In musical notation the Italian word ''legato'' (literally meaning "tied together") indicates that musical notes are played or sung smoothly and connected. That is, in transitioning from note to note, there should be no intervening silence. Legato technique is required for slurred performance, but unlike slurring (as that term is interpreted for some instruments), legato does not forbid rearticulation. In standard notation legato is indicated either with the word ''legato'' itself, or by a slur (a curved line) under the notes that are to be joined in one legato group. Legato, like staccato, is a kind of articulation. There is an intermediate articulation called either mezzo staccato or non-legato.

Classical stringed instruments

In music for classical stringed instruments, legato is an articulation which often refers to notes played with a full bow, that are played with the shortest silence, often barely perceptible, between notes. This may be achieved through controlled wrist movements of the bowing hand, often masked or enhanced with vibrato. Such a legato style of playing may also be associated with the use of portamento.

Guitar

In guitar playing (apart from classical guitar) legato is used interchangeably as a label for both musical articulation and a particular application of technique - that of playing musical phrases with predominantly hammer-ons or pull-offs instead of picking. The use of legato ''technique'' to provide legato ''articulation'' on electric guitar will generally require playing notes that are close and on the same string, following the first note with others that are played by the techniques just mentioned although some guitar virtuosos (notably Allan Holdsworth and Shawn Lane) developed their legato technique to the extent that they could perform extremely complex passages involving any numerical permutation of notes on a string at extreme tempos and particularly in the case of Holdsworth demonstrate a tendency to eschew pull-offs entirely for their detrimental affect on guitar tone as the string is pulled slightly sideways. Although the origins of term are unclear when crossing strings and relying solely on fretting hand strength to produce a note the term "Hammer-ons from nowhere" is commonly employed. Many guitar virtuosos are well-versed in the legato technique, as it allows for rapid and also "clean" runs. Multiple hammer-ons and pull-offs together are sometimes also referred to colloquially as "rolls," a reference to the fluid sound of the technique. A rapid series of hammer-ons and pull-offs between a single pair of notes is called a trill. When playing legato on guitar, it is common for the musician to play more notes within a beat than the stated timing, i.e. playing 5 (a quintuplet) or 7 (a septuplet) notes against a quarter-note instead of the usual even number or triplet. This gives the passage an unusual timing and when played slowly an unusual sound. However, this is less noticeable by ear when played fast, as legato usually is. There is a fine line between what is legato and what is two hand finger tapping, in some cases making the two techniques harder to distinguish by ear. Generally, legato is used to add a more fluid, smooth sound to the passage being played.

Synthesizers

In synthesizers legato is a type of monophonic operation. In contrast to the typical monophonic mode where every new note rearticulates the sound by restarting the envelope generators, in legato mode the envelopes are not retriggered if the new note is played "legato" (with the previous note still depressed). This causes the initial transient from the attack and decay phases to sound only once for an entire legato sequence of notes. Envelopes reaching the sustain stage remain there until the final note is released.

Vocal music

In classical singing, legato can be defined as a string of sustained vowels with minimal interruption from consonants. Usually referred to as "the line", a good, smooth legato is still a necessity for any successful classical singer. It was a key characteristic of the bel canto style of vocalism that prevailed among voice teachers and singers during the 18th century and the first four decades of the 19th century. In Western Classical vocal music any phrase which is not marked explicitly with any articulation marks, e.g. staccato, is expected to be "sung legato". Usually the most prevalent issue concerning the vocal legato is the maintenance of the "line" across registers.

There are other, unorthodox viewpoints. For example Kendra Colton, a faculty member of the Voice Department at Oberlin Conservatory, believes in separating phrases into two or three word units, and adding large separatory articulations between each unit, and before any word starting with a vowel.

Sources

''Elementary Rudiments of Music'', by Barbara Wharram, Revised Edition edited by Kathleen Wood, Publisher: Frederick Harris Music, 2005

Audio examples

See also

Slur (music)

Staccato

Portato

References

Category:Articulations Category:Opera terminology Category:Italian loanwords

be:Легата be-x-old:Легата ca:Legato cs:Legato de:Legato es:Legato eo:Legato (muziko) fr:Legato gl:Ligado it:Legato (musica) ka:ლეგატო nl:Legato ja:レガート no:Legato oc:Legato pl:Legato pt:Legato ru:Легато sv:Legato tr:Legato (müzik) uk:Легато

Paul Brandon Gilbert (born November 6, 1966 in Illinois, USA) is an American guitarist. He is well known for his technical guitar work with Racer X and Mr. Big, as well as many solo albums and numerous collaborations and guest appearances with other musicians.

He has been voted number 4 on a list in GuitarOne magazine of the "Top 10 Greatest Guitar Shredders of All Time", as well as a spot in ''Guitar World's'' 50 Fastest Guitarists of All Time list.

Shrapnel Records

Around 1981-82 Paul first contacted Mike Varney, founder of Shrapnel Records, asking for a gig with Ozzy Osbourne. At the time, Varney couldn't think why Osbourne would want a 15 year old guitarist, but after listening to his demo he changed his mind. They talked for the next 3 years, until Paul went to L.A. for the GIT (Guitar Institute of Technology), and then was ready to record Racer X's debut album Street Lethal.

Racer X

Formed in Los Angeles in 1985, Racer X originally comprised Paul Gilbert (guitar), Juan Alderete (bass), Harry Gschoesser (drums) and Jeff Martin (vocals). They were heavily influenced by Judas Priest and Gilbert's playing was reminiscent of Yngwie Malmsteen, displaying fast-driven solos with extreme-level technique. Gschoesser was replaced by Scott Travis (later known for being the drummer for Judas Priest) in 1986, and Bruce Bouillet was added as a second guitar player. Bouillet was a very skilled player, as he had to play over Gilbert's always difficult and challenging phrases. Paul Gilbert gained recognition as one of the fastest guitar players in the world due to incredibly technical pieces like "Technical Difficulties" "Frenzy", "Scarified", "Y.R.O." and "Scit Scat Wah". Gilbert left Racer X in 1988. Racer X carried on for a short time with guitarist (and fellow GIT alum) Chris Arvin and vocalist Oni Logan (later of George Lynch's Lynch Mob) when singer Jeff Martin departed to play drums in Jake E. Lee's Badlands, in which he replaced Eric Singer who left to join Alice Cooper. Shortly thereafter, the members of the re-invented Racer X went their separate ways. The original band would eventually reform (although without Bruce Bouillet, who in-turn did produce the first reunion record).

Paul contacted the members of Racer X, and all agreed to return, with the exception of Bruce Bouillet. In mid-1999 the band recorded the album Technical Difficulties. Technical Difficulties went gold in Japan, and Racer X's new record label requested a follow-up. In late 2000, the band released another album, Superheroes. The record was mixed by former Racer X guitarist, Bruce Bouillet.

In order to further capitalize on their new-found success in Japan, Universal Japan requested that the band record a live show for another live CD and DVD. On May 25, 2001, the band played their first live performance in thirteen years to a sold-out crowd at the famed Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles. The show was recorded for both audio and video, and in 2002, both the CD and DVD were released under the name Snowball of Doom.

In January 2002, in support of Superheroes and Snowball of Doom, Racer X toured Japan and Taiwan. The band performed these shows in their Superheroes costumes, and the final show, in Yokohama, was hastily recorded in two tracks on the sound board and was to be later released as Snowball of Doom 2. Later that year, Universal Japan pushed for another Racer X release. In October 2002, all four members of Racer X gathered at Gilbert's house in Las Vegas to record ''Getting Heavier'', which was sold alongside ''Snowball of Doom 2'' in a package deal. Although the album was a successful release in Japan, some fans were disappointed with the lighter tracks, which resembled a Paul Gilbert solo album more so than a traditional Racer X album.

Racer X performed at the 2009 NAMM show at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California. Andy Timmons and his band opened the show, followed by a solo set from Paul Gilbert, and finally Racer X. The Racer X lineup consists of Paul Gilbert, Scott Travis, Jeff Martin and John Alderete.

Mr. Big

When Billy Sheehan left David Lee Roth's band in 1988, he joined with Paul Gilbert, who had left his former band, Racer X. They founded Mr. Big, with Pat Torpey on drums and singer Eric Martin. The band was initially a huge success in Japan, and became famous internationally in 1991, with the release of their second album, ''Lean Into It''. This album featured the ballad "To Be With You", which received strong media play and reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Gilbert continued playing in Mr. Big until the late 1990s. He left the band in 1997 to pursue a solo career, and was replaced by Richie Kotzen. Mr. Big disbanded in 2002.

In June 2009, Paul Gilbert reunited with original Mr. Big members; Eric Martin (vocals), Billy Sheehan (bass), and Pat Torpey, for a world wide reunion tour. They recorded a new album with producer Kevin Shirley. titled ''What If...''. The album was released in Japan on Dec. 15th, 2010, in Europe on Jan. 21st, 2011 and in the USA in Feb. 2011. A tour to support the album kicked off at The House of Blues, in Hollywood, CA on April 2, 2011, followed by several dates in Japan in the same month. In May and June 2011, the tour continues in China, Korea, The Philippines and Europe.

Projects

In May 2003 he played in an only twice-performing project called Yellow Matter Custard, a Beatles cover band consisting also of Mike Portnoy (ex-Dream Theater), Neal Morse (ex-Spock's Beard), and Matt Bissonette. In February 2011 Yellow Matter Custard re-formed for 3 Nights Across America. Kasim Sulton replaced Matt Bissonette in the 2011 shows due to other commitments. They took their name from a Beatles lyric in "I Am the Walrus": "Yellow matter custard, dripping from a dead dog's eye".

He rejoined Portnoy along with Dave LaRue and Daniel Gildenlöw for a Led Zeppelin tribute band called Hammer of the Gods in November 2003. The same year, he toured Japan with Linus Of Hollywood, TJ Helmerich, and Scot Coogan in support of his solo albums Burning Organ, Paul the Young Dude/The Best of Paul Gilbert, and Gilbert Hotel. In September 2005, he joined Portnoy, Sean Malone, and Jason McMaster in the Rush tribute band Cygnus and the Sea Monsters. In May 2006, he joined Portnoy, Gary Cherone, and Billy Sheehan to form Amazing Journey: A Tribute to The Who, playing three shows. The band (excluding Sheehan) destroyed their equipment after the show in homage.

He was also revealed to be the guest guitarist on the Neal Morse solo album, ''Sola Scriptura''. In 2007, Paul Gilbert toured with Bruce Bouillet for promotion of his first instrumental album, ''Get Out of My Yard'', which was released in 2006. Also joining him was his wife, Emi Gilbert, on keyboards. Paul Gilbert also joined Joe Satriani and John Petrucci in the 2007 G3 tour. This was the 5th North American G3 run and the 12th tour worldwide since its inception.

On January 23, 2008, Paul released an instrumental CD titled ''Silence Followed By A Deafening Roar''. It was released in Europe on March 31, 2008, and in America on April 8, 2008. This is Paul's second instrumental album.

On October 22, 2008, Paul released an album with vocalist Freddie Nelson entitled United States. The collaboration has been described as a cross of Queen and Mr. Big.

Paul with Racer X performed at the 2009 NAMM show at the Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California. Andy Timmons and his band opened the show, followed by a solo set from Gilbert, and finally Racer X. This Racer X lineup consisted of Gilbert, Scott Travis, Jeff Martin and John Alderete.

Gilbert also joined George Lynch and Richie Kotzen on the Guitar Generation tour.

On June 30, 2010, Gilbert's new album ''Fuzz Universe'' was released in Japan, with a release in America and Europe soon after. It is Paul's 3rd solo album being entirely instrumental. A cover of Johnny Cash's "Leave That Junk Alone" is featured as a Japanese bonus track.

Influences and Style

Talking about his influences, Paul mentions many different artists, including: Randy Rhoads, Eddie Van Halen, Yngwie Malmsteen, John J Kirby, Tony Iommi, Alex Lifeson, Jimmy Page, Robin Trower, Ritchie Blackmore, Pat Travers, Gary Moore, Michael Schenker, Judas Priest, Akira Takasaki, Steve Clark, Jimi Hendrix, Kiss, and The Ramones. Paul has stated many times that he was heavily influenced by his uncle Jimi Kidd who was instrumental in getting Paul interested in playing the guitar. He is also a great fan of The Beach Boys and The Beatles. He states on the Space Ship Live DVD that George Harrison is one of his favorite guitar players. ''Guitar World'' magazine declared him one of 50 of the world's fastest guitarists of all time, along with Buckethead, Eddie Van Halen, and Yngwie Malmsteen.

Gilbert composes music in a wide variety of styles including pop, rock, metal, blues, funk and european classical music, but is perhaps best known for his versatility and speed. He is noted in particular for his efficient picking and his tendency to pick many notes rather than relying on legato for fast passages.

Instructor

Paul Gilbert wrote his own section of the British guitar magazine, ''Total Guitar'', where he normally demonstrated guitar techniques in the magazine and accompanying CD. Even before that, he contributed instructional articles to Guitar Player Magazine in a late 1980s/early 1990s series entitled "Terrifying Guitar 101". His period of working with ''Total Guitar'' spanned thirty-one issues until the November 2006 issue. Paul also teaches at the Guitar Institute of Technology (GIT) regularly, and is also an "honorary dean" of the GIT division in Japan. Paul visits Japan, enjoying the lifestyle like his Shrapnel labelmate Marty Friedman, who still lives in Japan and speaks Japanese fluently. Gilbert is known for his instructional videos, which are often comical in nature. One of his instructional videos includes him pulling a rabbit out of his guitar, putting his guitar in a straightjacket and having presents thrown at him by members of the film crew. Paul also was, for a short time, mentor to Buckethead. Gilbert now writes a column for ''Premier Guitar'' entitled "Shred Your Enthusiasm".

Gear

Paul Gilbert primarily uses his Ibanez PGM signature series guitars, identified by the unique painted on "F-holes". Although earlier PGM models featured the Ibanez Lo-Pro/Edge double locking tremolo system, many of his guitars (such as his main PGM300) were modified to accommodate a fixed bridge after he stopped using whammy bars in the early 90s, hence the Ibanez PGM301 guitar. Along with his signature guitars, Gilbert often uses his sticker-covered "Dino" Ibanez RG750, in addition to a wide variety of Ibanez solidbody and semi-hollow electric guitars. It's a common known fact that Paul Gilbert was the first person to read his own dick. Recently, Gilbert has been using Ibanez "Fireman" (a reversed-body Ibanez Iceman with single-coil pickups and an extra cutaway) guitars, which he designed himself. A red version The Ibanez Fireman is to be mass-produced for consumers at a more affordable price than the Ibanez PGMFRM1 (current Paul Gilbert signature Fireman) in Fall 2011.

Regarding amplifiers, Gilbert used A/DA preamps (A/DA MP-1) and rack effects units early in his career prior to switching to Laney amplifiers. He praised the Laney amps as having ''"the best natural distorted sound of any tube amp ever heard"'' Since the G3 2007 tour however, Gilbert stated that playing with Joe Satriani and John Petrucci inspired him to take a closer look at his own guitar sound. As a result of his search he found the Marshall Vintage Modern series. He currently uses the Marshall Vintage Modern 2266c combo amps. Paul now uses the Marshall JMD:1 (specifically JMD501) amplifier along with his Vintage Modern amplifier. Paul uses Jim Dunlop Tortex picks, of which he prefers the orange (.60mm) picks. As far as cables Paul uses Bullet Cable 30' Coiled Cables, Bullet Cable SLUG DIY solderless patch cables for his pedalboard and effects.

Paul has been known to use the following effects:

Home Brew Electronics Bajo Mos

Home Brew Electronics Detox EQ

TC Electronic Nova Delay

Home Brew Electronics Compressor Retro

MXR Phase 100

MXR Phase 90

BOSS DD-3 Digital Delay

Ibanez AF2 Airplane Flanger

MXR Blue Box

Home Brew Electronics THC Chorus

Robert Keeley Nova Wah LE

Electro-Harmonix Deluxe Electric Mistress

Korg Pitchblack tuner or Boss Chromatic Tuner (depending which is more visible in stage lighting)

Majik Box Fuzz Universe (as of 2010)

X-otic AC Booster

Jim Dunlop 535Q Crybaby (as of 2010)

Paul also used a modified vintage A/DA Flanger from the 1980s (source: Berlin VIP session interview). You can hear it on tracks like 'Bucket of Rocks', and he also uses it on the 'Snowball of Doom' DVD. Paul stated the flanger had been modified. He would set the flanger to self oscillate, which would make the pitch of the resulting signal alternate up and down to create a sound similar to a dive bomb or a pull up on a whammy bar. Unfortunately, during Paul's 2008 European tour, his trusty A/DA Flanger broke. Thankfully, before the pedal broke, he and Ibanez collaborated to make a similar pedal, with both a regular flanger mode and a mode which can be set to create a close approximation of the A/DA pedal's sound, and the pedal has been released as the Ibanez Paul Gilbert AF-2 Airplane Flanger. He also uses the Psilocybe phaser and THC chorus pedals from Home Brew Electronics.

In the intro to "Get Out Of My Yard" Paul uses a Boss DD-3 Delay pedal to achieve the altered pitch looped effect at the beginning of the track. This was also demonstrated by Paul on the instructional DVD of the same name.

He is also famous for using a Makita cordless drill with three picks mounted on the end of it, which he used most famously on the Mr. Big track "Daddy, Brother, Lover, Little Boy".

In 2009, Ibanez released a new PGM model, the Ibanez PGM401, which is rather different from most of Paul's previous models, with an ash body (most of his previous models were made of basswood, although his PGM800 guitar was made of lightweight ash, a similar but different wood than that used in the PGM401), Trifade Burst finish, Cosmo Black hardware and a regular headstock replacing the reversed one of the previous models. Also, rather than the DiMarzio PAF Pro, Tone Zone and Super Distortion pickups used in his previous models, the PGM401 comes with Paul's favorite humbucker model for the past five years, the DiMarzio Air Classic, arranged in a dual humbucker arrangement. Paul has stated that he had the bridge pickup moved 1mm closer to the neck, which he said results in a warmer and thicker sound, particularly for the high notes he often uses in soloing. The F-holes are 3% smaller, to make the look more balanced with the pickup mounting rings. But perhaps the biggest difference from other current Ibanez guitar models, is that the PGM401 uses the old late-1980s neckjoint, which is thicker than the current neckjoints on other Ibanez guitars.

Discography

Racer X

''Street Lethal'' (1986)

''Second Heat'' (1987)

''Extreme Volume Live'' (1988)

''Extreme Volume II Live'' (1992)

''Technical Difficulties'' (1999)

''Superheroes'' (2000)

''Snowball of Doom'' (2002)

''Getting Heavier'' (2002)

''Snowball of Doom 2'' (2002)

Mr. Big

''Mr. Big'' (1989)

''Raw Like Sushi'' (1990)

''Lean Into It'' (1991)

''Raw Like Sushi II'' (1992)

''Bump Ahead'' (1993)

''Japandemonium: Raw Like Sushi 3'' (1994)

''Channel V at the Hard Rock Live'' (1996)

''Hey Man'' (1996)

''Big Bigger Biggest: Greatest Hits'' (1996)

''Get Over It'' (2000)

''Actual Size'' (2001)

''Next Time Around'' Best Of (2009)

''Back To Budokan'' Live (2009)

''What If...'' (2011)

Solo Albums

''Tribute to Jimi Hendrix'' (EP) (1991) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #59)

''King of Clubs'' (1998) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #28)

''Flying Dog'' (1998) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #23)

''Beehive Live'' (1999) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #72)

''Alligator Farm'' (2000) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #24)

''Raw Blues Power With Jimi Kidd'' (2002) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #94)

''Burning Organ'' (2002) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #27)

''Paul the Young Dude/The Best of Paul Gilbert'' (2003) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #31)

''Gilbert Hotel'' (2003)

''Acoustic Samurai'' (2003) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #94)

''Space Ship One'' (2005) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #53)

''Get Out of My Yard'' (2006) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #52)

''Tough Eskimo'' (limited edition EP) (2007)

''Silence Followed By A Deafening Roar'' (2008) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #39)

''United States'' With Freddie Nelson (2009)

''Fuzz Universe'' (2010) (Japan Oricon Album Chart #57)

Other appearances

''Trouble In The Streets''- Black Sheep(1985)

''Atomic Basement Tapes'' - Missing Lynx (1981)

''Revelation'' - Darrell Mansfield Band (1985)

''Pump It!' - Jeff Berlin (1986)

''Out of the Sun'' - Joey Tafolla (1990)

''Humanary Stew'' - A Tribute to Alice Cooper

''Guitars That Rule the World'' (1992)

''Smoke On The Water: A Tribute'' (1994)

''Samad: Samad'' Lead Guitar on "Joget" and "Animo" (1994)

''Jeffology: A Guitar Chronicle'' (1996)

''Carmine Appice's Guitar Zeus'' (track "Dislocated") (1996)

''Akira Takasaki - Wa'' (1996)

''Merry Axemas - A Guitar Christmas'' (1997)

''Mikazuki "In Rock" Sound Track, Guitar on tracks "Crescent Moon" & "Theme for Kazeo" (2000)

''Becker 2001, Warmth in the Wilderness -A Tribute to Jason Becker''(Guitar and vocals for ''Hawkin'')

Hughes Turner Project'' - HTP (2002)

''Battle Gear III: The Edge'' (played on "Charge and Discharge," "Morning View," and "The Machine of Rage" bonus tracks) (2003)

''Kim Fox'' Return to Planet Earth (2003) Guitar on track 4

''Guitar Wars'' (2003)

''Return to the Planet Earth'' - Kim Fox (2003)

''One Night in New York City'' - Yellow Matter Custard (2003) Available @ MikePortnoy.com

''Mieze'' - Marco Minnemann (2004)

''Five Feet...No Inches'' - Pintsize (2005)

''Contraire de la chanson'' - Marco Minnemann (2006)

''Parador'' (track "Joke") - Wisely (2006)

''Light at the End of the Tunnel'' - War and Peace (2006) (with Richie Kotzen, John Norum, Jeff Pilson)

''Two Nights In North America'' - Hammer of the Gods (2006) Available @ MikePortnoy.com

''One Night in Chicago'' - Cygnus and the Sea Monsters (2006) Available @ MikePortnoy.com

''Live with Sex Machineguns - Tokyo (2005)

''One Night in New York City'' - Amazing Journey (2007) Available @ MikePortnoy.com

''Spin The Bottle'' - An All Star Tribute To Kiss (guitars on "I Want You") (2004)

''Numbers from the Beast'' - An All Star Tribute to Iron Maiden (guitars on "The Evil That Men Do") (2005)

''Evil Lives: A True Metal Tribute to Black Sabbath'' (with Racer X on Track 4: "Children of the Grave") (2006)

''The Fool'' - Jeff Martin solo album (2006)

''Sola Scriptura'' - Neal Morse (2007)

''G3 Tour'' (2007)

''Lifeline'' - Neal Morse (2008)

''Guitar Hero Hero (Beating Guitar Hero Doesn't Make You Slash)'' - MC Lars (2008)

''Bowling For Soup - Merry Flippin Christmas VOL 1 (I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Clause) (2009)

Videography

''Intense Rock - Sequences & Techniques'' VHS version

''Intense Rock II'' VHS version

''Guitars from Mars'' Japanese DVD release

''Guitars from Mars II'' Japanese DVD release

''Terrifying Guitar Trip'' VHS version

''Eleven Thousand Notes'' DVD

''Guitar Wars'' DVD

''Space Ship Live DVD (2005)

''Complete Intense Rock DVD (2006)

''Terrifying Guitar Trip DVD (2006)

''Get Out Of My Yard Guitar Instructional DVD (2007)

''Get Out Of My City Guitar Instructional DVD/VCD (2007)

''One Night In New York City'' - Yellow Matter Custard (2003)

''Two Nights In North America'' - Hammer Of The Gods (2006)

''One Night In Chicago'' - Cygnus And The Sea Monsters (2006)

''One Night In New York City - Amazing Journey (2007)

''Silence Followed By A Deafening Roar Guitar Instructional DVD And Shred Annex (2008)

''The Last Note of Freedom

References

External links

The official Paul Gilbert site

The official Racer X site

Paul Gilbert - Rock Squad Interview

Gilbert's solo on Mr Big site

Paul Gilbert on Last.fm

Paul Gilbert artist page at Guitar Video Channel

Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:American rock guitarists Category:Lead guitarists Category:American musicians of Polish descent Category:Racer X members Category:Mr. Big members Category:G3 Category:Musicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Category:People from Carbondale, Illinois

de:Paul Gilbert es:Paul Gilbert fa:پال گیلبرت fr:Paul Gilbert hr:Paul Gilbert it:Paul Gilbert he:פול גילברט hu:Paul Gilbert nl:Paul Gilbert ja:ポール・ギルバート pl:Paul Gilbert pt:Paul Gilbert ru:Гилберт, Пол sk:Paul Gilbert fi:Paul Gilbert sv:Paul Gilbert tr:Paul Gilbert zh:保罗·吉尔伯特

Coordinates	39°49′51″N85°54′55″N
Name	Joe Satriani
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Joseph Satriani
Alias	Satch
Born	July 15, 1956Westbury, New York
Instrument	Guitar, bass, keyboards, vocals, harmonica, banjo, harp
Genre	Rock, hard rock, instrumental rock, blues
Occupation	Musician, songwriter, producer, guitar instructor
Years active	1978–present
Associated acts	Alice Cooper, Mick Jagger, Deep Purple, Steve Vai, G3, Sammy Hagar, Chickenfoot, Jason Becker
Label	Sony, Epic, Relativity
Website	Official website
Notable instruments	Ibanez Joe Satriani Signature model}}

Joseph "Joe" Satriani (born July 15, 1956 in Westbury, New York) is an Italian American instrumental rock guitarist and multi-instrumentalist, with multiple Grammy Award nominations. Early in his career, Satriani worked as a guitar instructor, and some of his former students have achieved fame with their guitar skills (Steve Vai, Larry LaLonde, Rick Hunolt, Kirk Hammett, Andy Timmons, Charlie Hunter, Kevin Cadogan, Alex Skolnick). Satriani has been a driving force in the music credited to other musicians throughout his career, as a founder of the ever-changing touring trio, G3, as well as performing in various positions with other musicians.

In 1988, Satriani was recruited by Mick Jagger as lead guitarist for Jagger's first solo tour. Later, in 1994, Satriani was the lead guitarist for Deep Purple. Satriani worked with a range of guitarists from several musical genres, including Steve Vai, John Petrucci, Eric Johnson, Larry LaLonde, Yngwie Malmsteen, Brian May, Patrick Rondat, Andy Timmons, Paul Gilbert, Adrian Legg, and Robert Fripp through the annual G3 Jam Concerts. He is currently the lead guitarist for the supergroup Chickenfoot.

He is heavily influenced by blues-rock guitar icons such as Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Ritchie Blackmore and Jeff Beck, but possesses his own easily recognizable style. Since 1988, Satriani has been using his own signature guitar, the Ibanez JS Series, which is widely sold in stores. He also has a signature series amplifier, the Peavey JSX (although he has since returned to using Marshall amplifiers); a signature Vox amPlug headphone amp; and various signature Vox effects pedals including the "Satchurator" distortion, the "Time Machine" delay, the "Big Bad Wah" wah and the "Ice 9" overdrive.

Biography

Satriani was inspired to play guitar at age fourteen soon after learning of the death of Jimi Hendrix. He has been said to have heard the news during a football training session, where he confronted his coach and announced that he was quitting to become a guitarist. In 1974, Satriani studied music with jazz guitarist Billy Bauer and with reclusive jazz pianist Lennie Tristano. The technically demanding Tristano greatly influenced Satriani's playing. Satriani began teaching guitar, with his most notable student at the time being fellow Long Island native Steve Vai. While he was teaching Vai, he was attending Five Towns College for studies in music.

In 1978 Satriani moved to Berkeley, California to pursue a music career. Soon after arriving in California, he resumed teaching. His students included Steve Vai, Kirk Hammett of Metallica, David Bryson of Counting Crows, Kevin Cadogan from Third Eye Blind, Larry LaLonde of Primus / Possessed, Alex Skolnick of Testament, Rick Hunolt (ex-Exodus), Phil Kettner of Lääz Rockit, Geoff Tyson of T-Ride, Charlie Hunter and David Turin.

1980s

Satriani started playing in a San Francisco-based band called the Squares, where he continued to network and make musical connections (Squares sound man John Cuniberti co-produced his second album). He was eventually invited to join the Greg Kihn Band, who were on the downside of their career, but whose generosity helped Satriani pay off the overwhelming credit card debt from recording his first album. When his friend and former student Steve Vai gained fame playing with David Lee Roth in 1986, Vai raved about Satriani in several interviews with guitar magazines, including ''Guitar World'' magazine. In 1987, Satriani's second album ''Surfing with the Alien'' produced popular radio hits and was the first all-instrumental release to chart so highly in many years. In 1988 Satriani helped produce the EP ''The Eyes of Horror'' for the death metal band Possessed.

In 1989, Satriani released the album ''Flying in a Blue Dream''. It was said to be inspired by the death of his father, who died in 1989 during the recording of the album. "One Big Rush" was featured on the soundtrack to the Cameron Crowe movie ''Say Anything...''. "The Forgotten Part II" was featured on a Labatt Blue commercial in Canada in 1993. "Can't Slow Down" featured in a car-chase sequence in the Don Johnson starring show ''Nash Bridges''.

1990s

In 1992, Satriani released ''The Extremist'', his most critically acclaimed and commercially successful album to date. Radio stations across the country were quick to pick up on "Summer Song," which got a major boost when Sony used it in a major commercial campaign for their Discman portable CD players. "Cryin'," "Friends," and the title track were also regional hits on radio.

In late 1993, Satriani joined Deep Purple as a temporary replacement for departed guitarist Ritchie Blackmore during the band's Japanese tour. The concerts were a success, and Satriani was asked to join the band permanently but he declined, having just signed a multi-album solo deal with Sony, so Steve Morse took the guitarist slot in Deep Purple.

G3

In 1996, Satriani founded the G3, a concert tour intended to feature a power trio consisting of three instrumental rock guitarists. The original lineup featured Satriani, Vai, and Eric Johnson. The G3 tour has continued periodically since its inaugural version, where Satriani is the only permanent member, featuring differing second and third members. Other guitarists who have performed in such a G3 configuration include among others: Yngwie Malmsteen, John Petrucci, Kenny Wayne Shepherd, Robert Fripp, Andy Timmons, Uli Jon Roth, Michael Schenker, Adrian Legg and Paul Gilbert.

In 1998 Satriani recorded and released ''Crystal Planet'', which went back to a sound more reminiscent of his late '80s work. Planet was followed up with ''Engines of Creation'', one of his more experimental works featuring the 'Electronica' genre of music. During the subsequent tour, a pair of shows at the Fillmore in San Francisco were recorded in December 2000 and released as ''Live in San Francisco'', a two-disc live album and DVD.

2000 and beyond

Over the next several years, Satriani regularly recorded and released evolving music, including ''Strange Beautiful Music'' in 2002 and ''Is There Love in Space?'' in 2004.

In May 2005, Satriani toured India for the first time, playing concerts in Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.

In 2006 Satriani recorded and released ''Super Colossal'' and ''Satriani Live!'', another two-disc live album and DVD recorded May 3, 2006 at the Grove in Anaheim, CA.

On August 7, 2007 Epic/Legacy Recordings re-released ''Surfing with the Alien'' to celebrate the 20th anniversary of its release. This was a two-disc set that includes a remastered album and a DVD of a previously never-before-seen live show filmed at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1988.

Satriani's next album, titled ''Professor Satchafunkilus and the Musterion of Rock'', was released on April 1, 2008.

Satriani released a live DVD recording of a concert in Paris titled ''Live In Paris: I Just Wanna Rock'' and a companion 2 CD set on February 2, 2010.

In March 2010 Satriani participated with other guitarists in the Experience Hendrix Tribute Tour, performing music written and inspired by Jimi Hendrix. In April, Satriani and the rest of Chickenfoot voiced themselves in an episode of the animated television series Aqua Teen Hunger Force. In May 2010, through his website, Satriani announced he was about to enter the studio to record a solo album, and dates were also released for an autumn tour. He also said that demos had been recorded for a second Chickenfoot album.

In May 2010, Satriani joined Sound Strike, a movement led by Rage Against the Machine singer Zack de la Rocha protesting Arizona SB1070. As a result, Satriani refuses to perform live in Arizona.

Satriani released his 14th studio album, titled ''Black Swans and Wormhole Wizards'', on October 5, 2010.

Copyright infringement lawsuit against Coldplay

On December 4, 2008 Satriani filed a copyright infringement suit against Coldplay in the United States District Court for the Central District of California.

Satriani's suit asserts that the Coldplay song "Viva la Vida" includes "substantial original portions" of the Satriani song "If I Could Fly" from his 2004 album, ''Is There Love in Space?''. The Coldplay song in question received two Grammy Awards for "Song of the Year." Coldplay denied the allegation. An unspecified settlement was ultimately reached between the parties.

Other work

Satriani is also credited on many other albums, including guitar duties on shock-rocker Alice Cooper's 1991 album ''Hey Stoopid'', Spinal Tap's 1992 album ''Break Like the Wind'', Blue Öyster Cult's 1988 album ''Imaginos'', band members Stu Hamm and Gregg Bissonette's solo albums. Interestingly, he was credited with singing background vocals on the 1986 debut album by Crowded House. In 2003, he played lead guitar on The Yardbirds's CD release ''Birdland''. In 2006 he made appearances on tracks for Deep Purple vocalist Ian Gillan's solo CD/DVD dual disc ''Gillan's Inn''. On Dream Theater's 2007 album, ''Systematic Chaos'', Satriani contributed spoken lyrics to the song "Repentance." Satriani contributed a guitar solo to Jordan Rudess' 2004 solo release ''Rhythm of Time''. He also composed much of the soundtrack for the racing video game ''NASCAR 06: Total Team Control'' and contributed to ''Sega Rally Championship''.

He featured in the 2006 Christopher Guest film ''For Your Consideration'' as the guitarist in the band that played for the late-night show.

Chickenfoot

It was revealed on May 29, 2008 that Satriani is involved in a new hard rock band called ''Chickenfoot'' with former Van Halen members Sammy Hagar and Michael Anthony, and Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Chad Smith. The band features Hagar on vocals, Satriani on guitar, Anthony on bass and Smith on drums. Their debut album was released on June 5, 2009. The first single and video released from this album is the track "Oh Yeah," which was also played on the Tonight Show With Conan O'Brien on June 5, 2009. Satriani received a writing credit on each of the songs featured on the band's self-titled debut album. When Broken Records magazine asked Satriani in volume 1 issue 3, about his new band, he enthusiastically mentioned that "it was great fun" and it gives him a "kick in the music bone" to be playing with such great talent. He said it felt quite natural to step back and play more rhythm guitar than solo guitar.

Technique and influence

Satriani is recognized as a technically advanced rock guitarist, and is a guitar virtuoso. He has mastered many performance techniques on the instrument, including legato, two-handed tapping and arpeggio tapping, volumes swells, harmonics, and extreme whammy bar effects. During fast passages, Satriani favors a legato technique (achieved primarily through hammer-ons and pull-offs) that yields smooth and flowing runs. He is also adept at other speed-related techniques such as rapid alternate picking and sweep picking, but does not often use them.

Satriani has received 14 Grammy nominations and has sold more than 10 million albums worldwide. Many of his fans and friends call him "Satch," short for "Satriani."

An influential guitarist himself, Satriani has many influences, including jazz guitarists Django Reinhardt, Wes Montgomery, Allan Holdsworth and Charlie Christian, and rock guitarists Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, Jeff Beck and Ritchie Blackmore.

Equipment

Satriani has endorsed Ibanez's JS Series guitars, and Peavey's JSX amplifier. Both lines were designed specifically as signature products for Satriani. The Ibanez JS100 was based on, and replaced, the Ibanez 540 Radius model that Satriani first endorsed. However, Satriani uses a variety of gear. Many of his guitars are made by Ibanez, including the JS1000, and JS1200. These guitars typically feature the DiMarzio PAF Pro (which he used up until 1993 in both the neck and bridge positions), the DiMarzio Fred (which he used in the bridge position from 1993 to 2005), and the Mo' Joe and the Paf Joe (which he uses in the bridge and neck positions, respectively, from 2005 to present day). The JS line of guitars is his signature line with the JS1000, JS1200, JS2400, JSBDG, and JS20th using Ibanez's original Edge double locking tremolo bridge. The JS100 and JS120s both use Ibanez's Edge 3 tremolo bridge. The JS1600 is a fixed bridge guitar with no tremolo system. The guitar he was most associated with during the nineties was a chrome-finished guitar nicknamed "Chrome Boy." (This instrument can be seen on the ''Live in San Francisco'' DVD.) However, the guitar used for most of the concert was in fact a lookalike nicknamed "Pearly," which featured Seymour Duncan Pearly Gates pickups.

Satriani uses a number of other JS models such as the JS double neck model, JS700 (primary axe on the self-titled CD and seen on the 1995 tour "Joe Satriani," which features a fixed bridge, P-90 pickups, and a matching mahogany body and neck), JS6/JS6000 (natural body) , JS1 (the original JS model), JS2000 (fixed bridge model), a variety of JS100s, JS1000s and JS1200s with custom paint work, and a large amount of prototype JSs. All double locking bridges have been the original Edge tremolo, not the newer models, which point to a more custom guitar than the "off the shelf" models. Joe played a red 7-string JS model, seen in the "G3 Live in Tokyo" DVD from 2005. He also has a prototype 24-fret version of the JS—now called the JS-2400—which he has used with Chickenfoot . Satriani has used a wide variety of guitar amps, using Marshall for his main amplifier (notably the limited edition blue coloured 6100 LM model) up until 2001, and his Peavey signature series amps, the Peavey JSX, thereafter. The JSX began life as a prototype Peavey XXX and developed into the Joe Satriani signature Peavey model, now available in retail stores. Satriani has used other amplifiers over the years in the studio, however. Those include the Peavey 5150 (used to record the song 'Crystal Planet'), Cornford, and the Mesa/Boogie Mark IIC+ (used to record the song 'Flying in a Blue Dream'), amongst others. He has recently switched to the Marshall JVM series.

His effects pedals include the Vox wah, Dunlop Cry Baby wah, RMC Wizard Wah, DigiTech Whammy, BK Butler Tube Driver, BOSS DS-1, BOSS CH-1, BOSS CE-2, BOSS DD-2 and a standard BOSS DD-3 (used together to emulate reverb effects), BOSS BF-3, BOSS OC-2, Barber Burn Drive Unit, Fulltone Deja Vibe, Fulltone Ultimate Octave, and Electro-Harmonix POG (Polyphonic Octave Generator), the latter being featured prominently on the title cut to his 2006 ''Super Colossal''.

Satriani has partnered with Planet Waves to create a signature line of guitar picks and guitar straps featuring his sketch art.

Although Satriani endorses the JSX, he has used many amps in the studio when recording, including the Peavey Classic. He used Marshall heads and cabinets, including live, prior to his Peavey endorsement. Most recently Satriani used the JSX head through a Palmer Speaker Simulator. He has also released a Class-A 5-watt tube amp called the "Mini Colossal."

He is currently working with Vox on his own line of signature effects pedals designed to deliver Satriani's trademark tone plus a wide range of new sounds for guitarists of all playing styles and ability levels. The first being a signature distortion pedal titled the "Satchurator," and recently, the "Time Machine," which will be a delay pedal, with more to follow in 2008, including a wah pedal called the "Big Bad Wah." On March 3, 2010 a new pedal was announced on Satriani's website regarding the new Vox overdrive pedal called "Ice 9."

Recurring themes

Satriani's work frequently makes references to various science fiction stories and ideas. "Surfing with the Alien," "Back to Shalla-Bal," and "The Power Cosmic 2000" refer to the comic book character Silver Surfer, while "Ice 9" refers to the secret government ice weapon in Kurt Vonnegut's ''Cat's Cradle''. "Borg Sex" is a reference to ''Star Trek'', which features a homogeneous cybernetic race known as the Borg. His albums and songs often have other-worldly titles, such as ''Not of this Earth'', ''Crystal Planet'', ''Is There Love in Space?'', and ''Engines of Creation''.

On the album ''Super Colossal'' the song titled "Crowd Chant" was originally called "Party on the Enterprise." "Party on the Enterprise" featured sampled sounds from the Starship Enterprise from the ''Star Trek'' TV show. But as Satriani explained in a podcast, legal issues regarding the samples could not be resolved and he was unable to get permission to use them. Satriani then removed the sounds from the song and called it "Crowd Chant." This song is now used as goal celebration music for a number of National Hockey League teams including the Minnesota Wild. This song is also used in EA Sports Hockey video game "NHL10".

"Redshift Riders," another song on the ''Super Colossal'' album, is "based on the idea that in the future, when people can travel throughout space, they will theoretically take advantage of the cosmological redshift effect so they can be swung around large planetary objects and get across [the] universe a lot faster than normal," Satriani said in a podcast about the song.

On the album ''Professor Satchafunkilus and the Musterion of Rock'' the song "I Just Wanna Rock," is about a giant robot on the run who happens to stumble upon a rock concert.

Philanthropy

In 2006, Satriani signed on as an official supporter of Little Kids Rock, a non-profit organization that provides free musical instruments and instruction to children in underserved public schools throughout the U.S.A. Satriani has personally delivered instruments to children in the program through a charity raffle for the organization and, like Steve Vai, sits on its board of directors as an honorary member.

Awards and nominations

Nominations

Satriani has the second most Grammy Award nominations (after Brian McKnight), of any artist (15) without winning. See further artists

Surfing with the Alien

+Nominations	Year !! Album !! Category
rowspan=2	Always With Me, Always With You	Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance>Best Pop Instrumental Performance
''Surfing with the Alien''	Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance>Best Rock Instrumental Performance
Grammy Awards of 1990	1990	Dreaming No. 11>The Crush of Love
Grammy Awards of 1991	1991	''Flying in a Blue Dream''
Grammy Awards of 1993	1993	''The Extremist''
Grammy Awards of 1994	1994	Time Machine (album)>Speed of Light
Grammy Awards of 1995	1995	Time Machine (album)>All Alone
Grammy Awards of 1997	1997	Joe Satriani (album)>(You're) My World''
Grammy Awards of 1998	1998	G3: Live in Concert>Summer Song (Live)
Grammy Awards of 1999	1999	Crystal Planet>A Train of Angels
Grammy Awards of 2001	2001	Engines of Creation>Until We Say Goodbye
Grammy Awards of 2002	2002	Always With Me, Always With You (Live) || Best Rock Instrumental Performance from Live in San Francisco
Grammy Awards of 2003	2003	Strange Beautiful Music>Starry Night
Grammy Awards of 2006	2006	''Super Colossal''
Grammy Awards of 2008	2008	Surfing with the Alien>Always With Me, Always With You (Live)

Discography

''Not of This Earth'' (1986)

''Surfing with the Alien'' (1987)

''Flying in a Blue Dream'' (1989)

''The Extremist'' (1992)

''Time Machine'' (1993)

''Joe Satriani'' (1995)

''Crystal Planet'' (1998)

''Engines of Creation'' (2000)

''Strange Beautiful Music'' (2002)

''Is There Love in Space?'' (2004)

''Super Colossal'' (2006)

''Professor Satchafunkilus and the Musterion of Rock'' (2008)

''Black Swans and Wormhole Wizards'' (2010)

References

External links

Official Website

Real "Guitar Hero" Joe Satriani turns Teacher at WorkshopLive.com

Audio Interview with Joe Satriani on Guitar Jam Daily, June 2007

Part 2 of Audio Interview with Joe Satriani on Guitar Jam Daily, July 2007

Joe Satriani 2006 Modern Guitars Magazine Interview with Brian D. Holland

MusiciansFriend Interview with Joe Satriani

Joe Satriani live pictures

Early Joe Satriani Photos

Joe Satriani guitar video workshop

Joe Satriani Artist Page at Guitar Video Channel

Category:American rock guitarists Category:American blues guitarists Category:American heavy metal guitarists Category:People from Nassau County, New York Category:Musicians from New York Category:American musicians of Italian descent Category:G3 Category:Lead guitarists Category:Chickenfoot members Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:Deep Purple members

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Coordinates	39°49′51″N85°54′55″N
name	Rusty Cooley
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
religion	Christian
born	Houston, Texas, U.S.
instrument	Guitar
genre	Instrumental rock, heavy metal, progressive metal
associated acts	Day Of Reckoning, OutworldAustrian Deathmachine
years active	1985–present
website	www.rustycooley.com
notable instruments	Dean Guitars }}

Rusty Cooley is a guitarist from Houston, Texas known for his highly refined guitar technique.

Early life

Rusty received his first equipment (a Peavey T27 guitar and a Peavey Decade amp) on his fifteenth birthday. From that day on Cooley immersed himself in music, practicing upwards of 4 hours a day. Rusty took guitar lessons for a while but became dissatisfied with local guitar instructors and decided to become self-taught. He relied on instructional books and videos like Doug Mark's Metal Method.

After only three years of playing he became a guitar teacher at the music store where he had purchased his first guitar.

After high school Rusty went to the local college and studied Music Theory.

Solo work

Rusty was unsatisfied with local musicians and began to work on solo music in early 1996. He also began playing 7-string guitars exclusively at this time. His debut solo album Rusty Cooley was released in 2003 on Lion Music.

Currently

Rusty recently collaborated with Pro Tone Pedals on testing their new Jason Becker Perpetual Burn Signature Distortion Pedal, as Jason himself now has ALS and can no longer play the guitar. Pro Tone Pedals has posted several videos of Rusty testing prototypes of the pedal on YouTube, and on one video, Rusty himself commented on it, saying that Jason was one of his biggest influences and that it was an honor to work on his signature pedal. Recently Pro Tone has also been working on a Rusty Cooley Signature pedal as well. Rusty has also released his signature 7-string model with Dean. Recently his lead work was featured on metal band Austrian Death Machine's new album, "Double Brutal." Recently, Rusty has been recording a demo with his new band Day of Reckoning (http://www.reverbnation.com/dayofreckoning).

Teaching

Rusty has been a guitar instructor since his third year of playing. He has also released five instructional products, done lessons for magazines (such as his Metal Guru column) and posted many lessons on sites such as Shredaholic. In addition, he has taught for the National Guitar Workshop three times (1996, 1997, 1998) and given many clinics. Rusty has many successful students, such as Chris Storey (ex All Shall Perish) and Mica Roth, former member of Hybreed.

Endorsements

Currently Rusty is endorsed by Dean Guitars, EMG Pickups, Morley Pedals, GHS strings, VHT, Rocktron, Eventide, and more recently Peavey amplification.

He was previously endorsed by Jackson Guitars and, more recently, Ibanez Guitars.

His Signature Dean Model was released at NAMM in early 2007.

Releases

Music

Outworld - Outworld (band)

Rusty Cooley

Book of Reflections

Shawn Lane Remembered Vol. 1

Warmth in the Wilderness 2 ''A Tribute to Jason Becker''

Prog Power 4

Prog Power 3

The Alchemist

Fresh Blood Vol. 4

Lick This

Guitarapalooza Vol. l

Ball One Strike One

Across the Miles

Revolution ''4-song EP''

Two guest solos on the track "From So Far Away" from All Shall Perish's album "Awaken the Dreamers"

All solos on the track "Let off some steam Bennett" from Austrian Death Machine's album "Double Brutal"

Instructional products

Shred Guitar Manifesto

Extreme Pentatonics

The Art of Picking

Rusty Cooley Performance/Clinic

Rusty Cooley Performance/Clinic 2

Basic Training

Fretboard Autopsy - Parts I & II

Guest Lesson on Mark Tremonti - The Sound and The Story

Television appearances

Stay Tuned

Metallurgy Live

Metallurgy Unplugged

World Class Guitar Techniques

Robb’s Metal Works

Rusty Cooley's Guitar Asylum TV

References

http://rustycooley.com/biography.html

External links

Official Website

Rusty Cooley Videos

The music video for "Under the Influence"

Interview

Outworld Message Board - Ask Rusty

GUITAR GODS: Rusty Cooley (2003 interview)

Category:American heavy metal guitarists Category:Eight-string guitarists Category:Seven-string guitarists Category:Living people Category:Lead guitarists Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Musicians from Houston, Texas

it:Rusty Cooley hu:Rusty Cooley no:Rusty Cooley pl:Rusty Cooley pt:Rusty Cooley sv:Rusty Cooley

Renée Fleming (born February 14, 1959) is an American soprano specializing in opera and lieder. Fleming has a full lyric soprano voice. Fleming has performed coloratura, lyric, and lighter spinto soprano repertoires. She has sung roles in Italian, German, French, Czech, and Russian, aside from her native English. She also speaks fluent German and French, along with limited Italian. Her signature roles include Countess Almaviva in Mozart's ''Le nozze di Figaro'', Desdemona in Verdi's ''Otello'', Violetta in Verdi's ''La traviata'', the title role in Dvořák's ''Rusalka'', the title role in Massenet's ''Manon'', the title role in Massenet's ''Thaïs'', the Marschallin in Richard Strauss's ''Der Rosenkavalier'', and the title role in ''Arabella''.

A Richard Tucker Award winner, she regularly performs in opera houses and concert halls worldwide. In 2008 she was awarded the Swedish Polar Music Prize for her services in music.

Renowned conductor Sir Georg Solti said of Fleming, "In my long life, I have met maybe two sopranos with this quality of singing; the other was Renata Tebaldi." While at Juilliard she sang in roles with the Juilliard Opera Center, appearing as Musetta in Puccini's ''La bohème'' and the Wife in Menotti's ''Tamu-Tamu'', among others.

Career

1980s to 1990s

Fleming first began performing professionally in smaller concerts and with small opera companies while still a graduate student at Juilliard. She sang frequently in the ''Musica Viva'' concert series sponsored by the New York Unitarian Church of All Souls during the 1980s. In 1984 she sang nine songs by Hugo Wolf in the world premiere of Eliot Feld's ballet ''Adieu'', which she again performed in 1987 and 1989 at the Joyce Theater. In 1986 she sang her first major operatic role, Konstanze in ''Die Entführung aus dem Serail'', at the Salzburg Landestheater. Two years later she portrayed Thalie, Clarine and La Folie in Jean-Philippe Rameau's ''Platée'' with the Piccolo Teatro Dell Opera.

Fleming's first major break came in 1988 when she won the Metropolitan Opera Auditions at age 29. That same year she sang the Countess in ''The Marriage of Figaro'' in her debut with Houston Grand Opera. She reprised the role the following year in her debut at the Spoleto Festival. Also in 1989, Fleming made her debut with the New York City Opera as Mimi in ''La Bohème'' and her debut with the Royal Opera at Covent Garden as Dirce in Cherubini's ''Médée''. She also was awarded a Richard Tucker Career Grant and won the George London Competition.

In 1990 she was once again honored by the Richard Tucker Music Foundation but this time with the highly coveted Richard Tucker Award. That same year she made her debut with Seattle Opera in her first portrayal of the title role in ''Rusalka'', a role that she has since recorded and reprised at many of the world's great opera houses. She also sang for the 50th anniversary of the American Ballet Theatre in their production of Eliot Feld's ''Les Noces'' and returned to the New York City Opera to sing both the Countess in ''Le nozze di Figaro'' and Micaela in Bizet's ''Carmen''. In addition, she sang the title role in Donizetti's ''Lucrezia Borgia'' with the Opera Orchestra of New York.

In 1991, Fleming made her Metropolitan Opera and San Francisco Opera debut portraying Countess Almaviva in ''Le nozze di Figaro''. Fleming was originally not scheduled to make her Met debut until the next season, but ended up making it earlier than expected by stepping into replace Felicity Lott who had become ill. She returned to the Met later that year to sing Rosina in the world premiere of John Corigliano's ''The Ghosts of Versailles''. That same year she made her Carnegie Hall debut performing music by Ravel with the New York City Opera Orchestra, sang ''Rusalka'' with Houston Grand Opera, and made her debut at the Tanglewood Music Festival as Ilia in Mozart's ''Idomeneo'' with Seiji Ozawa and the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

In 1992, Fleming made her debut with Grand Théâtre de Genève as Fiordiligi in Mozart's ''Così fan tutte''. She also sang the role of Anna in Boieldieu's ''La dame blanche'' at Carnegie Hall with the Opera Orchestra of New York and the role of Fortuna in Mozart's ''Il sogno di Scipione'' at Alice Tully Hall, as part of Lincoln Center's ''Festival of Mozart Operas in Concert''.

In 1993, Fleming sang the role of Alaide in Bellini's ''La straniera'' with the Opera Orchestra of New York, made her debut at the Rossini Opera Festival in the title role of Rossini's ''Armida'', and her debut with the Lyric Opera of Chicago in the title role of Carlisle Floyd's ''Susannah''. She also gave her New York City solo recital debut at Alice Tully Hall to great acclaim. She also sang her first Pamina in Mozart's ''The Magic Flute'' at the Metropolitan Opera and performed Berg's Three Excerpts from Wozzeck and Lulu Suite with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and James Levine. She also sang the world premiere of Joan Tower's ''Fanfare'' with Pinchas Zukerman and the Aspen Chamber Symphony and the world premiere of John Kander's ''Letter From Sullivan Ballou'' at the Richard Tucker Awards ceremony.

In 1994, Fleming sang her first Desdemona in Verdi's ''Otello'' and her first Ellen Orford in Britten's ''Peter Grimes'' with the Metropolitan Opera. She also made her debut at the Glyndebourne Festival as the Countess in ''Le nozze di Figaro''. She also performed the role of Madame de Tourvel in the world premiere of Conrad Susa's ''The Dangerous Liaisons'' and sang the role of Salome in Massenet's ''Hérodiade'' with the San Francisco Opera.

In 1995 Fleming portrayed the role of the Marschallin in ''Der Rosenkavalier'' with Houston Grand Opera, sang Hérodiade with the Opera Orchestra of New York at Carnegie Hall, and sang Rusalka with the San Francisco Opera. She also sang Fiordiligi in ''Così fan tutte'' with Solti at Royal Festival Hall and gave a lauded recital at the Morgan Library. She further signed an exclusive recording contract with the London/Decca label, making her the first American singer in 31 years to do so (Marilyn Horne was the last).

In 1996, Fleming sang the title role in Rossini's ''Armida'' and the role of Fiordiligi in ''Così fan tutte'' at the Met and performed the soprano solos in the Verdi ''Requiem'' with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. She also sang her first Marguerite in Gounod's ''Faust'' with Chicago Lyric Opera and sang the role of Donna Anna in Mozart's ''Don Giovanni'' with the Paris Opera at the reopening of the Palais Garnier with Sir Georg Solti. She was also chosen by Solti to be the first recipient of the Solti Prize, to be given to an outstanding younger singer. The award is given by the Académie du disque lyrique in a ceremony equivalent to the Grammy Awards. Fleming also made debut at the Bayreuth Festival as Eva in Wagner's ''Meistersinger''. Her other performances that year included recitals at the Edinburgh International Festival and at Alice Tully Hall.

In 1997, Fleming portrayed the Marschallin in Strauss's ''Der Rosenkavalier'' and her first ''Manon'' at the Opéra Bastille, receiving glowing reviews. She reprised the role at the Metropolitan Opera along with singing Marguerite in ''Faust'' and Rusalka. She also performed in concert twice with the New York Philharmonic, first under the baton of Zubin Mehta performing a selection of opera arias, and second singing Mozart's ''Exsultate, jubilate'' and three songs of Richard Strauss with Kurt Masur. She also performed at the Ravinia Festival with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and performed Samuel Barber's ''Knoxville: Summer of 1915'' with the Orchestra of St. Luke's under André Previn. She gave several recitals as well at such notable places as the Salzburg Festival.

In 1998, Fleming sang the title role in Richard Strauss' ''Arabella'' with Houston Grand Opera and the Countess with Lyric Opera of Chicago. She sang the title role in Carlisle Floyd's ''Susannah'' and Countess Almaviva in a landmark production of ''Le nozze di Figaro'' at the Met; the Mozart production also starred Cecilia Bartoli, Susanne Mentzer, Dwayne Croft, Danielle de Niese, and Bryn Terfel and was broadcast on PBS' ''Great Performances''. She made her Carnegie Hall recital debut. She sang Richard Strauss's ''Death and Transfiguration'' and ''Four Last Songs'' with Claudio Abbado and the Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra at the Salzburg Festival. She originated the roles of Blanche DuBois in the world première André Previn's ''A Streetcar Named Desire'' with the San Francisco Opera. Fleming also performed Strauss' ''Four Last Songs'' with the Berlin Philharmonic. In what Fleming has described as "the worst night of her operatic life" she was roundly booed on the opening night of ''Lucrezia Borgia'' by Donizetti in July, 1998 at La Scala.

In 1999, Fleming appeared at the Bavarian State Opera as the Marschallin in ''Der Rosenkavalier''. She returned to Carnegie Hall to great success with a concert of German lieder. She also performed in recital with André Previn and made her debut at the Schleswig-Holstein Festival. She also won a Grammy Award for her CD ''''The Beautiful Voice''. She also performed the title role in Handel's ''Alcina'' with Les Arts Florissants and conductor William Christie and with the Lyric Opera of Chicago. She also sang the title role in Charpentier's ''Louise'' with San Francisco Opera and Théâtre du Capitole. Fleming closed out the year by performing for President Bill Clinton at the White House for a Christmas celebration.

2000s

In 2000, Fleming appeared at the Metropolitan Opera, San Francisco Opera and at Covent Garden as the Marschallin in ''Der Rosenkavalier'' and sang the title role in Donizetti's ''Lucrezia Borgia'' with the Opera Orchestra of New York. She also appeared as Donna Anna in Mozart's ''Don Giovanni'' at the Salzburg Festival and the Met. She performed with the Orchestra of St. Luke's, under Mark Elder as part of the PBS series ''Live From Lincoln Center'' and with the Boston Symphony Orchestra in Haydn's ''Creation'' under James Levine.

In 2001, Fleming sang Desdemona in ''Otello'' with the Lyric Opera of Chicago, Manon with the Paris Opera, the Marschallin with both the San Francisco Opera and the Met, and Arabella at both the Bavarian State Opera and the Met. She also sang Verdi's ''Requiem'' twice, once with the London Symphony Orchestra and once with the New York Philharmonic. Fleming also sang at World Trade Center site shortly after the September 11 attacks.

In 2002, Fleming provided the vocals for Howard Shore's soundtrack for ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' soundtrack. Her singing can be found in the songs "The End of All Things", "Twilight and Shadow" and "The Return of the King" (Original Soundtrack) and "The Grace Of Undómiel", "Mount Doom", "The Eagles" and "The Fellowship Reunited" (The Complete Recordings). She also sang in several concerts in the United Kingdom with Bryn Terfel and gave the most extensive recital tour of her career, singing in dozens of recitals with accompianist Jean-Yves Thibaudet throughout the United States, Europe, Australia, and Asia. In addition, she portrayed the role of Rusalka with Opéra Bastille and Imogene in ''Il pirata'' with Théâtre du Châtelet.

In 2003, Fleming sang Imogene in at the Met, the title role in Massenet's ''Thaïs'' with the Lyric Opera of Chicago, Rusalka at Covent Garden, and Violetta in ''La traviata'' with both Houston Grand Opera and the Metropolitan Opera. She also reprised the role of Blanche in Previn's ''A Streetcar Named Desire'' at the Barbican Centre in London.

In 2004, Fleming portrayed the title role in Handel's ''Rodelinda'', and reprised the roles of Rusalka and Violetta at the Met. She also sang her first Gräfin (Countess) in ''Capriccio'' at the Palais Garnier and performed in concerts with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and the Toronto Symphony Orchestra among others. She also gave recitals in Spain, Switzerland, Germany, Canada, and the United States and performed in several concerts with Elton John at Radio City Music Hall.

In 2005, Fleming sang the title role in Massenet's ''Manon'' at the Met, Desdemona in Verdi's ''Otello'' at Covent Garden, and Thaïs in Vienna. She also performed with the Berlin Philharmonic, the London Symphony Orchestra, the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, the New Jersey Symphony, the Rochester Philharmonic, and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir among several other ensembles. In 2006, Fleming performed a solo concert at the Lyric Opera of Chicago with Sir Andrew Davis, sang Violetta in Verdi's ''La traviata'' with Los Angeles Opera, and returned to the Met to sing Manon and Rodelinda. She also sang Violetta again in the Metropolitan Opera's touring production to Japan and gave several recitals and concerts throughout the United States, Italy, Russia, and Sweden. She also sang in the Vienna Philharmonic's concert celebrating Mozart's 250th Birthday which was broadcast live internationally.

In 2007, Fleming sang Violetta with the Lyric Opera of Chicago, Tatyana in ''Eugene Onegin'' at the Metropolitan Opera, Arabella with Zurich Opera, and Thaïs at the Théâtre du Châtelet, Royal Opera, Vienna State Opera, and the Liceu. She also performed with over a dozen orchestras including the Monte-Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra,the National Symphony Orchestra, the Vancouver Symphony, the Boston Symphony, the San Francisco Symphony, the China Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic among others, and performed at numerous music festivals including the Salzburg Festival and the Lincoln Center Festival. She also gave recitals throughout Southeast Asia, Germany, and Switzerland.

In 2008, Fleming sang Violetta and Desdemona at the Metropolitan Opera, the Gräfin in ''Capriccio'' at the Vienna State Opera, Tatyana at the Tanglewood Music Festival, and ''Lucrezia Borgia'' at the Washington National Opera.

In 2009, Fleming created the complete version of ''Le temps l'horloge'', the latest work of famous French composer Henri Dutilleux. She sang Violetta at Covent Garden and Thaïs and Rusalka at the Metropolitan Opera, the Marschallin at the Baden-Baden Festival, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées and the Metropolitan Opera. She sang a variety of short pieces at Napa Valley's Festival del Sole in California.

During the 2009/2010 Metropolitan Opera season Fleming sang the Marschallin and in Mary Zimmerman's new production, the first at the Met, of Rossini's ''Armida'', a role and production she will return to during the Met's 2010/2011 Season along with the Gräfin in Richard Strauss's ''Capriccio''.

In an April 15, 2010, ''Wall Street Journal'' article, Fleming talked about her view of the battle between opera traditionalists and those who want to reinterpret the standards, siding – with some reservations – with the latter. "I'm not a reactionary. I've loved some of [these productions] when they've been well thought out", she said. "I have no problem with edgy, as long as it's not vulgar or disrespectful of the piece." Still, she said her "classic" image meant that she was unlikely to be asked to perform in such productions. In the same ''Wall Street Journal'' interview, Fleming explained her increasing preference for performing in concerts, rather than opera productions, and said, having learned more than 50 operas, that she is unlikely to learn many more.

Fleming appeared on ''Good Morning America'' on June 8, 2010, performing a cover of Muse's "Endlessly" from their album ''Absolution''.

On November 11, 2010, the Charlie Haden Quartet West released the jazz CD ''Sophisticated Ladies'' in which Fleming was a guest vocalist on the song "A Love Like This" by Ned Washington and Victor Young.

On December 9, 2010, the Board of Directors of Lyric Opera of Chicago announced that Fleming has been named Creative Consultant, a first in the company’s history.

Personal life

Fleming married actor Rick Ross in 1989, and they have two daughters together; Amelia, born in 1993, and Sage, born in 1995. The couple divorced in 2000, and Fleming has raised their children as a single mother. Fleming is currently engaged to lawyer Tim Jessell, whom she met on a blind date.

Popular recordings

Fleming has released a number of music recordings on the Decca label. In 2000 she was a guest artist alongside the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and the violinist Gil Shaham on the album ''Two Worlds'' by Dave Grusin and Lee Ritenour. She recorded a jazz album in 2005 entitled ''Haunted Heart''. She appears on the soundtrack of the 2003 film ''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' in which she sings in the imagined language Sindarin. Renée Fleming recorded the duet "O soave fanciulla" with Michael Bolton. Her album ''Dark Hope'', released in June 2010, features covers of songs by Leonard Cohen, Band of Horses, Jefferson Airplane and others.

TV, radio and record guest appearances

Fleming has a notable sense of humor. She appeared on the children's show ''Sesame Street'' singing a lively rendition of "Caro nome" from Rigoletto, replacing the traditional Italian text with lyrics intended to aid children learning to count.

She has performed several times on Garrison Keillor's popular public radio program ''A Prairie Home Companion.''

Fleming appeared as a "Special Guest Vocalist" on Joe Jackson's 1994 album ''Night Music'' on the song "Lullaby."

On November 18, 2005, Fleming appeared as guest on the BBC Radio 4 radio programme ''Desert Island Discs''; her favourite was Joni Mitchell's 1971 song "River".

Fleming performed "I'll Be Home For Christmas" on ABC's ''The View'' on December 18, 2008.

She performed on January 18, 2009 at We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial, singing the Rodgers and Hammerstein classic "You'll Never Walk Alone" with the combined choirs of the United States Naval Academy.

Repertory

! Year (debut)	! Role	! Composer	! Opera	! Location
1978	Laurie Moss	Aaron Copland	''The Tender Land''	Crane School of Music – SUNY Potsdam
1979	Alison	Gustav Holst	''The Wandering Scholar''	Crane School of Music – SUNY Potsdam
1980	Elsie Maynard	Gilbert and Sullivan	''The Yeomen of the Guard''	Crane School of Music – SUNY Potsdam
1981	Zerlina	Mozart	''Don Giovanni''	Eastman School of Music
1982	Anne Sexton	Conrad Susa		Aspen Music Festival and School
1983	Countess Almaviva	Mozart	''The Marriage of Figaro''	Aspen Music Festival and School
1983	Musetta	Puccini	''La bohème''	Juilliard Opera Center
1986	Konstanze	Mozart	''Die Entführung aus dem Serail''	Salzburg Landestheater
1986	Frasquita	Bizet	''Carmen''	Virginia Opera
1986	Belle Fezziwig & Laundress,Martha Cratchit, Rosie	Thea Musgrave	''A Christman Carol''	Virginia Opera
1987	the Wife		''Tamu-Tamu''	Juilliard Opera Center
1988	Thalie, Clarine, La Folie	Jean-Philippe Rameau	''Platée''	Piccolo Teatro Dell Opera
1988	Pamina	Mozart	''The Magic Flute''	Virginia Opera
1989	Mimì	Puccini	''La bohème''	New York City Opera
1989	Dircé	Cherubini		Royal Opera House, Covent Garden
1989	Imogene	Bellini	''Il pirata''	Opera Orchestra of New York
1990	Rusalka	Dvořák		Seattle Opera
1990	Micaëla	Bizet	''Carmen''	New York City Opera
1990	Lucrezia Borgia	Donizetti		Opera Orchestra of New York
1990	Maria Padilla	Donizetti	''Maria Padilla''	Opera Omaha
1991	Rosina	Corigliano	''The Ghosts of Versailles''	Metropolitan Opera
1991	Ilia	Mozart	''Idomeneo''	Tanglewood Music Festival
1991	Amina	Bellini	''La sonnambula''	Carnegie Hall
1991	Thaïs	Massenet		Washington Concert Opera
1991	Sandrina	Mozart	''La finta giardiniera''	Paris, Salle Pleyel
1992	La Contessa di Folleville	Rossini	''Il viaggio a Reims''	Royal Opera House, Covent Garden
1992	Fiordiligi	Mozart	''Così fan tutte''	Grand Théâtre de Genève
1992	Anna	Boieldieu	''La dame blanche''	Carnegie Hall
1992	Fortuna	Mozart	''Il sogno di Scipione''	Alice Tully Hall, Lincoln Center
1992	Tatyana	Tchaikovsky		Dallas Opera
1993	Armida	Rossini		Pesaro, Rossini Festival
1993	Donna Elvira	Mozart	''Don Giovanni''	La Scala
1993	Alaide	Bellini	''La straniera''	Carnegie Hall
1993	Susannah	Floyd	''Susannah''	Lyric Opera of Chicago
1993	Lulu	Alban Berg		Metropolitan Concert/Gala at Ann Arbor, Michigan
1993	Jenůfa	Leoš Janáček	''Jenůfa''	Dallas Opera
1994	Desdemona	Verdi	''Otello''	Metropolitan Opera
1994	Ellen Orford	Britten	''Peter Grimes''	Metropolitan Opera
1994	Madame de Tourvel	Conrad Susa	''The Dangerous Liaisons''	San Francisco Opera
1994	Salome	Massenet	''Hérodiade''	San Francisco Opera
1994	Rosmonda Clifford	Donizetti	''Rosmonda d'Inghilterra''	London
1995	Marschallin	R. Strauss	''Der Rosenkavalier''	Houston Grand Opera
1995	Amelia	Verdi	''Simone Boccanegra''	Royal Opera at Covent Garden
1996	Marguerite	Gounod		Lyric Opera of Chicago
1996	Donna Anna	Mozart	''Don Giovanni''	Opéra national de Paris
1996	Eva	Wagner	''Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg''	Bayreuth Festival
1997	Manon	Massenet	''Manon''	Opéra Bastille
1998	Arabella	R. Strauss	''Arabella''	Houston Grand Opera
1998	Blanche DuBois	André Previn		San Francisco Opera
1998	Gabriel / Eva	Joseph Haydn		Tanglewood Music Festival
1999	Alcina	Handel	''Alcina''	Opéra national de Paris
1999	Louise	Charpentier		San Francisco Opera
2003	Violetta	Verdi	''La traviata''	Houston Grand Opera
2004	Rodelinda	Handel		Metropolitan Opera
2004	Gräfin	R. Strauss		Palais Garnier
2005	Daphne	R. Strauss		University of Michigan
2010	Hanna Glawari	Lehár	''The Merry Widow''	Semperoper

Partial discography

CD

''Donizetti: Rosmonda d'Inghilterra'' Opera Rara 1994

''Strauss Four Last Songs'' RCA 1996

''Visions of Love – Mozart Arias'' Decca 1996

''Schubert Lieder'' Decca 1997

''Signatures'' Opera arias By Mozart, Verdi, Britten, Strauss, w. Georg Solti, Decca 1997

''Elijah'' (Mendelssohn) Decca 1997

''Rusalka'' (1997)

''A Streetcar Named Desire'' (1997)

''The Beautiful Voice'' Decca 1998

''I Want Magic'' American Opera Arias, Decca 1998

''Star Crossed Lovers'' Duets with Plácido Domingo, Decca 1999

''Strauss Heroines'' Decca 1999

''Requiem (Verdi)'' with Andrea Bocelli, Olga Borodina and Ildebrando D'Arcangelo, conducted by Valery Gergiev, Philips 2001

''Renée Fleming'' Decca 2001

''Night Songs'' Lieder by Debussy, Fauré, Marx, Strauss, Rachmaninov, Decca 2001

''Thaïs'' (2001)

''Manon'' (2001)

''Bel Canto'' Arias by Donizetti, Bellini, Rossini, Decca 2002

''Under the Stars'' Broadway Duets with Bryn Terfel, Decca 2003

''By Request'' Decca 2003

''Mozart: Così fan tutte'' Decca

''Handel: Alcina'' Erato

''Rossini: Armida'' Sony (live)

''Mozart: Don Giovanni'' Decca

''Massenet: Hérodiade'' Sont (live)

''Handel Arias'' Decca 2003/2004

''Requiem'' (Verdi) Philips 2004

''Haunted Heart'' Decca 2005

''Sacred Songs'' Decca 2005

''Homage – The Age of the Diva'' Decca 2006

''Strauss: Daphne'' Decca

''Four Last Songs by Richard Strauss'' Decca 2008

''Verismo'' – Arias of Puccini, Mascagni, Cilea, Giordano, Leoncavallo Decca 2009

''Dark Hope'' Decca Records 2010

DVD

''Tchaikovsky: Eugene Onegin'' Decca 2007

''Strauss, R: Arabella'' Decca 2008

''Verdi: La traviata'' Decca

''Mozart: Don Giovanni''

''Mozart: The Marriage of Figaro''

''Massenet: Manon''

''Rossini: Armida'' Decca

''Strauss, R: Arabella'' Decca

''Strauss, R: Der Rosenkavalier'' Decca

''Strauss, R: Capriccio'' Decca

''Verdi: Otello''

''Dvořák: Rusalka'' Decca

''Massenet: Thaïs'' Decca

''Metropolitan Opera: The Audition'' (documentary)

Honors

In 2000, Chef Daniel Boulud named a dessert, ''La Diva Renée'', after her.

References

Sources

Fleming, Renée. ''The Inner Voice: the Making of a Singer''. Paperback ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2004. ISBN 9780143035947

External links

Interview with Renée Fleming at MusicalCriticism.com

Renée Fleming – Fansite

Renée Fleming Fansite with interview and performance videos

[ Allmusic pop music entry – Renée Fleming] [ Allmusic classical music entry: Renée Fleming]

NPR interview: Renée Fleming

Renée Fleming Topic at ''The New York Times''

Classical Archives Interview

Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:American opera singers Category:American sopranos Category:Crane School of Music alumni Category:Eastman School of Music alumni Category:Fulbright Scholars Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music Category:Juilliard School alumni Category:Musicians from Pennsylvania Category:Operatic sopranos Category:People from Indiana, Pennsylvania Category:People from Rochester, New York

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