- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2011 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Yi
Loading suggestions ...
-
Alex Kozinski
Alex Kozinski (born 23 July 1950) is a Romanian American jurist. He is currently Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and an essayist and judicial commentator.
http://wn.com/Alex_Kozinski -
Alexander Harkavy
Alexander Harkavy (אַלעקסאַנדר האַרקאַווי Александр Гаркави' Aleksandr Garkavi, May 5, 1863, born at Nowogrudok (נאַוואַרעדאָק), Minsk guberniya (governorate), Russia (now Navahrudak, Hrodna, Belarus) - 1939, New York) was a Russian-born American writer, lexicographer and linguist.
http://wn.com/Alexander_Harkavy -
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (, , singular: ; also , Yehudei Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north. Ashkenaz is the medieval Hebrew name for this region and thus for Germany. Thus, Ashkenazim or Ashkenazi Jews are literally "German Jews." Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe came to be called "Ashkenaz" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany. (See Usage of the name for the term's etymology.) Ashkenaz is also a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations ().
http://wn.com/Ashkenazi_Jews -
Baal Shem Tov
Rabbi Yisroel (Israel) ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר August 27, 1698 (18 Elul) – May 22, 1760), often called Baal Shem Tov or Besht, was a Jewish mystical rabbi. He is considered to be the founder of Hasidic Judaism (see also Mezhbizh Hasidic dynasty).
http://wn.com/Baal_Shem_Tov -
Cole Porter
Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. His works include the musical comedies Kiss Me, Kate, Fifty Million Frenchmen, DuBarry Was a Lady and Anything Goes, as well as songs like "Night and Day", "I Get a Kick out of You", "Well, Did You Evah!" and "I've Got You Under My Skin". He was noted for his sophisticated, bawdy lyrics, clever rhymes and complex forms. Porter was one of the greatest contributors to the Great American Songbook. Cole Porter is one of the few Tin Pan Alley composers to have written both the lyrics and the music for his songs.
http://wn.com/Cole_Porter -
Elia Levita
Elia Levita (13 February 1469 – 28 January 1549), (Hebrew: אליהו בן אשר הלוי אשכנזי) also known as Elijah Levita, Elias Levita, Eliahu Bakhur ("Eliahu the Bachelor") was a Renaissance-period Hebrew grammarian, poet and one of the first writers in the Yiddish language. He was the author of the Bovo-Bukh (written in 1507–1508), the most popular chivalric romance written in Yiddish, which, according to Sol Liptzin, is "generally regarded as the most outstanding poetic work in Old Yiddish".
http://wn.com/Elia_Levita -
Eugene Volokh
Eugene Volokh ( Yevgeniy Vladimirovich Volokh, Yevhen Volodymyrovych Volokh; born February 29, 1968) is an American legal commentator and law professor at the UCLA School of Law (located on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles). He publishes the widely read weblog "The Volokh Conspiracy" and is frequently cited in the American media.
http://wn.com/Eugene_Volokh -
European Jew
http://wn.com/European_Jew -
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE) language family. The common ancestor of all the languages in this branch is Proto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC in Iron Age northern Europe. Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known as Grimm's law. Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the second century BC, to settle in northern central Europe.
http://wn.com/Germanic_languages -
Glückel of Hameln
Glückel of Hameln (also spelled Gluckel or Glikl of Hamelin; also known as Glikl bas Judah Leib) (1646, Hamburg – September 19, 1724, Metz) was a Jewish businesswoman and diarist, whose account of her life provides scholars with an intimate picture of Jewish life in Germany in the late-seventeenth-early eighteenth century. Written in Yiddish, her diaries were originally intended for her descendants. The first part is actually a living will urging them to live ethical lives. It was only much later that historians discovered the diaries and began to appreciate her account of life at that time.
http://wn.com/Glückel_of_Hameln -
I.L. Peretz
http://wn.com/IL_Peretz -
Isaac Asimov
Isaac Asimov ( ; born Isaak Yudovich Ozimov, ; c. January 2, 1920 – April 6, 1992) was an American author and professor of biochemistry at Boston University, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Asimov was one of the most prolific writers of all time, having written or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 9,000 letters and postcards. His works have been published in nine of the ten major categories of the Dewey Decimal System (The sole exception being the 100s: philosophy and psychology, although he did write a foreword for The Humanist way, which is published in the 100s).
http://wn.com/Isaac_Asimov -
Joshua Fishman
Joshua Aaron Fishman, (born July 18, 1926) is an American linguist who specializes in the sociology of language, language planning, bilingual education, and language and ethnicity.
http://wn.com/Joshua_Fishman -
Judeo-Persian
http://wn.com/Judeo-Persian -
Leo Rosten
Leo Calvin Rosten (April 11, 1908 - February 19, 1997) was born in Lodz, Russian Empire (now Poland) and died in New York City. He was a teacher and academic, but is best known as a humorist in the fields of scriptwriting, storywriting, journalism and Yiddish lexicography.
http://wn.com/Leo_Rosten -
Max Weinreich
Max Weinreich (Russian: Мейер Лазаревич Вейнрейх; April 22, 1894 Kuldīga, Russian Empire, now Latvia — January 29, 1969, New York City, USA) was a linguist, specializing in the Yiddish language, and the father of the linguist Uriel Weinreich.
http://wn.com/Max_Weinreich -
Michael Wex
Michael Wex (born September 12, 1954) is a Canadian novelist, playwright, translator, lecturer, performer, and author of books on language and literature. His specialty is Yiddish and his book Born to Kvetch was a surprise bestseller in 2005. Wex lives in Toronto with his wife Marilla,and daughter Sabina.
http://wn.com/Michael_Wex -
Oscar Levant
Oscar Levant (December 27, 1906 – August 14, 1972) was an American pianist, composer, author, comedian, and actor. He was more famous for his mordant character and witticisms, on the radio and in movies and television, than for his music.
http://wn.com/Oscar_Levant -
Saul Bellow
Saul Bellow (June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was a Canadian-born American writer. For his literary contributions, Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, the Nobel Prize for Literature, and the National Medal of Arts. He is the only writer to have won the National Book Award three times, and the only writer to have been nominated for it six times.
http://wn.com/Saul_Bellow -
Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews (, plural: ; Spanish '; Portuguese ', Greek Sefardoi, Bulgarian , Turkish , Judaeo-Spanish Sefardies, Arabic: سفارديون) are:
http://wn.com/Sephardi_Jews -
Sephardim
http://wn.com/Sephardim -
Sholem Aleichem
Sholem Aleichem (, Russian and ) (March 2, 1859 - May 13, 1916) was the pen name of Salomon Naumovich Rabinovich, a leading Yiddish author and playwright. The musical Fiddler on the Roof, based on his stories about Tevye the Milkman, was the first commercially successful English-language stage production about Jewish life in Eastern Europe.
http://wn.com/Sholem_Aleichem -
Solomon Birnbaum
Solomon Birnbaum, also Salomo, Solomon A or Solomon Asher, (December 24, 1891, Vienna – December 28, 1989, Toronto) was a Yiddish linguist and Hebrew paleographer.
http://wn.com/Solomon_Birnbaum -
Tevye
Tevye the dairyman (, Yiddish: טבֿיה דער מילכיקער Tevye der milkhiker Hebrew: טוביה החולב ) is the protagonist of several of Sholem Aleichem's stories, originally written in Yiddish and first published in 1894. The character became best known from the fictional memoir Tevye and his Daughters (also called Tevye the Milkman or Tevye the Dairyman), about a pious Jewish milkman in Tsarist Russia, and the troubles he has with his six daughters: Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze, Bielke, and Teibel, as well as from the musical dramatic adaptation Fiddler on the Roof. The village of Boyberik, where the stories are set, is based on Boyarka, now in Ukraine.
http://wn.com/Tevye -
Uriel Weinreich
Uriel Weinreich (; 1926 – 30 March 1967) was a linguist at Columbia University. Born in Vilnius (then part of Poland and now capital of Lithuania), he earned his Ph.D. from Columbia, and went on to teach there, specializing in Yiddish studies, sociolinguistics, and dialectology. He advocated the increased acceptance of semantics, and edited one of the most influential Yiddish-English dictionaries.
http://wn.com/Uriel_Weinreich -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I
-
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Belarus
Belarus, ( ; , ), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Viciebsk). Forty percent of its is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
http://wn.com/Belarus -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Bnei Brak
Bnei Brak (or Bene Beraq) ( , ) is a city located on Israel's central Mediterranean coastal plain, just east of Tel Aviv, in the Dan metropolitan region and Tel Aviv District. Bnei Brak is a center of ultra-orthodox Jewish culture.
http://wn.com/Bnei_Brak -
Borough Park
http://wn.com/Borough_Park -
Brandeis University
Brandeis University () is an American private research university with a liberal arts focus. It is located in the southwestern corner of Waltham, Massachusetts, nine miles (14 km) west of Boston. The University has an enrollment of approximately 3,200 undergraduate and 2,100 graduate students. In 2010, it was ranked by the U.S. News and World Report as the number 34 national university in the United States. Forbes listed Brandeis University as number 57 among all national universities and liberal arts colleges combined in 2010.
http://wn.com/Brandeis_University -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
http://wn.com/Brooklyn -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Chernivtsi
Chernivtsi ( ; ; ; ; ; see also ) is the administrative center of Chernivtsi Oblast (province) in southwestern Ukraine. The city is situated on the upper course of the River Prut, a tributary of the Danube, in the northern part of historic region of Bukovina, which is currently divided between Romania and Ukraine. At the time of the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of the city was 240,600..
http://wn.com/Chernivtsi -
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York (Columbia University) is a private research university in New York City and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. It was founded in 1754 as King's College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, and is one of only three United States universities to have been founded under such authority.
http://wn.com/Columbia_University -
Connecticut
Connecticut () (state code CT) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, and New York to the west and south (because various islands of New York span Connecticut's entire coast).
http://wn.com/Connecticut -
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe () is one of the oldest international organisations working towards European integration, having been founded in 1949. It has a particular emphasis on legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation. It has 47 member states with some 800 million citizens. It is distinct from the European Union (EU) which has common policies, binding laws and only twenty-seven members. The two do however share certain symbols such as their flag.
http://wn.com/Council_of_Europe -
Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
http://wn.com/Florida -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Gateshead
Gateshead is a town in Tyne and Wear, England and is the main settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. It lies on the southern bank of the River Tyne opposite Newcastle upon Tyne and together they form the urban core of Tyneside. Gateshead town centre and Newcastle City Centre are joined by seven different bridges across the Tyne, including the landmark Gateshead Millennium Bridge. The town is becoming increasingly well known for several examples of iconic architecture such as The Sage Gateshead, the Angel of the North and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art.
http://wn.com/Gateshead -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Golders Green
Golders Green is an area in the London Borough of Barnet in London, England. Although having some earlier history, it is essentially a 19th century suburban development situated about 5.3 miles (8.5 km) north west of Charing Cross and centred on the crossroads of Golders Green Road and Finchley Road.
http://wn.com/Golders_Green -
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation (officially The President and Fellows of Harvard College) chartered in the country.
http://wn.com/Harvard_University -
Hungary
Hungary ( ), officially the Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság ), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe, being part of the Finno-Ugric family.
http://wn.com/Hungary -
Illinois
Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
http://wn.com/Illinois -
Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
http://wn.com/Israel -
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
http://wn.com/Jerusalem -
Lakewood, NJ
http://wn.com/Lakewood_NJ -
Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
http://wn.com/Latvia -
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Lithuania -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Manchester
Manchester () is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2009, the population of the city was estimated to be 483,800, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester had an estimated population of 2,600,100, the Greater Manchester Urban Area a population of 2,240,230, and the Larger Urban Zone around Manchester, the second-most-populous in the UK, had an estimated population in the 2004 Urban Audit of 2,539,100. The demonym of Manchester is Mancunian.
http://wn.com/Manchester -
Maryland
Maryland () is an American state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Maryland has the highest median household income of any state, with a median income of $70,545. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it, the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State are occasionally used.
http://wn.com/Maryland -
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts () is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. Most of its population of 6.6 million lives in the Boston metropolitan area. The eastern half of the state consists of urban, suburban, and rural areas, while Western Massachusetts is mostly rural. Massachusetts is the most populous of the six New England states and ranks third among U.S. states in GDP per capita.
http://wn.com/Massachusetts -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
http://wn.com/Michigan -
Moldova
Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/) is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldovan SSR in 1991, as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
http://wn.com/Moldova -
Monsey, New York
Monsey is a hamlet (and census-designated place), in the Town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States located north of the state of New Jersey; east of Suffern; south of Airmont and west of Nanuet. The 2000 census listed the population at 14,503.
http://wn.com/Monsey_New_York -
Montreal
Montreal (; pronounced in French, in English) is the second-largest city in Canada and the largest city in the province of Quebec. Originally called Ville-Marie, or "City of Mary", the city takes its present name from Mont-Royal, the triple-peaked hill located in the heart of the city, whose name was also initially given to the island on which the city is located, or Mont Réal as it was spelled in Middle French, (Mont Royal in present French).
http://wn.com/Montreal -
Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New Jersey
New Jersey (, ) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the northeast by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey lies largely within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is the most densely populated state in the United States.
http://wn.com/New_Jersey -
New Square, New York
:''See related article Skver (Hasidic dynasty)
http://wn.com/New_Square_New_York -
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York -
New York State
http://wn.com/New_York_State -
New York University
New York University (NYU) is a private, nonsectarian research university based in New York City. NYU's main campus is situated in the Greenwich Village section of Manhattan. Founded in 1831, NYU is the largest private, nonprofit institution of higher education in the United States.
http://wn.com/New_York_University -
Odessa
Odessa or Odesa (; ) is the administrative center of the Odessa Oblast (province) located in southern Ukraine. The city is a major seaport located on the northwest shore of the Black Sea and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 (as of the 2001 census).
http://wn.com/Odessa -
Ohio
Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,
http://wn.com/Ohio -
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania () is a U.S. state and Commonwealth located in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to the east. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg.
http://wn.com/Pennsylvania -
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland -
Ramapo, New York
Ramapo (Ramopuck/Ramapock/Ramapough - meaning "sweet water"), formerly known as New Hempstead and then Hampstead, is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States located north of New Jersey; southeast of Orange County, New York; south of the Town of Haverstraw and west of the Town of Clarkstown and the Town of Orangetown. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 108,905.
http://wn.com/Ramapo_New_York -
Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
http://wn.com/Rome -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
St. Petersburg
http://wn.com/St_Petersburg -
Stamford Hill
Stamford Hill is a place in the north of the London Borough of Hackney, England, near the border with Haringey. It is home to Europe's largest Hasidic Jewish and Adeni Jewish community.
http://wn.com/Stamford_Hill -
Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
http://wn.com/Stanford_University -
Stoke Newington
Stoke Newington is a district in the London Borough of Hackney. It is north-east of Charing Cross.
http://wn.com/Stoke_Newington -
Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Syria -
Ukraine
Ukraine ( ; , transliterated: , ), with its area of 603,628 km2, is the second largest country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast respectively.
http://wn.com/Ukraine -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Vassar College
Vassar College is a private, highly selective, coeducational liberal arts college in the town of Poughkeepsie, New York, in the United States. With 2,475 undergraduates, Vassar is known for its small class sizes and strong emphasis on teaching. Vassar's curriculum emphasizes interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary programs. The college was among the first to teach cognitive science, psychology, and Russian studies, and among the first to experiment with interdepartmental courses in the early 1900s. The Vassar campus comprises over 1,000 acres and more than 100 buildings, including two National Historic Landmarks, ranging in style from Collegiate Gothic to International, designed over the course of the college’s history by a range of prominent architects, including James Renwick Jr., Eero Saarinen, Marcel Breuer, and Cesar Pelli. A designated arboretum, the campus features more than 200 species of trees, a native plant preserve, and a 400-acre ecological preserve. Founded as a women's college in 1861, it became coeducational in 1969.
http://wn.com/Vassar_College -
Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
http://wn.com/Vienna
- .se
- Alex Kozinski
- Alexander Harkavy
- Algemeiner Journal
- American Jews
- anti-Semitism
- Aramaic
- Aramaic language
- Argentina
- Arizona
- Ashkenaz
- Ashkenazi Jews
- Australia
- Baal Shem Tov
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bible
- Biblical Hebrew
- Birobidzhaner Shtern
- Bnei Brak
- Book of Genesis
- Book of Job
- Born to Kvetch
- Borough Park
- bourgeois
- Bovo-Bukh
- Brandeis University
- Brazil
- Brooklyn
- Byelorussian SSR
- Cairo Geniza
- California
- Canada
- Central Europe
- Chernivtsi
- Christian
- Cole Porter
- Columbia University
- Connecticut
- Council of Europe
- cultural autonomy
- de jure
- demographics
- Der Blatt
- Der Yid
- dialect continuum
- dialects
- Diaspora
- Dukus Horant
- Eastern Europe
- Eastern Yiddish
- Elia Levita
- Ellis Island
- Emory University
- Ethnologue
- Eugene Volokh
- European Jew
- Fiddler on the Roof
- Florida
- France
- Galician SSR
- Gateshead
- German language
- Germanic languages
- Germany
- Glückel of Hameln
- God of Abraham
- Golders Green
- Greek language
- Haggadah
- Halakha
- Hampshire College
- Haredi Judaism
- Harvard University
- Hasidic
- Hasidic Judaism
- Haskalah
- Hebrew alphabet
- Hebrew Bible
- Hebrew language
- Hebrew name
- High Holidays
- Hungary
- I.L. Peretz
- Illinois
- In Memory Yet Green
- Isaac Asimov
- Israel
- Iudaea province
- jargon
- Jerusalem
- Jewish prayer
- Jewish_cooking
- Joshua Fishman
- Judaeo-Spanish
- Judeo-French
- Judeo-Persian
- Klezmer
- Lakewood, NJ
- Latvia
- Leo Rosten
- Lithuania
- Litvish
- London
- Lubavitch
- Lubavitcher
- macaronic
- Mahzor
- Manchester
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Max Weinreich
- Mesopotamia
- Mexico
- Michael Wex
- Michigan
- Middle High German
- mitnagdim
- Modern Hebrew
- Moldova
- Monsey, New York
- Montreal
- mussar movement
- Near East
- Netherlands
- New Jersey
- New Square, New York
- New York
- New York City
- New York dialect
- New York State
- New York University
- Niqqud
- Northern France
- October Revolution
- Odessa
- Ohio
- Olexander Beyderman
- Orthodox Judaism
- Oscar Levant
- Palestine
- Paris
- Passaic, NJ
- Pennsylvania
- Poland
- printing press
- proletariat
- rabfak
- Ramapo, New York
- Rashi script
- rebbe
- relexification
- Rhineland
- Romance languages
- Rome
- rosh yeshiva
- Russia
- Russian Far East
- Satmar
- Saul Bellow
- secular
- Sephardi Jews
- Sephardim
- Sholem Aleichem
- Slavic languages
- Solomon Birnbaum
- Southern France
- Southern Italy
- Soviet Union
- Spain
- St. Petersburg
- Stamford Hill
- Stanford University
- Stoke Newington
- Sweden
- synagogue
- Syria
- Teaneck, NJ
- Tel Aviv University
- Tevye
- the Enlightenment
- The Forward
- The Holocaust
- The Joys of Yiddish
- Tkhine
- Torah
- Tseno Ureno
- typeface
- UCLA
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Uriel Weinreich
- Vassar College
- vernacular
- Vienna
- Vilnius University
- Western Yiddish
- World War I
- World War II
- yeshiva
- Yeshivish
- Yeshivish (dialect)
- yeshivos
- Yiddish
- Yiddish dialects
- Yiddish literature
- Yiddish morphology
- Yiddish orthography
- Yiddish phonology
- Yiddish Renaissance
- Yiddish theater
- Yiddish theatre
- Yinglish
- YIVO
- Zionism
- Zionist
Chang, Yi-yi Filmography
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
pro as heck guide to master yi
get pumped, it's the ULTIMATE guide to master yi for newbies and veterans alike, this video will teach you everything. in no time, you'll be blazin around everywhere bustin up those rudelords.
http://wn.com/pro_as_heck_guide_to_master_yi
Chasing Master Yi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Published: 20 May 2010
- Uploaded: 28 Nov 2011
- Author: HuckfinnLoL
Video for Chasing master YI
http://wn.com/Chasing_Master_Yi
Channing Tatum and Charlyne Yi Cinemash Dirty Dancing
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Published: 17 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Nov 2011
- Author: MeanDigital
Official High Definition Version of Dirty Dancing Cinemash with Charlyne Yi and Channing Tatum.
http://wn.com/Channing_Tatum_and_Charlyne_Yi_Cinemash_Dirty_Dancing
Nba Draft Prospect: Yi JianLian
I didn't make this Brought to you by hoopchina.com member 三小毛Information on Yi Jian Lian on nbadraft.net www.nbadraft.net
http://wn.com/Nba_Draft_Prospect_Yi_JianLian
Leehom Wang - Wei Yi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Published: 03 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Nov 2011
- Author: leehomwangVEVO
Music video by Leehom Wang performing Wei Yi. (P) 2004 Sony Music Entertainment (Taiwan) Ltd.
http://wn.com/Leehom_Wang__Wei_Yi
Yi Jianlian vs Dallas Mavericks (01.31.11)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Published: 21 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: chubbyjenks
www.basketball-reference.com Yi Jianlian (易建联): 14 pts, 11 rebs, 4 stls, 1 blk
http://wn.com/Yi_Jianlian_vs_Dallas_Mavericks_013111
ลอยโคมยี่เป็ง (Yi Peng Festival)
Chiang Mai Yipeng Festival In addition, it is the great festival of Lanna duly succeeded from ancient age. "Yi Peng" or full-moon day of second lunar month of Lanna villagers is corresponding to the full-moon day of 12th month of central region during the end of raining season and beginning of cold season when the climate is very nice and fair. One tradition of Lanna other than Loi Kra Thong on the river is to light up the lantern and float up in the sky based on their belief that to pay worship to Phra Ket Kaew Julamanee in the heaven or to relief one' bad luck for more auspicious life. Place Tha Phae Gate, along the Ping River, Chiang Mai City ,THAILAND. Ref : 202.57.163.51 Photo by : NPARK
http://wn.com/ลอยโคมยี่เป็ง_Yi_Peng_Festival
Chen Taijiquan - Laojia Yi Lu (part 1)
Laojia Yi Lu performed by Grandmaster Chen Zhenglei (part 1)
http://wn.com/Chen_Taijiquan__Laojia_Yi_Lu_part_1
10000 Loy Krathong ( Yi Peng ) Festival Lanterns Getting Released
Loy Krathong ( Yi Peng ) Festival lanterns called "khom fai" being released in Mae Jo, near Chiang Mai, Thailand, 2008 Watch the hiqh quality version: www.youtube.com Widescreen version: www.youtube.com I hope you enjoy. It was amazing in person. See photos here: www.nikdaum.com
http://wn.com/10000_Loy_Krathong__Yi_Peng__Festival_Lanterns_Getting_Released
Shaolin Yi Jin Jing Muscle & Tendon Changing Classic
"The basic purpose of Yijinjing is to turn flaccid and frail sinews and tendons into strong and sturdy ones. The movements of Yijinjing are at once vigorous and gentle. Their performance calls for a unity of will and strength, ie using ones will to direct the exertion of muscular strength. It is coordinated with breathing. Better muscles and tendons means better health and shape, more resistance, flexibility, endurance, and is obtained as follows: - postures influences the static and nervous structure of the body - stretching muscles and sinews affects organs, joints, meridians and Qi - torsion affects metabolism and Jing production - breathing produce more and better refined Qi - active working gives back balance and strength to body and mind (brain, nervous system and spirit). The Yì Jin Jing (Chinese: ???; Wade-Giles: I Chin Ching; literally "Muscle/Tendon Change Classic") is a qìgong manual most notable as the source of the attribution of Shaolin Kung Fu to Bodhidharma, though this has been doubted by several martial arts historians. Pan Wei was a devoted student and practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine, and his treatise in the form of- a preface reflects his vast knowledge of this subject. It is common knowledge that within the works of Lao-Zu, Chuang Zu, and even Mencius, many references are made to the ancients practicing various forms of breathing exercises. Pan Wei says that he had consulted various medical treatises; however, he did not mention that any <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Shaolin_Yi_Jin_Jing_Muscle_Tendon_Changing_Classic
Xing Yi Quan ( Hsing-I, 河北形意拳) 5 Elements and Linking form
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:51
- Published: 13 Jan 2007
- Uploaded: 29 Nov 2011
- Author: whatisyournameya
Five Element Fist, which is the most important exercise in this style, the life-long-time exercise! internalstyle.com from montreal, canada
http://wn.com/Xing_Yi_Quan__Hsing-I,_河北形意拳_5_Elements_and_Linking_form
Natasha Yi goes gay for Vince Vaughn
Hey Its the Monday PDS, now click down here to get Phill'd in. Watch the NEW EPISODE OF CUTE WIN FAIL!: bit.ly Watch the Blue Mountain State Interviews on LTA: bit.ly Watch the Personal Vlog: youtu.be ------------------------------------------ For the Tweets: twitter.com For the Freaks: facebook.com ------------------------------------------------------------------- Other Stuff on PhillyD.tv Today not on the show --------------------------------------------------------------- Natasha Yi mmmmmmmm: t.co ------------------------------------------------------------ For the Links: ------------------------------------------------------ Sam Katz NOT for Mayor: youtu.be Vince Vaughn says Gay: bit.ly DARE Makes Snitches: bit.ly Chilean Miners Not Gay: bit.ly Wikileaks at it again: bbc.in Pharmacists Are Squares: bit.ly
http://wn.com/Natasha_Yi_goes_gay_for_Vince_Vaughn
![Dong Yi - Best part of E32[HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111221011413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/L5t1sbscmg4/0.jpg "Dong Yi - Best part of E32[HD]")
Dong Yi - Best part of E32[HD]
One of my favorite episodes and the best part of it!.. Wanted to split the part before the king kissed dong yi, but figured it would be better if its together. Enjoy :D
http://wn.com/Dong_Yi__Best_part_of_E32 HD
Yi Jianlian top ten dunk
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Published: 13 Nov 2006
- Uploaded: 09 Nov 2011
- Author: TING19840408
Yi Jianlian top ten dunk
http://wn.com/Yi_Jianlian_top_ten_dunk
This is why we hate Master Yi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:19
- Published: 02 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Nov 2011
- Author: mcr00sterDOTA
Run Yi run.
http://wn.com/This_is_why_we_hate_Master_Yi
Leehom Wang - Ling Yi Ge Tian Tang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Published: 02 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Nov 2011
- Author: leehomwangVEVO
Music video by Leehom Wang performing Ling Yi Ge Tian Tang. (C)2009 Sony Music Entertainment Taiwan Ltd.
http://wn.com/Leehom_Wang__Ling_Yi_Ge_Tian_Tang
Boys Before Flowers - Stand By Me (Yi Jung& Ga Eul)
A MV about Yi Jung (Kim Bum) and Ga Eul (Kim So Eun). They are perfect together!
http://wn.com/Boys_Before_Flowers__Stand_By_Me_Yi_JungGa_Eul
League of Legends - Master Yi Spotlight
League of Legends - Master Yi Spotlight signup.leagueoflegends.com A Recommended Build www.mobafire.com FOLLOW US ON FACEBOOK: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/League_of_Legends__Master_Yi_Spotlight
![[OST] Dong Yi - A Walk In A Dreamy Road-RO](http://web.archive.org./web/20111221011413im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Iyg5dvX1qoI/0.jpg "[OST] Dong Yi - A Walk In A Dreamy Road-RO")
[OST] Dong Yi - A Walk In A Dreamy Road-RO
Walk in a Dreamy Road - Jang Na Ra
http://wn.com/ OST _Dong_Yi__A_Walk_In_A_Dreamy_Road-RO
Leehom Wang - Yi Shou Jian Dan De Ge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 03 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Nov 2011
- Author: leehomwangVEVO
Music video by Leehom Wang performing Yi Shou Jian Dan De Ge. (C) 2004 Sony Music Entertainment (Taiwan) Ltd.
http://wn.com/Leehom_Wang__Yi_Shou_Jian_Dan_De_Ge
Yi Jianlian Highlights Vs. Oklahoma City Thunder
NBA Basketball Yi Jianlian of the New Jersey Nets matched a Career High with 29 points and grabbed 7 rebounds in the loss to Oklahoma City Thunder. Sorry about the poor quality. Highlights mixed with music! Enjoy. 28 December 2009. Song: Sparking by Tom Leonard and Jeff Pescetto I do not own any of the clips or music.
http://wn.com/Yi_Jianlian_Highlights_Vs_Oklahoma_City_Thunder
![A fragment of the 'Stone Classics' (熹平石經); these stone-carved Five Classics installed during Emperor Ling's reign along the roadside of the Imperial University (right outside Luoyang) were made at the instigation of Cai Yong (132–192 CE), who feared the Classics housed in the imperial library were being interpolated by University Academicians.[119]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111221011413/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/f6/f5/8f53b13bea3685ff876d02170352_medium.jpg "A fragment of the 'Stone Classics' (熹平石經); these stone-carved Five Classics installed during Emperor Ling's reign along the roadside of the Imperial University (right outside Luoyang) were made at the instigation of Cai Yong (132–192 CE), who feared the Classics housed in the imperial library were being interpolated by University Academicians.[119]")
![The Turtle ship. While the spikes are known to have been made of iron, the historical existence of the ironclad roof is disputed.[9][10][11]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111221011413/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/ec/4c/0130b0aca6e31e42a04fb561fd3f_medium.jpg "The Turtle ship. While the spikes are known to have been made of iron, the historical existence of the ironclad roof is disputed.[9][10][11]")
photo: AP / Manu Fernandez
20 Dec 2011
The man in question is the comedian and filmmaker Woody Allen. You can't help but be reminded of Bergman's Wild Strawberries (1957) by the new film about Allen made by Robert B Weide (director of Curb...
size: 8.2Kb
size: 8.2Kb
Most Popular
RELATED LINKS
- .se
- Alex Kozinski
- Alexander Harkavy
- Algemeiner Journal
- American Jews
- anti-Semitism
- Aramaic
- Aramaic language
- Argentina
- Arizona
- Ashkenaz
- Ashkenazi Jews
- Australia
- Baal Shem Tov
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bible
- Biblical Hebrew
- Birobidzhaner Shtern
- Bnei Brak
- Book of Genesis
- Book of Job
- Born to Kvetch
- Borough Park
- bourgeois
- Bovo-Bukh
- Brandeis University
- Brazil
- Brooklyn
- Byelorussian SSR
- Cairo Geniza
- California
- Canada
- Central Europe
- Chernivtsi
- Christian
- Cole Porter
- Columbia University
- Connecticut
- Council of Europe
- cultural autonomy
- de jure
- demographics
- Der Blatt
- Der Yid
- dialect continuum
- dialects
- Diaspora
- Dukus Horant
- Eastern Europe
- Eastern Yiddish
- Elia Levita
- Ellis Island
- Emory University
- Ethnologue
- Eugene Volokh
- European Jew
- Fiddler on the Roof
- Florida
Engadget
We already knew that Chinese search giant Baidu's been cosying up to Dell to kick-start its very own smartphone ecosystem dubbed Yi (which means "easy" in Chinese), but so far both parties have been mum on the specifics of the hardware. Thankfully, a lucky lady -- some sort of microblogging goddess...
size: 10.7Kb
size: 10.7Kb
Gadling
The Yi Peng festival is a special event in Northern Thailand that occurs on the 12th full moon of every year. Coinciding with Loi Krathong (a festival celebrated...
size: 1.1Kb
size: 1.1Kb
Jonathan Yi Talks About The Canon C300
05 Dec 2011
Screen Daily
Film financier attendance also up, including 12 venture capital companies. Subscriber only content You must be a paid subscriber to Screen International to read this article and receive complete, unrestricted access to screendaily.com Screen International Subscribers: If you are a Screen...
size: 4.1Kb
size: 4.1Kb
Woody Allen’s Scandalous Affair With Soon-Yi ‘Took A Little Edge Off’ His ‘Natural Blandness’
22 Nov 2011
Jezebel
PBS aired part two of its four-and-a-half-hour long American Masters documentary on Woody Allen last night and during the scrutinous examination of his life, Allen very openly discusses the affair he took on with his wife Mia Farrow's adopted daughter, Soon-Yi. Of the...
size: 1.8Kb
size: 1.8Kb
Yi leads defending champions to easy victory
21 Nov 2011
LA Daily News
By Erik Boal Staff Writer Posted: 10/20/2011 10:25:21 PM PDT Updated: 10/20/2011 11:05:37 PM PDT GIRLS' GOLF: Westlake junior edges Thousand Oaks' Chen at league final. Lauren Diaz-Yi made par on every hole on the back nine during Thursday's final round of the...
size: 1.8Kb
size: 1.8Kb
Free Agent Yi Jianlian Signs With Chinese Team
11 Oct 2011
WPXI
Free agent forward Yi Jianlian has signed a one-year deal with the Guangdong Southern...
size: 0.6Kb
size: 0.6Kb
Aol TV
'House' might have been in prison for last week's premiere, but tonight he'll be busting out to help out the gang back at Princeton Plainsboro with a very interesting case. We've already met Odette Annable's new character. Dr. Jessica Adams (read AOL TV's exclusive interview here), but she isn't the...
size: 11.5Kb
size: 11.5Kb
| Name | Yiddish |
|---|---|
| Nativename | yidish |
| Pronunciation | |
| States | United States, Israel, Argentina, Brazil, United Kingdom, Russia, Canada, Ukraine, Belarus, Hungary, Mexico, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Australia, France, Sweden and elsewhere. |
| Speakers | 1,762,320 |
| Familycolor | Indo-European |
| Fam2 | Germanic |
| Fam3 | West Germanic |
| Fam4 | High German |
| Script | uses a Hebrew-based alphabet |
| Nation | Official minority language inRecognized as a minority language in the Russian |
| Agency | no formal bodies;YIVO de facto |
| Iso1 | yi|iso2yid |
| Iso3 | yid |
| Lc1 | ydd|ld1Eastern Yiddish|ll1none |
| Lc2 | yih|ld2Western Yiddish|ll2none |
| Lingua | 52-ACB-g 52-ACB-ga (West) + 52-ACB-gb (East); totalling 11 varieties }} |
Yiddish ( yidish or idish, literally "Jewish") is a High German language of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. It developed as a fusion of German dialects with Hebrew, Aramaic, Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages. It is written in the Hebrew alphabet.
The language originated in the Ashkenazi culture that developed from about the 10th century in the Rhineland and then spread to Central and Eastern Europe and eventually to other continents. In the earliest surviving references to it, the language is called (loshn-ashknez = "language of Ashkenaz") and (taytsh, a variant of tiutsch, the contemporary name for the language otherwise spoken in the region of origin, now called Middle High German). In common usage, the language is called (mame-loshn, literally "mother tongue"), distinguishing it from Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic, which are collectively termed (loshn-koydesh, "holy tongue"). The term "Yiddish" did not become the most frequently used designation in the literature of the language until the 18th century.
For a significant portion of its history, Yiddish was the primary spoken language of the Ashkenazi Jews and once spanned a broad dialect continuum from Western Yiddish to three major groups within Eastern Yiddish, namely Litvish, Poylish and Ukrainish. Eastern and Western Yiddish are most markedly distinguished by the extensive inclusion of words of Slavic origin in the Eastern dialects. While Western Yiddish has few remaining speakers, Eastern dialects remain in wide use.
Yiddish is written and spoken in Orthodox Jewish communities around the world. It is a home language in most Hasidic communities, where it is the first language learned in childhood, used in schools and in many social settings.
Yiddish is also used in the adjectival sense to designate attributes of Ashkenazic culture (for example, Yiddish cooking and Yiddish music).
History
The Ashkenazi culture that took root in 10th century Central Europe derived its name from Ashkenaz (Genesis 10:3), the medieval Hebrew name for the territory centred on what is now Germany. Its geographic extent did not coincide with the German Christian principalities; Ashkenaz included Northern France. It also bordered on the area inhabited by the Sephardim, or Spanish Jews, which ranged into Southern France. Ashkenazi culture later spread into Eastern Europe.The first language of European Jews may have been Aramaic, the vernacular of the Jews in Roman-era Palestine and ancient and early medieval Mesopotamia. The widespread use of Aramaic among the large non-Jewish Syrian trading population of the Roman provinces, including those in Europe, would have reinforced the use of Aramaic among Jews engaged in trade. In Roman times, many of the Jews living in Rome and Southern Italy appear to have been Greek-speakers, and this is reflected in some Ashkenazi personal names (e.g., Kalonymus). Much work needs to be done, though, to fully analyze the contributions of those languages to Yiddish.
Nothing is known about the vernacular of the earliest Jews in Germany, but several theories have been put forward. It is generally accepted that it was likely to have contained elements from other languages of the Near East and Europe, absorbed through dispersion. Since many settlers came via France and Italy, it is also likely that the Romance-based Jewish languages of those regions were represented. Traces remain in the contemporary Yiddish vocabulary: for example, (bentshn, to bless), from the Latin ; and the personal name Anshl, cognate to Angel or Angelo. Western Yiddish includes additional words of Latin derivation (but still very few): for example, orn (to pray), cf. Latin "orare."
Members of the young Ashkenazi community would have encountered the myriad dialects from which standard German was destined to emerge many centuries later. They would soon have been speaking their own versions of these German dialects, mixed with linguistic elements that they themselves brought into the region. These dialects would have adapted to the needs of the burgeoning Ashkenazi culture and may, as characterizes many such developments, have included the deliberate cultivation of linguistic differences to assert cultural autonomy. The Ashkenazi community also had its own geography, with a pattern of relationships among settlements that was somewhat independent of its non-Jewish neighbors. This led to the consolidation of Yiddish dialects, the borders of which did not coincide with the borders of German dialects.
Apart from the obvious use of Hebrew words for specifically Jewish artifacts, it is very difficult to determine the extent to which the Yiddish spoken in any earlier period differed from the contemporary German. There is a rough consensus that by the 15th century Yiddish would have sounded distinctive to the average German ear, even when restricted to the Germanic component of its vocabulary.
Written evidence
The oldest surviving literary document in Yiddish is a blessing in the Worms Mahzor, a Hebrew prayer book from 1272 (with a scalable image online at the indicated reference; described extensively in Frakes, 2004 and Baumgarten/Frakes, 2005):
| Yiddish | |
| Transliterated | gut tak im betage se vaer dis makhazor in beis hakneses trage |
| Translated | May a good day come to him who carries this prayer book into the synagogue. |
This brief rhyme is decoratively embedded in a purely Hebrew text. Nonetheless, it indicates that the Yiddish of that day was a more or less regular Middle High German into which Hebrew words – makhazor (prayer book for the High Holy Days) and beis hakneses (synagogue) – had been included. The pointing appears as though it might have been added by a second scribe, in which case it may need to be dated separately and may not be indicative of the pronunciation of the rhyme at the time of its initial annotation.
Over the course of the 14th and 15th centuries, songs and poems in Yiddish, and also macaronic pieces in Hebrew and German, began to appear. These were collected in the late 15th century by Menahem ben Naphtali Oldendorf. During the same period, a tradition seems to have emerged of the Jewish community's adapting its own versions of German secular literature. The earliest Yiddish epic poem of this sort is the Dukus Horant, which survives in the famous Cambridge Codex T.-S.10.K.22. This 14th-century manuscript was discovered in the geniza of a Cairo synagogue in 1896, and also contains a collection of narrative poems on themes from the Hebrew Bible and the Haggadah.
Printing
The advent of the printing press resulted in an increase in the amount of material produced and surviving from the 16th century and onwards. One particularly popular work was Elia Levita's Bovo-Bukh, composed around 1507–08 and printed in at least forty editions, beginning in 1541. Levita, the earliest named Yiddish author, may also have written Pariz un Viene (Paris and Vienna). Another Yiddish retelling of a chivalric romance, Vidvilt (often referred to as "Widuwilt" by Germanizing scholars), presumably also dates from the 15th century, although the manuscripts are from the 16th. It is also known as Kinig Artus Hof, an adaptation of the Middle High German romance Wigalois by Wirnt von Gravenberg. Another significant writer is Avroham ben Schemuel Pikartei, who published a paraphrase on the Book of Job in 1557.Women in the Ashkenazi community were traditionally not literate in Hebrew, but did read and write Yiddish. A body of literature therefore developed for which women were a primary audience. This included secular works, such as the Bovo-Bukh, and religious writing specifically for women, such as the Tseno Ureno and the Tkhines. One of the best-known early woman authors was Glückel of Hameln, whose memoirs are still in print.
The segmentation of the Yiddish readership, between women who read mame-loshn but not loshn-koydesh, and men who read both, was significant enough that distinctive typefaces were used for each. The name commonly given to the semicursive form used exclusively for Yiddish was (vaybertaytsh = "women's taytsh," shown in the heading and fourth column in the adjacent illustration), with square Hebrew letters (shown in the third column) being reserved for text in that language and Aramaic. This distinction was retained in general typographic practice through to the early 19th century, with Yiddish books being set in vaybertaytsh (also termed mesheyt or mashket — the construction is uncertain).
An additional distinctive semicursive typeface was, and still is, used for rabbinical commentary on religious texts when Hebrew and Yiddish appear on the same page. This is commonly termed Rashi script, from the name of the most renowned early author, whose commentary is usually printed using this script. (Rashi is also the typeface normally used when the Sefardi counterpart to Yiddish, Ladino, is printed in Hebrew script.)
Secularization
The Western Yiddish dialect began to decline in the 18th century, as the Enlightenment and the Haskalah led to the German view that Yiddish was a corrupt dialect. Owing to both assimilation to German and the incipient creation of Modern Hebrew, Western Yiddish survived only as a language of "intimate family circles or of closely knit trade groups" (Liptzin 1972). Farther east, the response to this force took the opposite direction, with Yiddish becoming the cohesive force in a secular culture (see Yiddish Renaissance).The late 19th and early 20th century are widely considered the Golden Age of secular Yiddish literature. This coincides with the development of Modern Hebrew as a spoken and literary language, from which some words were also absorbed into Yiddish. The three authors generally regarded as the founders of the modern Yiddish literary genre were born in the 19th century, but their work and significance continued to grow into the 20th. The first was Sholem Yankev Abramovitch, writing as Mendele Mocher Sforim. The second was Sholem Rabinovitsh, widely known as Sholem Aleichem, whose stories about (tevye der milkhiker = Tevye the Dairyman) inspired the Broadway musical and film Fiddler on the Roof. The third was Isaac Leib Peretz.
20th century
In the early 20th century, especially after Socialist October Revolution in Russia, Yiddish was emerging as a major Eastern European language. Its rich literature was more widely published than ever, Yiddish theatre and Yiddish film were booming, and it even achieved status as one of the official languages of the Belarusian and the short-lived Galician SSR. Educational autonomy for Jews in several countries (notably Poland) after World War I led to an increase in formal Yiddish-language education, more uniform orthography, and to the 1925 founding of the Yiddish Scientific Institute, YIVO. Yiddish emerged as the national language of a large Jewish community in Eastern Europe that rejected Zionism and sought Jewish cultural autonomy in Europe. It also contended with Modern Hebrew as a literary language among Zionists.Yiddish changed significantly during the 20th century. Michael Wex writes, "As increasing numbers of Yiddish speakers moved from the Slavic-speaking East to Western Europe and the Americas in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, they were so quick to jettison Slavic vocabulary that the most prominent Yiddish writers of the time—the founders of modern Yiddish literature, who were still living in Slavic-speaking countries—revised the printed editions of their oeuvres to eliminate obsolete and 'unnecessary' Slavisms." The vocabulary used in Israel absorbed many Modern Hebrew words, and there was a similar increase in the English component of Yiddish in the United States and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom. This has resulted in some difficulty in communication between Yiddish speakers from Israel and those from other countries.
Numbers of speakers
On the eve of World War II, there were 11 to 13 million Yiddish speakers (Jacobs 2005). The Holocaust, however, led to a dramatic, sudden decline in the use of Yiddish, as the extensive Jewish communities, both secular and religious, that used Yiddish in their day-to-day life were largely destroyed. Around 85 percent of the Jews that died in the Holocaust – five million people – were speakers of Yiddish. Although millions of Yiddish speakers survived the war (including nearly all Yiddish speakers in the Americas), further assimilation in countries such as the United States and the Soviet Union, along with the strictly monolingual stance of the Zionist movement, led to a decline in the use of Eastern Yiddish. However, the number of speakers within the widely dispersed Orthodox (mainly Hasidic) communities is now increasing. Although used in various countries, Yiddish has attained official recognition as a minority language only in Moldova, the Netherlands and Sweden.Reports of the number of current Yiddish speakers vary significantly. Ethnologue estimated in 2009 there were 1,762,320 speakers of Eastern Yiddish, of which over one-third lived in the United States. In contrast, the Modern Language Association reports fewer than 200,000 in the United States. Western Yiddish, which had "several tens of thousands of speakers" on the eve of the Holocaust, is reported by Ethnologue to have had an "ethnic population" of slightly below 50,000 in 2000. Other estimates are also given, for example, of a worldwide Yiddish-speaking population of about two million in 1996 in a report by the Council of Europe. Further demographic information about the recent status of what is treated as an Eastern-Western dialect continuum is provided in the YIVO Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry (Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry).
Status as a language
There has been frequent debate about the extent of the linguistic independence of Yiddish from the languages that it absorbed. Some commentary dismisses Yiddish as mere jargon, although in Yiddish that term is also used as a colloquial designation for the language without any pejorative connotation. There has been periodic assertion that Yiddish is a dialect of German, or even "just broken German, more of a linguistic mishmash than a true language". Even when recognized as an autonomous language, it has sometimes been referred to as Judeo-German, along the lines of other Jewish languages like Judeo-Persian or Judeo-French. A widely cited summary of attitudes in the 1930s was published by Max Weinreich, quoting a remark by an auditor of one of his lectures: ( a shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot—"A language is a dialect with an army and navy", facsimile excerpt at discussed in detail in a separate article). More recently, Prof. Paul Wexler, of Tel Aviv University in Israel, has proposed that Eastern Yiddish should be classified as a Slavic language, formed by the relexification of Judeo-Slavic dialects by Judeo-German.
Israel
The national language of Israel is Hebrew, Arabic being an official language as well. The rejection of Yiddish as an alternative reflected the conflict between religious and secular forces. Many in the larger, secular group wanted a new national language to foster a cohesive identity, while traditionally religious Jews desired that Hebrew be respected as a holy language reserved for prayer and religious study. In the early twentieth century, Zionist immigrants in Palestine tried to eradicate the use of Yiddish among their own population, and make its use socially unacceptable.This conflict also reflected the opposing views among secular Jews worldwide, one side seeing Hebrew (and Zionism) and the other Yiddish (and Internationalism) as the means of defining emerging Jewish nationalism. In the 1920s and 1930s, gdud meginéy hasafá, "the language defendants regiment", whose motto was ivrí, dabér ivrít "Hebrew [i.e. Jew], speak Hebrew!", used to tear down signs written in "foreign" languages and disturb Yiddish theatre gatherings. However, according to linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, the members of this group in particular, and the Hebrew revival in general, did not succeed in uprooting Yiddish patterns (as well as the patterns of other European languages Jewish immigrants spoke) within what he calls "Israeli", i.e. Modern Hebrew. Zuckermann believes that "Israeli does include numerous Hebrew elements resulting from a conscious revival but also numerous pervasive linguistic features deriving from a subconscious survival of the revivalists’ mother tongues, e.g. Yiddish.".
In religious circles, it is the Ashkenazi Haredi Jews, particularly the Hasidic Jews and the mitnagdim of the Lithuanian yeshiva world, who continue to teach, speak and use Yiddish, making it a language used regularly by hundreds of thousands of Haredi Jews today. The largest of these centers are in Bnei Brak and Jerusalem. However, virtually all of these Yiddish speakers also speak Modern Hebrew.
There is a growing revival of interest in Yiddish culture among secular Israelis, with the flourishing of new proactive cultural organizations like YUNG YiDiSH, as well as Yiddish theater (usually with simultaneous translation to Hebrew and Russian) and young people are taking university courses in Yiddish, some achieving considerable fluency.
Former Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union during the 1920s, Yiddish was promoted as the language of the Jewish proletariat. It was one of the official languages of the Byelorussian SSR, as well as several agricultural districts of the Galician SSR. A public educational system entirely based on the Yiddish language was established and comprised kindergartens, schools, and higher educational institutions (technical schools, rabfaks and other university departments). At the same time, Hebrew was considered a bourgeois language and its use was generally discouraged. The vast majority of the Yiddish-language cultural institutions were closed in the late 1930s along with cultural institutions of other ethnic minorities lacking administrative entities of their own. After the Second World War, growing anti-Semitic tendencies in Soviet politics drove Yiddish from most spheres. The last Yiddish-language schools, theaters and publications were closed by the end of the 1940s. It continued to be spoken widely for decades, nonetheless, in areas with compact Jewish populations (primarily in Moldova, Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Belarus).In the former Soviet states, presently active Yiddish authors include Yoysef Burg (Chernivtsi 1912-2009) and Aleksander Beyderman (b. 1949, Odessa). Publication of an earlier Yiddish periodical (), was resumed in 2004 with (der nayer fraynd; lit. "The New Friend", St. Petersburg).
Jewish Autonomous Oblast of Russia
thumb|upright|left|Birobidzhan's train terminal square
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast was formed in 1934 in the Russian Far East, with its capital city in Birobidzhan and Yiddish as its official language. The intention was for the Soviet Jewish population to settle there. Jewish cultural life was revived in Birobidzhan much earlier than elsewhere in the Soviet Union. Yiddish theaters began opening in the 1970s. The newspaper (Der Birobidzhaner Shtern; lit: "The Birobidzhan Star") includes a Yiddish section. Although the official status of the language was not retained by the Russian Federation, its cultural significance is still recognized and bolstered. The First Birobidzhan International Summer Program for Yiddish Language and Culture was launched in 2007.
Sweden
In June 1999, the Swedish Parliament enacted legislation giving Yiddish legal status as one of the country's official minority languages (entering into effect in April 2000). The rights thereby conferred are not detailed, but additional legislation was enacted in June 2006 establishing a new governmental agency, The Swedish National Language Council, the mandate of which instructs it to, "collect, preserve, scientifically research, and spread material about the national minority languages", naming them all explicitly, including Yiddish. When announcing this action, the government made an additional statement about "simultaneously commencing completely new initiatives for ... Yiddish [and the other minority languages]".The Swedish government publishes documents in Yiddish, of which the most recent details the national action plan for human rights. An earlier one provides general information about national minority language policies.
On 6 September 2007, it became possible to register Internet domains with Yiddish names in the national top-level domain .SE.
United States
[[File:Yiddish language distribution in the United States.svg|thumb|300px|Yiddish distribution in the United States. ]] At first, in the United States most Jews were of Sephardic origin, and hence did not speak Yiddish. It was not until the mid to late 19th century, as first German, then Eastern European, Jews arrived in the nation, that Yiddish became dominant within the immigrant community. This helped to bond Jews from many countries. (forverts – Yiddish Forward) was one of seven Yiddish daily newspapers in New York City, and other Yiddish newspapers served as a forum for Jews of all European backgrounds. The Yiddish Forward still appears weekly and is available in an online edition. It remains in wide distribution, together with (der algemeyner zhurnal – Algemeiner Journal; algemeyner = general) a Lubavitcher newspaper which is also published weekly and appears online. The widest-circulation Yiddish newspapers are probably the two prominent Satmar weekly issues (Der Blatt; blat = newspaper) and (Der Yid = The Jew). Several additional newspapers and magazines are in regular production, such as the monthly publications (Der Shtern; shtern = star) and (Der Blick; blik = view). (The romanized titles cited in this paragraph are in the form given on the masthead of each publication and may be at some variance both with the literal Yiddish title and the transliteration rules otherwise applied in this article.)Interest in klezmer music provided another bonding mechanism. Thriving Yiddish theater, especially in New York City, kept the language vital. Many "Yiddishisms," like "Italianisms" and "Spanishisms," continued to enter the spoken New York dialect, often used by Jews and non-Jews alike, unaware of the linguistic origin of the phrases (described extensively by Leo Rosten in The Joys of Yiddish). However, native Yiddish speakers tended not to pass the language on to their children, who assimilated and spoke English.
Most of the Jewish immigrants to the New York metropolitan area during the years of Ellis Island considered Yiddish their native language. For example, Isaac Asimov states in his autobiography, In Memory Yet Green, that Yiddish was his first and sole spoken language and remained so for about two years after he emigrated to the United States as a small child. By contrast, Asimov's younger siblings, born in the United States, never developed any degree of fluency in Yiddish.
In 1976, the Canadian-born American author Saul Bellow received the Nobel Prize in literature. He was fluent in Yiddish, and translated several Yiddish poems and stories into English, including Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool".
In 1978, the Polish-born Yiddish author Isaac Bashevis Singer, a resident of the United States, received the Nobel Prize in literature.
Legal scholars Eugene Volokh and Alex Kozinski argue that Yiddish is “supplanting Latin as the spice in American legal argot.” Note: an updated version of the article appears on Professor Volokh's UCLA web page.
Present U.S. speaker population
In the 2000 census, 178,945 people in the United States reported speaking Yiddish at home. Of these speakers, 113,515 lived in New York (63.43% of American Yiddish speakers); 18,220 in Florida (10.18%); 9,145 in New Jersey (5.11%); and 8,950 in California (5.00%). The remaining states with speaker populations larger than 1,000 are Pennsylvania (5,445), Ohio (1,925), Michigan (1,945), Massachusetts (2,380), Maryland (2,125), Illinois (3,510), Connecticut (1,710), and Arizona (1,055). The population is largely elderly: 72,885 of the speakers were older than 65, 66,815 were between 18 and 64, and only 39,245 were age 17 or lower. In the six years since the 2000 census, the 2006 American Community Survey reflected an estimated 15 percent decline of people speaking Yiddish at home in the U.S. to 152,515.There are a few predominantly Hasidic communities in the United States in which Yiddish remains the majority language. Kiryas Joel, New York is one such; in the 2000 census, nearly 90% of residents of Kiryas Joel reported speaking Yiddish at home.
United Kingdom
There are well over 30,000 Yiddish speakers in the United Kingdom, and several thousand children now have Yiddish as a first language. The largest group of Yiddish speakers in Britain reside in the Stamford Hill district of North London, but there are sizeable communities in Golders Green, Stoke Newington, Manchester and Gateshead. The Yiddish readership in the UK is mainly reliant upon imported material from the United States and Israel for newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. However, the London-based weekly Jewish Tribune, has a small section in Yiddish called Idishe Tribune.
Religious communities
The major exception to the decline of spoken Yiddish can be found in Haredi communities all over the world. In some of the more closely knit such communities Yiddish is spoken as a home and schooling language, especially in Hasidic, Litvish or Yeshivish communities such as Brooklyn's Borough Park, Williamsburg and Crown Heights, and in the communities of Monsey, Kiryas Joel and New Square in New York State (over 88% of the population of Kiryas Joel is reported to speak Yiddish at home.) Also in New Jersey Yiddish is widely spoken mostly in Lakewood but also in smaller Yeshivishe towns with yeshivos such as Passaic, Teaneck and elsewhere. Yiddish is also widely spoken in the Antwerp Jewish community and in Haredi communities such as the ones in London, Manchester and Montreal. Among most Ashkenazi Haredim, Hebrew is generally reserved for prayer, while Yiddish is used for religious studies as well as a home and business language. In Israel, however, Haredim commonly speak Hebrew, with the notable exception of many Hasidic communities. However, some Haredim who use Modern Hebrew also understand Yiddish. There are some who send their children to schools in which the primary language of instruction is Yiddish. Members of movements such as Satmar Hasidism, who view the commonplace use of Hebrew as a form of Zionism, use Yiddish almost exclusively.
Hundreds of thousands of young children around the globe have been, and are still, taught to translate the texts of the Torah into Yiddish. This process is called (taytshn)—"translating" . Most Ashkenazi yeshivas' highest level lectures in Talmud and Halakha are delivered in Yiddish by the rosh yeshivas as well as ethical talks of mussar. Hasidic rebbes generally use only Yiddish to converse with their followers and to deliver their various Torah talks, classes, and lectures. The linguistic style and vocabulary of Yiddish have influenced the manner in which many Orthodox Jews who attend yeshivas speak English. This usage is distinctive enough that it has been dubbed "Yeshivish".
While Hebrew remains the language of Jewish prayer, the Hasidim have mixed some Yiddish into their Hebrew, and are also responsible for a significant secondary religious literature written in Yiddish. For example, the tales about the Baal Shem Tov were written largely in Yiddish. As well as the Torah Talks of the late Lubavitch leaders are published in their original form, Yiddish. In addition, some prayers, such as the Got fun Avrohom, were composed and are recited in Yiddish.
Moreover, many Hasidic girls in the Diaspora are not taught Hebrew at all, and therefore do not understand either ancient or modern Hebrew. Even those who are taught parts of the Bible will still use prayer books with Yiddish translation and commentaries, as their comprehension of Hebrew is deficient.
Modern Yiddish education
There has been a resurgence in Yiddish learning in recent times among many from around the world with Jewish ancestry. The language which had lost many of its native speakers during WWII has been making somewhat of a comeback. In Poland, which traditionally had Yiddish speaking communities, a particular museum has begun to revive Yiddish education and culture. Located in Kraków, the Galicia Jewish Museum offers classes in Yiddish Language Instruction and workshops on Yiddish Songs. The museum has taken steps to revive the culture through concerts and events held on site. There are various Universities worldwide which now offer Yiddish programs based on the YIVO Yiddish standard. Many of these programs are held during the summer and are attended by Yiddish enthusiasts from around the world. One such school located within Vilnius University (Vilnius Yiddish Institute) was the first Yiddish center of higher learning to be established in post-Holocaust Eastern Europe. Vilnius Yiddish Institute is an integral part of the four-century-old Vilnius University. Published Yiddish scholar and researcher Dovid Katz is among the Faculty. Other schools which offer Yiddish programs include Tel Aviv University, Brandeis University, University College London, YIVO, New York University, Hampshire College campus at Amherst (home of the National Yiddish Book Center), Binghamton University, Harvard University, Stanford University, University of Pennsylvania, Indiana University, Bloomington, The Ohio State University, University of Düsseldorf, University of Chicago, Columbia University, Vassar College, UMass Amherst, UCLA, Emory University in Atlanta, University of Virginia, the University of Manitoba, and the University of Sao Paulo, in Brazil. Despite this growing popularity among many American Jews, finding opportunities for practical use of Yiddish is becoming increasingly difficult, and thus many students have trouble learning to speak the language.
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
Periodicals
External links
Category:Ashkenazi Jews topics Category:Jewish languages Category:Jews and Judaism in Germany Category:German dialects Category:High German languages Category:Languages of Israel Category:Languages of Russia Category:Diaspora languages
af:Jiddisj als:Jiddisch am:ዪዲሽኛ ar:لغة يديشية az:İdiş dili zh-min-nan:Yidish-gí ba:Идиш be:Ідыш be-x-old:Ідыш bjn:Bahasa Yiddish bar:Jiddisch br:Yideg bg:Идиш (език) ca:Jiddisch cv:Идиш cs:Jidiš da:Jiddisch pdc:Yiddisch de:Jiddisch et:Jidiši keel el:Γίντις es:Yidis eo:Jida lingvo eu:Yiddish fa:زبان ییدیش fr:Yiddish fy:Jiddysk ga:An Ghiúdais gd:Iùdais gl:Lingua yiddish ko:이디시어 hsb:Jidišćina hr:Jidiš id:Bahasa Yiddi ie:Yiddic it:Lingua yiddish he:יידיש jv:Basa Yiddish ka:იდიში kw:Yedhowek ku:Yîdîş lad:Idish la:Lingua Iudaeogermanica lv:Jidišs lt:Jidiš lij:Lengua yiddish li:Jiddisch hu:Jiddis nyelv ml:യിദ്ദിഷ് arz:ييدى ms:Bahasa Yiddish nl:Jiddisch nds-nl:Jiddisj ja:イディッシュ語 no:Jiddisch nn:Jiddisch oc:Yiddish mhr:Идиш йылме pnb:یدش nds:Jiddisch pl:Jidysz pt:Língua iídiche crh:Yidiş tili ro:Limba idiș ru:Идиш sco:Yiddish leid scn:Lingua yiddish simple:Yiddish sk:Jidiš sl:Jidiš szl:Jidisz sr:Јидиш sh:Jidiš fi:Jiddiš sv:Jiddisch tl:Wikang Yidis ta:இத்திய மொழி kab:Yidic th:ภาษายิดดิช tr:Yidiş uk:Їдиш vi:Tiếng Yiddish yi:יידיש zh:意第緒語This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
