This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | William McKinley |
---|---|
Office | 25th President of the United States |
Vicepresident | Garret HobartTheodore Roosevelt |
Term start | March 4, 1897 |
Term end | September 14, 1901 |
Predecessor | Grover Cleveland |
Successor | Theodore Roosevelt |
Order2 | 39th Governor of Ohio |
Lieutenant2 | Andrew Harris |
Term start2 | January 11, 1892 |
Term end2 | January 13, 1896 |
Predecessor2 | James Campbell |
Successor2 | Asa Bushnell |
State3 | Ohio |
District3 | 18th |
Term start3 | March 4, 1887 |
Term end3 | March 4, 1891 |
Predecessor3 | Isaac Taylor |
Successor3 | Joseph Taylor |
Term start4 | March 4, 1883 |
Term end4 | March 4, 1885 |
Predecessor4 | Addison McClure |
Successor4 | Jonathan Wallace |
State5 | Ohio |
District5 | 20th |
Term start5 | March 4, 1885 |
Term end5 | March 4, 1887 |
Predecessor5 | David Paige |
Successor5 | George Crouse |
State6 | Ohio |
District6 | 17th |
Term start6 | March 4, 1881 |
Term end6 | March 4, 1883 |
Predecessor6 | James Monroe |
Successor6 | Joseph Taylor |
Term start7 | March 4, 1877 |
Term end7 | March 4, 1879 |
Predecessor7 | Laurin Woodworth |
Successor7 | James Monroe |
State8 | Ohio |
District8 | 16th |
Term start8 | March 4, 1879 |
Term end8 | March 4, 1881 |
Predecessor8 | Lorenzo Danford |
Successor8 | Jonathan Updegraff |
Birth date | January 29, 1843 |
Birth place | Niles, Ohio, U.S. |
Death date | September 14, 1901 |
Death place | Buffalo, New York, U.S. |
Party | Republican Party |
Spouse | Ida Saxton |
Children | KatherineIda |
Alma mater | Allegheny CollegeAlbany Law School |
Profession | Lawyer |
Religion | Methodism |
Signature | William McKinley Signature-full.svg |
Signature alt | Cursive signature in ink |
Allegiance | United StatesUnion |
Branch | United States ArmyUnion Army |
Serviceyears | 1861–1865 |
Rank | CaptainBrevet major |
Battles | American Civil War |
Unit | 23rd Ohio Infantry }} |
McKinley, a native of Ohio, was of Scots-Irish and English descent, born into a large family, and served with distinction in the Civil War. He became an able lawyer, quickly joined the Ohio Republican party ranks, was married by age 28 and became a father briefly before the deaths of his two daughters. When wife Ida's health suddenly diminished in 1873, McKinley assumed a caregiving role for her, which eventually allowed her to serve as First Lady; his need for a diversion from these duties prompted him to launch his political career.
By the late 1870s, McKinley had become a national Republican leader. He served in Congress as Representative of Ohio, and also was elected Governor of Ohio. His signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his McKinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, opposing Democrat William Jennings Bryan, he promoted pluralism among ethnic groups. His campaign, designed by Mark Hanna, introduced revolutionary advertising techniques, and defeated the crusade of his arch-rival, William Jennings Bryan.
McKinley presided over a return to prosperity after the Panic of 1893, with the gold standard as a keystone. He demanded that Spain end its atrocities in Cuba, which were angering Americans; Spain resisted the interference and the Spanish-American War began in 1898. The U.S. victory was quick and decisive, as the weak Spanish fleets were sunk and both Cuba and the Philippines were captured within several months. As a result of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were annexed by the United States as unincorporated territories, and U.S occupation of Cuba began; this occurred in the face of the opposition from Democrats and anti-imperialists fearing a loss of republican values. McKinley also annexed the independent Republic of Hawaii in 1898, with all its citizens becoming full American citizens.
McKinley was reelected in the 1900 presidential election following another intense campaign against Bryan, which focused on foreign policy and the return of prosperity. President McKinley was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz in September of the following year, and succeeded by his Vice President Theodore Roosevelt. McKinley's presidency receives an aggregate rating of 20th among the presidents in the historical rankings of Presidents of the United States.
McKinley's aggressive promotion of the protective tariff was a byproduct of his allegiance to his native rural Ohio, where the economy, and livelihoods, very much depended upon the production of iron, coal, farm machinery and wool. He became expert at the art of bill drafting, could navigate easily through buried loopholes in the tariff rate schedule, and learned the subtlety of writing a law that appeared to moderate tariff rates while in fact increasing them.
After leaving Congress, McKinley ran for and was elected Governor of Ohio in 1891, defeating Democrat James E. Campbell, with the help of Mark Hanna. His campaign emphasized the use of the gold standard, though he later was a proponent of bimetallism, which led to shifts of emphasis and inconsistent statements, resulting in an image of expediency on currency issues. He was reelected in 1893 when opposed by Lawrence T. Neal. As governor, he took a keen interest in industrial arbitration legislation which provided a non mandatory process for the peaceful settlement of labor disputes, and aided in facilitating a few settlements with McKinley's support. In one strike against a railroad, however, he was required to call out the national guard, which quickly restored peace. At the Republican national convention in 1892, he received a few votes as nominee for president while campaigning for the reelection of President Benjamin Harrison, and established himself as a probable candidate for president in 1896.
In 1893, McKinley came close to declaring bankruptcy due to his liability on loans he had endorsed for Robert L. Walker. McKinley had made his endorsements on blank notes, which Walker increased as needed, eventually totaling over $130,000. Due to the fundraising efforts of Hanna on behalf of the victimized, though negligent, McKinley, the obligations were satisfied, bankruptcy (and resignation as Governor) was avoided and McKinley was able to quickly regain his political poise.
The off year elections of 1894 found McKinley in very high demand, and had him traversing sixteen states to make over 350 speeches on behalf of various Republicans. He succeeded in bolstering various factions, including farmers, industrialists and union members. Due in part to his efforts, the Democratic majority in the House of Representatives was reversed.
In 1895, a community of severely impoverished miners in Hocking Valley telegraphed Governor McKinley to report their plight, writing, "Immediate relief needed." Within five hours McKinley had paid out of his own pocket for a railroad car full of food and other supplies to be sent to the miners. He then proceeded to contact the Chambers of Commerce in every major city in the state, instructing them to investigate the number of citizens living below poverty level. When reports returned revealing large numbers of starving Ohioans, the governor headed a charity drive and raised enough money to feed, clothe, and supply more than 10,000 people.
After winning the nomination he went home and conducted his campaign exclusively from his front porch, addressing hundreds of thousands of voters, including organizations ranging from traveling salesmen to bicycle clubs. Many of these voters campaigned for McKinley after returning home. McKinley left Canton only twice during the campaign, and his home town took on quite a carnival atmosphere. The Republican National Committee raised an unprecedented $3.5 million.
McKinley's opponent was William Jennings Bryan, who ran on a single issue of "free silver" and money policy. In his letter formally accepting his nomination, McKinley issued a dissertation on the currency question of primary concern, saying "Good money never made times hard", and his remarks eminently satisfied the sound money men, from goldbugs to bi-medalists, and also made clear his support of tariffs. McKinley promised that he would promote industry and banking, and guarantee prosperity for every group in a pluralistic nation. A Democratic cartoon ridiculed the promise, saying it would rock the boat. McKinley replied that the protective tariff would bring prosperity to all groups, city and country alike, while Bryan's free silver would create inflation but no new jobs, would bankrupt railroads, and would permanently damage the economy.
McKinley succeeded in getting votes from the urban areas and ethnic labor groups. Campaign manager Hanna adopted newly-invented advertising techniques to spread McKinley's message. Although Bryan was ahead in August, McKinley's counter-crusade put him on the defensive and gigantic parades for McKinley in every major city a few days before the election undercut Bryan's allegations that workers were coerced to vote for McKinley. He defeated Bryan by a large margin. His appeal to all classes is thought by many to have marked a realignment of American politics and initiated the progressive era. His success in industrial cities gave the Republican party a grip on the North comparable to that of the Democrats in the South.
In civil service administration, McKinley reformed the system to make it more flexible in critical areas. The Republican platform, adopted after President Cleveland's extension of the merit system, emphatically endorsed this, as did McKinley himself. Against extreme pressure, particularly in the Department of War, the President resisted until May 29, 1899. His order of that date withdrew from the classified service 4,000 or more positions, removed 3,500 from the class theretofore filled through competitive examination or an orderly practice of promotion, and placed 6,416 more under a system drafted by the Secretary of War. The order declared regular a large number of temporary appointments made without examination, besides rendering eligible, as emergency appointees without examination, thousands who had served during the Spanish War. In patronage terms, McKinley adeptly employed appointments to cultivate the favor of members of the Senate, but also made appointments which flowed to his singular benefit. While many suspected otherwise, newly appointed Senator Mark Hanna was not allowed to assume an insider's role in McKinley's decision making. The President had earlier offered Hanna the patronage-dispensing position of Postmaster General, which Hanna refused.
Republicans pointed to the deficit under the Wilson Law with much the same concern manifested by President Grover Cleveland in 1888 over the surplus. A new tariff law had to be passed, if possible before a new Congressional election. An extra session of Congress was therefore summoned for March 15, 1897. The Ways and Means Committee, which had been at work for three months, forthwith reported through Chairman Nelson Dingley the bill which bore his name. With equal promptness the Committee on Rules brought in a rule at once adopted by the House, whereby the new bill, in spite of Democratic pleas for time to examine, discuss, and propose amendments, reached the Senate the last day of March. More deliberation marked procedure in the Senate. This body passed the bill after toning up its schedules with some 870 amendments, most of which pleased the Conference Committee and became law. The President signed the act July 24, 1897. The Dingley Act was estimated by its author to advance the average rate from the 40 percent of the Wilson Bill to approximately 50 percent or a shade higher than the McKinley rate. As proportioned to consumption the tax imposed by, it was probably heavier than that under either of its predecessors.
Reciprocity, a feature of the McKinley Tariff, was suspended by the Wilson Act. The Republican platform of 1896 declared protection and reciprocity twin measures of Republican policy. Clauses graced the Dingley Act allowing reciprocity treaties to be made, "duly ratified" by the Senate and "approved" by Congress. Under the third section of the Act some concessions were given and received, but the treaties negotiated under the fourth section, which involved lowering of strictly protective duties, met summary defeat when submitted to the Senate.
George B. Cortelyou served as the first presidential press secretary of sorts. He was the first individual in the president's office who regularly called for correspondents when an announcement was to be made, provided them with workspace in the White House, and also prepared and distributed statements to the press.
The President's selection of leadership in the State Department was a mélange. First, McKinley's appointment of aging Ohio Senator John Sherman to head the State Department was questioned from the outset. While McKinley genuinely hoped Sherman's reputation and experience would bolster the integrity of his Cabinet, it quickly became apparent that Sherman was too old to function in his role. (McKinley's first choice for the State Department, Senator William Allison of Iowa, declined the offer.) Sherman, who previously served as Secretary of the Treasury, initially appeared to be a strong selection. Although Sherman was indeed an experienced statesman, he was too advanced in years, but succeeded for a time in obscuring his increased senility. McKinley named longtime friend William Rufus Day as First Assistant to Sherman, to serve as the de-facto department head, even though Day lacked any experience as a diplomat, and demonstrated it. McKinley further relied on the deaf career diplomat, Alvey A. Adee, as Second Assistant to Sherman, to mentor Day in his role. This lineup was thus often maligned: "The Secretary knows nothing, the First Assistant says nothing, and the Second Assistant hears nothing."
On February 15, 1898, the'' Maine'' mysteriously exploded and sank in the Havanna harbor, causing the deaths of 250 men, along with a hew and cry from the public for war against Spain; at the same time the State Dept. began intense efforts at negotiations with Spain. The Navy named a board of inquiry to investigate, and McKinley asked the public to withhold judgment until the inquiry, as well as diplomatic negotiations, were complete. The President received a report of the investigation on a Friday, which concluded the explosion was caused by a submarine mine of unknown origin. McKinley immediately prepared a message for Congress, which included a key request for its "deliberate consideration" as well as forbearance while negotiations for peace continued. A copy of the report was leaked that weekend, and significant Congressional and public support for war was emboldened. The President's message was then delayed by another 5 days, to allow for military preparations and evacuation of American citizens from Cuba.
When the President finalized his message to Congress, he softened his stance of preference for negotiation, in favor of a policy of "neutral intervention". Congress initially passed a joint resolution, recognizing Cuban independence (but not a free standing republic), demanding Spanish withdrawal from Cuba, and directing the President to use armed forces for enforcement. The ''Maine'' tragedy also led to a sudden realization of naval ill-preparedness, and Congress quickly passed an appropriation bill for $50 million for defense. The onus of Navy purchases fell to Assistant Secretary Roosevelt, who burned to launch the Atlantic Squadron full tilt against Havanna, and who viewed the more sanguine McKinley as "having no more backbone than a chocolate éclair." Nevertheless, Mckinley had promptly issued an ultimatum to Spain to cease and desist, and also ordered a blockade of Cuba. A few days later Congress voted to declare war against Spain, effective with the blockade.
A week after the President's ultimatum, the Navy Department pressed for authority to immediately begin offensives against the Spanish fleet in the Philippines, in light of Britain's declared neutrality and presence in the area. The President responded with authorization to Asiatic Squadron commander George Dewey. Dewey's victory in the Philippines was quick and decisive, and the President promoted him to Rear Admiral for his efforts. McKinley assigned Major General Wesley Merritt the role of military governor in the Philippines, with orders to establish military rule, but to avoid severity upon civilians, and to disown any intent to make war or to ally with any faction. Merritt's mission temporarily stalled in California, for lack of personnel and transportation.
At the outset of the war, in many respects the War Department was thus not well prepared, under the leadership of Secretary Russell A. Alger. McKinley was also forced to suspend his initial order for an attack on Havanna, due to inadequate supplies and troops to proceed. Alger placed unsupported blame on the President for restricting expenditures to coastline defenses. The Navy Department as well was not without its own difficulties in its initial offensive operations in the Carribean. While the Spanish naval commander Pascual Cervera idled in port at Santiago, U.S. commander Winfield Scott Schley refused to carry out orders to pursue the Spanish fleet, claiming a shortage of coal. Shley also refused to recognize rival William T. Sampson as the top commander in the Cuba operation. It was only after multiple false starts and chaotic supply management and transportation problems that the Army succeeded in dispatching 17,000 troops (the largest force in U.S. history at the time) from Tampa en route to Santiago under the leadership of William R. Shafter. Once in transit, Shafter consistently directed the campaign of the ground war with minimal consultation or even communication with Sampson and the Navy, shunning use of the marines or the benefit of Naval bombardment. By his own admission, Shafter commented, "there was no strategy about it – just to do it quick." Once unloaded, the troops' orders were first and foremost to move rapidly on Las Gasimas; the offensive was a success, except for the fact that due to continued inefficiencies in the Quartermaster Corps., Shafter had outrun his supplies. The President was very much aware of the inefficiencies of waging war, and worked mightily to reduce the problems; nevertheless, he had witnessed first hand much worse, in fresh memories of the Civil War. There was a fair amount of finger pointing inherent in the midst of military missteps; McKinley was reluctant to react precipitously, assuming that some of these problems would be experienced regardless of who was in place. While the war was still in its infancy, he had already begun to focus on the terms of peace, saying, "We must be certain to keep what we have worked to acquire." The President did ultimately ask for Secretary Alger's resignation in the wake of the War Department's many inefficiencies; many thought the action came later than warranted.
Volunteer militia and national guard units indeed rushed to the colors, including Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders". The famous Battle of Las Gisamas and Battle of San Juan Hill were pivotal successes in the war effort, though they came at an inordinate number of casualties equal to ten percent of Shafter's forces. The naval war in Cuba was ultimately also a success, the shortest war in U.S. history, and after 118 days Spain agreed to peace terms at the Treaty of Paris in July. Secretary of State John Hay called it a "splendid little war." The United States gained ownership of Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain as well as purchasing the Philippines for $20 Million, and political and economic control over Cuba through the Platt Amendment. According to many historians, the United States had thus begun to display attributes of strong imperialism. Hawaii, which for years had tried to join the U.S., was annexed.
At the Peace Conference Spain sold its rights to the Philippines to the U.S., which took control of the islands and suppressed local rebellions, over the objection of the Democrats and the newly formed Anti-Imperialist League. McKinley sent William Howard Taft to the Philippines and then to Rome to settle the long-standing dispute over lands owned by the Catholic Church. By 1901 the Philippines were peaceful again after a decade of turmoil. The above recollection is not corroborated, according to biographer Gould, who rejects the quotation as unlikely to have been made. Historians Schweikart and Allen indicate that the "Christianize" point represented a minor factor in the President's policy, though Protestant American missionaries had a presence on the islands. Other historians have dismissed the missionary element as an excuse for sheer secular expansionism.
McKinley made several speeches on African American equality and justice: }}
Despite McKinley's laudatory rhetoric, the political realities prevented any real action on the part of his administration in regards to race relations. McKinley did little to alleviate the backwards situation of black Americans because he was "unwilling to alienate the white South." During the Spanish-American War, McKinley made certain that black soldiers served, and even countermanded army orders preventing recruitment of African-American soldiers. Such efforts, as Gerald Bahles points out, however, did little to "stem the deteriorating position of blacks in American society."
name | McKinley |
---|---|
president | William McKinley |
president start | 1897 |
president end | 1901 |
vice president | Garret A. Hobart |
vice president start | 1897 |
vice president end | 1899 |
vice president 2 | None |
vice president start 2 | 1899 |
vice president end 2 | 1901 |
vice president 3 | Theodore Roosevelt |
vice president date 3 | 1901 |
state | John Sherman |
state start | 1897 |
state end | 1898 |
state 2 | William R. Day |
state date 2 | 1898 |
state 3 | John Hay |
state start 3 | 1898 |
state end 3 | 1901 |
treasury | Lyman J. Gage |
treasury start | 1897 |
treasury end | 1901 |
war | Russell A. Alger |
war start | 1897 |
war end | 1899 |
war 2 | Elihu Root |
war start 2 | 1899 |
war end 2 | 1901 |
justice | Joseph McKenna |
justice start | 1897 |
justice end | 1898 |
justice 2 | John W. Griggs |
justice start 2 | 1898 |
justice end 2 | 1901 |
justice 3 | Philander C. Knox |
justice date 3 | 1901 |
post | James A. Gary |
post start | 1897 |
post end | 1898 |
post 2 | Charles E. Smith |
post start 2 | 1898 |
post end 2 | 1901 |
navy | John D. Long |
navy start | 1897 |
navy end | 1901 |
interior | Cornelius N. Bliss |
interior start | 1897 |
interior end | 1899 |
interior 2 | Ethan A. Hitchcock |
interior start 2 | 1899 |
interior end 2 | 1901 |
agriculture | James Wilson |
agriculture start | 1897 |
agriculture end | 1901 }} |
One bullet was easily found and extracted, but doctors were unable to locate the second bullet. It was feared that the search for the bullet might cause more harm than good. In addition, McKinley appeared to be recovering, so doctors decided to leave the bullet where it was.
The newly developed x-ray machine was displayed at the fair, but doctors were reluctant to use it on McKinley to search for the bullet because they did not know what side effects it might have on him. The operating room at the exposition's emergency hospital did not have any electric lighting, even though the exteriors of many of the buildings at the extravagant exposition were covered with thousands of light bulbs. The surgeons were unable to operate by candlelight because of the danger created by the flammable ether used to keep the president unconscious, so doctors were forced to use pans instead to reflect sunlight onto the operating table while they treated McKinley's wounds.
McKinley's doctors believed he would recover, and he convalesced for more than a week in Buffalo at the home of the exposition's director. On the morning of September 12, he felt strong enough to receive his first food orally since the shooting – toast and a small cup of coffee. However, by afternoon he began to experience discomfort and his condition rapidly worsened. McKinley began to go into shock. At 2:15 am on September 14, 1901, eight days after he was shot, he died at age 58 from gangrene surrounding his wounds. His last words were, "It is God's way; His will be done, not ours." He was originally buried in the receiving vault of West Lawn Cemetery in Canton, Ohio. His remains were later reinterred in the McKinley Memorial, also in Canton.
The scene of the assassination, the Temple of Music, was demolished in November 1901, along with the rest of the Exposition grounds. A stone marker in the middle of Fordham Drive, a residential street in Buffalo, marks the approximate spot where the shooting occurred. Czolgosz's revolver is on display in the Pan-American Exposition exhibit at the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society in Buffalo.
McKinley was the last veteran of the American Civil War in the White House; he was the last president of the 19th century and the first of the 20th.
Category:1843 births Category:1901 deaths Category:Albany Law School alumni Category:Allegheny College alumni Category:American Methodists Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Assassinated United States Presidents Category:Deaths by firearm in New York Category:Deaths from gangrene Category:Governors of Ohio Category:History of the United States (1865–1918) Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio Category:Ohio Republicans Category:People from Canton, Ohio Category:People from Niles, Ohio Category:People murdered in New York Category:People of the Spanish–American War Category:Presidents of the United States Category:Republican Party Presidents of the United States Category:Republican Party state governors of the United States Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees Category:Union Army officers Category:United States Army officers Category:United States presidential candidates, 1892 Category:United States presidential candidates, 1896 Category:United States presidential candidates, 1900 Category:University of Mount Union alumni William McKinley
af:William McKinley am:ዊሊያም ማኪንሌይ ang:William McKinley ar:ويليام مكينلي an:William McKinley az:Uilyam Mak-Kinli bn:উইলিয়াম ম্যাকিনলি zh-min-nan:William McKinley be:Уільям Мак-Кінлі be-x-old:Ўільям МакКінлі bcl:William McKinley bs:William McKinley bg:Уилям Маккинли ca:William McKinley ceb:William McKinley cs:William McKinley co:William McKinley cy:William McKinley da:William McKinley de:William McKinley et:William McKinley el:Ουίλλιαμ ΜακΚίνλεϋ es:William McKinley eo:William McKinley eu:William McKinley fa:ویلیام مککینلی fr:William McKinley ga:William McKinley gv:William McKinley gd:William McKinley gl:William McKinley ko:윌리엄 매킨리 hi:विलियम मकिन्ली hr:William McKinley io:William McKinley id:William McKinley is:William McKinley it:William McKinley he:ויליאם מקינלי pam:William McKinley ka:უილიამ მაკ-კინლი rw:William McKinley sw:William McKinley la:Gulielmus McKinley lv:Viljams Makinlijs lb:William McKinley lt:William McKinley hu:William McKinley mr:विल्यम मॅककिन्ली ms:William McKinley my:ဝီလျံ မက်ကင်လီ nl:William McKinley ja:ウィリアム・マッキンリー no:William McKinley nn:William McKinley oc:William McKinley pnb:ولیم میک کنلے pl:William McKinley pt:William McKinley ro:William McKinley rm:William McKinley ru:Маккинли, Уильям sco:William McKinley sq:William McKinley scn:William McKinley simple:William McKinley sk:William McKinley sl:William McKinley sr:Вилијам Макинли sh:William McKinley fi:William McKinley sv:William McKinley tl:William McKinley th:วิลเลียม แมกคินลีย์ tr:William McKinley uk:Вільям Мак-Кінлі ur:ولیم میک کنلے vi:William McKinley war:William McKinley yi:וויליאם מעקינלי yo:William McKinley zh:威廉·麦金莱This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Georges Méliès |
---|---|
Birth name | Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès |
Birth date | December 08, 1861 |
Birth place | Paris, France |
Death date | January 21, 1938 |
Death place | Paris, France |
Years active | 1896–1914 |
Occupation | Filmmaker, Illusionist, Toymaker |
Spouse | Jeanne d'Alcy (1926-1938) }} |
In 1895, he became interested in film after seeing a demonstration of the Lumière brothers' camera. In 1897, he established a studio on a rooftop property in Montreuil. Actors performed in front of a painted set as inspired by the conventions of magic and musical theater. He directed 531 films between 1896 and 1914, ranging in length from one to forty minutes. In subject matter, these films are often similar to the magic theater shows that Méliès had been doing, containing "tricks" and impossible events, such as objects disappearing or changing size. These early special effects films were essentially devoid of plot. The special effects were used only to show what was possible, rather than enhance the overall film.
Melies early films were mostly composed of single in-camera effects, used for the entirety of the film. For example, after experimenting with multiple exposure, Melies created his film ''The One Man Band'' in which he played seven different characters simultaneously.
His most famous film is ''A Trip to the Moon'' (''Le voyage dans la Lune'') made in 1902, which includes the celebrated scene in which a spaceship hits the eye of the man in the moon. Also famous is ''The Impossible Voyage'' (''Le voyage à travers l'impossible'') from 1904. Both of these films are about strange voyages, somewhat in the style of Jules Verne. These are considered to be some of the most important early science fiction films, although their approach is closer to fantasy. In addition, horror cinema can be traced back to Georges Méliès's ''Le Manoir du diable'' (1896). A print of the film was acquired by Thomas Edison, who then duplicated and distributed it in the United States, where it achieved financial success; however, Edison did not pay any revenues to Méliès.
In 1913 Georges Méliès' film company was forced into bankruptcy by the large French and American studios, and his company was bought out of receivership by Pathé Frères. Méliès did not grasp the value of his films, and with some 500 films recorded on cellulose, the French Army seized most of this stock to be melted down into boot heels during World War I. Many of the other films were sold to be recycled into new film. As a result many of his films do not exist today.
After being driven out of business, Méliès became a toy salesman at the Montparnasse station, with the assistance of funds collected by other filmmakers. In 1932 the Cinema Society gave Méliès a home in Château d'Orly. Georges Méliès was also awarded the Légion d'honneur (Legion of honor), which was presented to him by Louis Lumière.
Méliès died in Paris and was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.
His 1899 short film ''Cleopatra'' was believed to be a lost film until a copy was discovered in 2005 in Paris.
name | Georges Méliès film Conquest of the Pole |
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This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Brighton Beach () is an oceanside neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. As of 2000, it has a population of 75,692 with a total of 31,228 households.
Brighton Beach is bounded by Coney Island at Ocean Parkway to the west, Manhattan Beach at Corbin Place to the east, Gravesend at the Belt Parkway to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean to the south (at the Riegelmann Boardwalk/beachfront). It is patrolled by the NYPD's 60th Precinct.
The centerpiece of the resort was the large Hotel Brighton (or Brighton Beach Hotel), placed on the beach at what is now the foot of Coney Island Avenue and accessed by the ''Brooklyn, Flatbush, and Coney Island Railway'', which opened on July 2, 1878. After a series of winter storms threatened to swamp the hotel, an audacious plan was developed to move it in one piece 520 feet further inland by placing railroad track and 112 railroad flat cars under the raised 460 ft. by 130 ft. building and using six steam locomotives to pull it away from the sea. Engineered by B.C. Miller, the move was begun on April 2, 1888 and continued for the next nine days, being the largest building move of the 19th century.
Adjacent to the hotel, Engeman built the Brighton Beach Race Course for Thoroughbred horse racing. The village was annexed into the 31st Ward of the City of Brooklyn in 1894.
Brighton Beach was re-developed as a fairly dense residential community with the final rebuilding of the Brighton Beach railway into a modern rapid transit line, known as the BMT Brighton Line of the New York City Subway c. 1920. The subway system in the neighborhood is above ground on an elevated structure.
The years just before and following The Great Depression brought with them a neighborhood consisting mostly of first and second generation Jewish-Americans and, later, a number of concentration camp survivors. Notable establishments included Diamond's (a small clothing store owned by the parents of Neil Diamond), Irving's Deli, Mrs. Stahl's Knishes and The Famous, a kosher restaurant. The summer would bring the crowds, and many world renowned celebrities, to the Brighton Beach Baths (Private Beach Club) and surrounding public beaches.
Today, the area has a large community of Jewish immigrants who left the Former Soviet Union since 1970. Some non-Jewish immigrants, such as Armenians and Georgians, have also settled in Brighton Beach and the surrounding neighborhoods, taking advantage of the already established Russian-speaking community.
Among the charitable organizations serving the Russian-speaking community is the Russian Community Life Center, which provides a variety of classes and programs.
Brighton Beach was dubbed "Little Odessa" by the local populace due to many of its residents having come from Odessa, a city of Ukraine. In 2006, Alec Brook-Krasny was elected for the 46th District of the New York State Assembly, the first elected Soviet-born Jewish politician from Brighton Beach.
Brighton Beach is home to many other ethnic groups. On Brighton 7th Street and Neptune Avenue, there is a mosque where Muslims (mostly from Pakistan and Bangladesh) pray, and another between Brighton 8th Street and Banner Avenue known as Al-Arqam. Nearby areas are sometimes called "Pakistani Brighton". There are numerous Polish, Russian, Armenian, Turkish and Georgian residents, but relatively few Italian-Americans or African-Americans . There are also some Korean markets, but for the most part their owners do not reside in the neighborhood. Notable past residents include former talk-show host Larry King and current General Bancorp President Adnan Mohammad.
Brighton Beach is replete with restaurants, food stores, cafes, boutiques, banks, etc., located primarily along Brighton Beach Avenue and its cross streets. The neighborhood has a distinctively ethnic feel. The proximity of Brighton Beach to the city's beaches (Brighton Beach Avenue runs parallel to the Coney Island beach and boardwalk) and the fact the neighborhood is directly served by a subway station makes it a popular summer weekend destination for New York City residents.
Nearby high schools include:
Brighton Beach is mentioned:
Category:Neighborhoods in Brooklyn Category:People from Brighton Beach, Brooklyn Category:Russian communities in the United States
de:Brighton Beach fr:Brighton Beach id:Brighton Beach ka:ბრაიტონ-ბიჩი pt:Brighton Beach ru:Брайтон-Бич (Нью-Йорк) fi:Brighton Beach uk:Брайтон-БічThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Sri Anandamayi Ma |
---|---|
Birth date | April 30, 1896 |
Birth place | Kheora, Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh |
Birth name | Nirmala Sundari |
Death date | August 27, 1982 |
Death place | Kishanpur, Dehradun, India—last rites were performed in Kankhal, Haridwar, India |
Quote | "Who is it that loves and who that suffers? He alone stages a play with Himself; who exists save Him? The individual suffers because he perceives duality. It is duality which causes all sorrow and grief. Find the One everywhere and in everything and there will be an end to pain and suffering." |
Footnotes | }} |
Sri Anandamayi Ma ( ''Sri Anondomoi Ma''; 30 April 1896 - 27 August 1982) (also Anandamoyi Ma) was a Hindu spiritual teacher and guru from Bengal, considered a saint by many and hailed as one of the prominent mystics of the 20th century. ''Anandamayi'' means "bliss-permeated mother", a name given by her disciples in the 1920s to describe her habitual state of divine bliss. During her life, she attracted thousands of followers who saw her not only as a teacher and guru, but as a manifestation of God, or ''Devi''.
She was also called ''Dakshayani'', ''Kamala'', ''Vimala'', and "Mother of Shahbag". Swami Sivananda (Divine Life Society) described her as "the most perfect flower the Indian soil has produced." Precognition, healing and other miracles were attributed to her by her followers.
In 1908, at the age of thirteen, in keeping with the custom at the time, she was married to Ramani Mohan Chakrabarti of Vikramapura, whom she called ''Bholanath'' and ''Pitaji''. She spent five years after her marriage at her brother-in-law's home, where she was in a withdrawn meditative state much of the time. It was here that a devout neighbour, Harakumar, developed a habit of addressing her as "Ma", and prostrated before her morning and evening. When Nirmala was about seventeen, she went to live with her husband in Ashtagram. In 1918, she moved to Bajitpur, where she stayed until 1924, during which time Nirmala went deeper into her spiritual states. It was a celibate marriage—whenever thoughts of sexuality occurred to Bholanath, Anandamoyi would grow faint and her body would take on the qualities of death.
On the full moon night of August 1922, at midnight, twenty-six-yearold Nirmala went through the actions of spiritual initiation—initiating herself, rather than following the tradition of initiation by a guru or priest. She later stated, "As the master (''guru'') I revealed the mantra; as the disciple (''shishya'') I accepted it and started to recite it." Because of his wife's condition, members of Bholanath's family suggested that he remarry. Instead, he asked her when and by whom he should be initiated. She gave him a date five months in the future when she would initiate him. After an acquaintance asked her for proof that she was qualified to do so, she touched Bholanath on the top of the head. He went into a deep withdrawn state for several hours, declaring later that he was feeling "indescribable bliss."
At that time, her ''sadhana'' (spiritual practices) took on more concrete form. She began spontaneously chanting Sanskrit hymns, even though she was completely uneducated. She also performed intricate yoga postures and went for days at a time without food or drink. At one point, Bholanath called an exorcist to 'cure' her—these attempts failed, and finally a physician told him that she was experiencing God intoxication rather than mental illness. It was during this period that she began exhibiting various spiritual powers, or ''siddhis''. In January, 1923, she began three years of complete silence, or ''mauna''.
During the time in Shahbag, more and more people began to be drawn to what they saw as a living embodiment of the divine. Jyotiscandra Ray, known as "Bhaiji," was an early and close disciple—he was the first to suggest that Nirmala be called Anandamayi Ma, meaning "bliss-permeated mother". He was chiefly responsible for the first ashram built for Anandamayi Ma in 1929 at Ramna, within the precinct of the Ramna Kali Mandir.
Scholars were attracted to Anandamayi Ma's spirituality and teaching, though she called herself "a little unlettered child".
Her early followers included Mahamahopadhyay Gopinath Kaviraj, Sanskrit scholar, philosopher, and principal of Sanskrit College in Kolkata, and the educationist Dr Triguna Sen. Uday Shankar, the famous dance artist, was impressed by Anandamayi Ma's analysis of dance, which she used as a metaphor for the relationship between people and God.
right|170px|thumb|Ma Anandamayi Samadhi Mandir, Kankhal, HaridwarKamala Nehru, wife of the future Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, became a devotee in 1933. Anandamayi Ma was then staying at a small temple in Dehradun, while Jawarharlal Nehru was incarcerated by the British in Dehradun jail. Later she took Kamala to the Ambika temple in Kajpur to perform a three-day yajna. She gave to her daughter Indira the rosary which Mataji had given her. Mahatma Gandhi came to hear of Anandamayi through Kamala and sent his aid, Jamnalal Bajaj, to see her. He in turn became a devotee. After the unexpected death of Bajaj, she went to Wardha to console Mahatma Gandhi.
Paramhansa Yogananda wrote about her in his ''Autobiography of a Yogi''. His meeting with her is recounted in the chapter titled 'The Bengali "Joy-Permeated Mother"', where she explains her background:
She died on 27 August 1982 in Dehradun, and subsequently on 29 August 1982 was given Samadhi in the courtyard her Kankhal ashram, situated in Haridwar in North India, a shrine was later erected over the samadhi, now known as the “Ananda Jyoti Peetham”.
The central theme of her teaching, in endless variation, is "the supreme calling of every human being is to aspire to self realization. All other obligations are secondary" and "only actions that kindle man's divine nature are worthy of the name of actions". However she did not ask everyone to become a renunciate. "Everyone is right from his own standpoint," she would say. She did not give formal initiations and refused to be called a guru, as she maintained that "all paths are my paths" and kept saying "I have no particular path".
She did not advocate the same method for all. "How can one impose limitations on the infinite by declaring ''this is the only path''—and, why should there be so many different religions and sects? Because through every one of them He gives Himself to Himself, so that each person may advance according to his inborn nature." Though she was a Tantric, Anandamayi Ma blessed Saivites, Shaktas, Vaishnavas, Muslims and Christians equally. Even now, the Muslim population of Kheora still refer to her as "our own Ma". She taught how to live a God-centered life in the world and provided the living inspiration to enable thousands to aspire to this most noble ideal. She also advocated spiritual equality for women; for example, she opened up the sacred thread ritual, which had been performed by men only for centuries, to women. Her style of teaching included jokes, songs and instructions on everyday life along with long discourses, meditation and reading of scriptures.
The Publication Department of Shree Shree Anandamayee Charitable Society in Kolkata regularly publishes her teaching in the periodical ''Anandavarta Quarterly''. The Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha in Haridwar organizes the annual ''Samyam Mahavrata'' congregation to devote a week to collective meditation, religious discourse and devotional music.
Anandamoyi Ma Anandamoyi Ma Anandamoyi Ma Anandamoyi Ma Category:Hindu mystics Category:Indian saints Ma, Anandamoyi Category:People from Dehradun Category:People from Haridwar
bn:আনন্দময়ী মা de:Anandamayi Ma fr:Mâ Ananda Moyî it:Anandamayi Ma nl:Anandamoyi Ma pl:Anandamaji Ma sk:Šrí Ánandamáji Má tr:Sri Anandamayi MaThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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