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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Robert Frost
Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. A popular and often-quoted poet, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.
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Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Treaty (1955–91) is the informal name for the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, commonly known as the Warsaw Pact. The treaty was a mutual defense treaty subscribed to by eight communist states in Eastern Europe. It was established at the USSR’s initiative and realized on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw, Poland.
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China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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'''Hadrian's Wall''' () is a stone and timber fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of what is now northern England. Begun in AD 122, during the rule of emperor Hadrian, it was the first of two fortifications built across Great Britain, the second being the Antonine Wall in what is now Scotland. Hadrian's Wall is the better known of the two because its physical remains are more evident today.
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Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Kairouan (Arabic القيروان) (also known as Kirwan, Al Qayrawan), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia. Referred to as the Islamic Cultural Capital, it is considered the fourth most holy city in Islam, and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The city was founded by the Arabs around 670 in the period of Caliph Mu'awiya, becoming an important center for Islamic and Quranic learning, and thus attracting a large number of Muslims from various parts of the world, next only to Mecca and Medina. The holy Mosque of Uqba is situated in the city.
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Machu Picchu () – "Old Mountain", pronounced ) – is a pre-Columbian Inca site located above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, which is northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). Often referred to as "The Lost City of the Incas", it is perhaps the most familiar icon of the Inca World.
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Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
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Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Tunisia (pronounced , ; Tūnis), officially the Tunisian Republic ( al-Jumhūriyya at-Tūnisiyya), is the northernmost country in Africa. It is an Arab country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area is almost 165,000 km², with an estimated population of just over 10.3 million. Its name is derived from the capital Tunis located in the north-east.
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The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
- architecture
- artillery
- Ashlar
- Beijing
- Berlin Wall
- Bulkhead (partition)
- China
- city
- civil engineering
- curtain wall
- defensive wall
- dike (construction)
- Dry-stone wall
- drywall
- electrical wiring
- English language
- facade
- fence
- fibre cement
- Great Wall of China
- ha-ha
- Hadrian's Wall
- Italy
- Kairouan
- levee
- List of walls
- Load-bearing wall
- Machu Picchu
- masonry
- Mending Wall
- Mexico
- mosaic
- mural
- NATO
- panelling
- Peru
- Pink Floyd
- Pipe and drape
- plumbing
- poet laureate
- portable partitions
- Retaining wall
- Robert Frost
- Rome
- roofs
- Room (architecture)
- room dividers
- sea wall
- Separation barrier
- Sleeper wall
- Soviet Union
- Stone wall
- Structural load
- superstructure
- Terra cotta
- The Wall
- Thermal insulation
- Timber framing
- toughened glass
- Tunisia
- United States
- vallum
- Wallpaper
- Warsaw Pact
Chelsea Walls (2002)
"Chelsea Walls (2002)" Actors
- Bianca Bakija
- Kevin Corrigan
- Matthew Del Negro
- Paz De La Huerta
- Guillermo Díaz
- Vincent D'onofrio
- Paul D. Failla
- Kris Kristofferson
- Robert Sean Leonard
- Duane Mclaughlin
- Natasha Richardson
- Jimmy Scott
- John Seitz
- Mark Strand
- Rosario Dawson
"Chelsea Walls (2002)" Director
The Walls
Releases by year: 2005 2000
Album releases
New Dawn Breaking (Released 2005)
- Open Road
- Passing Through
- To the Bright and Shining Sun
- Black and Blue
- Romantic Ireland's Dead and Gone
- Know Your Love
- Ghosts
- Out of the Fog
- Drowning Pool
- Highwire
- Birthday Girl
- New Dawn Breaking
Hi-Lo (Released 2000)
- Some Kind of a Girl
- Earthling
- February's Gone
- Hartland Road
- Get Wild
- Something's Wrong
- One of Those Days
- New Born Baby
- Bone Deep
- Love Eluded Me
- Broken Boy
- Chestnut
- If I Had You
Walls
Releases by year: 2005 2000 2011 2010
Album releases
Coracle (Released 2011)
- Into Our Midst
- Heat Haze
- Sunporch
- Il Tedesco
- Vacant
- Raw Umber/Twilight
- Ecstatic Truth
- Drunken Galleon
Walls (Released 2010)
- Burnt Sienna
- Hang Four
- A Virus Waits!
- Cylopean Remains
- Soft Cover People
- Strawberry Sect
- Gaberdine
- Austerlitz Wide Open
The Wall
Releases by year: 2005 2000 2011 2010 1982 1980
Album releases
Dirges & Anthems (Released 1982)
- Who Are You
- Nice to See You
- Wunderkind
- Epitaph
- Money Whores
- Barriers
- Pete's Song
- Tyburn
- Walpurgis Nicht
- Only Dreaming
- Foot Steps
- Chinese Whispers
- Everybody's Ugly
- English History
- Anthem
Personal Troubles & Public Issues (Released 1980)
- Fight the Fright
- In Nature
- Storm
- Syndicate
- Windows
- Delay
- Ghetto
- Unanswered Prayers
- Mercury
- Cancer
- Career Mother
- One Born Every Day
Over The Wall
Releases by year: 2005 2000 2011 2010 1982 1980
Album releases
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- air
- architecture
- artillery
- Ashlar
- Beijing
- Berlin Wall
- Bulkhead (partition)
- China
- city
- civil engineering
- curtain wall
- defensive wall
- dike (construction)
- Dry-stone wall
- drywall
- electrical wiring
- English language
- facade
- fence
- fibre cement
- Great Wall of China
- ha-ha
- Hadrian's Wall
- Italy
- Kairouan
- levee
- List of walls
- Load-bearing wall
- Machu Picchu
- masonry
- Mending Wall
- Mexico
- mosaic
- mural
- NATO
- panelling
- Peru
- Pink Floyd
- Pipe and drape
- plumbing
- poet laureate
- portable partitions
- Retaining wall
- Robert Frost
- Rome
- roofs
- Room (architecture)
- room dividers
- sea wall
- Separation barrier
- Sleeper wall
- Soviet Union
- Stone wall
- Structural load
- superstructure
- Terra cotta
- The Wall
- Thermal insulation
- Timber framing
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A wall is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. Most commonly, a wall delineates a building and supports its superstructure, separates space in buildings into rooms, or protects or delineates a space in the open air. There are three principal types of structural walls: building walls, exterior boundary walls, and retaining walls.
Building walls
Building walls have one main purpose: to support roofs and ceilings. Such walls most often have three or more separate components. In today's construction, a building wall will usually have the structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation, and finish elements or surface (such as drywall or panelling). In addition, the wall may house various types of electrical wiring or plumbing. Electrical outlets are usually mounted in walls.Building walls frequently become works of art externally and internally, such as when featuring mosaic work or when murals are painted on them; or as design foci when they exhibit textures or painted finishes for effect.
On a ship, the walls separating compartments are termed "bulkheads", whilst the thinner walls separating cabins are termed "partitions".
In architecture and civil engineering, the term curtain wall refers to the facade of a building which is not load-bearing but functions as decoration, finish, front, face, or history preservation.
Partition wall
A partition wall is a wall for the purpose of separating rooms, or dividing a room. Partition walls are usually not load-bearing.Partition walls may be constructed with bricks or blocks from clay, terra-cotta or concrete, reinforced, or hollow. Glass blocks may also be used.
They may also be constructed from sheet glass. Glass partition walls are a series of individual toughened glass panels, which are suspended from or slide along a robust aluminium ceiling track. The system does not require the use of a floor guide, which allows easy operation and an uninterrupted threshold.
Timber may be used. This type of partition consists of a wooden framework either supported on the floor below or by side walls. Metal lath and plaster, properly laid, forms a reinforced partition wall. Partition walls constructed from fibre cement sheeting are popular as bases for tiling in kitchens or in wet areas like bathrooms. Galvanized sheet fixed to wooden or steel members are mostly adopted in works of temporary character. Plain or reinforced partition walls may also be constructed from concrete, including pre-cast concrete blocks.
Metal framed partitioning is also available. This partition consists of track (used primarily at the base and head of the partition) and stud (vertical sections fixed at 600mm centres).
Internal wall partitions also known as office partitioning is made using plasterboard (drywall), or varieties of glass. Toughened glass is a common option as it is feasible however there is also low iron glass better known as opti-white glass which increases light and solar heat transmission.
Wall partitions are constructed using beads and tracking which are either hung from the ceiling or fixed into the ground. The panels are inserted into the tracking and fixed.
There are variations of wall partitions which include the level of fire resistance they have, and their acoustic performance rating.
Movable Partitions
Movable partitions are used where the walls of a room are frequently opened to form one large floor area. In this system, there are several types of partitions:
Boundary walls
Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls on property, and town walls. These intergrade into fences; the conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often is open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, if an exterior structure is made of wood or wire, it is generally referred to as a fence, while if it is made of masonry, it is considered a wall. A common term for both is barrier, convenient if it is partly a wall and partly a fence, for example the Berlin Wall. Another kind of wall/fence ambiguity is the ha-ha which is set below ground level, so as not to interrupt a view yet acting as a barrier to cattle for example.Before the invention of artillery, many of the world's cities and towns, particularly in Europe and Asia, had protective walls (also called town walls or city walls). In fact, the English word "wall" is derived from Latin vallum, which was a type of fortification wall. Since they are no longer relevant for defense, such cities have grown beyond their walls, and many of the walls, or portions thereof, have been torn down, for example in Rome, Italy and in Beijing, China. Examples of protective walls on a much larger scale include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian's Wall.
Separation walls
Some walls are designed to formally separate one population from another. An example was the Berlin Wall, which divided East and West Berlin.
Retaining walls
[[File:Dry_Stone_Wall_-_Blackmile_Lane,_Grendon,_Northamptonshire.jpg|thumb|right |Dry-stone wall - Grendon]] In areas of rocky soils around the world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both.Retaining walls are a special type of wall, that may be either external to a building or part of a building, that serves to provide a barrier to the movement of earth, stone or water. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall will be noticeably higher than on the other side. A dike is one type of retaining wall, as is a levee, a load-bearing foundation wall, and a sea wall.
Shared walls
Special laws often govern walls shared by neighbouring properties. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side. A wall may also separate apartment or hotel rooms from each other. Each wall has two sides and breaking a wall on one side will break the wall on the other side.
Portable walls
Portable walls, such as room dividers or portable partitions, are used to take a large open space and effectively divide it into smaller rooms. Portable walls can be static such as cubicle walls, or they can be wall panels mounted on casters to provide an easy way to reconfigure assembly space. They are often found inside schools, churches, convention centers, hotels and corporate facilities.
Etymology
It is notable that English uses the same word to refer to an external wall, and the internal sides of a room. This is by no means universal, and many languages distinguish between the two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen between Wand and Mauer, in Spanish between pared and muro.
Walls in popular culture
Walls are often seen in popular culture representing barriers preventing progress or entry. For example, the progressive/psychedelic rock band Pink Floyd used a metaphorical wall to represent the isolation felt by the protagonist of their 1979 concept album The Wall. American poet laureate Robert Frost describes a pointless rock wall as a metaphor for the myopia of the culture-bound in his poem Mending Wall. In a real-life example, the Berlin Wall, constructed by the Soviet Union to divide Berlin into NATO and Warsaw Pact zones of occupation, became a worldwide symbol of oppression and isolation.In some cases, a wall may refer to an individual's debilitating mental or physical condition, seen as an impassable barrier.
Another common usage is as a communal surface to write upon. For instance the social networking site Facebook uses an electronic "wall" to log the scrawls of friends. Users have since gone on to create more advanced versions of the original wall, such as the application SuperWall.
Physiological wall
In marathon running a runner can 'hit' 'the wall'. A point where the human brain and body feels like it cannot be pushed further or continue. Runners find this incredibly hard to break through and continue.A wall can also refer to something that the human mind is blocking or hiding from memory but this is debatable.
See also
External links
Category:Property law Category:Home Category:Structural system Category:Archaeological features
af:Muur am:ግድግዳ ar:جدار an:Paret ay:Pirqa bn:দেয়াল be:Сцяна be-x-old:Сьцяна br:Moger bg:Стена (архитектура) ca:Paret cs:Zeď cy:Mur da:Væg de:Mauer es:Pared eo:Muro fa:دیوار fr:Mur ga:Balla (struchtúr) gd:Balla gan:壁 xal:Эрс ko:벽 hr:Zid io:Muro id:Dinding is:Veggur it:Muro (edilizia) kn:ಗೋಡೆ lv:Siena lt:Atitvara li:Moeër (boew) hu:Fal nl:Muur (bouwsel) nds-nl:Mure ja:壁 no:Vegg nrm:Muthâle pnb:کند pl:Mur pt:Muro qu:Pirqa ru:Стена sco:Waw scn:Muru (architittura) simple:Wall so:Derbi sr:Зид sh:Zid fi:Seinä sv:Mur tl:Dingding ta:மதில் te:గోడ tg:Девор tr:Duvar (inşaat) uk:Стіна bat-smg:Sėina zh:墙This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.