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Aristophanes
Aristophanes (, ca. 446 – ca. 386 BC), son of Philippus, of the deme Cydathenaus, was a prolific and much acclaimed comic playwright of ancient Athens. Eleven of his forty plays survive virtually complete. These, together with fragments of some of his other plays, provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, and they are in fact used to define the genre. Also known as the Father of Comedy and the Prince of Ancient Comedy, Aristophanes has been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any other author. His powers of ridicule were feared and acknowledged by influential contemporaries - Plato singled out Aristophanes' play The Clouds as slander contributing to the trial and execution of Socrates although other satirical playwrights had caricatured the philosopher. His second play, The Babylonians (now lost), was denounced by the demagogue Cleon as a slander against the Athenian polis. It is possible that the case was argued in court but details of the trial are not recorded and Aristophanes caricatured Cleon mercilessly in his subsequent plays, especially The Knights.
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Hesiod
Hesiod (Greek: Hēsíodos) was a Greek oral poet generally thought by scholars to have been active around 700 BC. No date before 750 BC or later than 650 BC fits the evidence. Since at least Herodotus's time (Histories, 2.53), Hesiod and Homer have generally been considered the earliest Greek poets whose work has survived, and they are often paired. Scholars disagree about who lived first, and the fourth-century BC sophist Alcidamas' Mouseion even brought them together in an imagined poetic agon, the Contest of Homer and Hesiod. Aristarchus first argued for Homer's priority, a claim that was generally accepted by later antiquity.
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Homer
Homer (Ancient Greek: , Hómēros)
http://wn.com/Homer -
Isaiah
Isaiah ( ; Greek: , Ēsaïās ; Aramaic/Syriac/Assyrian: ܐܫܥܝܐ , Isha`ya ; , Ašʿiyāʾ ; "Yahweh is salvation"; (US), (UK)) lived approximately 2700 years ago and was a prophet in the 8th-century BC Kingdom of Judah. Part of his message was: "The land will be completely laid waste and totally plundered. The LORD has spoken this word." (Isaiah 24:3). Isaiah therefore warns the people of Israel to turn back to Yahweh. Isaiah was sensitive to the common people's problems and was very outspoken regarding their treatment by the aristocracy.
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Otto Kern
Otto Kern (February 14, 1863 – January 31, 1942) was a German linguist and former professor of philology at the University of Halle. He studied classical philology and archaeology at the Universities of Berlin and Göttingen and attained a doctorate of philology in 1888.
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Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Greek: ; fl. early 5th century BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth (a part of the poem), he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of Western philosophy.
http://wn.com/Parmenides
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Ephesus (Ancient Greek , Turkish Efes) was an ancient Greek city, and later a major Roman city, on the west coast of Asia Minor, near present-day Selçuk, Izmir Province, Turkey. It was one of the twelve cities of the Ionian League during the Classical Greek era. In the Roman period, it was for many years the second largest city of the Roman Empire; ranking behind Rome, the empire's capital. Ephesus had a population of more than 250,000 in the 1st century BC, which also made it the second largest city in the world.
http://wn.com/Ephesus -
Sparta (Doric Σπάρτα; Attic Spartē) or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c. 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.
http://wn.com/Sparta -
In Greek mythology Zeus ( or ; Ancient Greek: Ζεύς; Modern Greek: Δίας, Dias) is the "Father of Gods and men", according to Hesiod's Theogony, who ruled the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father ruled the family; he was the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. As Walter Burkert points out in his book, Greek Religion, "Even the gods who are not his natural children address him as Father, and all the gods rise in his presence."(Iliad, book 1.503;533) For the Greeks, he was the King of the Gods, who oversaw the universe. As Pausanias observed, "That Zeus is king in heaven is a saying common to all men". In Hesiod's Theogony, Zeus assigns the various gods their roles. In the Homeric Hymns he is referred to as the chieftain of the gods. His symbols are the thunderbolt, eagle, bull, and oak. In addition to his Indo-European inheritance, the classical "cloud-gatherer" also derives certain iconographic traits from the cultures of the Ancient Near East, such as the scepter. Zeus is frequently depicted by Greek artists in one of two poses: standing, striding forward, with a thunderbolt leveled in his raised right hand, or seated in majesty.
http://wn.com/Zeus
- 3908 Nyx
- Achlys
- Adrasteia
- adyton
- Aether (mythology)
- Apate
- Aphrodite
- Ares
- Aristophanes
- asteroid
- Chaos (cosmogony)
- Charon (mythology)
- Cronus
- Darkness
- Deity
- demiurge
- Dionysus
- Ephesus
- Epiphron
- Erebus
- Erinyes
- Eris (mythology)
- Eros
- Gaia (mythology)
- Geras
- goddess
- Greek mythology
- Hemera
- Hera
- Heracles
- hermaphrodite
- Hesiod
- Hesperides
- Homer
- House of Night
- Hypnos
- Iliad
- Isaiah
- Keres (mythology)
- Laomedon
- Lilith
- Lyssa
- Megabyte
- Megara
- Moirae
- Momus
- Moros
- Nemesis (mythology)
- Nix (moon)
- Oceanus
- Oizys
- Oneiroi
- oracle
- Orpheus
- Orphic Hymn
- Otto Kern
- Parmenides
- parthenogenesis
- personification
- Phanes (mythology)
- Philotes (mythology)
- Phthonus
- Pluto
- Ratri
- Rigveda
- Sparta
- Styx
- Tartarus
- Temple of Artemis
- Tethys (mythology)
- Thanatos
- The Birds (play)
- Theogony
- Timpani
- universe
- Uranus (mythology)
- Ushas
- Venus
- Walter Burkert
- Zeus
Nyx Filmography
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:34
- Published: 20 Oct 2007
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- Author: JLovesMac1
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- Published: 29 Jul 2009
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- Published: 03 Sep 2010
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- Author: fashionismycrush
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- Duration: 2:14
- Published: 21 Aug 2011
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- Author: gossmakeupartist
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- Duration: 10:47
- Published: 03 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 29 Nov 2011
- Author: EnKoreMakeup
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- Duration: 13:53
- Published: 12 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 27 Nov 2011
- Author: ginabinawina99
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- Duration: 6:52
- Published: 19 Jan 2009
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: juicystar07
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- Duration: 9:20
- Published: 11 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: QUEENBMAKEUP
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- Duration: 6:22
- Published: 19 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 20 Nov 2011
- Author: MakeupbyMel
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- Duration: 4:52
- Published: 07 Sep 2011
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- Author: itsjudytime
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- Published: 18 Mar 2009
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- Published: 22 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Nov 2011
- Author: jomakemeblush
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- Published: 12 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: gossmakeupartist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Published: 27 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 30 Nov 2011
- Author: emilynoel83
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Published: 19 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: juicystar07
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- Duration: 4:42
- Published: 28 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 04 Dec 2011
- Author: PrincessPinkcat
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- 3908 Nyx
- Achlys
- Adrasteia
- adyton
- Aether (mythology)
- Apate
- Aphrodite
- Ares
- Aristophanes
- asteroid
- Chaos (cosmogony)
- Charon (mythology)
- Cronus
- Darkness
- Deity
- demiurge
- Dionysus
- Ephesus
- Epiphron
- Erebus
- Erinyes
- Eris (mythology)
- Eros
- Gaia (mythology)
- Geras
- goddess
- Greek mythology
- Hemera
- Hera
- Heracles
- hermaphrodite
- Hesiod
- Hesperides
- Homer
- House of Night
- Hypnos
- Iliad
- Isaiah
- Keres (mythology)
- Laomedon
- Lilith
- Lyssa
- Megabyte
- Megara
- Moirae
- Momus
- Moros
- Nemesis (mythology)
- Nix (moon)
- Oceanus
- Oizys
- Oneiroi
- oracle
- Orpheus
- Orphic Hymn
- Otto Kern
- Parmenides
- parthenogenesis
- personification
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Coordinates | 45°30′″N73°40′″N |
---|---|
name | Nyx |
goddess of | Primordial Being of the Night |
consort | Erebus |
parents | Chaos |
siblings | Erebus, Gaia, Tartarus and Eros |
children | see below |
roman equivalent | }} |
In Greek mythology, Nyx (, Nox in Roman translation) was the primordial goddess of the night. A shadowy figure, Nyx stood at or near the beginning of creation, and was the mother of personified gods such as Hypnos (sleep) and Thánatos (death). Her appearances in mythology are sparse, but reveal her as a figure of exceptional power and beauty.
Mythology and literature
Hesiod
In Hesiod's Theogony, Nyx is born of Chaos; her offspring are many, and telling. With Erebus the deity of shadow and darkness, Nyx gives birth to Aether (atmosphere) and Hemera (day). Later, on her own, Nyx gives birth to Momus (blame), Moros (doom), Thanatos (death), Hypnos (sleep), Charon (the ferryman of Hades), the Oneiroi (dreams), the Hesperides, the Keres and Moirae (Fates), Nemesis (retribution), Apate (deception), Philotes (friendship), Geras (age), and Eris (strife). In his description of Tartarus, Hesiod says further that Hemera (day), who is Nyx's daughter, left Tartarus just as Nyx entered it; when Hemera returned, Nyx left. This mirrors the portrayal of Ratri (night) in the Rigveda, where she works in close cooperation but also tension with her sister Ushas (dawn).
Homer
In Book 14 of Homer's Iliad, there is a quote by Hypnos, the minor god of sleep, in which he reminds Hera of an old favor after she asks him to put Zeus to sleep. He had once before put Zeus to sleep at the bidding of Hera, allowing her to cause Heracles (who was returning by sea from Laomedon's Troy) great misfortune. Zeus was furious and would have smitten Hypnos into the sea if he had not fled to Nyx, his mother, in fear. Hypnos goes on to say that Zeus, fearing to anger Nyx, held his fury at bay, and in this way Hypnos escaped the wrath of Zeus. He disturbed Zeus only a few times after that always fearing Zeus and running back to his mother Nyx, who would have confronted Zeus with a maternal fury.
Others
Nyx took on an even more important role in several fragmentary poems attributed to Orpheus. In them, Nyx, rather than Chaos, is the first principle. Nyx occupies a cave or adyton, in which she gives oracles. Cronus – who is chained within, asleep and drunk on honey – dreams and prophesies. Outside the cave, Adrasteia clashes cymbals and beats upon her tympanon, moving the entire universe in an ecstatic dance to the rhythm of Nyx's chanting. Phanes – the strange, monstrous, hermaphrodite Orphic demiurge – was the child or father of Nyx. Nyx is also the first principle in the opening chorus of Aristophanes' The Birds, which may be Orphic in inspiration. Here she is also the mother of Eros. In other texts she may be the mother of Charon (with Erebus), and Phthonus "envy" (with Dionysus?).The theme of Nyx's cave or mansion, beyond the ocean (as in Hesiod) or somewhere at the edge of the cosmos (as in later Orphism) may be echoed in the philosophical poem of Parmenides. The classical scholar Walter Burkert has speculated that the house of the goddess to which the philosopher is transported is the palace of Nyx; this hypothesis, however, must remain tentative.
There is also rumor that Nyx gave birth to her reincarnation, a son whose name would also be Nyx. But she gave birth to twins, having a daughter as well, who was named Hemera, "Day". The text implied that Hemera was not the sister of Aether, but the sister of Nyx's reincarnation.
Nyx in society
Cults
In Greece, Nyx is only rarely the focus of cults. According to Pausanias, she had an oracle on the acropolis at Megara.More often, Nyx lurks in the background of other cults. Thus there was a statue called "Nyx" in the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The Spartans had a cult of Sleep and Death, conceived of as twins. Cult titles composed of compounds of nyx- are attested for several gods, most notably Dionysus Nyktelios "nocturnal" and Aphrodite Philopannyx "who loves the whole night".
Astronomy
In 1997, the International Astronomical Union approved the name Nyx for a mons (mountain/peak) feature on the planet Venus. Nyx Mons is located at 30° north latitude and 48.5° longitude on the Venusian surface. Its diameter is 875 km. A map of Nyx Mons on Venus can be viewed at Map of Nyx Mons – V9 Quad – Bell Regio (1.1 MB).On June 21, 2006, the International Astronomical Union renamed one of Pluto's recently discovered moons (S/2005 P 2) to Nix, in honor of Nyx. The name was spelled with an "i" instead of a "y", to avoid conflict with the asteroid 3908 Nyx.
Children
See also
Notes
References
External links
Category:Greek mythology Category:Classical oracles Category:Oracular goddesses Category:Greek goddesses Category:Night goddesses
af:Nyx als:Nyx ar:نيكس nyx ast:Nyx az:Nikta bar:Nyx bs:Noks br:Nyks bg:Никта ca:Nix cs:Nyx cy:Nyx da:Nyx de:Nyx et:Nyx el:Νυξ es:Nix eo:Nikso (mitologio) eu:Nix fa:نوکس fr:Nyx gl:Nicte got:𐌽𐍅𐌺𐍃 ko:닉스 (그리스 신화) hr:Nikta it:Notte (mitologia) he:ניקס (מיתולוגיה) lb:Nyx lt:Niktė nl:Nyx (godin) ja:ニュクス no:Nyx pl:Nyks pt:Nix ro:Nyx ru:Никта simple:Nyx sk:Nyx sr:Њукта fi:Nyks sv:Nyx th:นิกซ์ tr:Niks uk:Нікс vi:Nyx zh:倪克斯This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.