name	Substance abuse
diseasesdb	3961
icd10	.1-.1
icd9
meshid	D019966 }}

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, refers to a maladaptive pattern of use of a substance that is not considered dependent. The term "drug abuse" does not exclude dependency, but is otherwise used in a similar manner in nonmedical contexts. The terms have a huge range of definitions related to taking a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. All of these definitions imply a negative judgment of the drug use in question (compare with the term responsible drug use for alternative views). Some of the drugs most often associated with this term include alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines (particularly temazepam, nimetazepam, and flunitrazepam), cocaine, methaqualone, and opioids. Use of these drugs may lead to criminal penalty in addition to possible physical, social, and psychological harm, both strongly depending on local jurisdiction. Other definitions of drug abuse fall into four main categories: public health definitions, mass communication and vernacular usage, medical definitions, and political and criminal justice definitions.

Substance abuse is a form of substance-related disorder.

Classification

Public health definitions

Public health practitioners have attempted to look at drug abuse from a broader perspective than the individual, emphasizing the role of society, culture and availability. Rather than accepting the loaded terms alcohol or drug "abuse," many public health professionals have adopted phrases such as "substance and alcohol type problems" or "harmful/problematic use" of drugs.

The Health Officers Council of British Columbia — in their 2005 policy discussion paper, ''A Public Health Approach to Drug Control in Canada'' — has adopted a public health model of psychoactive substance use that challenges the simplistic black-and-white construction of the binary (or complementary) antonyms "use" vs. "abuse". This model explicitly recognizes a spectrum of use, ranging from beneficial use to chronic dependence (see diagram to the right).

Medical definitions

In the modern medical profession, the two most used diagnostic tools in the world, the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), no longer recognize 'drug abuse' as a current medical diagnosis. Instead, DSM has adopted ''substance abuse'' as a blanket term to include drug abuse and other things. ICD refrains from using either "substance abuse" or "drug abuse", instead using the term "harmful use" to cover physical or psychological harm to the user from use. Physical dependence, abuse of, and withdrawal from drugs and other miscellaneous substances is outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) ). Its section Substance dependence begins with: ::''"Substance dependence When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. These, along with Substance Abuse are considered Substance Use Disorders...."''

However, other definitions differ; they may entail psychological or physical ''dependence'', and may focus on treatment and prevention in terms of the social consequences of substance uses.

Drug misuse

Drug misuse is a term used commonly for prescription medications with clinical efficacy but abuse potential and known adverse effects linked to improper use, such as psychiatric medications with sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, or stimulant properties. Prescription misuse has been variably and inconsistently defined based on drug prescription status, the uses that occur without a prescription, intentional use to achieve intoxicating effects, route of administration, co-ingestion with alcohol, and the presence or absence of abuse or dependence symptoms. Tolerance relates to the pharmacological property of substances in which chronic use leads to a change in the central nervous system, meaning that more of the substance is needed in order to produce desired effects. Stopping or reducing the use of this substance would cause withdrawal symptoms to occur.

As a value judgment

thumb|right|200px|Legal drugs are not necessarily safer. A study in 2010 asked drug-harm experts to rank various illegal and legal drugs. Alcohol was found to be the most dangerous by far. Philip Jenkins points out that there are two issues with the term "drug abuse". First, what constitutes a "drug" is debatable. For instance, GHB, a naturally occurring substance in the central nervous system is considered a drug, and is illegal in many countries, while nicotine is not officially considered a drug in most countries. Second, the word "abuse" implies a recognized standard of use for any substance. Drinking an occasional glass of wine is considered acceptable in many Western countries, while drinking several bottles is seen as an abuse. Strict temperance advocates, which may or may not be religiously motivated, would see drinking even one glass as an abuse, and some groups even condemn caffeine use in any quantity. Similarly, adopting the view that any (recreational) use of marijuana or amphetamines constitutes drug abuse implies that we have already decided that substance is harmful even in minute quantities.

Signs and symptoms

Depending on the actual compound, drug abuse including alcohol may lead to health problems, social problems, morbidity, injuries, unprotected sex, violence, deaths, motor vehicle accidents, homicides, suicides, physical dependence or psychological addiction.

There is a high rate of suicide in alcoholics and other drug abusers. The reasons believed to cause the increased risk of suicide include the long-term abuse of alcohol and other drugs causing physiological distortion of brain chemistry as well as the social isolation. Another factor is the acute intoxicating effects of the drugs may make suicide more likely to occur. Suicide is also very common in adolescent alcohol abusers, with 1 in 4 suicides in adolescents being related to alcohol abuse. In the USA approximately 30 percent of suicides are related to alcohol abuse. Alcohol abuse is also associated with increased risks of committing criminal offences including child abuse, domestic violence, rapes, burglaries and assaults.

Drug abuse, including alcohol and prescription drugs can induce symptomatology which resembles mental illness. This can occur both in the intoxicated state and also during the withdrawal state. In some cases these substance induced psychiatric disorders can persist long after detoxification, such as prolonged psychosis or depression after amphetamine or cocaine abuse. A protracted withdrawal syndrome can also occur with symptoms persisting for months after cessation of use. Benzodiazepines are the most notable drug for inducing prolonged withdrawal effects with symptoms sometimes persisting for years after cessation of use. Abuse of hallucinogens can trigger delusional and other psychotic phenomena long after cessation of use and cannabis may trigger panic attacks during intoxication and with use it may cause a state similar to dysthymia. Severe anxiety and depression are commonly induced by sustained alcohol abuse which in most cases abates with prolonged abstinence. Even moderate alcohol sustained use may increase anxiety and depression levels in some individuals. In most cases these drug induced psychiatric disorders fade away with prolonged abstinence.

Drug abuse makes central nervous system (CNS) effects, which produce changes in mood, levels of awareness or perceptions and sensations. Most of these drugs also alter systems other than the CNS. Some of these are often thought of as being abused. Some drugs appear to be more likely to lead to uncontrolled use than others.

Traditionally, new pharmacotherapies are quickly adopted in primary care settings, however; drugs for substance abuse treatment have faced many barriers. Naltrexone, a drug originally marketed under the name "ReVia," and now marketed in intramuscular formulation as "Vivitrol" or in oral formulation as a generic, is a medication approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence. This drug has reached very few patients. This may be due to a number of factors, including resistance by Addiction Medicine specialists and lack of resources.

The ability to recognize the signs of drug use or the symptoms of drug use in family members by parents and spouses has been affected significantly by the emergence of home drug test technology which helps identify recent use of common street and prescription drugs with near lab quality accuracy.

Epidemiology

thumb|Disability-adjusted life year for drug use disorders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.

The initiation of drug and alcohol use is most likely to occur during adolescence, and some experimentation with substances by older adolescents is common. For example, results from Monitoring the Future (2008), a nationwide study on rates of substance use, show that 47% of 12th graders report having used an illicit drug at some point in their lives . In 2009 in the United States about 21% of high school students have taken prescription drugs without a prescription. And earlier in 2002, the World health Organization estimated that around 140 million people were alcohol dependent and another 400 million suffered alcohol-related problems. Thankfully, the large majority of adolescents will phase out of drug use before it becomes problematic. Thus, although rates of overall use are high, the percentage of adolescents who meet criteria for substance abuse is significantly lower (close to 5%) . According to BBC, "Worldwide, the UN estimates there are more than 50 million regular users of morphine diacetate (heroin), cocaine and synthetic drugs."

History

APA, AMA, and NCDA

In 1932, the American Psychiatric Association created a definition that used legality, social acceptability, and cultural familiarity as qualifying factors:

In 1966, the American Medical Association's Committee on Alcoholism and Addiction defined abuse of stimulants (amphetamines, primarily) in terms of 'medical supervision':

In 1973 the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse stated:

...drug abuse may refer to any type of drug or chemical without regard to its pharmacologic actions. It is an eclectic concept having only one uniform connotation: societal disapproval. ... The Commission believes that the term drug abuse must be deleted from official pronouncements and public policy dialogue. The term has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary codeword for that drug use which is presently considered wrong.

DSM

In the first edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (published in 1952) grouped alcohol and drug abuse under Sociopathic Personality Disturbances, which were thought to be symptoms of deeper psychological disorders or moral weakness.

The third edition, published in 1980, was the first to recognize substance abuse (including drug abuse) and substance dependence as conditions separate from substance abuse alone, bringing in social and cultural factors. The definition of dependence emphasised tolerance to drugs, and withdrawal from them as key components to diagnosis, whereas abuse was defined as "problematic use with social or occupational impairment" but without withdrawal or tolerance.

In 1987 the DSM-IIIR category "psychoactive substance abuse," which includes former concepts of drug abuse is defined as "a maladaptive pattern of use indicated by...continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by the use (or by) recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous." It is a residual category, with dependence taking precedence when applicable. It was the first definition to give equal weight to behavioural and physiological factors in diagnosis.

By 1988, the DSM-IV defines substance dependence as "a syndrome involving compulsive use, with or without tolerance and withdrawal"; whereas substance abuse is "problematic use without compulsive use, significant tolerance, or withdrawal." Substance abuse can be harmful to your health and may even be deadly in certain scenarios

By 1994, The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) issued by the American Psychiatric Association, the DSM-IV-TR, defines substance dependence as "when an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed." followed by criteria for the diagnose

DSM-IV-TR defines substance abuse as:

:*A. A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by one (or more) of the following, occurring within a 12-month period: ::#Recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., repeated absences or poor work performance related to substance use; substance-related absences, suspensions or expulsions from school; neglect of children or household) ::#Recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g., driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by substance use) ::#Recurrent substance-related legal problems (e.g., arrests for substance-related disorderly conduct) ::#Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance (e.g., arguments with spouse about consequences of intoxication, physical fights) :*B. The symptoms have never met the criteria for Substance Dependence for this class of substance.

The fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5), planned for release in 2013, is likely to have this terminology revisited yet again. Under consideration is a transition from the abuse/dependence terminology. At the moment, abuse is seen as an early form or less hazardous form of the disease characterized with the dependence criteria. However, the APA's 'dependence' term, as noted above, does not mean that physiologic dependence is present but rather means that a disease state is present, one that most would likely refer to as an addicted state. Many involved recognize that the terminology has often led to confusion, both within the medical community and with the general public. The American Psychiatric Association requests input as to how the terminology of this illness should be altered as it moves forward with DSM-5 discussion.

Society and culture

Legal approaches

:''Related articles: Drug control law, Prohibition (drugs), Arguments for and against drug prohibition''

Most governments have designed legislation to criminalize certain types of drug use. These drugs are often called "illegal drugs" but generally what is illegal is their unlicensed production, distribution, and possession. These drugs are also called "controlled substances". Even for simple possession, legal punishment can be quite severe (including the death penalty in some countries). Laws vary across countries, and even within them, and have fluctuated widely throughout history.

Attempts by government-sponsored drug control policy to interdict drug supply and eliminate drug abuse have been largely unsuccessful. In spite of the huge efforts by the U.S., drug supply and purity has reached an all time high, with the vast majority of resources spent on interdiction and law enforcement instead of public health. In the United States, the number of nonviolent drug offenders in prison exceeds by 100,000 the total incarcerated population in the EU, despite the fact that the EU has 100 million more citizens.

Despite drug legislation (or perhaps because of it), large, organized criminal drug cartels operate worldwide. Advocates of decriminalization argue that drug prohibition makes drug dealing a lucrative business, leading to much of the associated criminal activity.

Cost

The UK Home Office estimated that the social and economic cost of drug abuse to the UK economy in terms of crime, absenteeism and sickness is in excess of £20 billion a year.

However, it does not estimate what portion of those crimes are unintended consequences of drug prohibition (crimes to sustain expensive drug consumption, risky production and dangerous distribution), nor what is the cost of enforcement. Those aspects are necessary for a full analysis of the economics of prohibition.

The Home Office has a recent history of taking a hard line on controlled drugs, including those with no known fatalities and even medical benefits, in direct opposition to the scientific community.

Treatment

Treatment for substance abuse is critical for many around the world. Often a formal intervention is necessary to convince the substance abuser to submit to any form of treatment. Behavioral interventions and medications exist that have helped many people reduce, or discontinue, their substance abuse. From the applied behavior analysis literature, behavioral psychology, and from randomized clinical trials, several evidenced based interventions have emerged:

Behavioral Marital Therapy

Motivational Interviewing

Community Reinforcement Approach

Exposure therapy

Contingency Management Pharmacological therapy - A number of medications have been approved for the treatment of substance abuse. These include replacement therapies such as buprenorphine and methadone as well as antagonist medications like disulfiram and naltrexone in either short acting, or the newer long acting form (under the brand name Vivitrol). Several other medications, often ones originally used in other contexts, have also been shown to be effective including bupropion (Zyban or Wellbutrin), Modafinil (Provigil) and more.

In children and adolescents, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and family therapy currently have the most research evidence for the treatment of substance abuse problems. These treatments can be administered in a variety of different formats, each of which has varying levels of research support

It has been suggested that social skills training adjunctive to inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence is probably efficacious.

See also

Addictive personality

Combined drug intoxication

Drug addiction

Drug overdose

Poly drug use

Polysubstance abuse

Risk factors in pregnancy

List of drug-related deaths

List of controlled drugs in the United Kingdom

Substances controlled for their drug effects by the US federal government

Self-medication

Notes

Further reading

External links

Category:Public health Category:Substance abuse

fa:سوء مصرف مواد fr:Abus de substances ja:薬物乱用 sr:Злоупотреба дрога sh:Zloupotreba droga

name	Katie Couric
birthname	Katherine Anne Couric
birth date	January 07, 1957
birth place	Arlington, Virginia, U.S.
marital status	Widow
education	University of Virginia
occupation	Television journalist
years active	1979–present
spouse	Jay Monahan (1989–1998; his death)
children	Elinor Tully "Ellie" MonahanCaroline Couric Monahan
salary	$14,000,000
credits	''The Today Show'' ''Dateline NBC'' ''CBS Evening News'' ''60 Minutes'' ''Katie (2012)'' }}

Katherine Anne "Katie" Couric (born January 7, 1957) is an American journalist and author. She currently serves as Special Correspondent for ABC News, contributing to ''ABC World News'', ''Nightline'', ''20/20'', ''Good Morning America'', '' This Week'' and primetime news specials. Starting in Fall 2012, she will host ''Katie,'' a daytime talk show on ABC. She has anchored the ''CBS Evening News,'' reported for ''60 Minutes'', and hosted ''Today''. She was the first solo female anchor of a weekday evening news program on one of the three traditional U.S. broadcast networks. Couric's first book, ''The Best Advice I Ever Got: Lessons from Extraordinary'' was a ''New York Times'' best-seller.

Early life and career

Couric was born in Arlington, Virginia, the daughter of Elinor Tullie (née Hene), a homemaker and part-time writer, and the late John Martin Couric Jr., a public relations executive and news editor at ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' and the United Press in Washington, D.C. Her mother was Jewish, but Couric was raised Episcopalian. Couric's maternal grandparents, Bert Hene and Clara L. Froshin, were the children of Jewish immigrants from Germany. In a report for ''Today'', she traced her paternal ancestry back to a French orphan who immigrated to the U.S. in the nineteenth century and became a broker in the cotton business.

Couric attended Arlington Public Schools: Jamestown Elementary, Williamsburg Middle School, and Yorktown High School and was a cheerleader. As a high school student, she was an intern at Washington, D.C. all-news radio station WAVA. She enrolled at her father's alma mater, the University of Virginia, in 1975 and was a Delta Delta Delta sorority sister. Couric served in several positions at UVA's award-winning daily newspaper, ''The Cavalier Daily''. During her third year at UVA, Couric was chosen to live as Head Resident of The Lawn, the heart of Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village. She graduated in 1979 with a bachelor's degree in English with a focus on American Studies.

Television career

Couric's first job was at the ABC News 1979 bureau in Washington, D.C., later joining CNN as an assignment editor. Between 1984 and 1986, she worked as a general-assignment reporter for WTVJ in Miami, Florida. During the following two years, she reported for WRC-TV, the NBC owned-and-operated station in Washington, D.C., work which earned her an Associated Press award and an Emmy.

NBC

Couric joined ''NBC News'' in 1989 as Deputy Pentagon Correspondent. From 1989 to 1991, Couric was an anchor substitute and filled in for Bryant Gumbel as host of ''Today'', Jane Pauley, and Deborah Norville as co-anchor of ''Today'', Garrick Utley, Mary Alice Williams, and Maria Shriver as co-host of Sunday ''Today'', and John Palmer, Norville, and Faith Daniels as anchor of the former NBC News program ''NBC News at Sunrise''. She also subbed for Daniels, Norville, and John Palmer as the news anchor on ''Today''.

''Today'' (1991–2006)

In 1989, Couric joined ''Today'' as national political correspondent, becoming a substitute co-host in February 1991 when Norville had a baby. Norville did not return and Couric became permanent co-anchor on April 5, 1991. In 1994, she became co-anchor of ''Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric''—an evening time weekly TV newsmagazine with Tom Brokaw—which was later canceled and folded into part of ''Dateline NBC'', where her reports appeared regularly and she was named contributing anchor. She remained at ''Today'' for fifteen years with co-host ''Matt Lauer'' and NBC News until May 31, 2006, when she announced that she would be going to CBS to anchor the CBS Evening News, becoming the first solo female anchor of the "big three" weekday nightly news broadcasts.

While at NBC, Katie Couric occasionally filled in for Tom Brokaw on ''NBC Nightly News''. From 1989-1993, Couric also filled in for Maria Shriver on the Sunday Edition of ''NBC Nightly News'' and for Garrick Utley on the Saturday Edition of ''NBC Nightly News.

Couric hosted or worked on a number of news specials, like ''Everybody's Business: America's Children'' in 1995. Similar entertainment specials were ''Legend to Legend Night: A Celebrity Cavalcade'' in 1993, and ''Harry Potter: Behind the Magic'' in 2001. Couric has also co-hosted the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games. She has broadcast with Bob Costas, beginning with the 2000 Summer Olympics. She did not co-host the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Turin, Italy because of a scheduling conflict with a live taping of ''Today''. Brian Williams co-hosted with Bob Costas instead.

Couric has interviewed many international political figures and celebrities during her career, including Presidents Gerald R. Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, and First Lady Barbara Bush. John F. Kennedy Jr. gave Couric his first and last interviews. Couric has won multiple television reporting awards through her career, including the prestigious Peabody Award for her series ''Confronting Colon Cancer''. Couric has also interviewed former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Senator Hillary Clinton (her first television interview), Harry Potter author J.K. Rowling, and Laura Bush.

On May 28, 2008, Couric made a return visit to ''Today'' since leaving almost two years to the very day back on May 31, 2006. She made this appearance alongside her evening counterparts, NBC Nightly News' Brian Williams & ABC World News' Charles Gibson, to promote an organization called ''Stand Up to Cancer'' and raise cancer awareness on all three major television networks; ABC, CBS & NBC. Couric, Gibson and Williams made appearances together on all three major network morning shows, first on CBS's ''Early Show'', then on NBC's ''Today'' and finally on ABC's ''Good Morning America''.

CBS

''CBS Evening News'' (2006–2011)

Couric announced on April 5, 2006 that she would be leaving ''Today''. CBS officially confirmed later the same day that Couric would become the new anchor and managing editor of ''CBS Evening News'' with her first broadcast set for September 5, 2006. Couric would also contribute to ''60 Minutes'' and anchor prime time news specials for CBS. Couric would remain the highest-paid news anchor at $15 million per year.

Couric made her first broadcast as anchor and managing editor of the ''CBS Evening News with Katie Couric'' on September 5, 2006. The program featured a new set, new graphics, and a new theme composed by prolific movie score composer James Horner. The program also featured a voice-over from Walter Cronkite. It was the first evening newscast to be simulcast live on the internet and local radio stations.

CBS had heavily hyped Couric's arrival at the network, hoping to revive the evening news format, but there were suggestions that it had backfired. Although there was much interest during her first week as anchor, ''CBS Evening News'' has remained a distant third in viewership, behind ''ABC World News'' and ''NBC Nightly News''. While Couric improved over Bob Schieffer, ABC's Charles Gibson has since been widening World News' lead over Evening News.

The ''CBS Evening News with Katie Couric'' has won the 2008 and 2009 Edward R. Murrow Award for best newscast. On March 29, 2009, Couric was awarded with the Emmy Governor's Award for her broadcasting career.

She has interviewed countless presidents, cabinet members, celebrities, and business executives around the world, including President Barack Obama, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Former President George W. Bush, Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, John Edwards just after their announcement that Mrs. Edwards' cancer had returned, Israeli Foreign Prime Minister Tzipi Livni, Norah Jones and Michael J. Fox.

Couric led CBS News' coverage of the 2006 midterm elections, the 2008 Presidential election and conventions, and 2010 midterm elections. Couric was the first network anchor on the ground in Port au Prince after the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. After the BP oil spill Couric anchored from the Gulf Coast weekly and brought much attention to the disaster. She reported from Cairo's Tahrir Square during the Egyptian Revolution in 2011. In April 2011, she led CBS News' coverage from London for the Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine Middleton.

Couric was the only solo female evening news anchor in the United States, until December 21, 2009, when she was joined by Diane Sawyer, who succeeded the retiring Charles Gibson for ''ABC World News''. Couric and Sawyer were previous rivals as the hosts of ''Today'' and ''Good Morning America'', respectively.

On April 26, 2011, Couric confirmed in an interview with ''People'' magazine that she would be leaving her anchor post at ''CBS Evening News'' when her contract expired on June 4, 2011. Katie Couric made her final broadcast in the ''CBS Evening News'' chair on Thursday, May 19, 2011.

''60 Minutes'' (2006–2011)

Couric was a ''60 Minutes'' correspondent and contributed six to eight stories a year for the program. Her most famous segment was the first interview with airline pilot Chesley Sullenberger. She also interviewed Valerie Plame, Robert Gates, and Michelle Rhee for the program.

The Palin interviews (2008)

The Sarah Palin interviews with Katie Couric were a series of interviews Couric conducted with 2008 U.S. Republican vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin. They were recorded and broadcast on television in several programs before the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Couric received the Walter Cronkite Award for Journalism Excellence for the interview. Steve Schmidt, McCain's senior campaign strategist and advisor, later reflected on the interview, saying "I think it was the most consequential interview from a negative perspective that a candidate for national office has gone through."

CBS Reports (2009–2011)

Couric was the lead reporter for two CBS Reports series, which aired across all CBS News platforms. The first series, "CBS Reports: Children of the Recession," highlighted the pain suffered by the youngest of the Great Recession's victims. The series won the Columbia School of Journalism's Alfred DuPont Award for Excellence in Journalism. The second series, which aired in early 2010, was "CBS Reports: Where America Stands'.' which featured veteran CBS News correspondents reporting on major issues facing the United States in the decade ahead with research by the CBS News Polling Unit.

''@katiecouric'' (2009–2011)

Couric hosted a weekly, one-hour interview program on CBSNews.com. The launch of the webshow signaled that Couric would stay at CBS until her contracted expired in 2011.

Her first guest was Fox News Channel host Glenn Beck. Subsequent interviews have included former Vice President Al Gore, actor Hugh Jackman, recording artist Shakira, First Lady Michelle Obama, and New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman, teen singer Justin Bieber, actress Jane Lynch, talk show host Ellen DeGeneres, actor Daniel Radcliffe, Bill Gates, former White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emmanuel, New Orleans Saints Quarterback Drew Brees, and author Malcolm Gladwell.

ABC

''Katie'' (2012-)

On June 6, 2011, ABC announced that Couric will begin hosting a daytime talk show for its Disney-ABC Domestic Television arm that would debut in September 2012, replacing the now-defunct ''The Oprah Winfrey Show'' on ABC owned-and-operated stations. Couric would also contribute to ABC News programming.

On August 22, 2011, it was announced that Katie Couric's talk show will be called ''Katie''. It was also announced that the airing of the first episode of ''Katie'' will be on September 6, 2012.

Public image

Couric has been called "America's Sweetheart" largely due to her co-anchor role for 15 years on ''The Today Show''. On May 12, 2003, Couric guest-hosted ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'' as part of a swap campaign, and had 45 percent more viewers than on other nights. She has been the only guest host used by Jay Leno on either The Tonight Show with Jay Leno or his short lived The Jay Leno Show. Leno filled in for her on "The Today Show" that same day. CNN and the ''New York Daily News'' noted that instead of using Jay Leno's regular solid desk, "workers cut away the front of her desk to expose her legs while she interviewed ''American Idol'' judge Simon Cowell and ''Austin Powers'' star Mike Myers".

Other work

In a media crossover to animated film, she was the voice of news-reporter "Katie Current" in the U.S. version of the film ''Shark Tale''. She also made a cameo appearance as a prison guard at Georgia State Prison in ''Austin Powers in Goldmember''. She guest-starred as herself on the CBS sitcom ''Murphy Brown'' in 1992 and in the NBC sitcom ''Will & Grace'' in late 2002. On May 12, 2003, she traded places for a day with ''Tonight Show'' host Jay Leno. Couric also co-hosted NBC's live coverage of Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1991 until 2005. Katie Couric delivered the graduation speech at Princeton University on June 1, 2009. She also works with Carmen Marc Valvo to help publicize the deadliness, yet preventability, of colorectal cancer. On May 16, 2010, Katie Couric received an honorary doctor of science degree for her efforts in raising awareness of colorectal cancer and for her commitment to advancing medical research from Case Western Reserve University, and later gave the university's 2010 convocation keynote address. In 2011, she gave the university commencement speech at Boston University and was awarded another doctoral degree, Doctor of Humane Letters. She gave her speech amongst much fan-fare from the BU community, and her speech was not only touching but also inspirational and funny. She has also hosted a Sesame Street special, "When Families Grieve." The special, which aired on PBS on April 14, 2010, dealt with the issues that children go through when a parent dies. On February 6, 2011, Couric guest-starred on the post-Super Bowl episode of ''Glee'', playing herself interviewing Sue Sylvester after the cheer-leading team lost the championship. Sue sarcastically referred to Couric as "Diane Sawyer" during the segment.

On April 12, 2011, Couric's first book titled ''The Best Advice I Ever Got: Lessons from Extraordinary Lives'' was published by Random House. The book is a collection of essays compiled over the past year by Couric; contributors include New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Queen Rania of Jordan, and former Today show colleague Matt Lauer. In an interview with The New York Times, Couric said that a 2010 convocation keynote address she gave (refer to preceding paragraph) inspired her to come up with the book. To this end, all profits of the book will be donated to Scholarship America.

Couric is also heavily featured in The Gregory Brothers' series ''Auto-Tune The News''. They mention this is due to her "outstanding" suitability for auto-tuning.

She is currently a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

Personal life

Couric married Jay Monahan in 1989. She gave birth to her first daughter, Elinor Tully "Ellie" Monahan, on July 23, 1991; her second daughter, Caroline "Carrie" Couric Monahan, was born on January 5, 1996. Jay Monahan died of colon cancer in 1998 at the age of 42; as a result, Couric is a spokeswoman for colon cancer awareness. She underwent a colonoscopy on-air in March 2000, and, according to a study published by Archives of Internal Medicine (July 14, 2003), inspired many others to get checked as well:

Katie Couric's televised colon cancer awareness campaign was temporarily associated with an increase in colonoscopy use in 2 different data sets. This illustrates the possibility that a well-known individual can draw attention and support to worthwhile causes.

She also was very active in the National Hockey League's Hockey Fights Cancer campaign, appearing in some public service announcements and doing voice-overs for several others. Couric is currently a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for the United States.

On October 7, 2005, Couric broadcast her own mammogram on the ''Today'' show, in the hopes of recreating the "Couric Effect" around the issue of breast cancer. October is National Breast Cancer Awareness Month.

Her sister Emily Couric, a Virginia Democratic state senator, died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 54 on October 18, 2001. Couric gave a eulogy at the funeral. She pointed out that it irritated Emily when people asked her if she was Katie Couric's sister. She told the mourners "I just want you to know I will always be proud to say 'I am Emily Couric's sister'." Couric has two other siblings, Clara Couric Bachelor and John M. Couric Jr.

Couric was the honored guest at the 2004 Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation fall gala. As the Guest of Honor for the inaugural American Cancer Society Discovery Ball, Couric was recognized for her leadership in increasing cancer awareness and screening.

In 2011, Couric became the Honorary National Chair of the National Parkinson Foundation's Moving Day campaign, a grassroots campaign to spotlight Parkinson's disease awareness on a national level. Couric's father died in 2011 at age 90 from complications due to Parkinson's disease.

Sources

\ NBC News 4/26/11

References

External links

Katie Couric's ''Huffington Post'' Blog Page

Katie Couric at FameGame.com

Katie Couric Debuts On CBS

Katie Couric's CBS News Bio

Katie Couric on The Colbert Report from March 22, 2007

When Families Grieve ''Sesame Street'' special hosted by Katie Couric

Membership Roster at the Council on Foreign Relations

Category:1957 births Category:Living people Category:People from Arlington County, Virginia Category:American Presbyterians Category:American television news anchors Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners Category:Peabody Award winners Category:University of Virginia alumni Category:Yorktown High School (Virginia) alumni Category:60 Minutes correspondents Category:NBC News Category:American television reporters and correspondents Category:American women journalists Category:American people of French descent Category:American people of German-Jewish descent

de:Katie Couric et:Katie Couric es:Katie Couric fa:کیتی کوریک fr:Katie Couric id:Katie Couric it:Katie Couric he:קייטי קוריק ja:ケイティ・クーリック no:Katie Couric pl:Katie Couric pt:Katie Couric ru:Курик, Кэти simple:Katie Couric sv:Katie Couric tr:Katie Couric zh:凱蒂·庫瑞克

name	Keith Richards
background	solo_singer
alias	Keith Richard
born	December 18, 1943Dartford, Kent, England
instrument	Guitar, Vocals, Bass guitar, Keyboards
genre	Rock and rollBluesCountryBlues rockRhythm and blues
occupation	MusicianSongwriterRecord producer
years active	1962–present
label	DeccaRolling StonesVirginMindless Records
associated acts	The Rolling StonesThe Dirty MacThe New BarbariansThe X-Pensive Winos
website	keithrichards.com
notable instruments	1953 Fender Telecaster "Micawber"1959 Gibson Les PaulGibson ES-355Fender Stratocaster }}

Keith Richards (born 18 December 1943) is an English musician, songwriter and founding member of The Rolling Stones. ''Rolling Stone'' magazine, calling him the creator of "rock's greatest single body of riffs", placed him as the "10th greatest guitarist of all time", and listed fourteen songs written by Richards and songwriting partner and band vocalist Mick Jagger as among their "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Richards' notoriety for illicit drug use has stemmed in part from several drug busts in the late 1960s and the 1970s.

Early life

Keith Richards is the only child of Bert Richards and Doris Dupree Richards. He was born at Livingston Hospital in Dartford, Kent. His father was a factory worker injured during World War II during the Normandy invasion.

Richards' paternal grandparents were socialists and civic leaders whose family originated from Wales. His maternal grandfather (Augustus Theodore Dupree), who toured Britain with a jazz big band, "Gus Dupree and his Boys", fostered Richards' interest in guitar.

Richards' mother introduced him to the music of Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington and bought his first guitar, while his father disparaged his son's musical enthusiasm. Richards' first guitar hero was Scotty Moore.

Richards attended Wentworth Primary School with Mick Jagger and was his neighbor until 1954, when the family moved. From 1955 to 1959 he attended Dartford Technical School. Recruited by Dartford Tech's choirmaster Jake Clair, Richards sang in a trio of boy sopranos at, among other occasions, Westminster Abbey for Queen Elizabeth II.

In 1959 Richards was expelled from Dartford Technical School for truancy and transferred to Sidcup Art College. At Sidcup, he was diverted from his studies proper and devoted more time to playing guitar with other students in the boys room. At this point, Richards had learned most of Chuck Berry's solos. thumb|220px|right|Richards 1965 Richards met Jagger on a train as Jagger was headed to classes at the London School of Economics. The mail order rhythm & blues albums from Chess Records albums by Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters Jagger was carrying revealed a mutual interest and led to a renewal of their friendship. Along with mutual friend Dick Taylor, Jagger was singing in an amateur band: "Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys", which Richards soon joined. The Blues Boys folded when Brian Jones and Ian Stewart accepted Richards, Jagger, and Taylor into the just-forming Rolling Stones.

In mid-1962 Richards had left Sidcup Art College to devote himself to music and moved into a London flat with Jagger and Jones. His parents divorced about the same time, resulting in his staying close to his mother and remaining estranged from his father until 1982.

After the Rolling Stones signed to Decca Records in 1963, their band manager, Andrew Loog Oldham, dropped the "s" from his surname believing "Keith Richard", in his words, "looked more pop". In the late 1970s Richards reestablished the "s" to his surname.

Musicianship

Bandleader

Richards views his role in the Rolling Stones as "oiling the machinery", while Stewart has called him the musical leader of the band. Both Bill Wyman and Ronnie Wood have said that, unlike most other bands which usually follow the drummer, the Rolling Stones, in Wyman's words, "have no way of ''not'' following him".

Guitar playing

Richards' guitar playing shows a fascination with chords and rhythm while avoiding flamboyant virtuosity in favour of riffs described by Chris Spedding as "direct, incisive and unpretentious." Richards prefers to play in tandem with another guitarist and has always toured with one. Chuck Berry has been an inspiration for Richards, and it was Richards and Jagger who introduced Berry's songs to the Rolling Stones' early repertoire. Chicago artists such as Jimmy Reed and Muddy Waters provided the basis of a style of interwoven lead and rhythm guitar that Richards developed with Brian Jones that continues with the Rolling Stones' current guitarist, Ronnie Wood. In the late 1960s, Jones' declining contributions led Richards to record all guitar parts on many tracks, including slide guitar, which had been Jones' specialty in the band's early years. Jones' replacement guitarist Mick Taylor worked with the Rolling Stones from 1969 to 1974, and Taylor's virtuosity at lead guitar led to a much more pronounced separation between lead and rhythm guitar roles, notably onstage. In 1975 Taylor was replaced by Wood, marking a return to the style of guitar interplay that he and Richards described as "the ancient art of weaving".

The 1967/68 break in touring allowed Richards to focus on open tunings, which are commonly used for slide guitar. Instead, Richards primarily used open tunings for fingered chording, developing a distinctive style of syncopated and ringing I-IV chording heard on "Street Fighting Man" and "Start Me Up". Richards has used various open tunings (while continuing to use standard tuning) but has often favoured a five-string variant of open G tuning using GDGBD unencumbered by a low sixth string. Several of his Telecasters are tuned this way (see the "Guitars" section below), and this tuning is prominent on Rolling Stones tracks and concert renditions including "Honky Tonk Women", "Brown Sugar" and "Start Me Up".

Richards regards acoustic guitar as the basis for his playing, believing that the limitations of electric guitar would cause him to "lose that touch" if he didn't play acoustic. Richards plays acoustic guitar on many Rolling Stones' tracks including like "Not Fade Away", "Satisfaction", "Brown Sugar", and "Angie". All guitars on the studio versions of "Street Fighting Man" and "Jumping Jack Flash" feature acoustic guitars overloaded to a cassette recorder which were then reamped through a loudspeaker in the studio.

Vocals

Richards' backing vocals appear on every Rolling Stones album; and on most albums since ''Between the Buttons'' (1967), he has sung lead or co-lead on at least one track (see list below). Richards views the vocal training he got in his choirboy days as part of his professional arsenal, and has said of his own singing: "It's not the most beautiful voice in the world anymore, but the Queen liked it, when it was at its best... It's not been my job, singing, but to me, if you're gonna write songs, you've got to know how to sing".

Richards began singing regular lead-vocals on stage in 1972, with "Happy" (from the album ''Exile on Main Street''). "Happy", a signature song for Richards, is often performed by him during Rolling Stones concerts, as well as on both of his solo tours. From 1972 to 1982, Richards routinely took one lead-vocal turn during Rolling Stones concerts; since 1989 he has normally sung lead on two numbers per show. Each of the band's studio albums since ''Dirty Work'' (1986) have also featured Richards's lead vocals on at least two tracks.

During concerts on the two final legs (autumn 2006 and summer 2007) of The Rolling Stones' Bigger Bang Tour, Richards set his guitar aside to sing his 1969 ballad "You Got the Silver" without self-accompaniment. Prior to that he had occasionally switched from guitar to keyboards in concert, but these concerts were the first time since his choirboy days that Richards appeared on stage armed with only his voice.

Other instruments

Richards has played bass guitar on about two dozen Rolling Stones studio recordings, from "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?" (1966) through "Infamy" (2005). One unusual instance was when he and Bill Wyman joined forces to play the bowed double bass on "Ruby Tuesday" (1967) – Wyman did the fingerboard work while Richards manned the bow. The rest of Richards' contributions that followed have been on bass guitar, rather than double bass. Among these were on tracks including "Jumpin' Jack Flash" (1968), "Sympathy for the Devil" (1968), "Live With Me" (1969), "Before They Make Me Run" (1978), "Sleep Tonight" (1986), and "Brand New Car" (1994). He has occasionally played bass on stage, including The Dirty Mac performance in 1968 (see "Recordings with other artists", below) and on "Sympathy for the Devil" at a Rolling Stones concert at Madison Square Garden in June 1975.

Richards' keyboard playing has also been featured on several Rolling Stones tracks, including "She Smiled Sweetly" (1967), "Memory Motel" (1976), "All About You" (1980), "Thru and Thru" (1994), and "This Place Is Empty" (2005), among others. He sometimes composes on piano – "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?" and "Let's Spend the Night Together" are two early examples, and he's said of his keyboard playing: "Maybe I'm a little more accomplished now – to me it's just a way of getting out of always using one instrument to write." Richards played keyboards on stage at two 1974 concerts while Wood toured to support his solo albums, and on The New Barbarians' tour in 1979, and 1977 and 1981 studio sessions featuring his piano and vocals have been well documented, though never officially released.

Richards has also served as percussionist on a few Rolling Stones tracks, including the floor tom on "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and bicycle spokes on "Continental Drift" (1989).

Songwriting

Richards and Jagger collaborated on songs in 1963, following the nearby example of the Beatles' Lennon/McCartney and the encouragement of Rolling Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham, who saw little future for a cover band. The earliest Jagger/Richards collaborations were recorded by other artists, including Gene Pitney, whose rendition of "That Girl Belongs to Yesterday" was their first top-ten single in the UK. Richards recalls: "We were writing these terrible pop songs that were becoming Top 10 hits... They had nothing to do with us, except we wrote 'em."

The Rolling Stones' first top-ten hit with a Jagger/Richards original was "The Last Time" (1965); "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (also 1965) was their first international #1 recording. (Richards has stated that the "Satisfaction" riff came to him in his sleep; he woke up just long enough to record it on a cassette player by his bed.) Since ''Aftermath'' (1966) most Rolling Stones albums have consisted mainly of Jagger/Richards originals. Their songs reflect the influence of blues, R&B;, rock & roll, pop, soul, gospel and country, as well as forays into psychedelia and Dylanesque social commentary. Their work in the 1970s and beyond has incorporated elements of funk, disco, reggae and punk. Richards has also written and recorded slow torchy ballads, such as "All About You" (1980).

In his solo career, Richards has often shared co-writing credits with drummer and co-producer Steve Jordan. Richards has said: "I've always thought songs written by two people are better than those written by one. You get another angle on it."

Richards has frequently stated that he feels less like a creator than a conduit when writing songs: "I don't have that God aspect about it. I prefer to think of myself as an antenna. There's only one song, and Adam and Eve wrote it; the rest is a variation on a theme."

Richards was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1993.

Record production

Richards has been active as a record producer since the 1960s. He was credited as producer and musical director on the 1966 album ''Today's Pop Symphony'', one of manager Andrew Loog Oldham's side projects, although there are doubts about how much Richards was actually involved with it. On the Rolling Stones' 1967 album ''Their Satanic Majesties Request'' the entire band was credited as producer, but since 1974, Richards and Mick Jagger have frequently co-produced Rolling Stones and other artists' records under the joint name "The Glimmer Twins", often in collaboration with other producers.

Since the 1980s Richards has chalked up numerous production and co-production credits on projects with other artists including Aretha Franklin, Johnnie Johnson and Ronnie Spector, as well as on his own albums with the X-Pensive Winos (see below). In the 1990s Richards co-produced and added guitar and vocals to a recording of nyabinghi Rastafarian chanting and drumming entitled ''Wingless Angels'', released on Richards's own record label, Mindless Records, in 1997.

Solo recordings

Richards has released few solo recordings. His first solo single released in 1978 was versions of Chuck Berry's "Run Rudolph Run" and Jimmy Cliff's "The Harder They Come". In 1987, after Jagger pursued a solo recording and touring career, Richards formed the "X-pensive Winos" with co-songwriter, and co-producer Steve Jordan whom Richards assembled for his Chuck Berry documentary, ''Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll''.

Additional members of the X-pensive Winos included guitarist Waddy Wachtel, saxist Bobby Keys, keyboardist Ivan Neville and Charley Drayton on bass. The first Winos' record,''Talk Is Cheap'' also featured Bernie Worrell, Bootsy Collins and Maceo Parker). Since its release, ''Talk Is Cheap'' has gone gold and has sold consistently. Its release was followed by the first of the two U.S. tours Richards has done as a solo artist. ''Live at the Hollywood Palladium, December 15, 1988'' documents the first of these tours. In 1992 the Winos' second studio record ''Main Offender'' was released, and was also following by a tour.

Recordings with other artists

During the 1960s most of Richards's recordings with artists other than The Rolling Stones were sessions for Andrew Oldham's Immediate Records label. Notable exceptions were when Richards, along with Mick Jagger and numerous other guests, sang on The Beatles' 1967 TV broadcast of "All You Need Is Love"; and when he played bass with John Lennon, Eric Clapton, Mitch Mitchell, Ivry Gitlis and Yoko Ono as The Dirty Mac for ''The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus'' TV special, filmed in 1968.

In the 1970s Richards worked outside The Rolling Stones with Ronnie Wood on several occasions, contributing guitar, piano and vocals to Wood's first two solo albums and joining him on stage for two July 1974 concerts to promote ''I've Got My Own Album to Do''. In December 1974 Richards also made a guest appearance at a Faces concert. In 1976–77 Richards played on and co-produced John Phillips' solo recording ''Pay, Pack & Follow'' (released in 2001). In 1979 he toured the U.S. with The New Barbarians, the band that Wood put together to promote his album ''Gimme Some Neck''; he and Wood also contributed guitar and backing vocals to "Truly" on Ian McLagan's 1979 album ''Troublemaker'' (re-released in 2005 as ''Here Comes Trouble'').

Since the 1980s Richards has made more frequent guest appearances. In 1981 he played on reggae singer Max Romeo's album ''Holding Out My Love to You''. He has worked with Tom Waits on two occasions, adding guitar and backing vocals to Waits's 1985 album ''Rain Dogs'', and co-writing, playing and sharing the lead vocal on "That Feel" on ''Bone Machine '' (1992). In 1986 Richards produced and played on Aretha Franklin's rendition of "Jumping Jack Flash" and served as musical producer and band leader (or as he phrased it "S&M; director") for the Chuck Berry film ''Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll''.

In the 1990s and 2000s Richards has continued to contribute to a wide range of musical projects as a guest artist. A few of the notable sessions he has done include guitar and vocals on Johnnie Johnson's 1991 release ''Johnnie B. Bad'', which he also co-produced; and lead vocals and guitar on "Oh Lord, Don’t Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me" on the 1992 Charles Mingus tribute album ''Weird Nightmare''. He duetted with country legend George Jones on "Say It's Not You" on the ''Bradley Barn Sessions'' (1994); a second duet from the same sessions – "Burn Your Playhouse Down" – appeared on Jones' 2008 release ''Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets''. He partnered with Levon Helm on "Deuce and a Quarter" for Scotty Moore's album ''All the King's Men'' (1997). His guitar and lead vocals are featured on the Hank Williams tribute album ''Timeless'' (2001) and on veteran blues guitarist Hubert Sumlin's album ''About Them Shoes'' (2005). Richards also added guitar and vocals to Toots & the Maytals' recording of "Careless Ethiopians" for their 2004 album ''True Love'' and to their re-recording of "Pressure Drop", which came out in 2007 as the b-side to Richards's iTunes re-release of "Run Rudolph Run".

Rare and unreleased recordings

In 2005 The Rolling Stones released ''Rarities 1971-2003'', which includes some rare and limited-issue recordings, but Richards has described the band's released output as the "tip of the iceberg". Many of the band's unreleased songs and studio jam sessions are widely bootlegged, as are numerous Richards solo recordings, including his 1977 Toronto studio sessions, some 1981 studio sessions and tapes made during his 1983 wedding trip to Mexico.

Public image and private life

Music journalist Nick Kent attached to Richards Lord Byron's epithet of "mad, bad, and dangerous to know." Jagger thought that Richards' image had "contributed to him becoming a junkie." In 1994 Richards said his image was "like a long shadow ... Even though that was nearly twenty years ago, you cannot convince some people that I'm not a mad drug addict." In 2010, Peter Hitchens wrote of Richards that he is "a capering streak of living gristle who ought to be exhibited as a warning to the young of what drugs can do to you even if you're lucky enough not to choke on your own vomit".

Richards has been tried on drug-related charges five times: in 1967, twice in 1973, in 1977 and in 1978. The first trial – the only one involving a prison sentence – resulted from a February 1967 police raid on Redlands, Richards's Sussex estate, where he and some friends, including Jagger, were spending the weekend. The subsequent arrest of Richards and Jagger put them on trial before the Courts of the United Kingdom while also exposing them to public opinion. On 29 June 1967, Jagger was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for possession of four amphetamine tablets; Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to one year in prison. Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point: Jagger was taken to Brixton prison in south London, and Richards to Wormwood Scrubs Prison in west London. Both were released on bail the next day pending appeal. On 1 July ''The Times'' ran an editorial entitled "Who breaks a butterfly on a wheel?", portraying Jagger's sentence as persecution, and public sentiment against the convictions increased. A month later the appeals court overturned Richards's conviction for lack of evidence, while Jagger was given a conditional discharge. On 27 February 1977 Richards was charged with "possession of heroin for the purpose of trafficking" – an offence that under the Criminal Code of Canada can result in prison sentences of seven years to life. His passport was confiscated and Richards and his family remained in Toronto until 1 April, when Richards was allowed to enter the United States on a medical visa for treatment for heroin addiction. The charge against him was later reduced to "simple possession of heroin".

For the next two years, Richards lived under threat of criminal sanction. Throughout this period he remained active with The Rolling Stones, recording their biggest-selling studio album, ''Some Girls'', and touring North America. Richards was tried in October 1978, pleading guilty to possession of heroin. He was given a suspended sentence and put on probation for one year, with orders to continue treatment for heroin addiction and to perform a benefit concert on behalf of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. Although the prosecution had filed an appeal of the sentence, Richards performed two CNIB benefit concerts at Oshawa Civic Auditorium on 22 April 1979; both shows featured The Rolling Stones and The New Barbarians. In September 1979 the Ontario Court of Appeal upheld the original sentence.

Later in 1979, Richards met future wife, model Patti Hansen. They married on 18 December 1983, Richards's 40th birthday, and have two daughters, Theodora and Alexandra, born in 1985 and 1986 respectively.

Richards maintains cordial relations with Italian-born actress Anita Pallenberg, the mother of his first three children; although they were never married, Richards and Pallenberg were a couple from 1967 to 1979. Together they have a son, Marlon (named after the actor Marlon Brando), born in 1969, and a daughter, Angela (originally named Dandelion), born in 1972. Their third child, a boy named Tara (after Richards's and Pallenberg's friend Guinness heir Tara Browne), died on 6 June 1976, less than three months after his birth.

Richards still owns Redlands, the Sussex estate he purchased in 1966, as well as a home in Weston, Connecticut and another in Turks & Caicos. His primary home is in Weston. He is an avid reader with a strong interest in history and owns an extensive library. An April 2010 article revealed that Richards yearns to be a librarian.

21st century

On 27 April 2006, Richards, while in Fiji, suffered a head injury after falling out of a tree; he subsequently underwent cranial surgery at a New Zealand hospital. The incident caused a six-week delay in launching The Rolling Stones' 2006 European tour and the rescheduling of several shows; the revised tour schedule included a brief statement from Richards apologising for "falling off his perch". The band made up most of the postponed dates in 2006, and toured Europe in the summer of 2007 to make up the remainder.

In August 2006 Richards was granted a pardon by Arkansas governor Mike Huckabee for a 1975 reckless driving citation.

On 12 March 2007 Richards attended the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame ceremony to induct The Ronettes; he also played guitar during the ceremony's all-star jam session.

In an April 2007 interview for ''NME'' magazine, music journalist Mark Beaumont asked Richards what the strangest thing he ever snorted was, and quoted him as replying: "My father. I snorted my father. He was cremated and I couldn't resist grinding him up with a little bit of blow. My dad wouldn't have cared ... It went down pretty well, and I'm still alive." In the media uproar that followed, Richards' manager said that the anecdote had been meant as a joke; Beaumont told ''Uncut'' magazine that the interview had been conducted by international telephone and that he had misquoted Richards at one point (reporting that Richards had said he listens to Motörhead, when what he had said was Mozart), but that he believed the ash-snorting anecdote was true. Musician Jay Farrar from the band Son Volt wrote a song titled 'Cocaine And Ashes', which was inspired by Richards drug habits.

Doris Richards, Richards' 91-year-old mother, died of cancer in England on 21 April 2007. An official statement released by a family representative stated that Keith kept a vigil by her bedside during her last days.

Richards made a cameo appearance as Captain Teague, the father of Captain Jack Sparrow (played by Johnny Depp), in ''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'', released in May 2007, and won the Best Celebrity Cameo award at the 2007 Spike Horror Awards for the role. Depp has stated that he based many of Sparrow's mannerisms on Richards. Richards reprised his role in ''Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides'', released in May 2011.

In March 2008 fashion house Louis Vuitton unveiled an advertising campaign featuring a photo of Richards with his ebony Gibson ES-355, taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz. Richards donated the fee for his involvement to The Climate Project, an organisation for raising environmental awareness.

On 28 October 2008 Richards appeared at the Musicians' Hall of Fame induction ceremony in Nashville, Tennessee, joining the newly inducted Crickets on stage for performances of "Peggy Sue", "Not Fade Away" and "That'll Be the Day".

In August 2009, Richards was ranked #4 in ''Time'' magazine's list of the 10 best electric guitar players of all time. In September 2009 Richards revealed to ''Rolling Stone'' magazine that in addition to anticipating a new Rolling Stones album, he has done some recording with Jack White: "I enjoy working with Jack," he said. "We’ve done a couple of tracks." On 17 October 2009, Richards received the Rock Immortal Award at Spike TV’s Scream 2009 awards ceremony at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles; the award was presented by Johnny Depp. "I liked the living legend, that was all right," Richards said, referring to an award he received in 1989, "but immortal is even better."

In 2009, a book of Richards' quotations was published, titled ''What Would Keith Richards Do?: Daily Affirmations from a Rock 'n' Roll Survivor''.

In August 2007 Richards signed a publishing deal for his autobiography, ''Life'', which was released October 26, 2010. On October 15, 2010, the Associated Press published an article stating that Richards refers to Mick Jagger as "unbearable" in the book and notes that their relationship has been strained "for decades."

Musical equipment

Guitars

Richards has a collection of approximately 3,000 guitars. Even though Richards has used many different guitar models, in a 1986 ''Guitar World'' interview he joked that no matter what model he plays, "give me five minutes and I'll make 'em all sound the same." However, Richards has often thanked Leo Fender, and other guitar manufacturers for making the instruments, as he did during the induction ceremony of the Rolling Stones into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Some of his notable instruments are: 1959 Gibson Les Paul Standard: Richards acquired this instrument, fitted with a Bigsby tailpiece, in 1964. The guitar was the first "star-owned" Les Paul in Britain and served as one of Richards's main instruments through 1966. He later sold the guitar to future Rolling Stones bandmate Mick Taylor. 1961 Epiphone Casino: Richards first used this instrument in May 1964, shortly before the Stones' first tour of America. The guitar (along with the 1959 Les Paul Standard) became a frequently used guitar by Richards until 1966. 1957 Gibson Les Paul Custom: In 1966 Richards acquired a 1957 Les Paul Custom, and hand-painted it with psychedelic patterns in 1968. It served as his main stage and studio guitar from 1966 through the end of the Rolling Stones' 1970 European tour, for which he acquired a second late-50s Les Paul Custom which he used in open-G tuning.

1969 Gibson SG: In the 1969 film "Gimme Shelter", Richards is seen playing the iconic Gibson SG, with its signature "Heritage Cherry" finish. It is this Gibson flat-body which produced the raw, driving chord progression heard in the live version of "Jumping Jack Flash" on the Stones' 1969 live album "GET YER YA-YAS OUT!".

Gibson ES-355s: Richards used this semi-hollow model on stage during the Rolling Stones' 1969 tour; it was a favourite for both Richards and Taylor during recording sessions for ''Sticky Fingers'' and ''Exile on Main St.'' Richards has also used ES-355s on every tour since 1997. In 2006 he also unveiled a white Gibson ES-345. Gibson Les Paul Juniors: Richards has regularly used both single-cutaway and double-cutaway Juniors since 1973. The one he is most frequently seen with is a TV-yellow double-cutaway instrument nicknamed "Dice", which he has used since 1979. On recent tours he has used this guitar for "Midnight Rambler" and "Out of Control". 1953 Fender Telecaster: Richards acquired this butterscotch Telecaster in 1971. Nicknamed "Micawber", after a character in Charles Dickens's novel ''David Copperfield'', it is set up for five-string open-G tuning (-GDGBD), and has only five bridge saddles. The neck pick-up has been replaced by a Gibson PAF humbucking pick-up, and the bridge pick-up has been replaced by a Fender lap steel pick-up (similar to a Fender Broadcaster pick-up). "Micawber" is one of Richards' main stage guitars, and is often used to play "Brown Sugar", "Before They Make Me Run", and "Honky Tonk Women". 1954 Fender Telecaster: A second Telecaster, nicknamed both "Malcolm" and "Number 2", is also set up for 5-string open-G tuning and has a Gibson PAF pick-up in the neck position. It has a natural finish and the wood grain is visible. 1967 Fender Telecaster: A third Telecaster used for five-string open-G playing is a dark sunburst model which is also fitted with a Gibson PAF pick-up; the PAF on this guitar has had its cover removed, exposing the bobbins. Richards has used this guitar on stage for many songs, including "You Can't Always Get What You Want" and "Tumbling Dice". 1958 Fender Stratocaster: Fellow Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood gave Richards his 1958 Mary Kaye Signature Stratocaster after the band's 1982 tour. The guitar is finished in see-through blond and fitted with gold hardware. Richards has used this guitar onstage for "You Don't Have to Mean It" and "Miss You". 1975 Fender Telecaster Custom: Richards first used this guitar on the Rolling Stones' 1975 Tour of the Americas, and it was his main stage and recording guitar until 1986. It was later adapted for five-string open-G tuning, and reappeared on stage in 2005. Ampeg Dan Armstrong plexiglas guitar: The Dan Armstrong guitar was given to Richards during rehearsals for the 1969 tour, and became one of his main stage guitars from 1969 through the first shows of the 1972 tour. Fitted with a custom-made "sustained treble" humbucker pick-up, the guitar was used mainly in standard tuning and can be heard on "Carol", "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Midnight Rambler" on ''Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out''. On the 1970 tour Richards added a second Dan Armstrong guitar fitted with a "rock treble" pick-up.

Gibson L6-S Custom: Played around the time of "Black And Blue". Appears in a video performance of "Crazy Mama".

Zemaitis Five-String: Custom-made in 1974 by British luthier Tony Zemaitis, the guitar nicknamed both "Macabre" and "the Pirate Zemaitis" was decorated with skulls, a pistol and a dagger. Richards used it as his main open-G guitar from 1975 to 1978, when it was destroyed in a fire at his rented Los Angeles home. Richards used a Japanese-made replica on the 2005/06 tour. Newman-Jones custom guitars: Texas luthier Ted Newman-Jones made several custom five-string instruments that Richards used on the 1973 tours of Australasia and Europe. Richards used another Newman-Jones custom model on the 1979 New Barbarians tour.

Amplifiers

Richards's amplifier preferences have changed repeatedly, but some of his notable amplifiers are: Mesa Boogie Mark 1 A804 – Used between 1977 and 1993, this 100-watt 1x12" combo is finished in hardwood with a wicker grille. It can be heard on the Rolling Stones albums ''Love You Live'', ''Some Girls'', ''Emotional Rescue'' and Tattoo You, as well as on Richards's two solo albums ''Talk is Cheap'' and ''Main Offender''. This amplifier was handcrafted by Randall Smith and delivered to Richards in March 1977. Fender Twin – Since the 1990s, Richards has tended to use a variety of Fender "tweed" Twins on stage. Containing a pair of 12" speakers, the Fender Twin was, by 1958, an 80-watt all-tube guitar amplifier. Richards has utilised a pair of Fender Twins to "to achieve his signature clean/dirty rhythm and lead sound."

Fender Dual Showman – first acquired in 1964, Richards made frequent use of his blackface Dual Showman amp through mid-1966. Used to record The Rolling Stones, Now!, Out of Our Heads, December's Children and Aftermath before switching over to various prototype amplifiers from Vox in 1967 and the fairly new Hiwatt in 1968

Effects

In 1965 Richards used a Gibson Maestro fuzzbox to achieve the distinctive tone of his riff on "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"; the success of the resulting single boosted the sales of the device to the extent that all available stock had sold out by the end of 1965. In the 1970s and early 1980s Richards frequently used guitar effects such as a wah-wah pedal, a phaser and a Leslie speaker, but he mainly relies on combining "the right amp with the right guitar" to achieve the sound he wants.

Discography

Studio albums

{|class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2"| Year !rowspan="2"| Title !colspan="2"| Chart positions !rowspan="2"| Certifications(sales thresholds) |- ! U.K. ! U.S. |- |1988 |''Talk Is Cheap''

Released: October 3, 1988

Label: Virgin

| style="text-align:center;"|37 [3 wks] | style="text-align:center;"|24 [23 wks] |

US: Gold

|- |1991 |''Live at the Hollywood Palladium, December 15, 1988''

Released: December 10, 1991

Label: Virgin

| style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |1992 |''Main Offender''

Released: October 19, 1992

Label: Virgin

| style="text-align:center;"|45 [2 wks] | style="text-align:center;"|99 [10 wks] |- |2010 |''Vintage Vinos''

Released: November 2, 2010

Label: Mindless Records

| style="text-align:center;"| — | style="text-align:center;"| — |- |}

Singles

!Release date	!Title	!US Mainstream Rock
December 1978	"Run Rudolph Run" b/w "The Harder They Come"
October 1988	"Take It So Hard"
November 1988	"You Don't Move Me"
February 1989	"Struggle"
October 1992	"Wicked As It Seems"
January 1993	"Eileen"
December 2007

Guest appearances on other artists' releases

The Beatles: backing vocals on "All You Need Is Love" broadcast (1967)

The Dirty Mac: ''The Rolling Stones' Rock & Roll Circus'' (recorded 1968, released 2004): bass on "Yer Blues" and "Her Blues"

Billy Preston: ''That's the Way God Planned It'' (1969): bass

Alexis Korner: ''Musically Rich...and Famous: Anthology 1967–1982'' (2003): guitar on "Get Off of My Cloud" (recorded 1974 or 1975)

Ronnie Wood: ''I've Got My Own Album to Do'' (1974): co-composer, guitar and vocals on "Sure the One You Need"; co-composer, guitar, piano and backing vocals on "Act Together"; guitar and backing vocals on several other tracks; ''The First Barbarians Live From Kilburn'' (recorded 1974, released 2007): guitar, vocals, keyboards; ''Now Look'' (1975): guitar and backing vocals on "Breathe on Me", "I Can't Stand the Rain" and "I Can Say She's Alright"; ''Gimme Some Neck'' (1979): guitar and backing vocals on "Buried Alive", backing vocals on "Seven Days"

Faces: ''The Faces' Final Concert'' (recorded 1974, released 2000): guitar on "Sweet Little Rock & Roller", "I’d Rather Go Blind" and "Twistin’ The Night Away"

John Phillips: ''Pay, Pack & Follow'' (recorded 1976–1977, released 2001) and ''Pussycat'' (outtakes and alternate mixes – recorded 1976–77, released 2008): co-producer, guitar, backing vocals

Peter Tosh: ''Bush Doctor'' (1978): guitar

The New Barbarians: ''Buried Alive: Live in Maryland'' (recorded 1979, released 2006): guitar, piano, lead and backing vocals

Ian McLagan: ''Troublemaker'' (1979, re-released in 2005 as ''Here Comes Trouble''): guitar and backing vocals on "Truly"

Screamin' Jay Hawkins: ''Portrait of a Man: A History of Screamin' Jay Hawkins'' (1979): guitar on "I Put a Spell on You and "Armpit #6"

Max Romeo: ''Holding Out My Love For You'' (1981): guitar, mixing

Tom Waits: ''Rain Dogs'' (1985): guitar and backing vocals on "Big Black Mariah", "Union Square" and "Blind Love"; ''Bone Machine'' (1992): co-composer, guitar and vocals on "That Feel"

''Sun City: Artists United Against Apartheid'' (1985): co-composer and guitar on "Silver and Gold"

Slim Jim Phantom, Lee Rocker & Earl Slick: ''Phantom Rocker and Slick'' (1986): guitar on "My Mistake"

Aretha Franklin: ''Jumpin' Jack Flash'' film soundtrack (1986): producer and guitar on title track, also on ''Jewels in the Crown: All-Star Duets with the Queen'' (2007)

Chuck Berry concert film ''Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll'' (1987): musical producer, guitar and backing vocals

Nona Hendryx: ''Female Trouble'' (1987): guitar on "Rock This House"

Ziggy Marley: ''Conscious Party'' (1988): guitar on "Lee & Molly"

Feargal Sharkey: ''Wish'' (1988): guitar on "More Love"

The Dirty Strangers: ''Dirty Strangers'' (1988): guitar; ''From W12 to Wittering'' (2009): piano on five tracks, co-composer of "Real Botticelli"

Johnnie Johnson: ''Johnnie B. Bad'' (1991): co-producer, guitar and vocals on "Key to the Highway", co-composer and guitar on "Tanqueray"

John Lee Hooker: ''Mr. Lucky'' (1991): guitar on "Crawling King Snake", guitar and backing vocals on "Whiskey and Wimmen"

The Neville Brothers: ''Uptown'' (1991): guitar

''Weird Nightmare: Meditations on Mingus'' (1992): guitar and vocals on "Oh Lord Don't Let Them Drop That Atomic Bomb on Me"

George Jones: ''Bradley Barn Sessions'' (1994): guitar and vocals on "Say It's Not You"; ''Burn Your Playhouse Down – The Unreleased Duets'' (2008): vocals on "Burn Your Playhouse Down" (recorded in 1994)

Bernie Worrell: ''Funk of Ages'' (1994): guitar

Bobby Womack: ''Resurrection'' (1994): guitar

Marianne Faithfull: ''A Collection'' (1994): co-producer and guitar on "Ghost Dance"; ''Easy Come, Easy Go'' (2008): guitar and harmony vocals on "Sing Me Back Home"

The Chieftains: ''Long Black Veil'' (1995): guitar on "The Rocky Road to Dublin"

Ivan Neville: ''Thanks'' (1995): guitar; ''Scrape'' (2004): guitar

Bo Diddley: ''A Man Amongst Men'' (1996): guitar on "Bo Diddley Is Crazy"

B.B. King: ''Deuces Wild'' (1997): guitar on "Paying the Cost to Be the Boss"

''Wingless Angels'' (1997): co-producer, guitar, backing vocals

Scotty Moore: ''All the King's Men'' (1997): guitar and vocals on "Deuce and a Quarter"

Jimmy Rogers All-Stars: ''Blues Blues Blues'' (1999): guitar on "Trouble No More", "Don't Start Me Talkin'" and "Goin' Away"

Sheryl Crow: ''Sheryl Crow & Friends: Live From Central Park'' (1999): guitar and vocals on "Happy"

Charlie Watts: ''Charlie Watts – Jim Keltner Project'' (2000): guitar on "The Elvin Suite"

''Timeless: Tribute to Hank Williams'' (2001): guitar and vocals on "You Win Again"

Peter Wolf: ''Sleepless'' (2002): guitar and vocals on "Too Close Together"

Willie Nelson & Friends: ''Stars & Guitars'' (2002): guitar and vocals on "Dead Flowers"; ''Outlaws & Angels'' (2004): guitar and vocals on "We Had It All", guitar on "Trouble in Mind" and "Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin On"

Hubert Sumlin: ''About Them Shoes'' (2004): guitar and vocals on "Still a Fool", guitar on "I Love the Life I Lead" and "Little Girl"

Toots & the Maytals: ''True Love'' (2004): guitar and vocals on "Careless Ethiopians"; guitar and backing vocals on "Pressure Drop" (released 2007)

''Return to Sin City: A Tribute to Gram Parsons'' (2004): guitar and vocals on "Love Hurts", "Hickory Wind" and "Wild Horses"

''Make It Funky'' (2005): guitar and vocals on "I'm Ready"

Les Paul & Friends: ''American Made World Played'' (2005): guitar on "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl"

Buddy Guy: ''Bring 'Em In'' (2005): guitar on "The Price You Gotta Pay"

Jerry Lee Lewis: ''Last Man Standing: The Duets'' (2006): guitar and vocals on "That Kind of Fool"

Ronnie Spector: ''Last of the Rock Stars'' (2006): guitar and vocals on "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", guitar on "All I Want"

Lee "Scratch" Perry: ''Scratch Came Scratch Saw Scratch Conquered'' (2008): guitar on "Heavy Voodoo" and "Once There's a Will There's a Way"

''Little Steven's Underground Garage'': ''Christmas a Go-Go'' (2008): This compilation album starts with Richards' "Run Rudolph Run", which the liner notes state is now "available for the first time on CD"

Richards also appeared on ''The Simpsons'' episode, "How I Spent My Strummer Vacation"

Lead vocals on Rolling Stones tracks

Below is a list of the officially released Rolling Stones tracks on which Richards sings lead vocals or shares lead-vocal duties:

"Something Happened to Me Yesterday" (alternates with Jagger), "Connection" (co-lead with Jagger) – ''Between the Buttons'' (1967)

"Salt of the Earth" (first verse) – ''Beggars Banquet'' (1968)

"You Got the Silver" – ''Let It Bleed'' (1969)

"Happy" – ''Exile On Main St.'' (1972)

"Coming Down Again" – ''Goats Head Soup'' (1973)

"Memory Motel" (alternates with Jagger) – ''Black and Blue'' (1976)

"Happy" (live) – ''Love You Live'' (1977)

"Before They Make Me Run" – ''Some Girls'' (1978)

"All About You" – ''Emotional Rescue'' (1980)

"Little T&A;" – ''Tattoo You'' (1981)

"Wanna Hold You" – ''Undercover'' (1983)

"Too Rude", "Sleep Tonight" – '' Dirty Work'' (1986)

"Can't Be Seen", "Slipping Away" – ''Steel Wheels'' (1989)

"Can't Be Seen" (live) – ''Flashpoint'' (1991)

"The Worst", "Thru and Thru" – ''Voodoo Lounge'' (1994)

"Slipping Away" (acoustic studio rehearsal) – ''Stripped'' (1995)

"You Don't Have to Mean It", "Thief in the Night", "How Can I Stop" – ''Bridges to Babylon'' (1997)

"Thief in the Night" (live) – ''No Security'' (1999)

"Losing My Touch" – ''Forty Licks'' (2002)

"Happy" (live), "The Nearness of You" (live), "You Don't Have to Mean It" (live) – ''Live Licks'' (2004)

"This Place Is Empty", "Infamy" – ''A Bigger Bang'' (2005)

"Hurricane" – CD single (free at US Rolling Stones concerts in 2005 with donation to Hurricane Katrina fund)

"Thru and Thru" (live) – ''Rarities 1971-2003'' (2005)

"You Got the Silver" (live), "Connection" (live), "Little T&A;" (live) – ''Shine a Light'' (2008)

Filmography

+Film	! Year	! Title	! Role
2007	''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End''	Captain Teague
2011	''Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides''	Captain Teague

References

External links

(requires Flash) in 2010

CBC Archives Richards's trial and sentencing in 24 Oct. 1978 and 16 April 1979

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Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:English expatriates in the United States Category:English blues guitarists Category:English-language singers Category:English male singers Category:English rock musicians Category:English people of Welsh descent Category:English rock guitarists Category:English singer-songwriters Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:Lead guitarists Category:People convicted of drug offenses Category:People from Dartford Category:People from Fairfield County, Connecticut Category:People from Staten Island Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers Category:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Category:Rhythm guitarists Category:The Dirty Mac Category:The Rolling Stones members Category:British rhythm and blues boom musicians

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