fox Entertainment Group, and American International Group.
Culture
Los Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the World", due to the fact that one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any time in the history of civilization."Los Angeles is home to Hollywood, globally recognized as the epicenter of the motion picture industry. A testament to its preeminence in film, the city plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the oldest and one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world. Furthermore, there are 54 film festivals every year, which translates into more than one every week. Finally, Los Angeles is home to the USC School of Cinematic Arts, the oldest and largest school of its kind in the United States.
The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles' cultural identity. There are over 1,000 musical, theater, dance, and performing groups. According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week." The Los Angeles Music Center is one of the three largest performing arts complexes in the nation. The Walt Disney Concert Hall, the centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group and the Los Angeles Master Chorale along with the rising Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center. Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music.
There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County; Los Angeles has more museums per capita than any other city in the world. The most notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest encyclopedic museum west of Chicago), the Getty Center (part of the larger J. Paul Getty Trust, the world's wealthiest art institution), and the Museum of Contemporary Art. A significant amount of art galleries are concentrated on Gallery Row and thousands are in attendance of the monthly Downtown Art Walk that takes place there.
Media
The major daily newspaper in the area is the ''Los Angeles Times''; ''La Opinión'' is the city's major Spanish-language paper. ''Investor's Business Daily'' is distributed from its L.A. corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa Del Rey. There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the ''Daily News'' (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), ''LA Weekly,'' ''Los Angeles CityBeat,'' ''L.A. Record'' (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), ''Los Angeles'' magazine, ''Los Angeles Business Journal,'' ''Los Angeles Daily Journal'' (legal industry paper), ''The Hollywood Reporter'' and ''Variety'' (entertainment industry papers), and ''Los Angeles Downtown News.'' In addition to the English- and Spanish-language papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese and Japanese. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include ''The Daily Breeze'' (serving the South Bay), and ''The Long Beach Press-Telegram.''
Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have all seven VHF allocations possible assigned to them.
The city has major broadcast channels as well as three PBS stations. World TV operates on two channels and the area has several Spanish-language television networks. KTBN 40 is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana. A variety of independent television stations also operate in the area.
Sports
Los Angeles is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball, the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League, the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, the Los Angeles D-Fenders, an NBA Development team owned by the Los Angeles Lakers, and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association. Los Angeles is also home to the USC Trojans and the UCLA Bruins in the NCAA, both of which are Division I teams in the Pacific-12 Conference. The Los Angeles Galaxy and Club Deportivo Chivas USA of Major League Soccer are based in Carson. The city is the largest in the U.S. without an NFL team.There was a time when Los Angeles boasted two NFL teams, the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis and the Raiders heading back to their original home of Oakland. Los Angeles is the second-largest city and television market in the United States, but has no NFL team (see List of television stations in North America by media market). Prior to 1995, the Rams called Memorial Coliseum (1946–1979) and the Raiders played their home games at Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994.
Since the franchise's departures the NFL as an organization, and individual NFL owners, have attempted to relocate a team to the city. Immediately following the 1995 NFL season, Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring went as far as packing up moving vans to start play in the Rose Bowl under a new team name and logo for the 1996 season. The State of Washington filed a lawsuit to successfully prevent the move. In 2003, then-NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue indicated Los Angeles would get a new expansion team, a thirty-third franchise, after the choice of Houston over Los Angeles in the 2002 league expansion round. When the New Orleans Saints were displaced from the Superdome by Hurricane Katrina media outlets reported the NFL was planning to move the team to Los Angeles permanently. Despite these efforts, and the failure to build a new stadium for an NFL team, Los Angeles is still expected to return to the league through expansion or relocation. On August 9, 2011 the LA City Council approved plans to build Farmers Field which will become home to an NFL team in the future. The stadium is expected to be completed by 2016.
Los Angeles has twice played host to the Summer Olympic Games, in 1932 and in 1984. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Super Bowls I and VII were also held in the city as well as multiple FIFA World Cup games in 1994 including the final.
Los Angeles also boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles Coliseum, The Forum, Staples Center, a sports and entertainment complex that also hosts concerts and awards shows such as the Grammys. Staples Center also serves as the home arena for the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, and the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL. It was also home to the Los Angeles Avengers of the original AFL, a team that did not participate in that league's ongoing revival.
The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball and the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League are in the Los Angeles media market and are based in Anaheim in Orange County. The Angels began as an expansion franchise team in Los Angeles in 1961 and played at Los Angeles' Wrigley Field and then Dodger Stadium before moving to Anaheim in 1966. The Ducks, who have played in Anaheim since their inception as an expansion team in , were originally owned by Disney and known as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, after the popular Disney film. The team adopted its current name in , a year after Disney sold the franchise.
Religion
The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country. Cardinal Roger Mahony oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, completed in 2002 at the north end of downtown. Construction of the cathedral marked a coming of age of the Catholic, heavily Latino community. There are numerous Catholic churches and parishes throughout the city.The Los Angeles California Temple, the second largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first Mormon temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed. The grounds includes a visitors' center open to the public, the ''Los Angeles Family History Library'', also open to the public, and the headquarters for the Los Angeles mission.
With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area (490,000 in city proper), the region has the second largest population of Jews in the United States. Many synagogues of the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist movements can be found throughout the city. Most are located in the San Fernando Valley and West Los Angeles. The area in West Los Angeles around Fairfax and Pico Boulevards contains a large number of Orthodox Jews. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades. (It is no longer a sacred space and is being converted to a museum and community center.) The Kabbalah Centre, devoted to one line of Jewish mysticism, is also in the city.
The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.
Because of Los Angeles' large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Bahá'í, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism and others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world.
Education
Colleges and universities
There are three public universities located within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Private colleges in the city include the American Film Institute Conservatory, Alliant International University, Syracuse University (Los Angeles Campus), American InterContinental University, American Jewish University, The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus, Antioch University's Los Angeles campus, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's Los Angeles campus (FIDM), Los Angeles Film School, Loyola Marymount University (LMU is also the parent university of Loyola Law School located in Los Angeles), Marymount College, Mount St. Mary's College, National University of California, Occidental College ("Oxy"), Otis College of Art and Design (Otis), Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), Southwestern Law School, and University of Southern California (USC).The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District: East Los Angeles College (ELAC), Los Angeles City College (LACC), Los Angeles Harbor College, Los Angeles Mission College, Los Angeles Pierce College, Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC), Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Trade-Technical College and West Los Angeles College.
Schools and libraries
Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population over 800,000. After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools. Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Las Virgenes Unified School District. Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts. The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city. Enclaves of unincorporated areas are served by the County of Los Angeles Public Library, many are within walking distance to City of Los Angeles residents.
Transportation
Freeways and highways
The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area is served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. The Texas Transportation Institute, which publishes an annual Urban Mobility Report, ranked Los Angeles road traffic as the most congested in the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delay per traveler. The average traveler in Los Angeles experienced 72 hours of traffic delay per year according to the study. Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, (each with 60 hours of delay). Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles' mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C.
Among the major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and then north to the Canadian border through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts.
Public transportation
The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined daily ridership of 1.7 million. The majority of this (1.4 million) is taken up by the city's bus system, the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 319,000 boardings per weekday. In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.
The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country's third busiest. The rail system includes the Red and Purple subway lines, as well as the Gold, Blue, and Green light rail lines. The first phase of the Expo Line is scheduled to open in November 2011. The Metro Orange Line is a bus rapid transit line with stops and frequency similar to those of a light rail. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.
Besides the rail service provided by Metrolink and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Los Angeles is served by inter-city passenger trains from Amtrak. The main rail station in the city is Union Station just north of Downtown.
Walkability
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked L.A. the 13th most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.
Air transportation
The main Los Angeles airport is Los Angeles International Airport . The sixth busiest commercial airport in the world and the third busiest in the United States, LAX handled over 61 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo in 2006. The Theme Building is pictured here. LAX is a hub for United AirlinesOther major nearby commercial airports include: LA/Ontario International Airport, owned by the city of Los Angeles; serves the Inland Empire. Bob Hope Airport, formerly known as ''Burbank Airport''; serves the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys Long Beach Airport, serves the Long Beach/Harbor area John Wayne Airport of Orange County. LA/Palmdale Regional Airport is owned by the city of Los Angeles and serves the northern outlying communities of the Santa Clarita and Antelope Valleys.
The world's third busiest general-aviation airport is also located in Los Angeles, Van Nuys Airport .
Ports
The Port of Los Angeles is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies of land and water along of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.
The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the ''Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor''. Both ports is the 5th busiest container port in the World, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008. Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States – Port's World Cruise Center serves about 800,000 passengers in 2009.
There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along LA's coastline. Safety is provided at the only beach controlled by Los Angeles City by the highly trained Los Angeles City Lifeguards.
The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge.
Passenger ferry service from San Pedro to the city of Avalon on Santa Catalina Island is provided by Catalina Express.
Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Los Angeles had a population of 3,792,621. The population density was 7,544.6 people per square mile (2,913.0/km²). The racial makeup of Los Angeles was 1,888,158 (49.8%) White, 365,118 (9.6%) African American, 28,215 (0.7%) Native American, 426,959 (11.3%) Asian (3.2% Filipino, 2.9% Korean, 1.7% Chinese, 0.9% Indian, 0.9% Japanese, 0.5% Vietnamese, 0.3% Thai, 0.1% Cambodian), 5,577 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 902,959 (23.8%) from other races, and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1,838,822 persons (48.5%). Among the Hispanic population, 31.9% are Mexican, 6.0% Salvadoran, 3.6% Guatemalan, 0.6% Honduran, 0.4% Nicaraguan, 0.4% Puerto Rican, 0.4% Peruvian, 0.4% Cuban, and 0.3% Colombian.The Census reported that 3,708,020 people (97.8% of the population) lived in households, 58,186 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 26,415 (0.7%) were institutionalized.
There were 1,318,168 households, out of which 446,995 (33.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 522,345 (39.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 196,922 (14.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 88,059 (6.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 90,139 (6.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 15,492 (1.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 373,529 households (28.3%) were made up of individuals and 102,330 (7.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81. There were 807,326 families (61.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.53.
The age distribution was 874,525 people (23.1%) under 18, 434,478 people (11.5%) from 18 to 24, 1,209,367 people (31.9%) from 25 to 44, 877,555 people (23.1%) from 45 to 64, and 396,696 people (10.5%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 34.1 years. For every 100 females there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.
There were 1,413,995 housing units at an average density of 2,812.8 per square mile (1,086.0/km²), of which 503,863 (38.2%) were owner-occupied, and 814,305 (61.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 1,535,444 people (40.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,172,576 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.
prior to 2010
According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, the top ten European ancestries were the following:
Source:
Current estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau put the city's population at 3,833,995. The California Department of Finance estimates the population at 4,094,764 as of January 1, 2009. The 2000 census recorded 3,694,820 people, 1,275,412 households, and 798,719 families residing in the city, with a population density of 7,876.8 people per square mile (3,041.3/km2). There were 1,337,706 housing units at an average density of 2,851.8 per square mile (1,101.1/km2). Los Angeles has become a multiethnic and multicultural city, with major new groups of Latino and Asian immigrants in recent decades. From a metropolitan area that in 1960 was over 80% non-Hispanic white, Los Angeles has been transformed into a city that now has a "majority-minority" population. As of the 2000 US Census, the racial distribution in Los Angeles was 46.9% White, 11.2% African American, 10.5% Asian, 0.8% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 25.7% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. 46.5% of the population was Hispanic or Latino (of any race).
The census indicated that 42.2% spoke English, 41.7% Spanish, 2.4% Korean, 2.3% Tagalog, 1.7% Armenian, 1.5% Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) and 1.3% Persian as their first language.
According to the census, 33.5% of households had children under 18, 41.9% were married couples, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 28.5% of households were made up of individuals and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size 3.56.
The age distribution was: 26.6% under 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32. For every 100 females there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.
The median income for a household was $36,687, and for a family was $39,942. Males had a median income of $31,880, females $30,197. The per capita income was $20,671. 22.1% of the population and 18.3% of families were below the poverty line. 30.3% of those under the age of 18 and 12.6% of those aged 65 or older were below the poverty line. Los Angeles has had a high degree of income disparity as compared to the rest of the country. Recently, however, income disparity has declined. The median household income of the wealthiest neighborhood was $207,938, while in the poorest it was $15,003.
Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages. Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles.
Government
The city is governed by a mayor-council system. The current mayor is Antonio Villaraigosa. There are 15 city council districts. Other elected city officials include the City Attorney Carmen Trutanich and the City Controller Wendy Greuel. The city attorney prosecutes misdemeanors within the city limits. The district attorney, elected by county voters, prosecutes misdemeanors in unincorporated areas and in 78 of the 88 cities in the county, as well as felonies throughout the county.The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) polices the city of Los Angeles, but the city also maintains four specialized police agencies; The Office of Public Safety, within the General Services Department (which is responsible for security and law enforcement services at city facilities, including City Hall, city parks and libraries, the Los Angeles Zoo, and the Convention Center), the Port Police, within the Harbor Department (which is responsible for land, air and sea law enforcement services at the Port of Los Angeles), the Los Angeles City Schools Police department which handles law enforcement for all city schools, and the Airport Police, within the Los Angeles World Airports Department (which is responsible for law enforcement services at all four city-owned airports, including Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), LA/Ontario International Airport (ONT), LA/Palmdale Regional Airport (PMD), and Van Nuys Airport (VNY).
Neighborhood councils
Voters created Neighborhood Councils in the Charter Reform of 1999. First proposed by City Council member Joel Wachs in 1996, they were designed to promote public participation in government and make it more responsive to local needs.The councils cover districts that are not necessarily identical to the traditional neighborhoods of Los Angeles.
Almost ninety neighborhood councils (NCs) are certified and all "stakeholders"—meaning anyone who lives, works or owns property in a neighborhood—may vote for members of the councils' governing bodies. Some council bylaws allow other people with a stake in the community to cast ballots as well.
The councils are official government bodies and so their governing bodies and committees must abide by California's Brown Act, which governs the meetings of deliberative assemblies.
The first notable concern of the neighborhood councils collectively was the opposition by some of them in March 2004 to an 18% increase in water rates by the city's Department of Water and Power. This led the City Council to approve only a limited increase pending independent review. More recently, some of the councils petitioned the City Council in summer 2006 to allow them to introduce ideas for legislative action, but the City Council put off a decision.
The neighborhood councils have been allocated $45,000 each per year for administration, outreach and approved neighborhood projects.
Crime and safety
Los Angeles has been experiencing significant decline in crime since the mid-1990s, and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides. Antonio Villaraigosa is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition.In 2009, Los Angeles reported 314 homicides, which corresponds to a rate of 7.85 (per 100,000 population)—a major decrease from 1993, when the all time homicide rate of over 21.1 (per 100,000 population) was reported for the year. This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.
Organized crime
The Los Angeles crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s as part of the American Mafia but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs.According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 26,000 gang members, organized into 250 gangs. Among them are the Crips, Bloods, Hoovers, Sureños, Maravilla, 18th Street, Mara Salvatrucha, and Asian street gangs. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".
Sister cities
Los Angeles has 25 sister cities, listed chronologically by year joined: Eilat, Israel (1959) Nagoya, Japan (1959) Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (1962) Bordeaux, France (1964) Berlin, Germany (1967) Lusaka, Zambia (1968) Mexico City, Mexico (1969) Auckland City, New Zealand (1971) Busan, South Korea (1971) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (1972) Tehran, Iran (1972) Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (1979) Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (1981) Athens, Greece (1984) Saint Petersburg, Russia (1984) Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (1986) Giza, Egypt (1989) Jakarta, Indonesia (1990) Kaunas, Lithuania (1991) Makati, Philippines (1992) Split, Croatia (1993) San Salvador, El Salvador (2005) Beirut, Lebanon (2006) Ischia, Campania, Italy (2006) Yerevan, Armenia (2007)Los Angeles also has an exchange partnership with Tel Aviv, Israel.
In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities".: London and Manchester, England Łódź, Poland
See also
References
Further reading
General
Architecture and Urban Theory
(available online)
Race Relations
LGBT
Environment
Art and Literature
External links
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This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Playaz Circle |
|---|---|
| background | group_or_band |
| alias | The Duffle Bag Boyz |
| origin | College Park, Georgia, United States |
| genre | Hip hop |
| occupation | Rappers |
| years active | 1997–present |
| label | Disturbing tha Peace, Def Jam, Def Jam South |
| associated acts | Ludacris, Lil Wayne, OJ Da Juiceman, Gucci Mane, Young Buck |
| website | |
| current members | Tity Boi aka 2 ChainzDolla Boy |
| notable instruments | }} |
Biography
The duo was formed in 1997 by two childhood friends Tity Boi (Tauheed Epps) and Dolla Boy (Earl Conyers) in College Park, GA. They created the acronym Playaz which stands for Preparing Legal Assets for Years from A-Z. The duo put all their money together to release their independent album ''United We Stand, United We Fall''. The album had features from Lil Fate, I-20 and others from the Disturbing tha Peace family. They were introduced to Ludacris by Lil Fate and soon became good friends as they all shared the same dream. Tity Boi (Tauheed Epps) played basketball at ASU (Alabama State University) in Montgomery, Alabama.Unfortunately, Playaz Circle ran into bad luck. Tity Boi was shot and Dolla Boy incarcerated. Their career was at a standstill. After hearing their misfortune, Ludacris reached out and then signed them. They have also been in a commercial with Ludacris for the "Two Miles an Hour" video. Later Tity Boi started a solo career. Also he started the new aliases Two Chains, Mr. Hair Weave Killa.
Their highly-anticipated debut album ''Supply & Demand'' was released on October 30, 2007, and featured the hit singles "Duffle Bag Boy" with Lil' Wayne, "Betta Knock" and "U Can Believe It" with Ludacris. In January 2010 Playaz Circle filmed a music video for their single "Big Dawg" featuring Lil Wayne and Birdman at Studio Space Atlanta. Tity Boi has recently appeared on Nicole Wray's single "I Like It".
Discography
Albums
Singles
{|class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"|Year !rowspan="2"|Song !colspan="3"|Chart positions !rowspan="2"|Album |- !align="center" width="40"|U.S. Hot 100 !align="center" width="40"|U.S. R&B; !align="center" width="40"|U.S. Rap |- |align="left" rowspan="1"|2007 |align="left"|"Duffle Bag Boy" (featuring Lil Wayne) |align="center"|15 |align="center"|4 |align="center"|2 |align="left" rowspan="1"|''Supply & Demand'' |- |align="left" rowspan="1"|2009 |align="left"|"Stupid" (featuring OJ Da Juiceman) |align="center"|— |align="center"|101 |align="center"|— |align="left" rowspan="2"|''Flight 360: The Takeoff'' |- |align="left" rowspan="1"|2010 |align="left"|"Big Dawg" (featuring Lil Wayne) |align="center"|— |align="center"|74 |align="center"|— |- |}
External links
Category:American hip hop groups Category:Southern hip hop groups Category:Def Jam Recordings artists Category:Musical groups from Georgia (U.S. state)
de:Playaz Circle ko:플래야즈 서클This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 34°03′″N118°15′″N |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Paula Julie Abdul |
| birth date | June 19, 1962 |
| origin | San Fernando, California, United States |
| occupation | Singer, songwriter, choreographer, dancer, television personality, actress |
| years active | 1978–present |
| genre | Pop, R&B; |
| label | Virgin (1987–1996) Mercury (1997) Concord (2008) Filament (2009–present) |
| website | }} |
In the 1980s, Abdul rose from cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers to highly sought-after choreographer at the height of the music video era before scoring a string of pop music-R&B; hits in the late-1980s and early-1990s. Her six number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 tie her for fifth among the female solo performers who have reached #1 there. She won a Grammy for "Best Music Video - Short Form" for "Opposites Attract" and twice won the "Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography".
After her initial period of success, she suffered a series of setbacks in her professional and personal life, until she found renewed fame and success in the 2000s as a judge on the television series, ''American Idol'', for eight years, before departing from the show. Abdul had moved on to another television series, CBS's ''Live to Dance'', which debuted in January 2011. The series has since been canceled. Following her judging role in ''Live to Dance'', Abdul moved to the American version of ''The X Factor'' with her former ''American Idol'' co-judge Simon Cowell which will premiere in September 2011.
Early life
Abdul's father, Harry Abdul, a Syrian Jew, was born in Aleppo, Syria, raised in Brazil, and subsequently emigrated to the United States; Abdul's mother, Lorraine M. (née Rykiss), a Canadian Jew, is originally from Minnedosa, Manitoba with ancestors from Russia and Ukraine, and Abdul derives Canadian citizenship through her. She has a sister named Wendy, who is 7 years her senior. In 1980, she graduated from Van Nuys High School and was voted girl with the funniest laugh.An avid dancer, Abdul was inspired towards a show business career by Gene Kelly in the classic film ''Singin' in the Rain'' as well as Debbie Allen, Fred Astaire, and Bob Fosse.
Abdul began taking dance lessons at an early age in ballet, Jazz, and Tap. She attended Van Nuys High School, where she was a cheerleader and an honor student. At 15, she received a scholarship to a dance camp near Palm Springs, and in 1978 appeared in a low-budget Independent musical film, ''Junior High School.''
Abdul studied broadcasting at the California State University at Northridge. During her freshman year, she was selected from a pool of 700 candidates for the cheerleading squad of the Los Angeles Lakers NBA basketball team—the famed Laker Girls. Within three months, she became head choreographer. Six months later, she left the university to focus on her choreography and dancing career.
Career
1982-1986: Dance and choreography era
Abdul was discovered by The Jacksons, after a few of the band members had watched her while attending a Los Angeles Lakers game. She was signed to do the choreography for the video to their single "Torture". "My only problem was how to tell the Jacksons how to dance," Abdul later recalled. "Imagine me telling them what routines to do. I was young, I was scared. I'm not quite sure how I got through that." The success of the choreography in the video led to Abdul's career of choreographer in music videos. It was also due to the success of the video that Abdul was chosen to be the choreographer for the Jacksons' ''Victory'' tour.Abdul choreographed videos for several singers throughout the 1980s, including many videos for Janet Jackson during her ''Control'' era. In 1995, Abdul released a dance workout video entitled ''Paula Abdul's Get Up and Dance!'' (re-released on DVD in 2003), a fast-paced, hip-hop style workout. In 1998, she released a second video called ''Cardio Dance'' (re-released on DVD in 2000). In December 2005, Abdul launched a cheerleading/fitness/dance DVD series called ''Cardio Cheer,'' which is marketed to children and teenage girls involved with cheerleading and dance.
In film, Abdul choreographed sequences for the giant keyboard scene involving Tom Hanks’s character in ''Big.'' Further credits include ''Coming to America'', ''Action Jackson'', ''Jerry Maguire'', ''The Running Man'', ''American Beauty'', ''Can't Buy Me Love'', and Oliver Stone's ''The Doors''. Television credits include ''The Tracey Ullman Show,'' American Music Awards, the Academy Awards, and several commercials, such as The King's touchdown celebration, as seen in a string of popular Burger King television commercials that aired during the 2005–2006 NFL season.
1987-1994: ''Forever Your Girl'' and ''Spellbound''
In 1987, Abdul used her savings to make a singing demo. Although her voice was relatively untrained, her exceptional dancing proved marketable to the visually oriented, MTV-driven, pop music industry. She was a tireless worker, and relied on input from her vocal coach and producers to improve her sound.In 1988, Abdul released her pop debut album, ''Forever Your Girl''. The album took 62 weeks to hit #1 on the Billboard 200 album sales chart—the longest an album has been on the market before hitting #1—and spent 10 weeks there. The album eventually became multi-platinum in the spring and summer of 1989, and it spawned five American Top Three singles, four of them #1s (three in 1989 and one in 1990): "Straight Up", "Forever Your Girl", "Cold Hearted", and "Opposites Attract". A remix album, ''Shut Up and Dance'', was also released and reached #7 on Billboard's album chart, becoming one of the most successful remix albums to date. The Grammy award-winning video for "Opposites Attract" featured an animated cat named MC Skat Kat.
At the 33rd Grammy Awards, Abdul won her first Grammy for Best Music Video for "Opposites Attract", She was also nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her song "Straight Up" but it lost to Bonnie Raitt's "Nick of Time".
In the early 1990s, Yvette Marine, backing vocalist on ''Forever Your Girl'', claimed that she sang "co-lead vocals" on the album and sued Paula and Virgin Records for compensation. After one month of court proceedings, Abdul and Virgin won the case.
Abdul's follow-up album, 1991's ''Spellbound,'' contained another string of hits, and sold 7 million copies worldwide. The first single from ''Spellbound'' was the ballad, "Rush, Rush," which topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five consecutive weeks, and was noted for its music video and ''Rebel Without a Cause'' motif featuring Keanu Reeves in the James Dean role. "Promise of a New Day", the second release from the album, also hit No. 1, and was followed by the Top 10 hit "Blowing Kisses in the Wind" and two Top 20 hits: "Vibeology" and "Will You Marry Me?". The album, ''Spellbound'', retained much of the dance-oriented formula heard on her debut album. The track "U" was written for Paula by Prince.
Abdul promoted the album through the "Under My Spell Tour", which was named by an MTV contest for fans. This tour was nearly cancelled due to an accident during rehearsals. The tour began on schedule and ran from October 1991 to the summer of 1992. In 1991, Abdul embraced advertising and starred in a popular Diet Coke commercial in which she danced with a digital image of her idol, a young Gene Kelly.
Abdul was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in December of 1991.
1995-2001: ''Head over Heels'' and a music hiatus
By 1995, Paula Abdul had recovered from her battle with the eating disorder bulimia nervosa and prepared to return to the spotlight with her new album ''Head over Heels''. The first single off the album, "My Love Is for Real" featured a fusion of R&B; and traditional Middle Eastern instruments, and was performed with Yemeni-Israeli singer Ofra Haza. Its accompanying ''Lawrence of Arabia''-inspired music video was played in theaters across the world as a preface to the film ''Clueless''. The single was a hit in the clubs (peaking at #1 on Billboard's Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart), and made it to #28 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart.The second single, "Crazy Cool", peaked at #13 on the dance charts. "Ain't Never Gonna Give You Up" was the album's third and final single. To date, ''Head over Heels'' has sold 3 million copies worldwide.
In January 1997, Abdul starred in the ABC television movie ''Touched by Evil,'' playing a businesswoman who discovers that her boyfriend is a serial rapist. Also that year, Abdul co-wrote the song "Spinning Around" with songwriter and producer Kara DioGuardi, who became a fellow judge on ''American Idol'' in 2009. "Spinning Around" was a dance-pop track intended to be the lead single on Abdul's follow-up album to ''Head over Heels''. But the album never materialized, and "Spinning Around" was instead given to Kylie Minogue. The song was highly successful, reaching #1 in numerous countries.
While Abdul took a break from the music industry, she remained busy behind the scenes. Abdul served as the choreographer for several film and theater productions, including the 1998 musical ''Reefer Madness'' and the cheerleading scenes in the 1999 film ''American Beauty'' (she had previously also choreographed the 1991 film ''The Doors''). Abdul also co-produced a 2001 pilot episode of ''Skirts'', a dramatic series that would have aired on MTV about a high-school cheerleading squad; Abdul was also set to appear as the head coach. The pilot never aired.
In 2000, Abdul’s ''Paula Abdul: Greatest Hits'' CD was released by Virgin Records (with whom Abdul was already no longer affiliated). It included all her hit singles and other noteworthy tracks. The song "Bend Time Back 'Round" had previously been heard only on the 1992 soundtrack for the hit television series ''Beverly Hills, 90210''.
2002-2009: ''American Idol''
thumb|right|upright|Paula Abdul at the 15th Screen Actors Guild Awards In 2002, Abdul appeared as one of three judges for the reality television music competition show ''American Idol''. Abdul, along with fellow judges Simon Cowell and Randy Jackson (joined by Kara DioGuardi in 2009) were to evaluate the talent of a large group of young amateur singers, eliminate most of them in various audition rounds, and then judge the finalists as American television viewers voted on which finalists would continue to each successive round, until all but the winner were eliminated. Abdul won praise as a sympathetic and compassionate judge. She seemed especially kind compared to fellow judge Simon Cowell, who was often blunt in his appraisals of the contestants' performances. When she realized that Cowell's over-the-top judging style was heartbreaking for many young contestants, Abdul was so horrified that she considered leaving the show. Although their differences often resulted in extremely heated on-air exchanges and confrontations, Cowell says he played a major role in convincing Abdul not to leave the show.While serving as a judge on "American Idol," Abdul accepted a second assignment as reporter for ''Entertainment Tonight''.
In March 2006, Fox announced that Abdul had signed to stay on ''American Idol'' as a judge for at least three more years. Later that year, fellow ''American Idol'' judge Simon Cowell invited her to be a guest judge at some of the early auditions for the third series of his similar UK talent show ''The X Factor''. Abdul was present at the initial audition of the eventual winner, Leona Lewis.
The week of May 14 to May 18, 2007 (the week before the season 6 finale), Abdul broke her nose when she tried to "avoid tripping over her pet chihuahua." She was present at the May 22 performance and the May 23 finale.
In 2008, it was reported she was to be working on a new album.
Abdul's ''American Idol'' wardrobe often includes a number of necklaces, rings, bracelets, and earrings that she designs, and she often gives show contestants custom-designed jewelry. In 2007, Paula Abdul Jewelry launched its nationwide consumer debut on QVC, with the tagline "fashion jewelry designed with heart and soul." Paula's first QVC appearance resulted in 15 sellouts of her first jewelry collection involving more than 34,000 pieces. In an interview with the ''Los Angeles Times'' on July 18, 2009, Paula's manager David Sonenberg told the newspaper that, "Very sadly, it does not appear that she’s going to be back on ‘Idol’." This came about as a result of stalled negotiations between Paula and the show. On August 4, 2009, after numerous contract negotiations, Abdul confirmed that she would not be returning to ''Idol'' for its ninth season. ''The Times'' cited reports Abdul had been earning as much as $5 million per season and that she was reportedly seeking as much as $20 million to return.
On August 18, 2009, it was reported that Abdul was negotiating to return to ''Idol'' after not taking part in season nine of ''Dancing with the Stars''. Two days later, Abdul's manager said that there were not any talks with Fox, but they were not ruling anything out.
Abdul claimed her departure from ''Idol'' was not about money, but that she had to stand on principle.
On September 9, 2009 Ellen DeGeneres was confirmed as Abdul's successor for ''Idol''.
2007-2011: Post-''Idol'' projects
Paula Abdul's second greatest-hits CD, ''Greatest Hits: Straight Up!'', was released by Virgin Records on May 8, 2007. Virgin Records also released the music videos to all six of Abdul's #1 singles to iTunes. Meanwhile, Bravo began airing the reality television series ''Hey Paula,'' which followed Abdul through her day-to-day life. The series was produced by Scott Sternberg Productions and debuted on June 28, 2007. Abdul's behavior as depicted on the show was described as 'erratic' by comedian Rosie O'Donnell and decried by numerous fans and critics. The show aired for only one season.In January 2008, Abdul returned to the music charts for the first time in nearly 13 years with the single "Dance Like There's No Tomorrow," the first track on the album ''Randy Jackson's Music Club Vol 1''. The song debuted on ''On Air with Ryan Seacrest''., and Abdul performed it during the pre-game show for Super Bowl XLII. "Dance Like There's No Tomorrow" was a modest comeback hit for Abdul, peaking at #62 on the Billboard Hot 100, #11 on iTunes and #2 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. She also made a brief guest appearance in season 3 episode 1 of the British television Comedy-Drama ''Hotel Babylon'', which aired in the United Kingdom on February 19, 2008.
In January 2009, Abdul hosted "RAH!," a 90-minute cheerleading competition on MTV. "RAH!" featured five collegiate squads competing in a series of challenges with Abdul crowning one the winner. In May 2009, Abdul debuted her latest song "I'm Just Here for the Music" (originally an unreleased song from Kylie Minogue's ninth album Body Language) on the Ryan Seacrest Radio KIIS-FM show and performed the single on the ''American Idol'' results show. "I'm Just Here for the Music" reached #87 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Abdul's 15th song to appear on the chart.
Paula Abdul has remained busy since leaving ''American Idol''. She hosted "VH1 Divas Live" in September 2009, and opened the show by performing a medley of #1 hits, including "Straight Up", "Cold Hearted", "Opposites Attract", and "Forever Your Girl." Also on the program, Paula poked fun at her ''American Idol'' replacement Ellen DeGeneres.
In 2009 and 2010, Abdul appeared in several episodes of Lifetime Television's hit series ''Drop Dead Diva,'' a comedy about a shallow model whose soul resurfaces in the body of a brilliant, plus-size and recently deceased attorney, Jane. On the show, Abdul played herself as "Judge Paula," a figment of Jane’s subconscious.
In November 2010, Abdul launched and co-founded AuditionBooth.com, a website that allows aspiring talents to connect with casting directors, producers, and managers.
Abdul kicked off 2011 by serving as lead judge, executive producer, creative partner, mentor and coach on CBS' new dancing competition, ''Live to Dance'' (formerly ''Got to Dance'') Abdul said that unlike ''American Idol'', her new show is less about "competition" and more about "celebration." After its first season of seven weekly shows, it was cancelled by CBS.
2011-present: ''The X Factor''
On May 7, 2011, it was announced that Abdul would join Simon Cowell on the first season of the American version of ''The X Factor''. The judging panel will consist of Abdul, Cowell, music executive L.A. Reid and former Pussycat Dolls lead singer Nicole Scherzinger. The series will premiere on 21 September 2011.
Personal life
Marriages and relationships
Abdul was married to Emilio Estevez from 1992-1994. Another short lived marriage for Paula Abdul was to clothing designer Brad Beckerman in 1996. They divorced in 1998 citing irreconcilable differences.On Valentine's Day 2006, Abdul appeared on ''Dr. Phil'' as part of a prime time special on love and relationships. She was set up on two dates and Phil McGraw gave her advice.
In mid July 2007, Abdul announced that she had begun dating J.T. Torregiani, a restaurant owner 12 years her junior. She told Access Hollywood: "''He is a good guy. Things are looking upwards. It's looking good right now. I wasn't even looking for someone and that's what usually happens.''" Paula and JT broke up in June 2008, citing their hectic work schedules.
Religion
Paula practices Judaism and is proud of her heritage. She once stated, "My father is a Syrian Jew whose family immigrated to Brazil. My mother is Canadian with Jewish roots. My dream is to come to Israel for a real holiday." In November 2006, Israeli Tourist Minister Isaac Herzog invited her to Israel, Abdul responding with a hug, adding, "I will come; you have helped me make a dream come true."
Legal issues
On December 20, 2004, Abdul was driving her Mercedes on an L.A.-area freeway when she changed lanes and hit another vehicle. The driver and passenger snapped a photograph with a cell phone camera and wrote down the license plate number of the car, which was traced to Abdul. On March 24, 2005, Abdul was fined $900 and given 24 months of informal probation after pleading no contest to misdemeanor hit-and-run driving in Los Angeles. In addition to the fines, she was ordered to pay $775 for damage to the other car.On April 4, 2006, Abdul filed a report at a Hollywood police station claiming she had been a victim of battery at a private party at about 1 a.m. April 2, according to L.A.P.D. spokesman police Lt. Paul Vernon. "According to Abdul, the man at the party argued with her, grabbed her by the arm and threw her against a wall," Vernon said. "She said she had sustained a concussion and spinal injuries."
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
In April 2005, Abdul revealed that she suffers from a rare neurological disorder called Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (CRPS) that causes chronic pain.
Activism
Paula is also a dog lover who raised awareness about National Guide Dog Month in May 2009 and she is teaming up with Dick Van Patten to help people with blindness to have more independence through the help of guide dogs. She does not wear real fur.
Controversies
Corey Clark
In May 2005, ABC's news magazine ''Primetime Live'' reported claims by Season 2 ''American Idol'' contestant Corey Clark that he and Abdul had an affair during that season, and that she had coached him on how to succeed in the competition. The fact that Clark came forward at a time when he was marketing a CD and trying to get a book deal was seen as suspicious by some, but Clark maintains that his career was being prejudiced because of his relationship with Abdul and that is why he came forward with the information to clear his name. For the most part, Abdul refused to comment on Clark's allegations. Simon Cowell came to Abdul's defense, calling Corey Clark a creep and stating “It was just somebody using her to get a lot of publicity for an appalling record, full stop. At the height of the debacle, Abdul appeared in a ''Saturday Night Live'' skit, making light of the situation. While Fox launched an investigation, Abdul received numerous calls of support from celebrities, including Oprah Winfrey and Kelly Ripa; Barbara Walters even addressed the camera during an episode of ABC's ''The View'' to say she was sad to be part of an operation that would report Clark's flimsy tabloid claims under the guise of a news story. In August 2005, the Fox network confirmed that she would be returning to the show, as the investigation had found "insufficient evidence that the communications between Mr. Clark and Ms. Abdul in any way aided his performance."
Substance abuse allegations
Substance abuse allegations arose as the result of what some described as "erratic behavior" by Abdul during episodes of ''American Idol.'' After reading these allegations on message boards, Abdul told ''People'' magazine in April 2005 that she suffered from chronic pain for years following a "cheerleading accident" at age 17 and was diagnosed with reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) in November 2004. Abdul says she is now pain-free following treatment, including the anti-inflammatory medication Enbrel.Allegations arose again in January 2007 when videos circulated on the Internet of Abdul appearing to sway in her chair and slur her speech during a set of interviews. Abdul's publicist attributed this to fatigue and technical difficulties during the recording of the interviews. It was revealed on the Bravo show ''Hey Paula'', which had followed Abdul with a video camera prior to the interviews, that Abdul had not been sleeping, perhaps suffering from some mild form of insomnia.
In February 2007, Abdul told ''Us Weekly'' that she had never been drunk or used illegal drugs and called the allegations "lies."
In a March 2007 appearance on the ''Late Show with David Letterman,'' Abdul joked that her scrutinized behavior was caused by her being "abducted by aliens."
In several interviews given in the late 2000s, Paula claimed to have been left in debilitating pain after a 1992 car accident and a 1993 plane crash that required 15 spinal surgeries and which left her dependent on pain medication for years.
In May 2009, ''Ladies' Home Journal'' posted an article on its Web site that said Abdul told them she attended the La Costa Resort and Spa the previous year to recover from physical dependence on prescription pain medications. The medications, prescribed due to injuries and her RSD diagnosis, included a pain patch, nerve medication, and a muscle relaxant. According to the article, Abdul said the medications made her "get weird" at times and that she suffered from physical withdrawal symptoms during her recovery.
Later that same week, though, in an interview with Detroit radio station WKQI, Abdul rejected the article's accuracy. She told the radio station she never checked into a rehab clinic and never had a drug abuse problem.
Tours
Discography
;Studio Albums
Filmography
Film and television| Year | !! Role !! Notes | |||
| 1978 | ''Junior High School'' | Sherry | ||
| 1987 | ''Can't Buy Me Love (film)Can't Buy Me Love'' || | Dancer | Uncredited | |
| rowspan="2">1997 | ''Touched By Evil''| | Elle Collier | TV Movie | |
| ''Muppets Tonight'' | Herself | |||
| rowspan="2" | 1998 | ''The Waiting Game''| | Amy Fuentes | TV Movie |
| ''Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series) | Sabrina, the Teenage Witch'' | Herself | ||
| rowspan="3" | 1999 | ''The Wayans Bros.''| | Sasha | 1 Episode |
| ''Mr. Rock 'n' Roll: The Alan Freed Story'' | Denise Walton | |||
| ''Family Guy'' | Herself | |||
| 2002–2009 | ''American Idol''| | Judge | Guest Appearance Finale 2010 | 2003 Zoe's Dance Moves Herself |
| 2004 | ''That's So Raven''| | Undercover Judge | 1 Episode | |
| rowspan="3" | 2005 | ''Romy and Michele: In the Beginning''| | Herself | TV Movie |
| ''Less Than Perfect'' | Kathleen | |||
| ''Robots (film) | Robots'' | Watch | ||
| 2006 | ''The X Factor (UK)''| | Guest Judge | 3 Episodes | |
| 2007 | ''Hey Paula (TV series)Hey Paula'' || | Herself | 7 Episodes, also Executive Producer | |
| rowspan="2" | 2009 | ''RAHPaula Abdul's Cheerleading Bowl | Herself | |
| ''Brüno (film) | Brüno'' | Herself | ||
| 2008 | ''Hotel Babylon''| | Herself | Guest star | |
| 2009– present | ''Drop Dead Diva''| | Herself | 4 episodes | |
| 2011 | ''Live to Dance''| | Judge | ||
| 2011-present | ''The X Factor (U.S.)''| | Judge |
As choreographer
| Year !! Film !! Notes | ||
| 1983 | Private School (film)>Private School'' | |
| 1986 | ''A Smoky Mountain Christmas'' | |
| rowspan="3" | 1987 | The Tracey Ullman Show'' > |
| ''Can't Buy Me Love (film) | Can't Buy Me Love'' | |
| ''The Running Man (film) | The Running Man'' | |
| ''Action Jackson'' | ||
| ''Big'' | ||
| ''Coming To America'' | ||
| ''She's Out of Control'' | ||
| ''Dance To Win'' | ||
| ''The Karate Kid, Part III'' | ||
| 1990 | 17th American Music Awards'' > | |
| 1991 | The Doors (film)>The Doors'' | |
| 1996 | ''Jerry Maguire'' | |
| 1999 | American Beauty (film)>American Beauty'' | |
| 2001 | Black Knight (film)>Black Knight'' | |
| 2002 | ''The Master of Disguise'' |
Awards and honours
See also
References
External links
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ar:باولا عبدول az:Paula Abdul bg:Пола Абдул cs:Paula Abdulová da:Paula Abdul de:Paula Abdul et:Paula Abdul es:Paula Abdul eo:Paula Abdul fa:پائولا عبدل fr:Paula Abdul gl:Paula Abdul ko:폴라 압둘 hr:Paula Abdul id:Paula Abdul it:Paula Abdul he:פאולה עבדול jv:Paula Abdul kn:ಪೌಲಾ ಅಬ್ದುಲ್ sw:Paula Abdul lv:Pola Abdula nl:Paula Abdul ja:ポーラ・アブドゥル no:Paula Abdul pl:Paula Abdul pt:Paula Abdul ro:Paula Abdul ru:Абдул, Пола scn:Paula Abdul simple:Paula Abdul sk:Paula Abdulová fi:Paula Abdul sv:Paula Abdul th:พอลลา อับดุล tr:Paula Abdul uk:Пола Абдул vi:Paula Abdul zh:寶拉·阿巴杜This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 34°03′″N118°15′″N |
|---|---|
| alt | A mid-twenties African American man wearing a sequined military jacket and dark sunglasses. He is walking while waving his right hand, which is adorned with a white glove. His left hand is bare. |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Michael Joseph Jackson |
| alias | Michael Joe Jackson, MJ, King of Pop |
| birth date | August 29, 1958 |
| birth place | Gary, Indiana, U.S. |
| death date | June 25, 2009 |
| death place | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| instrument | vocals, guitar, drums, percussion, keyboards |
| genre | R&B;, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing |
| occupation | Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist |
| years active | 1964–2009 |
| label | Motown, Epic, Legacy |
| associated acts | The Jackson 5 |
| relatives | Janet Jackson (sister) |
| website | 130pxMichael Jackson's signature }} |
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5, then the Jacksons in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.
In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style have influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B;, pop and rock artists.
Jackson's 1982 album ''Thriller'' is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including ''Off the Wall'' (1979), ''Bad'' (1987), ''Dangerous'' (1991), and ''HIStory'' (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which have made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.
Life and career
Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)
Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana, an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B; band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy. A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe. In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B; Album, Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B; Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B; Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B; Album and Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist. Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt ''Off the Wall'' should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release. In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.
''Thriller'' and ''Motown 25'' (1982–83)
In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows. The album topped the ''Billboard'' 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It," and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'." ''Thriller'' was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work. Thanks to the ''Bad'' album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989. ''HIStory'' received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. However, the sales for ''Invincible'' were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general. Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG. With ''Thriller'', Christopher Connelly of ''Rolling Stone'' commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'". In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers. In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media. "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to ''West Side Story'', and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey. He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years. In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona.In ''Bad'', Jackson's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song "Dirty Diana". The lead single "I Just Can't Stop Loving You" is a traditional love ballad, while "Man in the Mirror" is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution. "Smooth Criminal" was an evocation of bloody assault, rape and likely murder. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that ''Dangerous'' presents Jackson as a very paradoxical individual. He comments the album is more diverse than his previous ''Bad'', as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like "Heal the World". The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing, including songs like "Jam" and "Remember the Time". The album is Jackson's first where social ills become a primary theme; "Why You Wanna Trip on Me", for example, protests against world hunger, AIDS, homelessness and drugs. ''Dangerous'' contains sexually charged efforts such as the multifaceted love song, "In the Closet". The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire. The second half includes introspective, pop-gospel anthems such as "Will You Be There", "Heal the World" and "Keep the Faith"; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries. In the ballad "Gone Too Soon", Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS.
''HIStory'' creates an atmosphere of paranoia. Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through just prior to its production. In the new jack swing-funk-rock efforts "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie", along with the R&B; ballad "You Are Not Alone", Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels, and directs much of his anger at the media. In the introspective ballad "Stranger in Moscow", Jackson laments over his "fall from grace", while songs like "Earth Song", "Childhood", "Little Susie" and "Smile" are all operatic pop pieces. In the track "D.S.", Jackson launched a verbal attack against Tom Sneddon. He describes Sneddon as an antisocial, white supremacist who wanted to "get my ass, dead or alive". Of the song, Sneddon said, "I have not—shall we say—done him the honor of listening to it, but I've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot". ''Invincible'' found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins. It is a record made up of urban soul like "Cry" and "The Lost Children", ballads such as "Speechless", "Break of Dawn" and "Butterflies" and mixes hip-hop, pop and R&B; in "2000 Watts", "Heartbreaker" and "Invincible".
Vocal style
Jackson sang from childhood, and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably. Between 1971 and 1975, Jackson's voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor. Jackson first used a technique called the "vocal hiccup" in 1973, starting with the song "It's Too Late to Change the Time" from The Jackson 5's ''G.I.T.: Get It Together'' album. Jackson did not use the hiccup technique— somewhat like a gulping for air or gasping— fully until the recording of ''Off the Wall'': it can be seen in full force in the "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)" promotional video. With the arrival of ''Off the Wall'' in the late 1970s, Jackson's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded. At the time, ''Rolling Stone'' compared his vocals to the "breathless, dreamy stutter" of Stevie Wonder. Their analysis was also that "Jackson's feathery-timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful. It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that's used very daringly". 1982 saw the release of ''Thriller'', and ''Rolling Stone'' was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a "fully adult voice" that was "tinged by sadness".
A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of "come on", used frequently by Jackson, occasionally spelled "cha'mone" or "shamone", is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him. The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album ''Dangerous''. ''The New York Times'' noted that on some tracks, "he gulps for breath, his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper, hissing through clenched teeth" and he had a "wretched tone". When singing of brotherhood or self-esteem the musician would return to "smooth" vocals. When commenting on ''Invincible'', ''Rolling Stone'' were of the opinion that—at the age of 43—Jackson still performed "exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies". Nelson George summed up Jackson's vocals by stating "The grace, the aggression, the growling, the natural boyishness, the falsetto, the smoothness—that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist".
Music videos and choreography
Referred to as the King of Music Videos, Steve Huey of Allmusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines, dance routines, special effects and famous cameo appearances; simultaneously breaking down racial barriers. Before ''Thriller'', Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV, allegedly because he was African American. Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing "Billie Jean" and later "Beat It", leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson, also helping other black music artists gain recognition. MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage, or pressure to change their stance. MTV maintains that they played rock music, regardless of race. The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel "on the map"; MTV's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B.; His performance on ''Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever'' changed the scope of live stage show; "That Jackson lip-synced 'Billie Jean' is, in itself, not extraordinary, but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary; whether the performance was live or lip-synced made no difference to the audience" thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage. Short films like ''Thriller'' largely remained unique to Jackson, while the group dance sequence in "Beat It" has frequently been imitated. The choreography in ''Thriller'' has become a part of global pop culture, replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines. The ''Thriller'' short film marked an increase in scale for music videos, and has been named the most successful music video ever by the ''Guinness World Records''.In the 19-minute music video for "Bad"—directed by Martin Scorsese—Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work. He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest, torso and crotch. When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch, he replied, "I think it happens subliminally" and he described it as something that was not planned, but rather, as something that was compelled by the music. "Bad" garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics; ''Time'' magazine described it as "infamous". The video also featured Wesley Snipes; in the future Jackson's videos would often feature famous cameo roles.
}} ;Bibliography
Further reading
External links
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