__NOTOC__ Year 1790 (MDCCXC) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the 11-day slower Julian calendar.

Events of 1790

January–June

January 9 – U.S. President George Washington gives the first State of the Union Address.

January 30 – The first boat specialized as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne.

February 1 – In New York City the Supreme Court of the United States convenes for the first time.

February 4 – Louis XVI of France declares to the National Assembly that he will maintain the constitutional laws.

February 11 – Two Quaker delegates petition the United States Congress for the abolition of slavery.

March 1 – The first United States census is authorized.

March 4 – France is divided into 83 départements, which cut across the former provinces, in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on noble ownership of land.

March 21 – Thomas Jefferson reports to President George Washington in New York as the new United States Secretary of State.

: Battle of Reval.]]

April 10 – The United States patent system is established.

May 13 – Battle of Reval: Gustav III of Sweden sends the battlefleet to eliminate the Russian squadron wintering at Reval (Estonia), but is defeated: 8 Russians, 51 Swedes are killed, 250 captured, and 2 ships are sunk.

May 29 – Rhode Island ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the last of the 13 original states to do so.

June 9 – Royal Assent Given To The Town Of Milford Haven.

June 20 – Compromise of 1790: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton come to an agreement: Madison agrees to not be "strenuous" in opposition for the assumption of state debts by the federal government; Hamilton agrees to support the capital site being above the Potomac.

June 23 – The alleged London Monster is arrested in London: he later receives 40 years for 10 assaults.

July–December

July – Louis XVI of France accepts a constitutional monarchy.

July 9 – Russo-Swedish War – Second Battle of Svensksund: In a massive Baltic Sea battle of 300 ships, the Swedish navy captures one third of the Russian fleet: 304 Swedes are killed, 3,500 Russians killed and 6,000 captured, 51 Russian ships are sunk and 22 are taken.

July 12 – French Revolution: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed. This completes the destruction of the monastic orders, legislating out of existence all regular and secular chapters for either sex, abbacies and priorships.

July 14 – French Revolution: Citizens of Paris celebrate the constitutional monarchy and national reconciliation in the Fête de la Fédération.

July 16 – The signing of the Residence Bill establishes a site along the Potomac River as the District of Columbia, the capital district of the United States

July 27- The Convention of Reichenbach is signed between Prussia and Austria.

July 31 – Inventor Samuel Hopkins becomes the first to be issued a U.S. patent (for an improved method of making potash).

August 4 – A newly passed U.S. tariff act creates the system of cutters for revenue enforcement (later named the United States Revenue Cutter Service), the forerunner of the Coast Guard.

August 14 – The Treaty of Värälä ends the Russo-Swedish War.

December 11 – Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792: 26,000 Turkish soldiers lose their lives during Suvorov's storm of Izmail.

Undated

Prime Minister of Great Britain William Pitt refuses to recognize Belgian independence.

The first United States federal budget bill is introduced by Alexander Hamilton.

The 1790 United States Census is taken.

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor starts to rule.

5.1% of Americans are living in centers of 2,500 or more people.

Ongoing events

French Revolution (1789–1799)

Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)

Births

March 29 – John Tyler, 10th President of the United States (d. 1862)

May 20 – Micajah Thomas Hawkins, American politician (d. 1858)

May 23 – Jules Dumont d'Urville, French explorer (d. 1842)

June 1 – Ferdinand Raimund, Austrian playwright (d. 1836)

September 6 – John Green Crosse, English surgeon (d. 1850)

November 17 – August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1868)

November 21 – Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons, British admiral (d. 1858)

December 8 – Augustus Meineke, German Classical scholar (d. 1870)

December 16 – Léopold I of Belgium (d. 1865)

December 19 – William Edward Parry, English Arctic explorer (d. 1855)

December 23 – Jean-François Champollion, French Egyptologist (d. 1832)

probable – Lone Horn, Minneconjou chief (d. 1875)

Deaths

January 13 – Luc Urbain de Bouexic, comte de Guichen, French admiral (b. 1712)

January 15 – John Landen, English mathematician (b. 1719)

January 31 – Thomas Lewis, Irish-born Virginia settler (b. 1718)

February 5 – William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (b. 1710)

February 20 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1741)

March 12 – Andreas Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1710)

April 17 – Benjamin Franklin, American scientist and statesman (b. 1706)

May 4 – Matthew Tilghman, American Continental Congressman (b. 1718)

May 9 – William Clingan, American Continental Congressman

May 16 – Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke, English politician (b. 1720)

May 21 – Thomas Warton, English poet (b. 1728)

May 29 – Israel Putnam, American Revolutionary War general (b. 1718)

July 3 – Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle, French chemist (b. 1736)

July 7 – François Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher (b. 1721)

July 14 – Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon, Austrian field marshal (b. 1717)

July 17 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher (b. 1723)

July 25 – Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educational reformer (b. 1723)

July 25 – William Livingston, Governor of New Jersey (b. 1723)

September 2 – Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim, German historian and theologian (b. 1701)

October 19 – Lyman Hall, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1724)

November 6 – James Bowdoin, American Revolutionary leader and politician (b. 1726)

November 16 – Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, American Continental Congressman (b. 1723)

date unknown – John Hulse, English clergyman (b. 1708)

References

Image name	Thomasjdodd.jpg
Jr/sr	United States Senator
State	Connecticut
Party	Democratic
Term	January 3, 1959 – January 2, 1971
Preceded	William A. Purtell
Succeeded	Lowell P. Weicker, Jr.
District2	1st
State2	Connecticut
Term start2	January 3, 1953
Term end2	January 3, 1957
Preceded2	Abraham A. Ribicoff
Succeeded2	Edwin H. May, Jr.
Date of birth	May 15, 1907
Place of birth	Willimantic, Connecticut
Date of death	May 24, 1971
Place of death	Old Lyme, Connecticut
Spouse	Grace Murphy Dodd
Alma mater	Saint Anselm CollegeProvidence CollegeYale University
Religion	Roman Catholic

Thomas Joseph Dodd (May 15, 1907 – May 24, 1971) was a United States Senator and Representative from Connecticut, He was the first Senator censured by the US Senate since Joseph McCarthy in 1954, and was one of only six people censured by the Senate in the 20th century. He is the father of U.S. Senator Christopher Dodd and Thomas J. Dodd, Jr., who served as the United States Ambassador to Uruguay from 1993–1997 and to Costa Rica from 1997-2001 .

Early life

Dodd was born in Norwich, New London County, to Abigail Margaret O'Sullivan and Thomas Joseph Dodd, a building contractor; all four of his grandparents were immigrants from Ireland. He graduated from Saint Anselm College's preparatory school, run by Benedictine monks in Goffstown, New Hampshire, in 1926. He graduated from Providence College in 1930 with a degree in philosophy, and from Yale University Law School in 1933. In 1934, Dodd married Grace Murphy of Westerly, Rhode Island. They had six children.

He served as a special agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1933 and 1934, the highlight of his career there being his participation in an unsuccessful trap set for famed gangster John Dillinger. He was then Connecticut director of the National Youth Administration from 1935 to 1938. He was assistant to five successive United States Attorneys General (Homer Cummings, Frank Murphy, Robert Jackson, Francis Biddle and Tom Clark) from 1938 to 1945.

As a special agent for the Attorney General, Dodd was basically a trial-level federal prosecutor. He worked primarily on criminal and civil liberties cases, including the prosecution of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1930s.

Dodd became vice chairman of the Board of Review and later executive trial counsel for the Office of the United States Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality at Nuremberg, Germany, in 1945 and 1946. He practiced law privately in Hartford, Connecticut, from 1947 to 1953.

Nuremberg Trials

Both Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson, chief prosecutor for the U.S., and Dodd insisted upon a fair and legal trial to prosecute the Nazi war criminals. Dodd accepted Jackson's offer to join him in Germany. Dodd expected the position to last only several months, but he wound up spending 15 months there. Dodd suggested Heidelberg as the location for the International Military Tribunal, since it had survived the war almost completely unscathed, but Nuremberg was eventually chosen. In October 1945, Jackson named Dodd to his senior Trial Board for the Nuremberg Trials, and later in 1946, named him Executive Trial Counsel, putting him in the number-two position at the trials. In the summer of 1946, Jackson appointed Dodd as the acting Chief of Counsel while he returned to DC. Dodd finally returned to the U.S. in October 1946.

Dodd cross-examined defendants Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Walther Funk, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel and Arthur Seyss-Inquart. In addition to cross-examining, Dodd drafted indictments against the defendants, showed films of concentration camps, provided evidence of slave labor programs, and presented evidence of economic preparations by the Nazis for an aggressive war. Dodd also showed evidence that defendant Walther Funk turned the Reichsbank into a depository for gold teeth and other valuables seized from the concentration camp victims. Dodd showed a motion picture of the vaults in Frankfurt where Allied troops found cases of these valuables, containing dentures, earrings, silverware and candelabra. Dodd showed many gruesome items of evidence, such as a shrunken, stuffed and preserved human head of one of the concentration camp victims that had been used as a paperweight by the commandant of Buchenwald Concentration Camp.

Final pleas were made on August 31, 1946, and the Tribunal announced its judgment in September 1946. Dodd assisted the Allied prosecuting team of convicting all but three of the defendants. In addition to prosecuting the individual defendants, Dodd demanded in his summation to the Tribunal that all six of the indicted Nazi organizations be convicted of crimes against humanity, on the same grounds of the crimes against humanity ascribed to the individual defendants. These six organizations are the Leadership Corps, the Reich cabinet, the Gestapo, The Storm Troops (SA), the Armed Forces, and the Elite Guard (SS). Dodd said that these organizations should not escape liability on the grounds that they were too large, part of a political party, etc.

Dodd was given several awards in recognition of his work at the Nuremberg trials. Jackson awarded him the Medal of Freedom in July 1946 and President Harry Truman awarded him the Certificate of Merit, which Jackson personally delivered to him in Hartford in the fall of 1946.

Congress

Dodd was elected as a Democrat to the House of Representatives in 1952, and served two terms. He lost a Senate election in 1956 to Prescott S. Bush, but was elected in 1958 to Connecticut's other Senate seat and then re-elected in 1964.

Before becoming a U.S. senator, Dodd was hired to lobby for Guatemala in the United States for $50,000 a year by dictator Carlos Castillo Armas. According to the North American Congress on Latin America, Dodd "had perhaps the coziest relationship with the Castillo Armas government." After a short trip to Guatemala in 1955, Dodd urged the House of Representatives to increase aid to the Central American country. Dodd's amendment passed and Guatemala received $15 million of US aid in 1956.

In 1961, Dodd visited the Congo to investigate the civil war caused by the secession of the province of Katanga. In his memoirs, the United Nations Representative in the Congo, Brian Urquhart, described Dodd as a "vain and silly man" who "knew nothing of Africa."

As chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency, Dodd worked to restrict the purchase of mail order handguns, and later shotguns and rifles. These efforts culminated in the Gun Control Act of 1968, which Dodd introduced.

Senate censure and loss of office

In 1967 Dodd became the first Senator censured by the US Senate since Joseph McCarthy in 1954, and was one of only six people censured by the Senate in the 20th century. The censure was a condemnation and finding that he had converted campaign funds to his personal accounts and spent the money. Beyond the Senate Ethics Committee's formal disciplinary action, other sources (such as investigative journalist Drew Pearson and Jack Anderson's Congress in Crisis) suggest Dodd's corruption was far broader in scope, and there were accusations of alcoholism. In response to these accusations, Dodd filed a lawsuit against Pearson claiming that Pearson had illegally interfered with his private property. Although the district court granted a partial judgment to Dodd, the appellate court ruled in favor of Pearson on the grounds that Dodd's property had not been physically abused. In 1970, the Democrats endorsed for his seat Joseph Duffey, who won the nomination in the primary. Dodd then entered the race as an independent, taking just under a quarter of the vote, in a three-way race which he and Duffey lost to Lowell Weicker.

Death and legacy

Months after his defeat, Dodd died from a heart attack at his home. His son Christopher Dodd was elected to the Senate as a Connecticut Democrat in 1980.

Thomas J. Dodd Memorial Stadium in Norwich was named in his honor.

In 1995, The Thomas J. Dodd Research Center was established at the University of Connecticut. The Thomas J. Dodd Research Center or Dodd Research Center houses the Human Rights Institute, Archives & Special Collections for the University of Connecticut Libraries, and the Center for Judaic Studies at the University of Connecticut.

In 2003, the University of Connecticut established the Thomas J. Dodd Prize in International Justice and Human Rights.

In 2008, Saint Anselm College in Manchester, New Hampshire established the Senator Thomas J. Dodd Center for the Study of International Affairs and Law. The center seeks to promote understanding of the forces that drive politics and the political economy in the global world; to sensitize students to the cultures of other countries, and to spur interest in the needs and problems of other nations and countries.

Portrayal in popular culture

Thomas J. Dodd has been portrayed by the following actors in film, television and theater productions; Hrothgar Mathews in the 2000 Canadian/U.S. T.V. production Nuremberg. Rupert Vansittart in the 2006 British television docudrama .

Protest singer Phil Ochs references Dodd in his song "Draft Dodger Rag": "I believe in God and Senator Dodd and keeping old Castro down."

Footnotes

External links

Category:1907 births Category:1971 deaths Category:Connecticut lawyers Category:Connecticut Democrats Category:People from Willimantic, Connecticut Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:American politicians of Irish descent Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut Category:Providence College alumni Category:American anti-communists Category:United States Senators from Connecticut Category:Yale Law School alumni Category:Censured or reprimanded United States Senators Category:Dodd family Category:Democratic Party United States Senators

Sandy Jones, (born August 16, 1943), is an American pregnancy and parenting expert. Her newest book, co-authored with her daughter, Marcie Jones, Great Expectations: Your All-in-One Resource for Pregnancy & Childbirth was published by Sterling Publishing. Comforting Your Crying Baby: Why Your Baby is Crying and What to Do About It was published by Innova Publications.

Over 200 of Jones' articles on consumer issues and parenting have been published in national publications including Family Circle, Redbook, American Baby, and Working Mother. She has served as a columnist for Parents, Parenting and Woman's World. As a speaker, Jones has made presentations for the national conferences of La Leche League International and has made a presentation at the National Association for the Education of Young Children conference. In addition, she has lectured to parenting groups and professionals working with parents across the nation including her unique "Empowerment for Mothers" seminar presented to hundreds of mothers in 10 states.

References

Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:American family and parenting writers