Consecration is the solemn dedication to a special purpose or service, usually religious. The word "consecration" literally means "to associate with the sacred". Persons, places, or things can be consecrated, and the term is used in various ways by different groups. Consecrated persons, places, things, even topics for discussion or subject matter (such as special teachings or doctrines), are also "circumscribed", i.e. a "circle is drawn" around them (from Latin circumscribere, from circum "around" + scribere "to write"): a boundary is set which must not be crossed, limiting or regulating rules and laws and warnings are in place, unauthorized approach is forbidden or barred or is deflected or redirected, and careless or casual treatment or use of the person, place, thing, doctrine or subject is a punishable offense (sacrilege) which (normally) discourages any unconsidered disrespect (see taboo). Circumscription includes consecration but has a much broader meaning. Whatever is circumscribed is "off limits", "out of bounds", "restricted", as a military base, hospital, secret government documents, knowledge of F.B.I. and C.I.A. and security agency operations and intelligence, persons under "house arrest", certain criminals and their operations and organizations, scientists participating in special research, juries during trial deliberations, or certain social customs and topics of conversation (which excite awe, or dread, or disgust), and even racial and ethnic groups. To disregard the circumscribed quality of what has been "set apart" is to "cross the line" and to "step over the boundary" of the "circle drawn" around it. Not all that is circumscribed is sacred, but all that is consecrated is circumscribed. A synonym for consecration is to sanctify. An antonym is desecrate.

Roman Catholic Church

(1620, Claude Bassot).]]

The word "consecration" is used in the Catholic Church as the setting apart for the service of God of both persons and objects.

The ordination of a new bishop is also called a consecration. While the term "episcopal ordination" is now more common, "consecration" was the preferred term in the centuries immediately preceding the Second Vatican Council (11 October 1962—8 December 1965).

The Vatican II document Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy n. 76 states, :"Both the ceremonies and texts of the ordination rites are to be revised. The address given by the bishop at the beginning of each ordination or consecration may be in the mother tongue. :"When a bishop is consecrated, the laying of hands may be done by all the bishops present."

The English text of Catechism of the Catholic Church, Second Edition, 1997, under the heading "Episcopal ordination—fullness of the sacrament of Holy Orders", uses "episcopal consecration" as a synonymous term, using "episcopal ordination" and "episcopal consecration" interchangeably. (CCC nn. 1556-1558)

The Code of Canon Law Latin-English Edition, (1983), under "Title VI—Orders" uses the term sacrae ordinationis minister "minister of sacred ordination" and the term consecratione episcopali "episcopal consecration". (CCL cc. 1012, 1014)

The life of those who enter religious orders and similar institutes is also described as Consecrated Life.

A rite of consecration of virgins can be traced back at least to the fourth century. By the time of the Second Vatican Council, use of this rite was limited to cloistered nuns. The Council directed that the then existing rite should be revised. Two similar versions were prepared, one for women living in monastic orders, another for consecrated virgins living in the world. An English translation of the rite for those living in the world is available on the web site of the United States Association of Consecrated Virgins.

Objects such as chalices are also consecrated, normally by a bishop, using chrism.

A more solemn rite exists for the consecration of an altar, either of the altar alone or as the central part of the rite of consecration of a church. Since it would be contradictory to consecrate to the service of God a mortgage-burdened building, the rite of consecration or dedication of a church is carried out only if the building is debt-free. Otherwise, it is only blessed.

A very special act of consecration is that of the bread and wine used in the Eucharist, which according to Catholic belief involves their change into the body and blood of Christ, a changed referred to as transubstantiation.

Eastern churches

In the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the term "consecration" can refer to either the Sacred Mystery (Sacrament) of Cheirotonea (Ordination through laying on of hands) of a Bishop, or the sanctification and solemn dedication of a church building. It can also (more rarely) be used to describe the change of the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ at the Divine Liturgy. The Chrism used at Chrismation and the Antimension placed on the Holy Table are also said to be consecrated.

Various Christian churches

Bishop of Tennessee (1962).]]

Church buildings, chapels and altars are consecrated to the purpose of religious worship, baptismal fonts and vessels are consecrated for the purpose of containing the Eucharistic elements, the bread and wine/the body and blood of Christ.

A person may be consecrated for a specific role within a religious hierarchy, or a person may consecrate his or her life in an act of devotion. In particular, the ordination of a bishop is often called a consecration. In churches which follow the doctrine of Apostolic Succession (the historical episcopate) the bishops who consecrate a new bishop are known as the consecrators and form an unbroken line of succession back to the Apostles. Also, those who take the vows of religious life are said to be living a consecrated life.

Among some religious groups there is also a service of "deconsecration", to return a formerly consecrated place to secular purpose (for instance, if the building is to be sold or demolished). In the Church of England, an order closing a church may remove the legal effects of consecration.

Latter Day Saints

In the nineteenth-century Latter Day Saint tradition, consecration involved the giving of member's worldly possessions to the church. While it might be considered a type of voluntary religious communism, Latter Day Saint consecration does not involve the abolition of private property. It was practiced off and on during the 19th century, but is now extremely rare among Latter Day Saint denominations. The priesthood of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints also perform a consecration of oil, for use of blessing the sick. The term 'consecration', as it applies to the Lord's Supper in other Christian churches, is simply called a 'blessing' by the Latter-day Saint priesthood.

See also

Cornerstone

Dedication

Nazirite

Vow

Notes

Bibliography

Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church, Isabel F. Hapgood (Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, New York) 1975.

Orthodox Dogmatic Theology: A Concise Exposition, Protopresbyter Michael Pomazansky (Tr. Hieromonk Seraphim Rose, Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood, Platina CA) 1984.

The Law of God, Archpriest Seraphim Slobodskoy (Tr. Holy Trinity Monastery, Jordanville NY) 1996.

External links

Consecration article in Catholic Encyclopedia

Consecration of an Orthodox Church 6 pages of photos, Serbian Orthodox Church

Photos of Consecration of Altar and Antimens in the Russian Orthodox Church

The Sanctification of Holy Chrism by the Ecumenical Patriarchate

Virginity article in Catholic Encyclopedia discussing Consecration of a Virgin

Category:Religious behaviour and experience Category:Eucharist (Catholic Church) Category:Eastern Orthodoxy Category:Eastern Catholicism Category:Lutheran Eucharistic theology Category:Eucharist Category:Christian terms

Group	Armenians Հայեր (Hayer)
Caption	1st row: Tigranes the GreatRhipsimeSaint MesrobMoses of ChoreneMamikonian 2nd row: NarsesGagik IJohn I TzimiskesTheodoraGregory of Narek 3rd row: Mimar SinanSayat-NovaIvan AivazovskyKomitas VardapetGaregin Njdeh 4th row: Hovhannes TumanyanMartiros SaryanSergei ParajanovGohar GasparyanArshile Gorky 5th row: Aram KhachaturianVazgen ICharles AznavourSerj TankianLevon Aronian
Population	8,000,000-12,000,000
Popplace	3,145,000
Region2
Pop2	484,840
Ref2
Region3
Pop3	450,000
Ref3
Region4
Pop4	346,000
Ref4
Region11
Pop11	254,000
Ref11	}}

| 300,000

|region20 = Asia |pop20 = 30,000 |ref20 = }}

|languages = Armenian, Russian, Persian, French, English, Arabic, Turkish |religions = Armenian Apostolic Church (majority) Armenian Catholic Church, Armenian Evangelical Church |footnotes = According to recent estimates, 500,000-2,000,000 Turks have Armenian roots. However, their numbers are not included in the population of Armenians in Turkey.}}

Armenian people or Armenians (, hayer) are a nation and ethnic group native to the Caucasus and the Armenian Highland.

The largest concentration is in Armenia having a nearly-homogeneous population with 97.9% or 3,145,354 being ethnic Armenian. Because of wide-ranging and long-lasting diaspora, an estimated total of 3 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry live outside of Armenia. As a result of the Armenian genocide, a large number of survivors fled to many countries throughout the world, most notably in Russia, United States, France, Iran, Georgia and other parts of Europe.(see Armenian diaspora).

Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Jesus's death, due to the efforts of two of his apostles, St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew In the early 3rd century, Arsacid Armenia became the first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion. Most Armenians adhere to the Armenian Apostolic Church, a Non-Chalcedonian church. They speak two different, but mutually intelligible, dialects of their language: Eastern Armenian (spoken mainly in Armenia, Iran and the former Soviet republics) and Western Armenian (spoken primarily in the Armenian diaspora).

Name

Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. It is traditionally derived from Armenak or Aram (the great-grandson of Hayk's great-grandson, and another leader who is, according to Armenian tradition, the ancestor of all Armenians). However, Armenians call themselves (Հայ, pronounced Hay; plural: Հայեր, Hayer). The word has traditionally been linked to the name of the legendary founder of the Armenian nation, Hayk, which is also a popular Armenian name.

History

Prehistoric origins

during the time of Sarduris II in 743 BC.]]

Greater Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600-1200 BC). Soon after the Hayasa-Azzi were the Nairi (1400-1000 BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000-600 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. Yerevan, the modern capital of Armenia, was founded in 782 BC by king Argishti I. A minority view also suggests that the Indo-European homeland may have been located in the Armenian Highland.

Antiquity

The first state that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (Hecataeus of Miletus and Behistun Inscription) was established in the early 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty, which later became a kingdom. At its zenith (95–65 BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran. The imperial reign of Tigranes the Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself conquered areas populated by other peoples. Later it briefly became part of the Roman Empire (AD 114–118).

at Persepolis.]] The Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to Iranian and Hellenistic paganism – Zoroastrianism, the Ancient Greek religion and then the Ancient Roman religion). in the early years of the 4th century, likely AD 314. Later on, in order to further strengthen the Armenian national identity, Mesrop Mashtots invented the Armenian alphabet. This event ushered the Golden Age of Armenia, during which many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty in 428 to the Byzantine and Persian Empires.

Middle Ages

In 885 the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign entity under the leadership of Ashot I of the Bagratid Dynasty. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by Seljuk Turks in 1064. They settled in large numbers in Cilicia, an Anatolian region where Armenians were already established as a minority since Roman times. In 1080, they founded an independent Armenian Principality then Kingdom of Cilicia, which became the focus of Armenian nationalism. The Armenians developed close social, cultural, military, and religious ties with nearby Crusader States, but eventually succumbed to the Mamluk invaders.

In the 16th century, Eastern Armenia was conquered by the Turco-Persian Safavid Empire, while Western Armenia fell under Ottoman rule. In the 1820s, parts of historic Armenia under Persian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan were incorporated into the Russian Empire, but Western Armenia remained in the Ottoman Empire.

Modern history

The ethnic cleansing of Armenians during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is widely considered a genocide, an estimated 1.5 million victims, with one wave of persecution in the years 1894 to 1896 culminating in the events of the Armenian Genocide in 1915 and 1916. With World War I in progress, the Turks accused the (Christian) Armenians as liable to ally with Imperial Russia, and used it as a pretext to deal with the entire Armenian population as an enemy within their empire.

Turkish governments since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage of legislation in various foreign countries condemning the persecution of the Armenians as genocide has often provoked diplomatic conflict. (See Recognition of the Armenian Genocide)

, which fought against the Ottomans in 1916-1918.]] Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the aftermath of World War I for a brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an independent republic. In late 1920, the communists came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the Red Army, and in 1922, Armenia became part of the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union, later forming the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936 to September 21, 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence from the USSR and established the second Republic of Armenia.

Geographic distribution

Armenia

Armenians have had a presence in the Armenian Highland for over four thousand years, since the time when Haik, the legendary patriarch and founder of the first Armenian nation, led them to victory over Bel of Babylon. Today, with a population of 3.5 million, they not only constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, but also in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as Hayastantsis (Հայաստանցի), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, they or their ancestors were not forced to flee in 1915). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens are Apostolic Armenian Christian.

Diaspora

and the Transcaucasus in the year 1896.]]

Small Armenian trading communities have existed outside of Armenia for centuries. For example, a community has existed for over a millennium in the Holy Land, and one of the four quarters of the walled Old City of Jerusalem has been called the Armenian Quarter. There are also remnants of formerly populous communities in India, Myanmar, South East Asia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.

However, most Armenians have scattered throughout the world as a direct consequence of the genocide of 1915, constituting the Armenian diaspora. Armenian communities in and around the Georgian capital city of Tbilisi, in Syria and in Iran existed since antiquity.

of Jerusalem.]].]] Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different kinds of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as Parskahay (Պարսկահայ), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as Lipananahay (Լիբանանահայ). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the Western dialect of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran, Russia and former Soviet states such as Ukraine and Georgia (where they form a majority in the Samtskhe-Javakheti province). In diverse communities (such as in Canada and the U.S.) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together.

United States

According to the U.S. Census Bureau – 2009 American Community Survey, 484,840 citizens identify themselves as having Armenian ancestry, although other estimates are as high as 1,270,000.

Since the arrival of Martin the Armenian to the Jamestown Colony around 1618, Armenians have dispersed all throughout the United States. Watertown, Massachusetts; Fresno, California; Detroit, Michigan; Glendale, California; and Los Angeles, California are centers of Armenian population in the United States; there is also a significant concentration in New York City. In Canada, large numbers of Armenians can be found in Toronto, Ontario, and Montreal, Quebec. Armenians are also present in every country in Latin America, with the largest concentrations being found in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Mexico.

Glendale, California, in particular, is famous for its high concentration of Armenians; there are approximately 78,000 Armenians, according to the 2000 U.S. census. Armenian residents of the city are active members in the municipal government and chamber of commerce. In Hollywood, California, a small portion is known as "Little Armenia", extending east to west from Wilton Avenue to Vermont Avenue and north and south from Hollywood Boulevard to Santa Monica Boulevard.

Religion

Before Christianity, Armenians adhered to a syncretistic paganism: indigenous polytheism with mixed Iranian elements.

In 301 AD, Armenia adopted Christianity as a state religion, becoming the first nation to do so.

The Armenians collective has, at times, constituted a Christian "island" in a mostly Muslim region. There is, however, a minuscule minority of ethnic Armenian Muslims, known as Hamshenis, while the history of the Jews in Armenia dates back 2000 years. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia had close ties to European Crusader States. Later on, the deteriorating situation in the region led the bishops of Armenia to elect a Catholicos in Etchmiadzin, the original seat of the Catholicosate. In 1441, a new Catholicos was elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi, while Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia. Therefore, since 1441, there have been two Catholicosates in the Armenian Church with equal rights and privileges, and with their respective jurisdictions. The primacy of honor of the Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin has always been recognized by the Catholicosate of Cilicia.

While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds.

Through the ages many Armenians have collectively belonged to other faiths or Christian movements, including the Paulicians which is a form of Gnostic and Manichaean Christianity. Paulicians sought to restore the pure Christianity of Paul and in c.660 founded the first congregation in Kibossa, Armenia.

Another example is the Tondrakians, who flourished in medieval Armenia between the early 9th century and 11th century. Tondrakians advocated the abolishment of the Armenian Church, denied the immortality of the soul, did not believe in an afterlife, supported property rights for peasants, and equality between men and women.

Culture

Language and literature

invented the Armenian alphabet in the year 406.]]

Armenian is a sub-branch of the Indo-European family, and with some 8 million speakers one of the smallest surviving branches, comparable to Albanian or the somewhat more widely spoken Greek, with which it may be connected (see Graeco-Armenian).

Five million Eastern Armenian speakers live in the Caucasus, Russia, and Iran, and approximately two to three million people in the rest of the Armenian diaspora speak Western Armenian. According to US Census figures, there are 300,000 Americans who speak Armenian at home. It is in fact the twentieth most commonly spoken language in the United States, having slightly fewer speakers than Haitian Creole, and slightly more than Navajo.

Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrob Mashdots first invented the Armenian alphabet. This period of time is often viewed as the Golden Age of Armenian literature. Early Armenian literature was written by the "father of Armenian history", Moses of Chorene, who authored The History of Armenia. The book covers the time-frame from the formation of the Armenian people to the fifth century AD. The nineteenth century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time, during which Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period (Zartonki sherchan). The Revivalist authors of Constantinople and Tiflis, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the Hamidian massacres, when Armenians experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like Paruyr Sevak, Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of literature.

Architecture

at Goshavank, carved in 1291 by the artist Poghos.]] The first Armenian churches were built on the orders of St. Gregory the Illuminator, and were often built on top of pagan temples, and imitated some aspects of Armenian pre-Christian architecture.

Classical and Medieval Armenian Architecture is divided into four separate periods.

The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple basilicas, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally-planned churches had been built and a more complicated niched buttress and radiating Hrip'simé style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed.

From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the Bagratid Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of Lake Van, this included both traditional styles and new innovations. Ornately carved Armenian Khachkars were developed during this time. Many new cities and churches were built during this time, including a new capital at Lake Van and a new Cathedral on Akdamar Island to match. The Cathedral of Ani was also completed during this dynasty. It wad during this time that the first major monasteries, such as Haghpat and Haritchavank were built. This period was ended by the Seljuk invasion.

Science

There are many prominent names in the world of science that are of Armenian descent. Some of them include:

Hovhannes Adamian – inventor of the color television

Sergei Adian – one of the most prominent soviet mathematicians

Tateos Agekian – astrophysicist, one of the pioneers of Stellar Dynamics

Armen Alchian – economist, one of the most prominent price theorists of the second half of the 20th century, a pioneer of new institutional economics and one of the founding fathers of the "law and economics" school, and in particular what has come to be known as the property rights approach, among the top 20th-century contributors to economic knowledge

Artem Alikhanian – one of the founders of experimental nuclear and cosmic-ray physics in USSR

Abraham Alikhanov – one of the founders of nuclear physics in USSR, founder of the first nuclear reactor of USSR

Sos Alikhanian – founder of the Soviet school of genetics and selection of microorganisms

Roger Altounyan – asthma researcher, pharmacologist who pioneered use of cromolyn sodium inhalation therapy for asthma

Viktor Ambartsumian – one of the founders of theoretical astrophysics

Boris Ananyev – the outstanding psychologist of 20th century, founder of anthropological psychology

Apkar Apkarian – pioneer in magnetic resonance spectroscopy research of the brain

Stephan Ariyan – reconstructive surgeon, originator of the pectoralis major flap, which has become the most commonly used flap for head and neck reconstruction worldwide

Andreas Artsruni – one of the founders of geochemistry

Nagush Arutyunyan – mechanic, pioneer of theory of creep, founder of mechanics of accumulating deforming bodies

Daron Acemoğlu – among the 20 most cited economists in the world, winner of the 2005 John Bates Clark Medal

Gurgen Askaryan – physicist, inventor of light self focusing

Iosif Atabekov – virologist, founder of the molecular biology of plant's viruses (USSR)

George Aghajanian – professor of psychiatry, a pioneer in the area of neuropharmacology. He discovered the mechanisms by which LSD produces hallucinations and he has also uncovered how atypical antipsychotic drugs work.

Hagop S. Akiskal – psychiatrist best known for his pioneering research on temperament and bipolar disorder (manic depression). Today's leading conceptual thinker in the area of bipolar subtyping.

Boris Babaian – the father of supercomputing in the former Soviet Union and Russia. Second European to hold the Intel Fellow title.

Khristofor Bagdasaryan – author of pioneering works on radical polymerization, founder of a new field of photochemistry, two-quantum photochemistry of organic compounds

John Basmajian – a world leader in Rehabilitation Medicine, father of “EMG Biofeedback”, author of pioneering works in electromyography.

John P. Bilezikian – one of the world's leading authorities on bone and bone disorders from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons at New York Presbyterian Hospital.

Levon Chailakhyan – physiologist, in 1986 with his soviet colleagues got the world's first successfully cloned mammal – mice "Masha", 10 years before famous "Dolly"

Mikhail Chailakhyan – founder of hormonal theory of plant development

Raymond Damadian – inventor of MRI

Ara Darzi – one of the world's leading surgeons, pioneer in minimally invasive and robot-assisted surgery

Richard Donchian – the Father of Trend Following Trading, one of the most outstanding figures of all time in the field of commodity money management

Eduard Yegiazaryan – engineer, one of the founders of microsensorics

Edward Khantzian – early pioneer in the psychological understanding of addictions, co-originator of the self-medication hypothesis

Nikolay Yenikolopov – one of the most outstanding chemists of the former USSR, one of the founders of Russian polymer science

Viktor Fanardzhyan – physiologist, formulated an elegant system of concepts of the hierarchy of the nervious processes affording the regulation of movements

Grigoriy Garibyan – physicist, discoverer and developer of the theory of X-ray transition radiation

Samvel Grigoryan – founder of the modern theory of dynamics of mining minerals and soils

Grigor Gurzadyan – founder of space astronomy

Spiru Haret – Romanian astronomer of Armenian descent, who made a fundamental contribution to the most celebrated problem of dynamics: the n-body problem, initially aimed at modelling the planetary motions in our Solar System. His works implied that planetary motion is not absolutely stable, and being continued by Poincaré, eventually led to the creation of chaos theory. Haret's work marked the beginning of the end of an era, that of exclusively quantitative endeavours in mathematics.

Paris Herouni – projected and built the world's first radio-optical telescope

Bagrat Ioannisiani – constructor of new astronomical instruments, chief designer of BTA-6 – the largest telescope in the world

Andronik Iosifyan – a great scientist and inventor, the father of electromechanics in USSR, designer of the first meteorological satellites of Earth and one of the founders of missilery. Iosifyan was one of the most outstanding figures in the field of military and rocket production. Being the founder and first director of the USSR’s largest scientific research institute of electro-mechanics, Iosifyan for about thirty years was the USSR's “classified” Chief Constructor of electrical equipment of ballistic rockets, nuclear submarines and spacecrafts. One of his most important inventions, noncontact synchronized transmissions, considered a revolution in technology. Albert Kapikian – virologist, the father of human gastroenteritis virus research, who developed the first licensed vaccine against rotavirus – the leading cause of severe diarrhea in infants and children, which accounts for more than 500,000 deaths annually

Anna Kazanjian Longobardo – author of major contributions to the aerospace engineering field, the first woman to receive the Egleston Medal for Distinguished Engineering achievement

Varaztad Kazanjian – founder of the modern practice of plastic surgery

John Kebabian – neuroscientist and pioneer in dopamine receptor research

Alexander Kemurdzhian – designer of the first rovers to explore another world: first moon rovers and first mars rovers. Founder of the space transport engineering.

Hampar Kelikian – orthopedic-surgeon pioneer, was known as one of the USA's most celebrated and pioneering orthopedic surgeons, who significantly extended the surgical field Edward Keonjian – the father of microelectronics, designer of the world's first solar-powered, pocket-sized radio transmitter

Jack Kevorkian- pathologist, right-to-die activist, painter, composer, and instrumentalist. Publicly championed a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide in the 1990s.

Semyon Kirlian – founder of Kirlian Photography, discovered that living matter is emitting energy fields.

Zaven Khachaturyan – the world’s foremost researcher on Alzheimer’s, the father of neurobiology of aging research in USA

Levon Khachigian – molecular biologist, who manifestly increased the understanding of the fundamental transcriptional mechanisms that lead to the inappropriate expression of harmful genes in cells of blood vessels and pioneered the development of novel strategies targeting key regulatory genes in a variety of vascular disorders Leonid Khachiyan – mathematician, among the world's most famous computer scientists, who proved the existence of an efficient way to solve linear programming problems thought to be intractable until that time

Mihran Kassabian – x-ray pioneer, one of the foremost X-ray operators in the United States

Ivan Knuniants – chemist, Major General, four times an awardee of the USSR State Award. In chemical science he introduced historical changes and significantly contributed to the advancement of Soviet Chemistry. Founder of Soviet school of fluorocarbon's chemistry, one of major developers of Soviet chemical weapons program.

Ignacy Łukasiewicz – polish pharmacist of Armenian descent, devised the first method of distilling kerosene from seep oil. One of the pioneers of oil industry in the world.

Sergey Mergelyan – an outstanding mathematician, who is the author of major contributions in Approximation Theory. The modern Complex Approximation Theory is based on Mergelyan's classical work.

Alexander Merzhanov – acknowledged leader in the scientific field of combustion and explosion, inventor of the Self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS)

Artem Mikoyan – designer of MiG aircraft. Mikoyan's fighters showed 55 world records. The Mikoyan MiG-19 was the first supersonic Soviet jet fighter.

John Najarian – one of the world's greatest surgeons, the organ transplant pioneer, who developed one of the world's largest transplant programs.

Robert Nalbandyan – chemist, the co-discoverer of photosynthetic protein plantacyanin, a pioneer in the field of free radicals. Leader in Sickle Cell Research & Testing Methods.

Alexander Narinyani – father of soviet artificial intelligence (AI), author of novel theory involving the conception of sub-defined models, founder of the new scientific field – constraint programming.

Yuri Oganessian – one of the founders of heavy ion physics, the author of the discoveries of heaviest elements of the Periodic Table of Mendeleev, including the heaviest atom ever created – element 118. An acknowledged world-leader in the field of syntesizing and exploring new elements.

Leon Orbeli – founder of the evolutionary physiology

Yuri Osipyan – physicist, author of fundamental contribution to the physics of movements in solid bodies and inventor of photoplastic effect. Y. A. Osipian for many years was the vice president of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Artem Sarkisyan – a pioneer scientist in numerical modelling of ocean circulation, one of the world's leading oceanologists Hrayr Shahinian – a pioneer in microsurgical techniques of the brain

Norair Sisakian – one of the founders of space biology, pioneer in biochemistry of sub-cell structures and technical biochemistry. Was one of the first scientists in the mid-1940s to start the studies of plant cell structures. Author of an absolutely new concept of chloroplasts as polyfunctional cell structures. Was the first soviet scientist to work in UNESCO.

Armen Takhtajan – botanist, one of the most important figures in 20th century plant evolution

Karen Ter-Martirosian – was an outstanding theoretician, who made remarkable contributions to the understanding of high-energy physics phenomena. He also created new trends in the theory of strong interactions, and was one of the founders of theory of strong interactions at high-energies. Author of fundamental contributions to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.

Avadis Tevanian – a recognized pioneer in creating cross-platform development environments used worldwide, the architect of Apple’s OS X

Michel (Michael) Ter-Pogossian – inventor of PET scan, which has revolutionized the understanding of how the brain functions

Sports

Many types of sports are played in Armenia, among the most popular being football, chess, boxing, basketball, hockey, sambo, wrestling, weightlifting and volleyball. Since independence, the Armenian government has been actively rebuilding its sports program in the country.

During Soviet rule, Armenian athletes rose to prominence winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by Hrant Shahinian, who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. In football, their most successful team was Yerevan's FC Ararat, which had claimed most of the Soviet championships in the 70s and had also gone to post victories against professional clubs like FC Bayern Munich in the Euro cup.

Armenians have also been successful in chess, which is the most popular mind sport in Armenia. Some of the most prominent chess players in the world are Armenian such as Tigran Petrosian, Levon Aronian and Garry Kasparov. Armenians have also been successful in weightlifting and wrestling, winning medals in each sport at the Olympics.

Music and dance

Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by Djivan Gasparyan's well-known duduk music, as well as light pop, and extensive Christian music.

Instruments like the duduk, the dhol, the zurna and the kanun are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as Sayat Nova are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the Armenian chant which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under Soviet rule, Armenian classical music composer Aram Khatchaturian became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the Sabre Dance from his composition for the ballet Gayane.

The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of Western Armenia, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 60s and 70s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia. Also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world renown French-Armenian singer and composer Charles Aznavour, pianist Sahan Arzruni, prominent opera sopranos such as Hasmik Papian and more recently Isabel Bayrakdarian and Anna Kasyan. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band System of a Down (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star Cher. In the Armenian diaspora, Armenian revolutionary songs are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes.

Carpet weaving

Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of Armenian women, including many Armenian families. Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest extant Armenian carpet from the region, referred to as Artsakh (see also Karabakh carpet) during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near Gandzak) and dates to the early 13th century. The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, gorg, was used in historical sources was in a 1242-1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.

Art historian Hravard Hakobyan notes that "Artsakh carpets occupy a special place in the history of Armenian carpet-making."

Armenian carpets were also renowned by foreigners who traveled to Artsakh; the Arab geographer and historian Al-Masudi noted that, among other works of art, he had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his life.

Food

Armenians enjoy many different native and foreign foods. The most popular food is khorovats an Armenian-styled barbecue, which is famous worldwide. Lavash is a very popular Armenian rollable bread, and Armenian baklava is a special treat. Other famous Armenian foods include the kabob (a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables), t'pov dolma (minced lamb,or beef meat and rice wrapped in grape leaves), kaghambi dolma (minced meat and rice wrapped in cabbage), amarayin dolma (cored tomatoes, eggplants and green peppers stuffed with minced mixed meats and rice), and pilaf, a tasty rice dish. Also, Ghapama,a rice dish, and many different salads are popular in Armenian culture. Fruits play a large part in the Armenian diet. Apricots (also known as Armenian Plum) native to this area and have really unique taste, peaches are native too and are very popular; also common are grapes, figs, pomegranates, and melons.

Genetics

The geographical distribution of the R1b haplotype is such that it is shared by Armenians and two other populations from the Caucasus.

Institutions

The nation-state of Armenia is the most prominent Armenian institution today. Other important institutions include:

The Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Catholic Church

The Armenian Evangelical Church The community was formally recognized in 1846 by the Ottoman Empire.

The Armenian General Benevolent Union (AGBU) founded in 1906 and the largest Armenian non-profit organization in the world with educational, cultural and humanitarian projects on six continents.

The Armenian Revolutionary Federation was founded in 1890. It is generally referred to as the Dashnaktsutyun, which means Federation in Armenian. The ARF is the strongest worldwide Armenian political organization and the only diasporan Armenian organization with a significant political presence in the Republic of Armenia.

The Armenian Relief Society, founded in 1910.

Hamazkayin, an Armenian cultural and educational society founded in Cairo in 1928, and responsible for the founding of Armenian secondary schools and institutions of higher education in several countries.

Homenetmen, an Armenian scouting and athletic organization founded in 1910 with a worldwide membership of about 25,000.

See also

List of Armenians

Armenian diaspora

Hamsheni

Peoples of the Caucasus

Notes

References

Further reading

George A. Bournoutian, A History of the Armenian People, 2 vol. (1994)

George A. Bournoutian, A Concise History of the Armenian People (Mazda, 2003, 2004).

I. M. Diakonoff, The Pre-History of the Armenian People (revised, trans. Lori Jennings), Caravan Books, New York (1984), ISBN 978-0-88206-039-2.

Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin", Nature, 426, 435-439 (2003)

UCLA conference series proceedings

The UCLA conference series titled "Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces" is organized by the Holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Chair in Modern Armenian History. The conference proceedings are edited by Richard G. Hovannisian. Published in Costa Mesa, CA, by Mazda Publishers, they are: # Armenian Van/Vaspurakan (2000) # Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush (2001) # Armenian Tsopk/Kharpert (2002) # Armenian Karin/Erzerum (2003) # Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia (2004) # Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa (2006) # Armenian Cilicia (2008) # Armenian Pontus: the Trebizond-Black Sea communities (2009)

External links

FACES Project – Armenian population worldwide

Armenian Videos from Armenia and Diaspora

A long way from Ararat... Little Armenias int Europe and the Mediterranean. Marseille's Armenians

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