A raion (or rayon) is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet countries. The term, which is from French ''rayon'' 'honeycomb, department,' describes both a type of a subnational entity and a division of a city, and is commonly translated in English as "district". Raion also can be used simply as a second degree of administrative division without anything to do with ethnicity or nationality. A raion is usually an administrative entity two steps below the national level, however in smaller countries it could be the primary level of administrative division.
''Raion'' (or ''rayon'') is called , ; ; , ''raioni''; ; ; .
The concept of ''raionirovanie'' was met with resistance in some republics, especially in Ukraine, where local leaders objected to the concept of raions as being too centralized in nature and ignoring the local customs. This point of view was backed by the Soviet Commissariat of Nationalities. Nevertheless, eventually all of the territory of the Soviet Union was regionalized.
Soviet raions had self-governance in the form of an elected district council (''raysovet'') and were headed by the local head of administration, who was either elected or appointed.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, raions as administrative units continued to be used in Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Latvia, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine.
Municipal districts are commonly formed within the boundaries of existing administrative districts, although in practice there are some exceptions to this rule—Neryungrinsky Municipal District in the Sakha Republic, for example, is formed around the town of Neryungri, which neither has a status of nor is a part of any administrative district.
See also:
Category:Types of country subdivisions Category:Russian words and phrases Category:Russian loanwords Category:Former subdivisions of Communist Romania
az:Rayon be:Раён be-x-old:Раён bg:Район cv:Район cs:Rajón de:Rajon es:Raión eo:Rajono eu:Raion fa:رایون fr:Raion gl:Raion hi:रायोन hr:Rajon id:Raion it:Rajon he:ראיון (מנהל) ka:რაიონი kk:Аудан hu:Rajon nl:Rayon (bestuur) ja:ラヨン no:Rajon mhr:Кундем pl:Rejon pt:Raion crh:Rayon ro:Raion ru:Район sl:Rajon sr:Рејон fi:Rajon sv:Rajon tl:Raion tr:Rayon (yönetim) uk:РайонThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
The Jaguar is a fictional character, a comic book superheroine created by artist Laura Molina and published under her privately-owned Insurgent Comix imprint. The character, created in response to California's 1994 passage of proposition 187, made her first appearance in ''Cihualyaomiquiz, The Jaguar'' #1 (1996).
The Jaguar's secret identity is that of Linda Rivera, an East Los Angeles law student. Linda lives in an alternate timeline in which proposition 187 has transformed California in to a police state ruled by right-wing fundamendalist groups, which enact the removal of equal employment and affirmative action policies. People of color are consistently denied civil rights while racist hate groups are allowed to proliferate throughout the state. Tired of seeing her people persecuted, Rivera dons the mantle of Cihualyaomiquiz, a term from the Aztec language translated as "''Woman ready to die in battle''" and becomes a vigilante known as The Jaguar. She is assisted by local activists groups and makes use of her fighting ability, detective skills and knowledge of the law in her pursuit of social justice.
The Jaguar made her first published appearance in ''Cihualyaomiquiz, The Jaguar #1'' written and illustrated by Laura Molina in 1996 with Tomás Benitez assisting in additional story editing and dialogue. The series is currently on hiatus, but Molina promises new installments in the near future.
After witnessing the racist authority of California firsthand, Linda Rivera reclaims her heritage by reuniting with her native history. Adopting the mantle of Cihualyaomiquiz, dedicates her vigilante activities to Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec god of war. Every night she performs an ancient ritual in which copal is lit and calls upon her nahual (spirit guide) to transform into her alter ego as The Jaguar. During one of her first adventures, she is shown to have received important information from an unnamed activist group in order to steal some important legal documents. Along the way she encountered two neo-nazis in a back alley doing drugs. They attempted to overpower her, but she easily dispatches of the two of them. Before leaving she concludes the altercation by congratulating them for being so lucky, because "''...after all, my ancestors used to eat their enemies.''"
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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