Coordinates	21°18′32″N157°49′34″N
Name	Eilat
Imgsize	70
Image3	Eilat2.jpg
Imgsize3	300
Hebname
Arname	ايلات
Founded	1951
Type	city
Typefrom	1959
District	south
Nickname(s)	Israeli Ibiza
Population	46,600
Popyear	2008
Area dunam	84789
Mayor	Meir Yitzhak Halevi
Pushpin map	Israel

Eilat (, ) is Israel's southernmost city, a busy port as well as a popular resort, located at the northern tip of the Red Sea, on the Gulf of Eilat (or Gulf of Aqaba). Home to 46,600 people, the city is part of the Southern Negev Desert, at the southern end of the Arava. The city is adjacent to the Egyptian village of Taba to the south, the Jordanian port city of Aqaba to the east, and within sight of Saudi Arabia to the south-east, across the gulf. Eilat's arid desert climate is moderated by proximity to a warm sea. Temperatures often exceed in summer, and in winter, while water temperatures range between . The city's beaches, nightlife and desert landscapes make it a popular destination for domestic and international tourism.

Geography

The geology and landscape are varied: igneous and metamorphic rocks, sandstone and limestone; mountains up to above sea level; broad valleys such as the Arava, and seashore on the Gulf of Aqaba. With an annual average rainfall of and summer temperatures of and higher, water resources and vegetation are limited. "The main elements that influenced the region's history were the copper resources and other minerals, the ancient international roads that crossed the area, and its geopolitical and strategic position. These resulted in a settlement density that defies the environmental conditions."

History

Antiquity

The original settlement was probably at the northern tip of the Gulf of Eilat. Archaeological excavations uncovered impressive prehistoric tombs dating to the 7th millennium BC at the western edge of Eilat, while nearby copper workings and mining operations at Timna Valley are the oldest on earth. Ancient Egyptian records also document the extensive and lucrative mining operations and trade across the Red Sea with Egypt starting as early as the Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Eilat is mentioned in antiquity as a major trading partner with Elim, Thebes' Red Sea Port, as early as the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt. Trade between Elim and Eilat furnished Frankincense and Myrrh, brought up from Ethiopia and Punt; Bitumen and Natron, from the Dead Sea; finely woven Linen, from Byblos; and copper amulets, from Timnah; all mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. In antiquity Eilat bordered the states of Edom, Midian and the tribal territory of the Rephidim, the indigenous inhabitants of the Sinai.

Israelite period

Eilat is first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Exodus. The first six stations of the Exodus are in Egypt. The 7th is the crossing of the Red Sea and the 9th-13th are in and around Eilat, after the exodus from Egypt and crossing the Red Sea. Station 12 refers to a dozen campsites in and around Timna in Modern Israel near Eilat. When King David conquered Edom, which up to then had been a common border of Edom and Midian, he took over Eilat, the border city shared by them as well. The commercial port city and copper based industrial center were maintained by Egypt until reportedly rebuilt by Solomon at a location known as Ezion-Geber (I Kings 9:26). In 2 Kings 14:21-22: "And all the people of Judah took Azariah, who was sixteen years old, and made him king in the room of his father Amaziah. He built ''Elath'', and restored it to Judah, after that the king slept among his fathers." And again in 2 Kings 16:6: "At that time Rezin king of Aram recovered ''Elath'' to Aram, and drove the Jews from ''Elath''; and the Edomites came to ''Elath'', and dwelt there, unto this day".

Roman and Muslim periods

During the Roman period a road was built to link the area with the Nabataean city of Petra (modern-day Jordan). The remains of a large copper smelting and trading community which flourished during the Ummayad Period (700-900 CE) were also found between what is now Eilat's industrial zone and nearby Kibbutz Eilot. The ''Darb el Hajj'' or "Pilgrim's Road", from Africa through Egypt to Mecca, passed out of Sinai from the west at Eilat before skirting the sea and continuing south into Arabia.

After the establishment of the State of Israel

The area was designated as part of the Jewish state in the 1947 UN Partition Plan. The British police post and collection of mudbrick buildings, called ''Umm Rashrash'' in Arabic, was taken without a fight on March 10, 1949, as part of Operation Uvda in which both the Negev and Golani Brigades participated. Having no Israeli flag with them, Negev Brigade soldiers improvised and raised the "Ink Flag" to establish Israel's claim over the area.

The Timna Copper Mines near Timna valley were opened, a port was constructed, the Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline laid, and tourism began. Construction of the city and the Port of Eilat began shortly after the end of the war. The port became vital to the fledgling country's development. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Arab countries maintained a state of hostility with Israel, blocking all land routes; Israel's access to and trade with the rest of the world was by air and sea alone. Further, Egypt denied passage through the Suez Canal to Israeli-registered ships or to any ship carrying cargo to or from Israeli ports. This made Eilat and its sea port crucial to Israel's communications, commerce and trade with Africa and Asia, and for oil imports. Without recourse to a port on the Red Sea Israel would have been unable to develop its diplomatic, cultural and trade ties beyond the Mediterranean basin and Europe. This happened in 1956 and again in 1967, when Egypt's closure of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping effectively blockaded the port of Eilat. In 1956, this led to Israel's participation alongside the U.K. and France in the war against Egypt sparked by the Suez Crisis, while in 1967 it was cited by Israel as an additional ''casus belli'' leading to the outbreak of the Six-Day War. Following peace treaties signed with Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, Eilat's borders with its neighbors were finally opened.

Climate

Eilat has a Desert climate with hot, dry summers and warm and almost rainless winters (BWh in Köppen climate classification). Winters are usually between to . Summers are usually between to . There are relatively small coral reefs near Eilat; however, 50 years ago they were much larger: the corals have been dying as a result of water pollution.

Demographics

In 2007, over 200 Sudanese refugees from Egypt who arrived in Israel illegally on foot were given work and allowed to stay in Eilat. Eilat's population includes a large number of foreign workers, estimated at over 10,000 (about 30% of the city's population) working as caregivers, hotel workers and in the construction trades.

Education

The educational system of Eilat accommodates more than 9,000 youngsters in eight day-care centers, 67 pre-kindergartens and kindergartens, 10 elementary schools, and four high schools. Ben Gurion University of the Negev maintains a campus in Eilat. The Eilat branch has 1,100 students, about 75 percent from outside the city. In 2010, a new student dormitory was funded and built by the Jewish Federation of Toronto, the Rashi Foundation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the municipality of Eilat. The Eilat Field School on the outskirts of Eilat offers special hiking tours that focus on desert ecology, the Red Sea, bird migration and other aspects of Eilat's flora and fauna.

Healthcare

Yoseftal Hospital, established in 1968, now part of the Yoseftal Medical Center, is Israel’s southernmost hospital. Special services geared to the Red Sea region are a hyperbaric chamber to treat victims of diving accidents and kidney dialysis facilities open to vacationing tourists.

Transportation

Eilat is connected to the rest of Israel and internationally by air, road and sea. Eilat Airport is located in the city centre and is used largely for domestic flights (IATA: ETH, ICAO: LLET). International flights often use Ovda International Airport some northwest of the city (IATA: VDA, ICAO: LLOV).

Eilat has two main roads connecting it with the center of Israel.

Egged, the national bus company, provides regular service to points north on an almost hourly basis as well as in-city on a half-hourly basis during daylight hours.

There are two main border crossings: the Taba Border Crossing to Taba, Egypt and Wadi Araba Crossing to Aqaba, Jordan, re-named the ''Yitzhak Rabin Border Crossing'' on the Israeli side. The Port of Eilat and Eilat Marina allow travel by sea. Near-term plans also call for a rail link to decrease travel times substantially from Eilat to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, via the existing line at Beer Sheba; planning is underway.

Economy

In the 1970s tourism became increasingly important to the city's economy as other industries shut down or were drastically reduced. Today tourism is the city's major source of income, although Eilat became a free trade zone in 1985.

Tourism

Eilat offers a wide range of accommodations, from hostels and luxury hotels to Bedouin hospitality. Attractions include: Birdwatching and ringing station: Eilat is located on the main migration route between Africa and Europe. International Birding & Research Center in Eilat.

Camel tours.

Coral Beach Nature Reserve, an underwater marine reserve of tropical marine flora and fauna.

Coral World Underwater Observatory - Located at the southern tip of Coral Beach, the observatory has aquaria, a museum, simulation rides, and shark, turtle and stingray tanks. Dolphin Reef - A marine biology and research station where visitors can swim and interact with dolphins.

Freefall parachuting.

Hai-Bar Yotvata Nature Reserve, established in the 1960s to conserve endangered species, including Biblical animals, from this and similar regions. The reserve has a Visitors Center, care and treatment enclosures, and large open area where desert animals are acclimated before re-introduction into the wild. Hai-Bar efforts have successfully re-introduced the Asian Wild Ass, or Onager, into the Negev. The Hai-Bar Nature Reserve and animal re-introduction program were described in Bill Clark's book "High Hills and Wild Goats: Life Among the Animals of the Hai-Bar Wildlife Refuge". The book also describes life in Eilat and the surrounding area.

IMAX, Three dimensional graphics films

Kings City, a biblical theme park located in the hotel area next to the Stella Maris Lagoon.

Marina with some 250 yacht berths.

Timna Valley Park - the oldest copper mines in the world. Egyptian temple of Hathor, King Solomon's Pillars sandstone formation, ancient pit mines and rock art. "What's Up" the Observatory in Eilat, a portable Astronomical Observatory with programs in the desert and on the promenade.

Ice Park - Park of ice and snow, is expected to be opened on: 11/11/2011.

Dive tourism

Skin and SCUBA diving, with equipment for hire on or near all major beaches. Scuba diving equipment rental and compressed air are available from diving clubs and schools all year round. Eilat is located in the Gulf of Aquaba, one of the most popular diving destinations in the world. The coral reefs along Eilat's coast remain relatively pristine and the area is recognized as one of the prime diving locations in the world. About 250,000 dives are performed annually in Eilat's coastline, and diving represents 10% of the tourism income of this area. In addition, given the proximity of many of these reefs to the shore, non-divers can encounter the Red Sea's reefs with relative ease. Water conditions for SCUBA divers are good all year round, with water temperatures around 21-25 C°, with little or no currents and clear waters with an average of 20–30 meters visibility.

Archaeology

Despite harsh conditions, the region has supported large populations as far back as 8,000 BCE. Exploration of ancient sites began in 1861, but only 7% of the area has undergone serious archaeological excavation. Some 1,500 ancient sites are located in a area. In contrast to the gaps found in settlement periods in the neighbouring Negev Highlands and Sinai, these sites show continuous settlement for the past 10,000 years..

Notable persons

Shahar Zubari, Israeli Olympic bronze-medal-winning windsurfer

Raviv Ullman, an Israeli-American actor and musician

Israeli-Arab conflict

Eilat has been spared large-scale terrorist attacks, though it was targeted three times in as many years:

Attack Type !! Date
Rockets	August 2010
Rockets	April 2010
Suicide Bomber	January 2007

The last attack did not cause any injuries or damage in Eilat, though it did leave one dead and 3 injured in Aqaba, Jordan.

Neighborhoods

Eilat has 15 neighborhoods:

Arava

Ganim A

Ganim B

Hadekel

Ha'eshel

Mizpe Yam

Maar'av Sheva also known as West7

Neve Midbar

Ophir

Shahamon

Tse'elim

Urim

Ye'elim

Zofit Elite

Zofit Tachtit

Sister cities and twin towns

Antibes, France Juan-les-Pins, France Arica, Chile Durban, South Africa Serres, Greece Smolyan, Bulgaria Kamen, Germany Kampen, Netherlands Toronto, Canada Los Angeles, United States Ushuaia, Argentina Piešťany, Slovakia Sopron, Hungary Benidorm, Spain

Eilat has streets named after Durban, Kamen, Kampen and Los Angeles as well as a Canada Park.

See also

Eilat (destroyer)

Eilot (kibbutz)

Eilat Airport

Eilat International Film Festival

Red Sea Jazz Festival

Eilat bakery bombing

Operation Ovda

Taba Border Crossing

Bnei Eilat F.C.

Hapoel Eilat B.C.

Yotvata Airfield

Eilat stone

References

External links

Eilat Hotel

Official city site

Eilat Tourism site

Go Visit Israel: Eilat

Eilat International Film Festival

Eilat Tourist directory

A film about Eilat in 1960 commentary

Dolphin Reef Eilat

Photos of Eilat

Coral Beach in southern Eilat

Tourism city guide site

Eilat Today, a magazine of current affairs

Category:Spa towns in Israel Category:Egypt–Israel border crossings Category:Israel–Jordan border crossings

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Coordinates	21°18′32″N157°49′34″N
Name	Dana International (דנה אינטרנשיונל)
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Yaron Cohen
Born	February 02, 1972Tel Aviv, Israel
Nationality	Israeli
Instrument	Vocals
Genre	Dance, Pop, World, Trance
Occupation	Singer-songwriter
Years active	1992–present
Label	Hed Arzi Music
Website	www.DanaInternational.co.il }}

Sharon Cohen (Hebrew: שרון כהן), professionally known as Dana International (Hebrew: דנה אינטרנשיונל, born Yaron Cohen, February 2, 1972) is an Israeli pop singer of Yemenite Jewish ancestry.

She is most famous for having won the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 in Birmingham with the song "Diva". She is arguably one of the most famous transsexual celebrities in the world. She has released eight albums and three additional compilation albums, positioning herself as one of Israel's most successful musical acts ever. She recently became one of the judges on Israeli Pop Idol, ''Kokhav Nolad''.

Dana International represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Germany, with the self-penned song "Ding Dong".

Biography

Sharon Cohen was born Yaron Cohen in Tel Aviv to a Jewish family of Yemenite and Romanian descent. In an interview, she said her grandfather originated from Transylvania (Romania). Her paternal grandparents lived in Petah Tikva. She was the youngest of three children, and was named after an uncle who had been killed during a terrorist attack. Though born biologically male, she identified as a female from a very young age. She wanted to become a singer since the age of eight, when she watched legendary Israeli singer Ofra Haza perform her song "Chai" in the 1983 Eurovision Song Contest. Although the family was quite poor, her mother worked to pay for her music lessons, and she claims that her childhood was happy. She came out as transsexual at the age of 13.

The first tragedy in Dana International's life was the death of her best friend Daniel, who died in a car accident. She asserts that Daniel had prophesied that she would someday have a successful singing career, and claims that Daniel's prediction is what pushed her to become the singer she wanted to be. The stage name she adopted, Dana or Danna, is the feminine version of Daniel's abbreviated name, Dan or Danny.

Career

1990–93: Dana International

At 18 years of age, International (still legally male) earned a living as Israel's first drag queen parodying many famous female singers. During one of her performances, she was discovered by Offer Nissim, a well-known Israeli DJ, who produced her debut single "Saida Sultana" ("My Name is Not Saida"), a satirical version of Whitney Houston's song "My Name Is Not Susan". The song received considerable exposure and helped launch her career as a professional singer.

In 1993, International flew to London for male-to-female sex reassignment surgery and legally changed her name to Sharon Cohen. Returning home with her new name, that same year Cohen released her first album, entitled ''Danna International'' in Israel. Soon after, the album was also released in several other countries including Greece, Jordan, and Egypt. Sharon's stage name Dana International comes from the title track of the album, and was originally spelled with two n:s. ''Danna International'' soon became a gold record in Israel.

1994: Umpatampa and Best Female Artist

In 1994 Dana released her second, Trance-influenced album ''Umpatampa'', which built on the success of her debut and provided further hit singles. The album went platinum in Israel and has sold more than 50,000 copies to date. Because of her popularity and the success of this album, she won the award for ''Best Female Artist of the Year'' in Israel.

1995: Eurovision song contest

In 1995, Dana attempted to fulfill her childhood dream of performing in the Eurovision Song Contest. She entered the Eurovision qualifying contest in Israel with a song entitled "Layla Tov, Eropa" ("Good Night Europe") which finished second in the pre-selections, but became another hit single.

In late 1995, Dana released an E.P. called ''E.P. Tampa'' with three new songs and four remixes and special versions of her earlier songs.

1996–97: Consolidating popularity

In 1996, Dana released her third album, ''Maganuna''. Although this album was less successful than her previous efforts, it still reached gold record sales in Israel and included the hits "Don Quixote," "Waving," and the club smash "Cinque Milla." In 1997, Dana collaborated with the Israeli artist Eran Zur on his album ''Ata Havera Sheli,'' and together they sang the duet "Shir Kdam-Shnati (Sex Acher)" ("Pre-Bed Song (A Different Kind of Sex)") which became a huge hit.

1998: ''Diva'' and mainstream spotlight

Dana was chosen to represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 in Birmingham with the song "Diva". Orthodox Jews and others with conservative views were opposed to her appointment and attempted to void her participation in the contest. However, in May 1998, Dana performed "Diva" at the Eurovision final and won the contest with 172 points. She became an international superstar, and was interviewed by CNN, BBC, Sky News, and MTV among others mostly focusing on her life as a transsexual person before winning the contest. Dana's own words ''"the message of reconciliation"'' were; ''"My victory proves God is on my side. I want to send my critics a message of forgiveness and say to them: try to accept me and the kind of life I lead. I am what I am and this does not mean I don't believe in God, and I am part of the Jewish Nation."''

Dana released "Diva" as a single in Europe and it became a hit, reaching number 11 in the UK charts and the top ten in Sweden, Belgium, Finland, Ireland, and the Netherlands.

1999–2001: Stage falling, Streisand cover and new albums

In 1999, Dana released ''Woman In Love'', a Barbra Streisand cover, but it was not the hit that "Diva" had been. In May 1999, Dana again participated in the Eurovision Song Contest held in Jerusalem. Dana was a part of the interval act and sang the Stevie Wonder song "Free". She also presented the award to the winners of the contest but accidentally managed to steal their thunder. Whilst she was carrying the heavy trophy, one of the composers of the winning Swedish entry by mistake stepped on the long trail of her dress and she fell over on stage – in front of a television audience estimated be to one billion or more, arguably making it one of the most memorable moments in the 50-year-long history of the contest.

She released her next album ''Free'' in Europe in 1999, which enjoyed moderate success. A few months later Cohen moved back to Israel and started to work on different projects. Israeli and Japanese editions of ''Free'' were released in 2000. That same year, an Israeli documentary film was made about Cohen called ''Lady D''.

In 2001, after a break, Cohen released her seventh album ''Yoter Ve Yoter'' (''More and More''). The album put her career in Israel back on track and provided two hits called "I Won" and "After All", which eventually both went gold.

2002–06: Fading from the scene and Sony incident

Dana was about to sign with major Sony/BMG for an international recording contract, but something went wrong in negotiations. These were disagreements that led to Sony canceling the deal before it was completed. In 2002, she released another album, ''HaHalom HaEfshari'' (''The Possible Dream''), which was a minor chart success. In 2003, she released an exclusive 8 CD box set, containing all singles from ''The Possible Dream'' and also a new house version of the hit single "Cinque Milla", titled ''A.lo.ra.lo.la''. A few years later, in 2005, Dana participated in the 50th anniversary of the Eurovision song contest, held in Copenhagen, after "Diva" was selected as one of fourteen songs considered to be the best Eurovision songs. The song did however not make it into the final top five, but Dana got the chance to perform both "Diva" and an old Eurovision favourite of hers; Baccara's 1978 entry "Parlez-Vous Francais?". She also recorded the song "Lola" (sung in French), to which she released a video. This video can be found on the CD ''Hakol Ze Letova'', released in 2007 as a bonus CD-rom video.

In 2005, Dana was voted the 47th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website ''Ynet'' to determine whom the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis.

2007–today: Return to music and Eurovision comeback

After a few years away from show business, together with the relaunch of her official website, a first single of the upcoming album was released in March 2007: "Hakol Ze Letova" ("It's All For the Best"). The second single to be released from the album, "Love Boy", became the most played song on Israeli radio in a decade. It also gained a respectable place on the airplay of the Greek radio station FLY FM 89,7. The following album, also titled ''Hakol Ze Letova'', was released on August 15, 2007. "At Muhana" was the third single and "Seret Hodi" (feat. ''Idan Yaniv'') the fourth to be released from the album, which became a bestseller in many online stores. The next single released from the album was "Yom Huledet".

On February 26, 2008, Dana gained an additional achievement when the song "Ke'ilu Kan" written and composed by her and performed by Boaz Mauda, was chosen on Kdam Eurovision to represent Israel at Eurovision Song Contest 2008 in Belgrade, Serbia. It came 5th in the semi-final and gained 9th place in the final rank.

Currently, Dana International is in the studio putting the finishing touches on her next album. Dana has also recorded a song called "Mifrats Ha Ahava" ("The Love Bay") for an Israeli version of the TV-show "Paradise Hotel". She recently collaborated with the Ukrainian duo NeAngely (Not Angels). They recorded the song "I Need Your Love" together and released a video. In 2009 Dana starred in a mock reality show called ''Dana Kama/Nama'' for cellphone provider Cellcom

Dana campaigned for Kadima chairwoman Tzipi Livni shortly before 2009 legislative elections in Israel. At a women's political rally in Jerusalem Dana performed a bouncy disco song right beside Livni onstage. Dana announced, "I now formally invite you to the diva sisterhood."

In April 2009 Dana performed in the opening concert of Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year. She performed the song "Lo nirdemet Tel Aviv" (Tel Aviv doesn't fall asleep) in front of 250,000 people.

On May 18, 2009, Dana International shut down her current website in hopes of launching her new website promoting her new album.

Also in 2009, Dana International joined the 7th season of "Kokhav Nolad" (the Israeli version of American Idol) as a judge and joined the 8th one as well in 2010.

Dana made a guest appearance, as herself, in an episode of the second series of UK sitcom Beautiful People, which was set around her Eurovision appearance. She is currently working on her next studio album, which is due to be released later in 2011.

Early in February, it was announced by IBA that Dana was preparing for a comeback in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 in Germany with the self-penned song Ding Dong and would compete in the Israeli National Final for 2011. On March 8 Dana International won the final and represented Israel at Eurovision for a second time. However, she did not make it into the final.

Discography

1993 ''Danna International (Offer Nissim Presents)'', IMP Dance

1994 ''Umpatampa'', IMP Dance

1995 ''E.P.Tampa (Offer Nissim Featuring)'', IMP Dance

1996 ''Maganuna'' (Crazy), Helicon/Big Foot

1998 ''Diva - The Hits'', IMP Dance

1998 ''Dana International The Album'', Helicon/Big Foot/PolyGram

1999 ''Free'', (European edition), CNR Music

2000 ''Free'', (Israeli edition), NMC

2000 ''Free'', (Japanese edition), NXCA

2001 ''Yoter Ve Yoter'' (More and more), NMC

2002 ''HaHalom HaEfshari'' (The possible dream), IMP Dance

2003 ''The CDs collection'', IMP Dance

2007 ''Hakol Ze Letova'' (It's all for the best), Hed Arzi Ltd.

2011 ''Ding Dong

References

External links

Dana International – Discover The Queen Of The Levant

Dana International Fan Website

Dana International Official Website

Unofficial Dana International fansite

Dana International – A Star Online; Website & Forum

Dana Photo Gallery

Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Israeli people of Yemeni origin Category:Israeli Jews Category:People from Tel Aviv Category:LGBT people from Israel Category:Transgender and transsexual musicians Category:Israeli people of Romanian origin Category:Israeli female singers Category:Israeli pop singers Category:Eurovision Song Contest winners Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1998 Category:Israeli Eurovision Song Contest entrants Category:Hebrew-language singers Category:English-language singers Category:LGBT Jews Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2011

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Alla Shulimovna Kushnir (; ; born 11 August 1941, Moscow) is a Russian–born Israeli chess Woman Grandmaster.

Kushnir was thrice Women's World Chess Championship Challenger. She lost matches for the title to Nona Gaprindashvili:

+3 –7 =3 at Riga 1965;

+2 –6 =5 at Tbilisi–Moscow 1969;

+4 –5 =7 at Riga 1972.

In tournaments, she took 2nd at Tbilisi–Suchumi 1962, tied for 1st-2nd at Sinaia 1969, won at Belgrad 1971, tied for 2nd-3rd at Wijk aan Zee, won at Moscow 1971, won at Vrnjačka Banja 1973.

Kushnir was a three-times winner of the Women's Chess Olympiads: in 1969 and 1972 she won the tournament as a player in the Soviet team, both times showing the best result at the 2nd board and in 1976 she won it as a player of the Israeli team, also showing the best result at the 1st board.

She was also joint USSR Women's Champion in 1970.

Kushnir fled from the Soviet Union to Israel in 1974.

Awarded the WIM title in 1962 and the WGM title in 1976.

References

External links

Jews in Sports bio

Category:1941 births Category:Living people Category:Jewish chess players Category:Israeli chess players Category:Russian chess players Category:Soviet chess players Category:Chess woman grandmasters Category:Israeli Jews Category:Russian Jews Category:Russian emigrants to Israel Category:Sportspeople from Moscow

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