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A. E. J. Collins
Arthur Edward Jeune (James) Collins (18 August 1885 – 11 November 1914), (typically now known by his initials) AEJ Collins, was an English cricketer and soldier. He is most famous for achieving the highest-ever recorded score in cricket: as a 13-year-old schoolboy, he scored 628 not out over four afternoons in June 1899. Collins' record-making innings drew a large crowd and increasing media interest; spectators at the Old Cliftonian match being played nearby were drawn away to watch the junior school house cricket match in which Collins was playing. Despite this achievement, Collins never played first-class cricket.
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Al Capone
Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an Italian-American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate, known then as the "Capones," dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor and other illegal activities, in Chicago, from the early 1920s to 1931, when he was sentenced to federal prison, including a stay at the infamous Alcatraz federal prison, for tax evasion.
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Albert Claude
Albert Claude (August 24, 1899 – May 22, 1983) was a Belgian biologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade. He studied medicine at the University of Liege (Belgium). During the winter of 1928-29 he worked in Berlin, first at the Institut für Krebsforschung, and then at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology, Dahlem. In the summer of 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute. While working at Rockefeller University in the 1930s and 1940s, he used the electron microscope to make images of cells which deepened the scientific understanding of cellular structure and function. He discovered the chloroplasts in the cell.
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Alec Campbell
Alexander William ("Alec") Campbell (26 February 1899 – 16 May 2002) was the final surviving Australian participant of the Gallipoli campaign during the First World War. His death broke the last living link of Australians with the Gallipoli story.
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Alfred Dreyfus
Alfred Dreyfus (; 9 October 1859 – 12 July 1935) was a French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason became one of the most tense political dramas in modern French and European history. Known today as the Dreyfus Affair, years later Dreyfus was completely exonerated.
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Alfred Hitchcock
Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English filmmaker and producer. He pioneered many techniques in the suspense and psychological thriller genres. After a successful career in his native United Kingdom in both silent films and early talkies, Hitchcock moved to Hollywood. In 1956 he became an American citizen while remaining a British subject.
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Alice Terry
Alice Terry (July 29, 1899 – December 22, 1987) was an American film actress who began her career during the silent film era, appearing in thirty-nine films between 1916 and 1933.
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Allen Hobbs
Allen Hobbs (July 30, 1899 – November 23, 1960) was the 32nd Governor of American Samoa from February 8, 1944 to January 27, 1945. Hobbs was born on July 30, 1899 in Lowell, Massachusetts. His mother was a sculptor named Louise Allen Atkins, and his grandfather Charles Herbert Allen, the first American Governor of Puerto Rico. He was an hydrographer with the Naval Hydrographic office in Suitland, Maryland. On March 1, 1953, Hobbs was placed on the Temporary Disability Retirement List. Hobbs ceded the governor position to Ralph Waldo Hungerford on January 27, 1945. On August 30, 1948, Hobbs became the 35th Hydrographer of the United States Navy. He died on November 23, 1960 at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland.
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Augustin Daly
John Augustin Daly (July 20, 1838 – June 7, 1899) was an American theatrical manager and playwright active both in the U.S. and UK.
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Avdy Andresson
Avdy Andresson (November 15, 1899 – August 27, 1990) was the Estonian Minister of War in exile from April 3, 1973 until two months before his death on June 20, 1990, and Commander of Armed Forces from 14 October 1975.
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Bertil Ohlin
Bertil Gotthard Ohlin () (23 April 1899 – 3 August 1979) was a Swedish economist and politician. He was a professor of economics at the Stockholm School of Economics from 1929 to 1965. He was also leader of the People's Party, a social-liberal party which at the time was the largest party in opposition to the governing Social Democratic Party, from 1944 to 1967. He served briefly as Minister for Trade from 1944 to 1945 in the Swedish coalition government during World War II.
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Boris Efimov
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Bruce Catton
Charles Bruce Catton (October 9, 1899 – August 28, 1978) was an American journalist and notable historian of the American Civil War. He won a Pulitzer Prize for history in 1954 for A Stillness at Appomattox, his study of the final campaign of the war in Virginia.
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Charles Herbert Best
Charles Herbert Best, CC, MD, FRS, FRSC, FRCP (February 27, 1899 – March 31, 1978) was a medical scientist and one of the co-discoverers of insulin.
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Charles Laughton
Charles Laughton (July 1, 1899 – December 15, 1962) was an English-American stage and film actor, screenwriter, producer and two-time director.
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David Hilbert
David Hilbert (; January 23, 1862 –
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Dechko Uzunov
Dechko Uzunov () (February 22, 1899 – April 26, 1986) was a Bulgarian painter. He was born in Kazanluk and died in Sofia at the age of 87.
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DeFord Bailey
DeFord Bailey (December 14, 1899 – July 2, 1982) was an early country music star and the first African American performer on the Grand Ole Opry. Bailey played several instruments but is best known for his harmonica tunes. He was one of the few notable African-American stars in country music.
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Dimitri Tiomkin
Dimitri Zinovievich Tiomkin (, Dmytro Zynoviyovych Tiomkin, , ''Dmitrij Zinov'evič Tëmkin'', sometimes transliterated as Dmitri Tiomkin) (May 10, 1894 – November 11, 1979) was a film score composer and conductor. Along with Alfred Newman, Bernard Herrmann, Max Steiner, Miklós Rózsa, Erich Wolfgang Korngold, and Franz Waxman, Tiomkin was one of the most productive and decorated composers in Hollywood.
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Doris Speed
Doris Speed, OBE (3 February 1899 - 16 November 1994) was an English actress, best known for her role as snooty Rovers Return landlady Annie Walker on Coronation Street, a role she played from 1960 to 1983.
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Dorothy C. Stratton
:For Dorothy Stratten, Playboy Playmate, refer to the article Dorothy Stratten.
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Douglas Shearer
Douglas G. Shearer (November 17, 1899 – January 5, 1971) was a Canadian-born pioneer sound designer and recording director who played a key role in the advancement of sound technology for motion pictures.
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Duke Ellington
Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974) was a composer, pianist, and big band leader.
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Dwight L. Moody
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E. B. White
Elwyn Brooks "E. B." White (July 11, 1899 – October 1, 1985) was an American writer. A long-time contributor to "The New Yorker" magazine, he also wrote many famous books for both adults and children, such as the popular ''Charlotte's Web and Stuart Little, and co-authored a widely used writing guide, The Elements of Style,'' popularly known by its authors' names, as "Strunk & White."
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Earl Whitehill
Earl Oliver Whitehill (February 7, 1899 – October 22, 1954) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for the Detroit Tigers for the most significant portion of his career (1923-1932), and later with the Washington Senators (1933-1936), Cleveland Indians (1937-1938), and the Chicago Cubs (1939). Consistently winning in double digits for thirteen years (1924-1936), left-handed Whitehill went on to become one of the Top 100 winning pitchers of all time. He was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
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Emilio Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 23, 1869 – February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War that resisted American occupation.
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Emilio Jacinto
Emilio Jacinto (December 15, 1875 - April 16, 1899), was a Filipino revolutionary known as the Brains of the Katipunan.
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Eric Linklater
Eric Robert Russell Linklater (8 March 1899 - 7 November 1974) was a British writer, known for more than 20 novels, as well as short stories, travel writing and autobiography, and military history.
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Ernest Chausson
Amédée-Ernest Chausson (20 January 1855 – 10 June 1899) was a French romantic composer who died just as his career was beginning to flourish.
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Ernest Haycox
Ernest James Haycox (October 1, 1899 – October 13, 1950) was an American writer of Western fiction.
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Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingway's fiction was successful because the characters he presented exhibited authenticity that resonated with his audience. Many of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published .
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Ernest Renshaw
Ernest Renshaw (3 January 1861 in Leamington Spa – 2 September 1899 at his home in Waltham St. Lawrence) was an English tennis player.
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Eugene Ormandy
Eugene Ormandy (November 18, 1899–March 12, 1985) was a Hungarian-born conductor and violinist.
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Eugenio Beltrami
Eugenio Beltrami (November 16, 1835, Cremona – February 18, 1900, Rome) was an Italian mathematician notable for his work concerning differential geometry and mathematical physics. His work was noted especially for clarity of exposition.
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Eva LeGallienne
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Evelyn Brent
Evelyn Brent (October 20, 1899 – June 4, 1975) was an American film and stage actress.
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Ezra Taft Benson
Ezra Taft Benson (August 4, 1899 – May 30, 1994) was the thirteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1985 until his death and was United States Secretary of Agriculture for both terms of the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower.
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Felix Hoffmann
Felix Hoffmann (January 21, 1868 – February 8, 1946) was a German chemist, who first synthesized medically useful forms of heroin and aspirin. He was born in Ludwigsburg and studied Chemistry in Munich. In 1894, he joined the Bayer pharmaceutical research facility in Elberfeld.
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Forrest Lewis
Forrest Lewis (born November 5, 1899 in Knightstown, Indiana; died June 2, 1977 in Burbank, California) was an American actor.
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Francis Poulenc
Francis Jean Marcel Poulenc (; January 7, 1899 – January 30, 1963) was a French composer and a member of the French group Les Six. He composed music in genres including art song, solo piano music, chamber music, oratorio, opera, ballet music, and orchestral music. Critic Claude Rostand, in a July 1950 Paris-Presse article, described Poulenc as "half monk, half delinquent" ("le moine et le voyou"), a tag that was to be attached to his name for the rest of his career.
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Frank Ferguson
Frank Ferguson (born December 25, 1899, Ferndale, California — died September 12, 1978, Los Angeles) was an American character actor with hundreds of appearances in both film and television. Perhaps his best known role was as the ranch handyman, Gus Broeberg, on the CBS television series, My Friend Flicka, based on a novel of the same name. He appeared with Gene Evans, Johnny Washbrook, and Anita Louise. At this time, Ferguson also portrayed the Calverton veterinarian in the first several seasons of CBS's Lassie.
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Franz Jonas
Franz Josef Jonas (October 4, 1899, Vienna - April 24, 1974, Vienna) was an Austrian political figure. He served as the seventh President of Austria, between 1965 and 1974.
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Fred Astaire
Fred Astaire (May 10, 1899 – June 22, 1987), born Frederick Austerlitz, was an American film and Broadway stage dancer, choreographer, singer and actor. His stage and subsequent film career spanned a total of 76 years, during which he made 31 musical films. He was named the fifth Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute. He is particularly associated with Ginger Rogers, with whom he made ten films.
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Friedrich Hayek
Friedrich August Hayek CH (8 May 189923 March 1992), born Friedrich August von Hayek, was an Austrian-born economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism and free-market capitalism against socialist and collectivist thought. He is considered to be one of the most important economists and political philosophers of the twentieth century. Hayek's account of how changing prices communicate signals which enable individuals to coordinate their plans is widely regarded as an important achievement in economics. Hayek also produced significant work in the fields of systems thinking, jurisprudence, neuroscience and the history of ideas.
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Fritz Albert Lipmann
Fritz Albert Lipmann (June 12, 1899 – July 24, 1986) was a German-American biochemist and a co-discoverer in 1945 of coenzyme A. For this, together with other research on coenzyme A, he was awarded half the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1953 (shared with Hans Adolf Krebs).
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George Cukor
George Dewey Cukor (July 7, 1899 – January 24, 1983) was an American film director. He mainly concentrated on comedies and literary adaptations. His career flourished at RKO and later MGM, where he directed What Price Hollywood? (1932), A Bill of Divorcement (1932), Dinner at Eight (1933), Little Women (1933), David Copperfield (1935), Romeo and Juliet (1936) and Camille (1937).
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George Dewey
George Dewey (December 26, 1837 – January 16, 1917) was an admiral of the United States Navy. Many historians called him the "Hero of Manila." He is best known for his victory (without the loss of a single life of his own forces due to combat; one man died of heat stroke) at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He was also the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of Admiral of the Navy, the most senior rank in the United States Navy.
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George Roos-Keppel
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir George Olaf Roos-Keppel, GCIE, KCSI (7 September 1866 - 11 December 1921) was a British military officer who served in the capacities of Political Agent to the Governor-General in Kurram and Khyber, and later as Chief Commissioner, North West Frontier Province from 1908 till 1919. He is also known for his role in 3rd Afghan War.
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Georges Auric
Georges Auric (15 February 1899 – 23 July 1983) was a French composer, born in Lodève, Hérault. He was a child prodigy and at age 15 he had his first compositions published. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire with Georges Caussade, and under the composer Vincent d'Indy at the Schola Cantorum. Before he turned 20 he had orchestrated and written incidental music for several ballets and stage productions.
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Gertrude Berg
Gertrude Berg (October 3, 1898 – September 14, 1966) was an American actress and screenwriter. A pioneer of classic radio, Berg was one of the first women to create, write, produce and star in a long-running hit when she premiered her serial comedy-drama The Rise of the Goldbergs (1929), later known as The Goldbergs.
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Goodman Ace
Goodman Ace (January 15, 1899 – March 25, 1982), born Goodman Aiskowitz, was an American humourist, working as a radio writer and comedian, a television writer, and a magazine columnist.
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Gregorio del Pilar
Gregorio del Pilar y Sempio (November 14, 1875—December 2, 1899) was one of the youngest generals in the Philippine Revolutionary Forces during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War. He was called the "Boy General" because of his youth.
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Guangxu Emperor
The Guangxu Emperor () (14 August 1871–14 November 1908), born Zaitian (), was the tenth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, under Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898. He initiated the Hundred Days' Reform, but was abruptly stopped when Cixi launched a coup in 1898, after which he was put under house arrest until his death. His reign name means "The Glorious Succession".
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Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi (; 25 April 1874– 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, best known for his development of a radio telegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy" and was ennobled in 1924 as Marchese Marconi.
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Gustavs Celmins
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Harold Abrahams
MedalCountry|
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Harold B. Lee
Harold Bingham Lee (March 28, 1899 – December 26, 1973) was eleventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from July 1972 until his death.
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Harold Bennett
Harold Bennett (17 September 1899 – 15 September 1981) was an English actor best remembered for playing 'Young Mr. Grace' in the 1970s British sitcom Are You Being Served?.
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Harry Shields
Harry Shields (June 30, 1899 – January 19, 1971) was an early jazz clarinetist.
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Hart Crane
Harold Hart Crane (July 21, 1899 – April 27, 1932) was an American poet. Finding both inspiration and provocation in the poetry of T. S. Eliot, Crane wrote modernist poetry that is difficult, highly stylized, and very ambitious in its scope. In his most ambitious work, The Bridge, Crane sought to write an epic poem in the vein of The Waste Land that expressed something more sincere and optimistic than the ironic despair that Crane found in Eliot's poetry. In the years following his death at the age of 32, Crane has come to be seen as one of the most influential poets of his generation.
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Heinrich Nordhoff
Heinz Heinrich Nordhoff (born in Hildesheim, died in Wolfsburg) was a German engineer famous for his leadership of the Volkswagen company as it was rebuilt after World War II.
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Henri Bretonnet
Henri-Etienne Bretonnet (1864–1899) was a French naval officer, killed with most of his men in the battle of Togbao.
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Hillel Oppenheimer
Hillel Oppenheimer (, born 'Heinz Reinhard Oppenheimer' 4 April 1899, died 1971), was an Israeli professor of botany.
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Horatio Alger, Jr.
Horatio Alger. (January 13, 1832 – July 18, 1899) was a prolific 19th-century American author, most famous for his novels following the adventures of bootblacks, newsboys, peddlers, buskers, and other impoverished children in their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security and comfort. His novels about boys who succeed under the tutelage of older mentors were hugely popular in their day.
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Humphrey Bogart
Humphrey DeForest Bogart (December 25, 1899 – January 14, 1957) was an American actor. He is widely regarded as a cultural icon.
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Ian Clunies Ross
Sir (William) Ian Clunies Ross, CMG (1899–1959) is described as the 'architect' of Australia's scientific boom, for his stewardship of Australia's scientific organisation the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation - CSIRO.
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Indra Devi
Indra Devi ( (Indra Devi); May 12, 1899 – April 25, 2002), born as Eugenie Peterson in Riga, Livonia, was an early disciple of Sri Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, and herself became a renowned yoga teacher. Born in Riga, she also acted in some Hindi films.
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Iskander Mirza
Major-General Sahibzada Sayyid Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OBE (Urdu: اسکندر مرزا) (November 13, 1899 – November 12, 1969) was the last Governor-General of the Dominion of Pakistan (6 October 1955 to 23 March 1956), and the first President of the Republic of Pakistan (23 March 1956 to 27 October 1958).
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Jack Beresford
Jack Beresford, CBE, (1 January 1899 – 3 December 1977) was a British rower who won medals at five Olympic Games in succession, an Olympic record in rowing, which has since been tied by Steven Redgrave.
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James Cagney
James Francis Cagney, Jr. (July 17, 1899 – March 30, 1986) was an American film actor. Although he won acclaim and major awards for a wide variety of roles, he is best remembered for playing "tough guys." In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him eighth among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time.
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Jean de Brunhoff
Jean de Brunhoff (December 9, 1899 – October 16, 1937) was a French writer and illustrator known for co-creating Babar, which first appeared in 1931. The stories were originally told to their second son, Mathieu, when he was sick, by his wife Cecile de Brunhoff. After its first appearance, six more titles followed, authored by Jean de Brunhoff.
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Jean Goldkette
John Jean Goldkette (18 March 1893–March 24, 1962) was a jazz pianist and bandleader born in Patras, Greece. Goldkette spent his childhood in Greece and Russia, and emigrated to the United States in 1911.
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Jesse Wallace
Jesse Rink Wallace (July 7, 1899 – January 29, 1961) was a United States Navy Captain and the 29th (27th unique) Governor of American Samoa. He served as Governor for a period of only ten days from July 30, 1940 to August 8, 1940. Wallace was born in Beardstown, Illinois on July 7, 1899. On June 20, 1918, Wallace was appointed to the United States Naval Academy from Illinois. After his brief time as Governor, Wallace became the chief of staff to the Commandant of the Ninth Naval district. Wallace retired in 1952 and died on January 29, 1961; he was buried at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery.
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Jobyna Ralston
Jobyna Ralston (November 21, 1900 – January 22, 1967) was an American stage and film actress.
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Johan Vaaler
Johan Vaaler (March 15, 1866 – March 14, 1910) was a Norwegian inventor and patent clerk, from 1892 office manager of Bryns Patentkontor in Kristiania. He has often erroneously been identified with the invention of the common paper clip, known to all office employees for more than a hundred years. He was born in Aurskog as the son of a farmer, and died in Kristiania.
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Johann Köler
Johann Köler (8 March 1826, in Vastemõisa near Suure-Jaani, Viljandi County, Estonia – 22 April 1899 in St. Petersburg, Russia) was an Estonian painter. He is considered to have been the first professional Estonian painter. He distinguished himself primarily by his portraiture and to a lesser extent by his landscape paintings. Some of his most notable pictures depict the Estonian rural life in the second half of the 19th Century.
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Johann Strauss II
Johann Strauss II (October 25, 1825 – June 3, 1899; also known as fully Johann Baptist Strauss, and Johann Strauss, Jr., the Younger, or the Son () was an Austrian composer of light music, particularly dance music and operettas. He composed over 500 waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, and other types of dance music, as well as several operettas and a ballet. In his lifetime, he was known as "The Waltz King", and was largely responsible for the popularity of the waltz in Vienna during the 19th century.
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John Barbirolli
Sir John Barbirolli, CH, 2 December 1899 – 29 July 1970) was an English conductor and cellist. He was particularly associated with the Hallé Orchestra, Manchester, which he helped save from dissolution in 1943 and conducted for the rest of his life. Earlier in his career he was Arturo Toscanini's successor as music director of the New York Philharmonic, serving there from 1936 to 1943. He was also chief conductor of the Houston Symphony from 1961 to 1967, and was a guest conductor of many other orchestras including the BBC Symphony Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, the Philharmonia, the Berlin Philharmonic and the Vienna Philharmonic, making recordings with all these orchestras.
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John Bodkin Adams
John Bodkin Adams (21 January 1899 – 4 July 1983) was an Irish-born British general practitioner, convicted fraudster and suspected serial killer. Between the years 1946-1956, more than 160 of his patients died under suspicious circumstances. Of these 132 left him money or items in their will. He was tried and acquitted for the murder of one patient in 1957. Another count of murder was withdrawn by the prosecution in what was later described as "an abuse of process" by the presiding judge Patrick Devlin, causing questions to be asked in Parliament about the prosecution's handling of events. The trial featured in headlines around the world and was described at the time as "one of the greatest murder trials of all time" and "murder trial of the century". It was also described at the time as "unique" because, in the words of the judge, "the act of murder" had "to be proved by expert evidence."
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John Gilbert (actor)
John Gilbert (July 10, 1899 – January 9, 1936) was an American actor and a major star of the silent film era.
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John Qualen
John Qualen (December 8, 1899 – September 12, 1987) was a Canadian character actor.
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Jorge Luis Borges
Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986), best known as Jorge Luis Borges (), was an Argentine writer, essayist, and poet born in Buenos Aires. In 1914 his family moved to Switzerland where he attended school and traveled to Spain. On his return to Argentina in 1921, Borges began publishing his poems and essays in surrealist literary journals. He also worked as a librarian and public lecturer. In 1955 he was appointed director of the National Public Library (Biblioteca Nacional) and professor of Literature at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1961 he came to international attention when he received the first International Publishers' Prize, the Prix Formentor. His work was translated and published widely in the United States and in Europe. Borges himself was fluent in several languages. He died in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1986.
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Juan Trippe
Juan Terry Trippe (June 27, 1899 – April 3, 1981) was an American airline entrepreneur and pioneer, and the founder of Pan American World Airways, one of the world's most prominent airlines of the mid-twentieth century.
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Kenjiro Takayanagi
was a Japanese pioneer in the development of television. Although he failed to gain much recognition in the West, he built the world's first all-electronic television receiver, and is referred to as "the father of Japanese television".
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Lao She
Lao She (, February 3, 1899 – August 24, 1966) was a notable Chinese writer. A novelist and dramatist, he was one of the most significant figures of 20th century Chinese literature, and is perhaps best known for his novel Rickshaw Boy and the play Teahouse (茶館). He was of Manchu ethnicity. His works are known especially for their vivid use of the Beijing dialect.
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Lavrenty Beria
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Leo Najo
Leo Najo (born Leonardo Alanis, 1899–1979) was one of the first Mexican-born players to play professional baseball in the United States, debuting in 1924 with the San Antonio Bears of the Class A Texas League. After early success in the minor leagues, he was drafted by the major league Chicago White Sox in 1925. Although a leg injury, and possibly racial prejudice, stifled his major league career, Najo moved on to enjoy a lengthy and productive career both in the U.S. minor leagues and in the Mexican League. In 1939, he became the first player selected to the Mexican Professional Baseball Hall of Fame, known as Salón de la Fama del Beisbol Profesional de México. In 2001, Minor League Baseball named Leo Najo's 1932 Tulsa Oilers team as one of the top 100 minor league teams of all time, in part because of his contributions."
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Leo von Caprivi
Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprera de Montecuccoli (English: Count George Leo of Caprivi, Caprera, and Montecuccoli, born Georg Leo von Caprivi; 24 February 1831 6 February 1899) was a German major general and statesman, who succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor of Germany. Caprivi served as German Chancellor from March 1890 to October 1894.
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Lotte Reiniger
Charlotte (Lotte) Reiniger (June 2, 1899 – June 19, 1981) was a German (and later a British) silhouette animator and film director.
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Lyman Lemnitzer
military person
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Marcel Achard
Marcel Achard (b. 5 July 1899, in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon, Rhône; d. 4 September 1974, Paris) was a French playwright and screenwriter whose popular sentimental comedies maintained his position as a highly-recognizable name in his country's theatrical and literary circles for five decades. He was elected to the Académie Française in 1959.
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Martha M. Place
Martha M. Place (1854 or 1855 – March 20, 1899) was the first woman to die in the electric chair. She was executed on March 20, 1899 at age 44, in Sing Sing prison for the murder of her stepdaughter Ida Place.
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Max Petitpierre
Max Petitpierre (February 26, 1899 - March 25, 1994) was a Swiss politician, jurist and member of the Swiss Federal Council, heading the Political Department (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) (1944-1961).
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Max Theiler
Max Theiler (January 30, 1899 – August 11, 1972) was a South African/American virologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1951 for developing a vaccine against yellow fever.
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Mile-a-Minute Murphy
Charles Minthorn Murphy (October 1870 – February 16, 1950), but more popularly known as "Mile-a-Minute" Murphy, was an American cycling star from the late 19th century and early 20th century. His greatest claim to fame was being the first man ever to ride a bicycle for one mile in less than a minute in 1899.
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Nevil Shute
Nevil Shute Norway (17 January 1899 – 12 January 1960) was a popular British novelist and a successful aeronautical engineer. He used Nevil Shute as his pen name, and his full name in his engineering career, in order to protect his engineering career from any potential negative publicity in connection with his novels .
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Nie Rongzhen
Nie Rongzhen () (December 29, 1899 - May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal.
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Noel Coward
http://wn.com/Noel_Coward -
Oscar Zariski
Oscar Zariski (born Oscher Zaritsky April 24, 1899, in Kobrin, Russia (today Belarus), died July 4, 1986, Brookline, Massachusetts) was a Jewish-American mathematician and one of the most influential algebraic geometers of the 20th century.
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Osman Achmatowicz
Osman Achmatowicz (born April 16, 1899 in Bergaliszki – December 4, 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish chemist of Tatar descent. His son, Osman Achmatowicz Jr., (also a chemist) is credited with the Achmatowicz reaction in 1971.
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Paul Hermann Muller
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Paul Julius Reuter
http://wn.com/Paul_Julius_Reuter -
Paul Kelly (actor)
Paul Michael Kelly (August 9, 1899 – November 6, 1956) was an American child actor who later as an adult became a stage, film, and television actor.
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Pearl Hart
Pearl (Taylor) Hart (c. 1871 – after 1928) was a Canadian-born outlaw of the American Old West. Performing one of the last recorded stagecoach robberies in the United States, her crime gained notoriety primarily due to her gender. Many details of Hart's life are uncertain with available reports being varied and often contradictory.
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Percy Lavon Julian
Percy Lavon Julian (April 11, 1899 – April 19, 1975) was an African American research chemist and a pioneer in the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product physostigmine; and was an African American pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones, steroids, progesterone, and testosterone, from plant sterols such as stigmasterol and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of cortisone, other corticosteroids, and birth control pills. He later started his own company to synthesize steroid intermediates from the Mexican wild yam. His work helped reduce the cost of steroid intermediates to large multinational pharmaceutical companies.
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Percy Pilcher
Percy Sinclair Pilcher (16 January 1866 — 2 October 1899) was a British inventor and pioneer aviator who was his country's foremost experimenter in unpowered flight at the end of the 19th Century. He was planning a flight with a motor-driven hang glider, but died in the crash of another glider before he could make the attempt.
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Peter Wessel Zapffe
Peter Wessel Zapffe (December 18, 1899-October 12, 1990) was a Norwegian metaphysician, author and mountaineer. He was well known for his somewhat pessimistic view of human existence and his philosophy is widely considered to be pessimistic, much like the work of the earlier philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, by whom he was inspired. His thoughts regarding the error of human existence are presented in the essay, The Last Messiah (original: Den sidste Messias, 1933). This essay is a shorter version of his best-known work, the philosophical treatise, On the tragic (original: Om det tragiske 1941).
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Pieter Rijke
Petrus Leonardus Rijke (July 11, 1812, Hemmen, Gelderland – April 7, 1899) was a Dutch physicist, and a professor in experimental physics at the University of Leiden. Rijke spent his scientific career exploring the physics of electricity, and is known for the Rijke tube.
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Rabih az-Zubayr
Rabih az-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah or Rabih Fadlallah, usually known as Rabah in French, (c. 1842–April 22, 1900) was a Sudanese warlord who established a powerful empire west of Lake Chad, in today's Chad.
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Ray Morehart
Raymond Anderson Morehart (December 2, 1899 - January 13, 1989) was an American major league baseball player.
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Robert Casadesus
Robert Casadesus (April 7, 1899 in Paris – September 19, 1972 in Paris) was a renowned 20th-century French pianist and composer. He was the most prominent member of a famous musical family, being the nephew of Henri Casadesus and Marius Casadesus, husband of Gaby Casadesus, and father of Jean Casadesus.
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Second Boer War
The Second Boer War (, Afrikaans:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or Tweede Boereoorlog), was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902. The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and the Dutch-speaking Boer inhabitants of the two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. It ended with the annexation of the region under the British Empire, ultimately forming the Union of South Africa as part of the Commonwealth. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).
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Seán Lemass
Seán Francis Lemass (15 July 1899 – 11 May 1971) was one of the most prominent Irish politicians of the 20th century. He served as Taoiseach from 1959 until 1966.
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Solomon Braun
Solomon Braun (1868–1899) was a French lieutenant of artillery, born at Paris in 1868 and died in Togbao, Chad, in 1899. His father, a poor pedler, observing Solomon's capacity for learning, made the greatest sacrifices to give him a good education. Solomon successfully passed the competitive examination for the École Polytechnique, whence he graduated as lieutenant of artillery. In 1897 he obtained permission from the Minister of War to join the perilous expedition for the exploration of Lake Chad under Lieutenant Henri Bretonnet. The expedition was surprised by the forces of Rabih az-Zubayr, ruler of the region, and almost every member of the mission was killed, Solomon included.
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Soraya Tarzi
Soraya Tarzi, known mostly as Queen Soraya, (Pashto/Persian: ملکه ثريا) (November 24, 1899 – April 20, 1968) was the Queen of Afghanistan in the early 20th century and the wife of King Amanullah Khan. She is the only woman to appear on the list of rulers in Afghanistan, although wife of King Amanullah Khan. Born in Syria, she was educated by her father who was the famed Afghan leader and intellectual Sardar Mahmud Tarzi. She belonged to the Mohammadzai Pashtun tribe, a powerful sub-tribe of the Barakzai dynasty. She is credited to be one of the first and most powerful Afghan and Muslim female activists.
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Suzanne Lenglen
Suzanne Rachel Flore Lenglen (24 May 1899, Compiègne, Oise – 4 July 1938) was a French tennis player who won 31 Championship titles between 1914 and 1926. A flamboyant, trendsetting athlete, she was the first female tennis celebrity and one of the first international female sport stars, named La Divine (the divine one) by the French press.
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T. E. Ellis
Thomas Edward Ellis (16 February 1859 – 5 April 1899), usually known as T. E. Ellis, was a Welsh politician who was the leader of Cymru Fydd, a movement aimed at gaining home rule for Wales.
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Thomas Henry Ismay
Thomas Henry Ismay (7 January 1837 – 23 November 1899) was the founder of the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company, more commonly known as the White Star Line. His son is Joseph Bruce Ismay who travelled on (and survived) the maiden voyage of his company's ocean liner, the RMS Titanic in 1912.
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Vera Caspary
Vera Caspary (November 13, 1899 – June 13, 1987) was an American writer of novels, plays, screenplays, and short stories. Her best-known novel Laura was made into a highly successful movie. Though she claimed she was not a "real" mystery writer, her novels effectively merged women's quest for identity and love with murder plots. Independence is the key to her protagonists, with her novels revolving around women who are menaced, but who turn out to be neither victimized nor rescued damsels.
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Vernon Huber
Vernon Huber (August 28, 1899 – June 17, 1967) was a United States Navy Rear admiral, and the 36th Governor of American Samoa from April 22, 1947 to June 15, 1949. He was born in Philadelphia, Illinois, and was appointed to the United States Naval Academy from that state. He served as the first commanding officer of the USS Livermore (DD-429) upon its launch in 1940. After his appointment, he advocated the diversification of the American Samoan economy. He also helped add to American Samoan self-government, and was the first governor to serve alongside a Samoan legislature, the American Samoa Fono.
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Vincas Kudirka
Vincas Kudirka (Paežeriai, - Naumiestis, ) was a Lithuanian poet and physician, and the author of both the music and lyrics of the Lithuanian National Anthem, Tautiška giesmė. He is regarded in Lithuania as a National Hero. Kudirka used pen names - V. Kapsas, Paežerių Vincas, Vincas Kapsas, P.Vincas,Varpas, Q.D, K., V.K, Perkūnas.
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Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (, ; c – 2 July 1977) was a multilingual Russian-American novelist and short story writer.
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Walter Beall
Walter Esau Beall (July 29, 1899 – January 28, 1959) was an American major league baseball player who played for the New York Yankees on several championship teams in the 1920s.
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Walter Lantz
Walter Benjamin Lantz (April 27, 1899 – March 22, 1994) was an American cartoonist, animator, film producer, and director, best known for founding Walter Lantz Productions and creating Woody Woodpecker.
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William Henry Webb
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William P. Sprague
William Peter Sprague (May 21, 1827 – March 3, 1899) was a businessman, banker, politician, and a two-term U.S. Representative from Ohio.
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Yasunari Kawabata
was a Japanese short story writer and novelist whose spare, lyrical, subtly-shaded prose works won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968, the first Japanese author to receive the award. His works have enjoyed broad international appeal and are still widely read.
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Yitzhak Lamdan
Yitzhak Lamdan (Hebrew: יצחק למדן) (born 7 November 1899; died 17 November 1954) was an Israeli poet, translator, editor and Hebrew columnist.
http://wn.com/Yitzhak_Lamdan
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Augusta, Kentucky
Augusta is a city in Bracken County, Kentucky, United States, along the Ohio River. As of the 2005 census, the city population was 2,004. When Bracken County was organized in 1796, Augusta was the county seat. In 1839, a new county courthouse was built at a more central location in Brooksville.
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Augusta, KY
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Canberra
Canberra () is the capital city of Australia. With a population of over 345,000, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), south-west of Sydney, and north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a "Canberran".
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Chad
Chad (, Tshād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Chile
Chile (, in English often pronounced //,), officially the Republic of Chile ( ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres (4000 mi). Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
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Cooktown
http://wn.com/Cooktown -
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Denver, Colorado
http://wn.com/Denver_Colorado -
Easter Island
Easter Island (, ) is a Polynesian island in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, at the southeastern most point of the Polynesian triangle. A special territory of Chile annexed in 1888, Easter Island is widely famous for its 887 extant monumental statues, called moai (), created by the early Rapanui people. It is a World Heritage Site (as determined by UNESCO) with much of the island protected within the Rapa Nui National Park. In recent times the island has served as a cautionary tale about the cultural and environmental dangers of overexploitation. Ethnographers and archaeologists now argue that the introduction of diseases carried by European colonizers and the slave raiding that devastated the population in the 1860s had a much greater social than environmental impact.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
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France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Globe, Arizona
Globe (Western Apache: Bésh Baa Gowąh) is a city in Gila County, Arizona, United States. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 7,187. The city is the county seat of Gila County. Globe was founded c. 1875 as a mining camp. Mining, tourism, government and retirees are most important in the present-day Globe economy.
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Harrow, London
Harrow is a area in the London Borough of Harrow, northwest London. It is a suburb situated 12.2 miles (16.4 km) northwest of Charing Cross. It is one of the major metropolitan centres identified in the London Plan and in Boris Johnson's draft replacement London Plan the central area,to be known as the Harrow and Wealdstone Intensification Area, is identified for growth of at least 1,500 new homes and 2,000 jobs.
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Illinois
Illinois ( {{respell|-i-), is the fifth-most populous state of the United States of America, and is often noted for being a microcosm of the entire country. It is the most populous state in the Midwest region, however with 65% of its residents concentrated in the Chicago metropolitan area, most of the state has either a rural or a small town character. With Chicago in the northeast, small industrial cities and great agricultural productivity in central and western Illinois, and natural resources like coal, timber, and petroleum in the south, Illinois has a broad economic base. Illinois is an important transportation hub; the Port of Chicago connects the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River. As the "most average state", Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics, though the latter has not really been true since the early 1970s.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Long Island
Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, United States, just east of Manhattan. Stretching northeast into the Atlantic Ocean, Long Island contains four counties, two of which are boroughs (Queens and Brooklyn) of New York City, and two of which (Nassau and Suffolk) are mainly suburban or rural. In popular usage, the term "Long Island" generally refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties in order to differentiate them from New York City, though all four counties on the island are part of the New York metropolitan area.
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Melbourne
Melbourne (, locally also ) is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre (also known as the "Central Business District" or "CBD") is the hub of the greater geographical area (or "metropolitan area") and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater geographical area had an approximate population of 4.00 million. Inhabitants of Melbourne are called Melburnians.
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Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Nome, Alaska
Nome is a city in the Nome Census Area in the Unorganized Borough of the U.S. state of Alaska, located on the southern Seward Peninsula coast on Norton Sound of the Bering Sea. According to a 2008 State of Alaska certification, the city population was 3,570. Nome was incorporated on April 9, 1901, and was once the most populous city in Alaska. Nome lies within the region of the Bering Straits Native Corporation (BSNC).
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North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the Southern United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west and Virginia to the north. North Carolina contains 100 counties. Its capital is Raleigh, and its largest city is Charlotte. North Carolina is now ranked as one of the top 3 leading States for Green Technology, Bio-Chemical Engineering, Medical Sciences, and Computer Engineering through the long-range research and development programs of Research Triangle Park (RTP), UNC Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State .
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Outer Banks
The Outer Banks (also known as OBX) is a 200-mile (320-km) long string of narrow barrier islands off the coast of North Carolina, beginning in the southeastern corner of Virginia Beach on the east coast of the United States.
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Queens
Queens is the largest in area, the second largest in population, and the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States.
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Queensland
Queensland is a state of Australia that occupies the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. The state is Australia's second largest by area, following Western Australia, and the country's third most populous after New South Wales and Victoria.
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Salvador, Bahia
Salvador da Bahia (, Savior; historic name: São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos, in English: "Holy Savior of All Saints' Bay") is a largest-city on the northeast coast of Brazil and the capital of the Northeastern Brazilian state of Bahia. Salvador is also known as ''Brazil's capital of happiness due to its easygoing population and countless popular outdoor parties, including its street carnival. The first colonial capital of Brazil, the city is one of the oldest in the country and in the New World. For a long time, it was simply known as Bahia, and appears under that name (or as Salvador da Bahia, Salvador of Bahia'' so as to differentiate it from other Brazilian cities of the same name) on many maps and books from before the mid-20th century. Salvador is the third most populous Brazilian city, after São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, and it is the ninth most populous city in Latin America.
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Shikoku
is the smallest (225 km long and between 50 and 150 km wide) and least populous (4,141,955 as of 2005) of the four main islands of Japan, located south of Honshū and east of the island of Kyūshū. Its ancient names include Iyo-no-futana-shima (), Iyo-shima (), and Futana-shima (). The current name refers to the four former provinces which made up the island: Awa, Tosa, Sanuki, and Iyo.
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Sing Sing (prison)
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Slovenia
Slovenia ( ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (, ), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on the northeast, and Austria on the north. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Stanford University
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is a private research university located in Stanford, California, United States. The university is located on an campus in northwestern Santa Clara Valley approximately southeast of San Francisco and approximately northwest of San Jose.
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Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.
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Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
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The Needles
The Needles is a row of three distinctive stacks of chalk that rise out of the sea off the western extremity of the Isle of Wight, England, close to Alum Bay. The Needles lighthouse stands at the end of the formation. Built in 1859, it has been automated since 1994.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Valparaiso
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Ypsilanti
http://wn.com/Ypsilanti
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Brooklyn to New York via Brooklyn Bridge 1899
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Published: 26 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 10 Jan 2012
- Author: TigerRocket
New Brooklyn to New York via Brooklyn Bridge, no. 2 Sept. 22, 1899. Edison Manufacturing Co. The BMT train ride from Brooklyn to Manhattan. In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then an independent city), Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens County, and Richmond County (Staten Island). The opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in May of 1883 did for the city what railroad expansion and the Erie Canal did for the nation. The population was expanding due to immigration, industry and commerce were booming. In less than five years the need for several more bridges would be apparent as Williamsburgh and the rest of Brooklyn also grew in population. On Manhattan "uptown" was moving quickly past 14th Street. Soon, people would be calling it "downtown." The electric subway system, which would eventually connect all of it, was well on its way. July 29, 1898 At six o'clock in the evening a traffic jam near the Brooklyn end of the Bridge ties up wagons and trolleys all the way back to the Manhattan entrance. Suddenly the Bridge sags a few inches at two points, approximately 250 feet on both sides of the Manhattan tower. On examination, engineers find that several trusses buckled under the roadbed, but they conclude that the damage is harmless, and make no attempt to straighten the kinks. For a few days after the incident the ferries running across the river (eleven now compared with the fourteen that had existed during bridge construction) do a <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Brooklyn_to_New_York_via_Brooklyn_Bridge_1899
Nietzsche - 'Last Days' Footage - 1899
Whether these clips are authentic has been debated, but, they a remarkable look at Nietzsche's 'last days' in Weimar in the summer of 1899 (the photo stills by Hans Olde are common) ... Nietzsche died on August 25, 1900 from pneumonia, eleven years after his well-chronicled mental breakdown in Turin...
http://wn.com/Nietzsche__'Last_Days'_Footage__1899
Space:1899
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Published: 26 Apr 2007
- Uploaded: 14 Jan 2012
- Author: illconprods
What would happen if you took an episode of Gerry Anderson's classic sci-fi series Space:1999 and treated it like a silent movie? Well, maybe something like this. Produced by us (Ill-Conceived Productions) for a Space:1999 convention in 2000, and later included as a bonus feature on the excellent DVD "Space:1999 and UFO - The Documentaries" by Fanderson, the official Gerry Anderson Appreciation Society.
http://wn.com/Space1899
Ladies on Bicycles (1899)
Victorian women demonstrate their slalom cycling skills. The precision of the women skilfully negotiating their way around a line of bollards is quite remarkable. Though it's hard not to watch without willing one of them to catch her long white skirt in the bicycle chain. The film was made by Hepworth and Co and might possibly be one of the items listed appealingly in their catalogue as 'Musical Ride by Ladies' or 'Musical Ride by Ladies - Wheeling'. (Robin Baker) For more information about filmmaker Cecil Hepworth see www.screenonline.org.uk You can watch almost 1000 other complete films and TV programmes from the BFI National Archive free of charge at the new BFI Mediatheque - www.bfi.org.uk
http://wn.com/Ladies_on_Bicycles_1899
Lumière Brothers - The Serpentine Dance (c.1899)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:43
- Published: 15 Aug 2006
- Uploaded: 14 Jan 2012
- Author: 317East32nd
Shot and hand-colored - frame by frame - at the end of the 19th Century. Still captivating today, but just imagine what it must have been like to watch an image move and transform like this in 1899! A beautiful example of the earliest cinematic ART. One of my three favorite Lumière films which I've uploaded.
http://wn.com/Lumière_Brothers__The_Serpentine_Dance_c1899
Jeanne d'Arc 1899
Silent movie 1899 by Georges Méliès. This print was hand tinted. An historical reconstruction in twelve scenes. Jeanne played by Mlle. Calviere.
http://wn.com/Jeanne_d'Arc_1899
Cinderella 1899 First Cindrella Film Georges Melies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Published: 20 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 11 Jan 2012
- Author: silentfilmhouse
Cinderella (French: Cendrillon) is a 1899 French film directed by Georges Méliès.
http://wn.com/Cinderella_1899_First_Cindrella_Film_Georges_Melies
Swami Vivekananda visits Southern California 1899
A brief history of Vedanta in Southern California: Part 1. Swami Vivekananda visits Los Angeles in 1899.
http://wn.com/Swami_Vivekananda_visits_Southern_California_1899
Panorama of Calcutta (1899)
This is one of the earliest films to be shot in India - it was filmed in 1899. The film apparently shows the Kolkata (Calcutta) ghats as seen from the perspective of a boat travelling along the Hooghly river, a tributary of the Ganges. However, although the film's title states that this is Calcutta, the footage was in fact shot in the holy city of Varanasi (also on the Ganges). The filmmaker from the Warwick Trading Company clearly had a short memory or a limited sense of geography. (Robin Baker) This film is included on the BFI DVD of Jean Renoir's 'The River' - filmstore.bfi.org.uk You can watch almost 1000 other complete films and TV programmes from the BFI National Archive free of charge at the new BFI Mediatheque - www.bfi.org.uk
http://wn.com/Panorama_of_Calcutta_1899
'Cinderella' (1899) - A film by George Méliès
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:44
- Published: 12 Mar 2010
- Uploaded: 15 Jan 2012
- Author: nickwallacesmith
This 1899 'Cinderella' is a technically and narratively innovative early silent film by Frenchman George Méliès (1861-1938). The music I've added is from Sergei Prokofiev's score for the ballet of the same name. As you probably know, much of Méliès creativity was put to the service of science fiction and fantasy, such as his 1902 film of Jules Verne's 'Le voyage dans la Lune'. But his invention is also evident here, in the (partially) hand-painted footage, the dissolves, and the stop tricks or substitutions, where, for example, the illusion can be given of mice becoming footmen, and pumpkins coaches. What I particularly like about 'Cinderella' is that the narrative is so economically and clearly laid out. Good story-boarding. A little five minute master piece. Which moves at just the right pace. And in which the technical innovations are not forced but seem natural and necessary. A delight - hope you enjoy it!
http://wn.com/'Cinderella'_1899__A_film_by_George_Méliès
New York Police Parade, June 1st, 1899
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Published: 17 Jun 2007
- Uploaded: 12 Jan 2012
- Author: Narragansett55
The film shows members of "New York's Finest" parading at a crowded Union Square. There are members of the Bicycle Squad, mounted horses, and two regimental marching bands. At the time of filming, the New York City Police Department was still recovering from the corruption scandals of the early 1890's that had severely tarnished the reputation of the department. A State Senate appointed group known as the Lexow Committee investigated the department and issued a scathing report that detailed serious criminal activity within the department. In 1895, public opinion was so low that the annual parade wasn't held. That same year, Theodore Roosevelt was appointed president of the Police Board, and he is credited with initiating strict and effective reform measures that helped restore the public's confidence in the police. From the Edison Company catalog: NEW YORK POLICE PARADE. Unbuilding [code for telegraphic orders]. An excellent view of "The Finest," on their annual parade and inspection, June 1, 1899. The head of the column is just turning into 14th Street from Broadway, the Morton House forming part of the background. Crowds line both sides of the cable car tracks, falling back as the band heading the first division swings around Dead Man's Curve and passes the camera. Chief Devery makes a fine showing, as also do his men, with their white gloves and helmets, shining buttons and spick and span appearance in general.
http://wn.com/New_York_Police_Parade,_June_1st,_1899
Madison Square Garden Automobile Parade 1899
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Published: 09 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: TigerRocket
Feb. 6, 1900. Thomas A. Edison, Inc. Madison Avenue & 26th Street The New York Auto Show (now the New York International Auto Show) began in Madison Square Garden in the 19th century as ''The Bicycle and Automobile Show.'' It remains one of New York's longest running shows. New York Times / January 22, 1899 THE BICYCLE AND AUTOMOBILE SHOW. CONTRARY to the prediction of many prominent people in the bicycle trade, Madison Square Garden was, last evening, again thrown open to the public with a most cordial invitation to come and witness the grandest show, both of bicycles and automobiles, that has ever been held in this and perhaps in any other country. A Horseless Carriage? I Just Don't Know..... On October 30, 1900 the first modern automotive show opens at Madison Square Garden in New York City. This was neither the first auto show in the United States nor the first at Madison Square Garden, but it was the beginning of car shows as we know them today. It was a week long event sponsored by the newly formed Automobile Club of America. The price of admission to the show was 50¢. Thirty-one vehicles were exhibited by sixty-six exhibitors. Among them were Ford, King, Winton, Olds, Daimler, McKay, Chrysler, Riker, and the long forgotten Werton. Included in the exhibition space were accessories and working displays which showed acceleration and braking, as well as a ramp to show hill climbing abilities. Many of the cars at the show were electric or steam powered. Gas fueled <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Madison_Square_Garden_Automobile_Parade_1899
Delivering Newspapers 1899
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Published: 02 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 02 Jan 2012
- Author: TigerRocket
Photographed May 1, 1899. American Mutoscope and Biograph Company Camera: GW "Billy" Bitzer, Arthur Marvin A distributor for the New York World arrives to drop off the latest edition to waiting newsies. As they scramble for copies a fight breaks out between two boys and the boisterous crowd of adolescents gathers around to witness the walloping. The location is uncertain, possibly Union Square Park near 14th Street, or Park Row also called 'Newspaper Row,' near City Hall Park where many of the major newspapers were located at this time. NEWSPAPER BOYS GO ON STRIKE The Newsboys Strike of 1899 was a youth-led campaign to force change in the way that Joseph Pulitzer's and William Randolph Hearst's newspapers compensated their child labor force. The strike lasted two weeks, causing Pulitzer's New York World to reduce its circulation from 360000 to 125000. The strike was successful in increasing the amount newsboys received by selling papers. Newspaper boys, also called newsboys or newsies, were the main distributors of newspapers to the general public from the mid-19th to the early 20th century in the United States. Standing on street corners, walking through neighborhoods and hawking their papers throughout every city, they first appeared with the rise of mass circulation newspapers. Newsboys tended to be among the poorest classes of society, often seen sleeping on the streets. The newsboys were not employees of the newspapers but rather purchased the papers from the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Delivering_Newspapers_1899
Ferencváros - ZTE 4-1 2009/10 I. ( HELL )
www.1899.hu 2009 08 01 hell pokol b közép franzstadt frankcity football hooligans hools ultras fight violence riot fans supporter hools fight hooligans soccer riot tifo Fenerbahce - GFB Besiktas - Carsi Lazio - Irriducibili Boca Juniors - La Doce Feyenoord - Vak-X Millwall - Bushwackers Partizan - Grobari Olympiakos Pireus - Gate 7 AS Roma - Opposta Fazione Leeds - Service Crew RS Belgrad - Delije AEK Athens - Original 21 Ajax Amsterdam - F-Side Chelsea - Headhunters River Plate - Los Borrachos del Tablon Paris St.Germain - Supras Auteuil Milan - Fossa Dei Leoni Real Madrid - Ultras Sur Werder Bremen - Eastside FK Sarajevo - Horde Zla Paok Saloniki - Gate 4 Gimnasia de La Plata - La 22 Celtic - Celtic Casuals Bordeaux - Ultramarines 87 Palmeiras - Mancha Verde Ferencvaros B. - Kettes Szektor Panathinaikos - Gate 13 Frankfurt - Ultras Frankfurt Valerenga - VIF-Klanen Sparta Praha - Red Pirates VfB Stuttgart - Commando Cannstatt Legia W. - Zyleta Aris Saloniki - Gate 3 Juventus - Fighters Spartak Moscow - Flint's Crew Inter - Irriducibili Galatasaray - Ultra Aslan Cardiff City - Soul Crew America de Cali - Baron Rojo Sur Standard Liege - Hell-Side Lech Poznan - Kolejorz Atletico Mineiro - Torcida Galoucura Anderlecht - O-Side America - La Monumental Glasgow Rangers - ICF Colo-Colo - Garra Blanca Lens - Red Tigers Flamengo - Torcida Jovem San Lorenzo - La Hinchada Botafogo - Torcida Jovem Real Betis - Supporters Sur Rapid Wien - Ultras Rapid Universatoria - Barra Oriente Din <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Ferencváros__ZTE_4-1_2009/10_I__HELL_
Jim Jeffries-Tom Sharkey # 2 - Nov 3 1899
Champion Jim Jeffries and Tom Sharkey fight for the Heavyweight Championship in Coney Island, New York
http://wn.com/Jim_Jeffries-Tom_Sharkey_#_2__Nov_3_1899
A Kiss in the Tunnel (1899)
(Viewers are advised to use the 'watch in high quality' option for this video). 'A Kiss in the Tunnel' is available to buy as part of the BFI DVD 'Early Cinema: Primitives and Pioneers' - filmstore.bfi.org.uk This story derives from a popular magic lantern slide show and shows a couple in a railway carriage, going into a dark, Freudian tunnel, taking the opportunity to steal a kiss. As the train emerges into the light the couple move apart in a guilty fashion, and although scarcely enough to make your Victorian grandmother blush, it gives the scene its slight frisson of naughtiness. (Bryony Dixon) For more information about 'A Kiss in the Tunnel' see www.screenonline.org.ukYou can watch over 1200 other complete films and TV programmes from the BFI National Archive free of charge in the Mediatheque at BFI Southbank, London and from October 2008 at the new QUAD centre for art and film in Derby -- www.bfi.org.uk www.derbyquad.co.uk
http://wn.com/A_Kiss_in_the_Tunnel_1899
Maple Leaf Rag - SCOTT JOPLIN (1899) Ragtime Piano Roll Legend
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Published: 06 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 17 Jan 2012
- Author: RagtimeDorianHenry
Scott Joplin (1868-1917) " Maple Leaf Rag " = = = = = = = = = = = The "RED HOT BLUES " (1925-1945) Texas Alexander Pink Anderson Kokomo Arnold Barbecue Bob Scrapper Blackwell Black Ace Ed Bell Blind Blake Ishman Bracey Big Bill Broonzy Richard "Rabbit" Brown Willie Brown Bumble Bee Slim Gus Cannon Bo Carter Sam Collins Floyd Council Gary Davis Sleepy John Estes Blind Boy Fuller Son House Peg Leg Howell Mississippi John Hurt Papa Charlie Jackson Jim Jackson Skip James Blind Lemon Jefferson Blind Willie Johnson Lonnie Johnson Robert Johnson Tommy Johnson Charley Jordan Luke Jordan Leadbelly Furry Lewis Cripple Clarence Lofton Tommy McClennan Robert Lee McCoy Blind Willie McTell The Memphis Jug Band Buddy Moss Memphis Minnie Hambone Willie Newbern Charley Patton Robert Petway Jimmie Rodgers Frank Stokes Sonny Terry Henry Thomas Ramblin Thomas Curley Weaver Casey Bill Weldon Peetie Wheatstraw Bukka White Josh White Robert Wilkins Big Joe Williams
http://wn.com/Maple_Leaf_Rag__SCOTT_JOPLIN_1899_Ragtime_Piano_Roll_Legend
Bird's Opening, Double Bishop Sacrifice! Lasker - Bauer, 1899
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:39
- Published: 04 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 11 Jan 2012
- Author: patrickJMT
Double Bishop Sacrifice! Lasker - Bauer, 1899 A famous game where the great Emanuel Lasker unleashes a very pretty double bishop sacrifice!
http://wn.com/Bird's_Opening,_Double_Bishop_Sacrifice!_Lasker__Bauer,_1899
Savage Model 1899 Target Shooting Demo
In this video, my son and I are shooting our Savage '99s at bottle targets 80 yards away. My son is shooting his 1937 .250-3000 and I am shooting my 1953 .300 Savage rifle. These were the gun to have back in the day. They are still very nice and reliable vintage rifles. They don't make them like these any more.
http://wn.com/Savage_Model_1899_Target_Shooting_Demo
'Original Rags' SCOTT JOPLIN (1899) Ragtime Piano Roll Legend
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Published: 28 Apr 2009
- Uploaded: 14 Jan 2012
- Author: RagtimeDorianHenry
" Original Rags " composed by SCOTT JOPLIN = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = The "RED HOT BLUES " (1925-1945) Texas Alexander Pink Anderson Kokomo Arnold Barbecue Bob Scrapper Blackwell Black Ace Ed Bell Blind Blake Ishman Bracey Big Bill Broonzy Richard "Rabbit" Brown Willie Brown Bumble Bee Slim Gus Cannon Bo Carter Sam Collins Floyd Council Gary Davis Sleepy John Estes Blind Boy Fuller Son House Peg Leg Howell Mississippi John Hurt Papa Charlie Jackson Jim Jackson Skip James Blind Lemon Jefferson Blind Willie Johnson Lonnie Johnson Robert Johnson Tommy Johnson Charley Jordan Luke Jordan Leadbelly Furry Lewis Cripple Clarence Lofton Tommy McClennan Robert Lee McCoy Blind Willie McTell The Memphis Jug Band Buddy Moss Memphis Minnie Hambone Willie Newbern Charley Patton Robert Petway Jimmie Rodgers Frank Stokes Sonny Terry Henry Thomas Ramblin Thomas Curley Weaver Casey Bill Weldon Peetie Wheatstraw Bukka White Josh White Robert Wilkins Big Joe Williams
http://wn.com/'Original_Rags'_SCOTT_JOPLIN_1899_Ragtime_Piano_Roll_Legend
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Creative Commons / Stan9999![Booth Library, the first building was finished in 1899 [1] and is called Old Main, though it is formally named the Livingston C. Lord Administration Building in honor of EIU's first president, who served from 1899 to 1933.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120211013511im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/4e/f5/b4b405c96460c2892ff8ad88d193_small.jpg "Booth Library, the first building was finished in 1899 [1] and is called Old Main, though it is formally named the Livingston C. Lord Administration Building in honor of EIU's first president, who served from 1899 to 1933.")
Creative Commons / Rockneedsasavior![EIU Old Main, the first building was finished in 1899 [1] and is called Old Main, though it is formally named the Livingston C. Lord Administration Building in honor of EIU's first president, who served from 1899 to 1933.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120211013511im_/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/11/9c/1f889806131c55cf3bec794fcbf1_small.jpg "EIU Old Main, the first building was finished in 1899 [1] and is called Old Main, though it is formally named the Livingston C. Lord Administration Building in honor of EIU's first president, who served from 1899 to 1933.")
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Creative Commons
Creative Commons![Southern facade, 2007. Hotel Metro pol[1] (Russian: Метропо́ль, IPA: [mʲɪtrɐˈpolʲ]) is a historical hotel in the center of Moscow, Russia, built in 1899-1907 in Art Nouveau style.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120211013511im_/http://cdn0.wn.com/pd/79/79/ed8a716e75d128460be755cd56ba_small.jpg "Southern facade, 2007. Hotel Metro pol[1] (Russian: Метропо́ль, IPA: [mʲɪtrɐˈpolʲ]) is a historical hotel in the center of Moscow, Russia, built in 1899-1907 in Art Nouveau style.")
Creative Commons / NVO
Creative Commons / NVO
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AP / Daniel Maurer
Creative Commons![Former residence of Alfred Amann in the Kirchheimerstrasse. It was built in the 'Swiss national style' between 1899-1900 and designed by the Swiss architect, Jacques Gros.[11]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120211013511im_/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/c9/10/2df1aeddd876f9ebd859c252af49_small.jpg "Former residence of Alfred Amann in the Kirchheimerstrasse. It was built in the 'Swiss national style' between 1899-1900 and designed by the Swiss architect, Jacques Gros.[11]")
Creative Commons
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Creative Commons / Forthevline
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Creative Commons / Ahodges
![Booth Library, the first building was finished in 1899 [1] and is called Old Main, though it is formally named the Livingston C. Lord Administration Building in honor of EIU's first president, who served from 1899 to 1933.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120211013511/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/4e/f5/b4b405c96460c2892ff8ad88d193_medium.jpg "Booth Library, the first building was finished in 1899 [1] and is called Old Main, though it is formally named the Livingston C. Lord Administration Building in honor of EIU's first president, who served from 1899 to 1933.")
![EIU Old Main, the first building was finished in 1899 [1] and is called Old Main, though it is formally named the Livingston C. Lord Administration Building in honor of EIU's first president, who served from 1899 to 1933.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120211013511/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/11/9c/1f889806131c55cf3bec794fcbf1_medium.jpg "EIU Old Main, the first building was finished in 1899 [1] and is called Old Main, though it is formally named the Livingston C. Lord Administration Building in honor of EIU's first president, who served from 1899 to 1933.")
![Southern facade, 2007. Hotel Metro pol[1] (Russian: Метропо́ль, IPA: [mʲɪtrɐˈpolʲ]) is a historical hotel in the center of Moscow, Russia, built in 1899-1907 in Art Nouveau style.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120211013511/http://cdn4.wn.com/pd/79/79/ed8a716e75d128460be755cd56ba_medium.jpg "Southern facade, 2007. Hotel Metro pol[1] (Russian: Метропо́ль, IPA: [mʲɪtrɐˈpolʲ]) is a historical hotel in the center of Moscow, Russia, built in 1899-1907 in Art Nouveau style.")
![Former residence of Alfred Amann in the Kirchheimerstrasse. It was built in the 'Swiss national style' between 1899-1900 and designed by the Swiss architect, Jacques Gros.[11]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120211013511/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/c9/10/2df1aeddd876f9ebd859c252af49_medium.jpg "Former residence of Alfred Amann in the Kirchheimerstrasse. It was built in the 'Swiss national style' between 1899-1900 and designed by the Swiss architect, Jacques Gros.[11]")
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>Video: Portlandia Parties Like It’s 1899
02 Feb 2012
Wired News
Artisan baking, retro fashions and fanciful facial hair — new Portlandia song “” roll-calls the century-old fascinations of the most colorful residents of Portland, Oregon. The video above, from this Friday’s episode of the crack-up sketch-comedy show, is a time-travel...
size: 5.4Kb
size: 5.4Kb
London Evening Standard
Welcome in the New Year in the style of another age. From Victorian to Noughties to 323BC, Emma McCarthy and Marie Winckler guide you through London's celebrations of an era... VICTORIAN For a dose of urban colonial cool this New Year's Eve, head to the Powder Keg Diplomacy in Clapham for an evening...
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size: 6.5Kb
1899 Wynkoop office building sells
14 Dec 2011
Dec. 9, 1899: The fall and rise of a prima donna
12 Dec 2011
Star Tribune
A century before Google and YouTube and Facebook, it was much easier for a person to erase the memory of a public humiliation and emerge years later as a respected professional in the city in which the humiliation was widely reported and discussed. The Minneapolis Tribune provides Exhibit A,...
size: 11.6Kb
size: 11.6Kb
Star Tribune
An oddly affecting – and oddly constructed – story from the Minneapolis Tribune: Lillian Knott, Once a Prominent and Talented Singer, Now at a Wash Tub in the Min- eapolis Workhouse. She Recites the Sorrowful Causes and Conditions Which Led to Her Disgrace and...
size: 9.4Kb
size: 9.4Kb
Skiddle
Louis Barrabas & The Bedlam Six We The Undersigned The Science of The Lamps Date: Friday 4th November 2011 Venue: The Kazimier » Location: Liverpool Doors: 20:30 til 01:00 Event short url: http://www.skiddle.com/events/11536548/ Share on Facebook --> Going? Lineup and details for Louis...
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size: 3.7Kb
This day in Richmond history: October 31, 1899
31 Oct 2011
The Examiner
President William McKinley attends the launching of the U.S.S. Shubrick, the first Torpedo Boat built in the South. On this day in October, 1899, a large crowd of nearly thirty thousand Virginians and local Richmonders braved the wind and heavy rain to attend the launching of the torpedo boat U.S.S....
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size: 5.3Kb
The Guardian
The Swiss village comes alive each January with dapper gents in frock coats on antique skis at its annual Belle Epoque week Where’s the DayGlo jacket? Time travel in Kandersteg, Switzerland. Photograph: Photopress/Urs Flueeler...
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size: 5.9Kb
Second-coldest start to October here since 1899
04 Oct 2011
Baltimore Sun
Darn right it's cold. Steve Zubrick, science officer at the National Weather Service regional forecast office in Sterling, Va. says this has been the second-coldest two-day start to...
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__NOTOC__
Year 1899 (MDCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day-slower Julian calendar.
January 1
* Spanish rule ends in Cuba.
* Queens and Staten Island merge with New York City.
January 6 – Lord Curzon becomes Viceroy of India.
January 8 – SK Rapid Wien is founded.
January 10 – The Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity is founded at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, Illinois.
January 17 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island.
January 19 – Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is formed.
January 20 – South University is founded.
January 21 – Opel Motors opens for business.
January 22 – The leaders of six Australian colonies meet in Melbourne to discuss the confederation of Australia as a whole.
February 2 – The Australian Premiers' Conference held in Melbourne agrees that Australia's capital (Canberra) should be located between Sydney and Melbourne.
February 4 – The Philippine-American War begins as hostilities break out in Manila.
February 6 – Spanish-American War: A peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by the United States Senate.
February 12–February 14 – Great Blizzard of 1899: Freezing temperatures and snow extend well south into North America, including southern Florida. It is the latest in a series of disasters to Florida's citrus industry.
February 14 – Voting machines are approved by the U.S. Congress for use in federal elections.
February 16 – Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur (the first football club in Iceland). is established.
February 25 – In an accident at Grove Hill, Harrow, London, England, Edwin Sewell becomes the world's first driver of a petrol-driven vehicle to be killed; his passenger, Maj. James Richer, dies of injuries three days later.
March 1 – In Afghanistan, Capt. George Roos-Keppel makes a sudden attack on a predatory band of Chamkannis that have been raiding in the Kurram Valley, and captures 100 prisoners with 3,000 head of cattle.
March 2 – In Washington State, USA, Mount Rainier National Park is established.
March 4 – Cyclone Mahina sweeps in north of Cooktown, Queensland. A 12 m wave reaches up to 5 km inland, leaving over 400 dead.
March 6
* Felix Hoffmann patents aspirin.
* ''Bayer'' registers aspirin as a trademark.
right |thumb|125px|March 6: Aspirin.
March 8 – The Frankfurter Fußball-Club Victoria von 1899 (prequel for Eintracht Frankfurt) is founded.
March 20 – At Sing Sing, Martha M. Place becomes the first woman executed in an electric chair.
March 24 – George Dewey is made Admiral of the US Navy.
April 15 – Students at the University of California, Berkeley steal the Stanford Axe from Stanford University yelling at leaders following a baseball game, thus establishing the Axe as a symbol of the rivalry between the schools.
May 3 – Ferencvarosi Torna Club is founded.
May 13 – Esporte Clube Vitória is founded in Salvador, Brazil.
May 14 – Three times world champion Nacional is founded.
May 18 – The First Hague Peace Conference was opened in The Hague by Willem de Beaufort, Minister of Foreign Affairs of The Netherlands.
May 30 – Female outlaw Pearl Hart robs a stage coach southeast of Globe, Arizona.
May 31 – The launch of the Harriman Alaska Expedition.
June 12 – A tornado completely destroys the town of New Richmond, Wisconsin, killing 117 and injuring more than 200.
June 22–June 27 – The highest ever recorded individual cricket score, 628 not out, is made by A. E. J. Collins.
June 25 – Three Denver, Colorado newspapers publish a story (later proved to be a fabrication) that the Chinese government under the Guangxu Emperor is going to demolish the Great Wall of China.
June 27 – The paperclip is patented by Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor.
June 30 – ''Mile-a-Minute Murphy'' earns his famous nickname this day, after he becomes the first man to ride a bicycle for one mile (1.6 km) in under a minute on Long Island.
July 17
* America's first juvenile court is established in Chicago.
* NEC Corporation is organized as the first Japanese joint venture with foreign capital.
* Battle of Togbao: The French Bretonnet–Braun mission is destroyed in Chad, by the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr.
July 19 – The Newsboys Strike takes place when the Newsies of New York go on strike (strike lasts until August 2).
July 29 – The first Peace Conference ends with the signing of the Hague Convention.
July 30 – The Harriman Alaska Expedition ends successfully.
August 3 – The John Marshall Law School is founded in Chicago, Illinois.
August 17 – A hurricane makes landfall in North Carolina's Outer Banks, completely destroying the town of Diamond City.
August 28 – At least 512 are killed when a debris hill from the Sumitomo Besshi copper mine at Niihama, Shikoku, Japan, collapses after heavy rain; 122 houses, a smelting factory, hospital and many other facilities are destroyed.
September 6 – The White Star Line's transatlantic ocean liner RMS Oceanic sails on her maiden voyage. At 17,272 gross tons and , she is the largest ship afloat, following scrapping of the a decade earlier.
September 13 – Mackinder, Ollier and Brocherel make the first ascent of Batian (5,199m – 17,058 ft), the highest peak of Mount Kenya.
September 19 – Alfred Dreyfus is pardoned.
October 11 – The Second Boer War: In South Africa, a war between the United Kingdom and the Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State erupts.
October 30 – The Augusta High School Building is completed in Augusta, Kentucky; Augusta Methodist College shuts down.
November 4 – The Alpha Sigma Tau Sorority is founded in Ypsilanti, Michigan.
November 8 – The Bronx Zoo opens in New York City.
November 15 – The American Line's becomes the first ocean liner to report her imminent arrival by wireless telegraphy when Marconi's station at The Needles contacts her 66 nautical miles off the coast of England.
November 29 – The F.C. Barcelona football club is founded.
December 2 –
* Philippine-American War – Battle of Tirad Pass: ("The Filipino Thermopylae") General Gregorio del Pilar and his troops are able to guard the retreat of Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo before being wiped out.
* During the new moon, a near-grand conjunction of the classical planets and several binocular Solar System bodies occur. The Sun, Moon, Mercury, Mars and Saturn are all within 15° of each other, with Venus 5° ahead of this conjunction and Jupiter 15° behind. Accompanying the classical planets in this grand conjunction are Uranus (technically visible unaided in pollution-free skies), Ceres and Pallas.
December 16
* The A.C. Milan is founded.
* Augusta, KY: Augusta High School burns down due to a heating plant failure.
December 26 – Second Boer War – Battle of Mafeking: The British inflict a crushing defeat on the Boers.
December 31 – A large standing stone at Stonehenge falls over, the most recent time this has happened.
David Hilbert creates the modern concept of geometry with the publication of his book ''Grundlagen der Geometrie''.
The International Council of Nurses is founded.
The significance of Chinese oracle bones is discovered.
The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Manteo, which was originally laid out as the Dare county seat in 1870.
Gold is discovered in Nome, Alaska.
The German Trade Union Congress recognizes Collective bargaining.
Japan gets the right of extraterritoriality.
Riro, the last king of Easter Island, on a visit to Valparaiso, Chile, died either from alcohol poisoning or an assassination plot by the Chilean government.
HP Sauce is founded.
Oxo beef stock cubes introduced by Liebig's Extract of Meat Company.
January 1 – Jack Beresford, British Olympic rower (d. 1977)
January 6 – Heinrich Nordhoff, German automotive engineer (d. 1968)
January 7 – Francis Poulenc, French composer (d. 1963)
January 11 – Eva LeGallienne, English actress (d. 1991)
January 12 – Paul Hermann Müller, Swiss chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1965)
January 14 – Carlos Romulo, Filipino diplomat (d. 1985)
January 15 – Goodman Ace, American actor, comedian, and writer (d. 1982)
January 17
* Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947)
* Nevil Shute, English author (d. 1960)
January 20 – Kenjiro Takayanagi, Japanese television development pioneer (d. 1990)
January 21 – Dr John Bodkin Adams, suspected British serial killer (d. 1983)
January 23 – Alfred Denning, Baron Denning, English lawyer, judge and Master of the Rolls (d. 1999)
January 30 – Max Theiler, South African virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972)
February 2 – Herbie Faye, American actor (d. 1980)
February 3
* Doris Speed, British actress (d. 1994)
* Lao She, Chinese author (d. 1966)
February 6 – Ramón Novarro, Mexican actor (d. 1968)
February 7 – Earl Whitehill, American baseball player (d. 1954)
February 15
* Georges Auric, French composer (d. 1983)
* Gale Sondergaard, American actress (d. 1985)
February 17 – Leo Najo, American baseball player (d. 1978)
February 22
* George O'Hara, American actor (d. 1966)
* Dechko Uzunov, Bulgarian painter (d. 1986)
* Ian Clunies Ross, Australian scientist (d. 1959)
February 23 – Erich Kästner, German writer (d. 1974)
February 26
* Alec Campbell, Australian WWI soldier, last Australian Gallipoli veteran (d. 2002)
* Max Petitpierre, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. 1994)
February 27 – Charles Best, Canadian medical scientist (d. 1978)
March 8 – Eric Linklater, American author (d. 1974)
March 11 – King Frederick IX of Denmark (d. 1972)
March 13 – John Hasbrouck van Vleck, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1980)
March 18 – Jean Goldkette, French-born musician (d. 1962)
March 24 – Dorothy C. Stratton, American director of the SPARS during World War II (d. 2006)
March 27 – Gloria Swanson, American actress (d. 1983)
March 28 – August Anheuser Busch, Jr., Founder of Anheuser-Busch brewery company (d. 1989)
March 28 – Harold B. Lee, eleventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1973)
March 29 – Lavrenty Beria, Soviet official (d. 1953)
April 1 – Gustavs Celmins, Latvian fascist leader (d. 1968)
April 4 – Hillel Oppenheimer, German-born Israeli botanist (d. 1971)
April 7 – Robert Casadesus, French pianist (d. 1972)
April 16 – Osman Achmatowicz, Polish chemist (d. 1988)
April 21 – Percy Lavon Julian, American scientist (d. 1975)
April 22 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born writer (d. 1977)
April 23 – Bertil Ohlin, Swedish economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
April 24 – Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (d. 1986)
April 27 – Walter Lantz, American animator (d. 1994)
April 29 – Duke Ellington, American jazz musician, bandleader (d. 1974)
May 8 – Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1992)
May 10
* Fred Astaire, American singer, dancer, and actor (d. 1987)
* Dimitri Tiomkin, Ukrainian-born composer (d. 1979)
May 12 – Indra Devi, Baltic-born yogi and actress (d. 2002)
May 15 – Jean-Etienne Valluy, French general (d. 1970)
May 24 – Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis player (d. 1938)
May 30 – Irving G. Thalberg, American film producer (d. 1936)
June 1 – Edward Charles Titchmarsh, British mathematician (d. 1963)
June 2 – Lotte Reiniger, German-born silhouette animator (d. 1981)
June 3 – Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1972)
June 12 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986)
June 13 – Carlos Chávez, Mexican composer (d. 1978)
June 14 – Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)
June 26 – Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918)
June 27 – Juan Trippe, American airline entrepreneur and pioneer (d. 1981)
June 30 – Harry Shields, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1971)
July 1 – Charles Laughton, English-American stage and film actor (d. 1962)
July 5 – Marcel Achard, French play and scriptwriter (d. 1974)
July 7
* George Cukor, American film director (d. 1983)
* Jesse Wallace, American naval officer, 29th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1961)
July 10 – John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936)
July 11 – E. B. White, American writer (d. 1985)
July 15 – Seán Lemass, Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 1971)
July 17 – James Cagney, American actor (d. 1986)
July 21
* Hart Crane, American poet (d. 1932)
* Ernest Hemingway, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)
July 22 – King Sobhuza II of Swaziland (d. 1982)
July 29
* Walter Beall, American baseball player (d. 1959)
* Alice Terry, American film actress (d. 1987)
July 30 – Allen Hobbs, 32nd Governor of American Samoa (d. 1960)
August 4 – Ezra Taft Benson, thirteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1994)
August 9 – Paul Kelly, stage & film actor (d. 1956)
August 13 – Alfred Hitchcock, British film director (d. 1980)
August 24
* Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine writer (d. 1986)
* Albert Claude, Belgian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1983)
August 27 – Byron Foulger, American actor (d. 1970)
August 28 – Vernon Huber, American Rear admiral (United States); 36th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1967)
August 29 –
* Lyman Lemnitzer, American general (d. 1988)
* Rufino Tamayo, Mexican painter (d. 1991)
August 30 – Ray Arcel, American boxing trainer (d. 1994)
September 1 – Andrei Platonovich Klimentov, Russian-born Soviet writer (d. 1951)
September 3 – Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)
September 9
* Brassaï, French photographer (d. 1984)
* Waite Hoyt, American baseball player (d. 1984)
September 13 – Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, Romanian fascist politician, leader of the Iron Guard (d. 1938)
September 17 – Harold Bennett, British actor (d. 1981)
September 21 – Frederick Coutts, 8th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1986)
September 28 – Boris Efimov, Russian political cartoonist (d. 2008)
October 1 – Ernest Haycox, American writer (d. 1950)
October 3 – Gertrude Berg, American actress (d. 1966)
October 4 – Franz Jonas, former President of Austria (d. 1974)
October 5 – Georg, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1963)
October 9 – Bruce Catton, American Civil War historian, Pulizer Prize winner (1954) (d. 1978)
October 19 – Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
October 20 – Evelyn Brent, American actress (d. 1975)
October 30 – Katarina Marinič, Slovenia's oldest person. (d. 2010)
November 5 – Forrest Lewis, American actor (d. 1977)
November 7 – Yitzhak Lamdan, Russian-born Israeli poet and columnist (d. 1954)
November 13 – Vera Caspary, American screenwriter, novelist, playwright (d. 1987)
November 15
* Avdy Andresson, Estonian Minister of War in Exile (d. 1990)
* Iskander Mirza, first President of Pakistan (d. 1969)
November 17 – Douglas Shearer, American film sound engineer (d. 1971)
November 18 – Eugene Ormandy, Hungarian conductor (d. 1985)
November 21 – Jobyna Ralston, American actress (d. 1967)
November 23 – Manuel dos Reis Machado, Brazilian martial arts Master (d. 1974)
November 24 – Soraya Tarzi, Afghan feminist and queen (d. 1968)
November 29 – FC Barcelona, foundation of the most important football club ever.
December 14 –Deford Bailey, Country musician (d. 1982)
December 2
* John Barbirolli, English conductor (d. 1970)
* Ray Morehart, American baseball player (d. 1989)
December 3 – Hayato Ikeda, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1965)
December 8 – John Qualen, Canadian-American actor (d. 1987)
December 9 – Jean de Brunhoff, French writer (d. 1937)
December 15 – Harold Abrahams, British athlete (d. 1978)
December 16
* Noel Coward, English actor, playwright, and composer (d. 1973)
* Aleksander Zawadzki, former President of Poland (d. 1964)
December 18 – Peter Wessel Zapffe, Norwegian author and philosopher (d. 1990)
December 25
* Humphrey Bogart, American actor (d. 1957)
* Frank Ferguson, American actor (d. 1978)
December 28 – Eugeniusz Bodo, Polish actor (d. 1943)
December 29 – Nie Rongzhen, Chinese Communist military leader (d. 1992)
December 31 – Friedrich Panse, German psychiatrist (d. 1973)
January 16 – Emilio Castelar y Ripoll, President of the First Spanish Republic (b. 1832)
January 23 – Romualdo Pacheco, Governor of California (b. 1831)
January 31 – Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma, Princess-consort of Bulgaria (b. 1870)
February 6
* Leo von Caprivi, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1831)
* Prince Alfred of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (b. 1874)
February 16 – Félix Faure, President of France (b. 1841)
February 25 – Paul Julius Reuter, German-born news agency founder (b. 1816)
March 3 – William P. Sprague, American politician from Ohio (b. 1827)
March 6 – Princess Kaiulani, last monarch of Hawaii (b. 1875)
April 5 – T. E. Ellis, Welsh politician (b. 1859)
April 7 – Pieter Rijke, Dutch physicist (b. 1812)
April 16 – Emilio Jacinto, Filipino poet and revolutionary (b. 1875)
April 22 – Johann Köler, Estonian painter (b. 1826)
May 24 – William Brett, 1st Viscount Esher, British law lord (b. 1817)
June 3 – Johann Strauss, Jr., Austrian composer (b. 1825)
June 4 – Eugenio Beltrami, Italian mathematician (b. 1835)
June 7 – Augustin Daly, American theatrical impresario and playwright (b. 1838)
June 10 – Ernest Chausson, French composer (b. 1855)
July 18 – Horatio Alger, Jr., American writer (b. 1832)
July 21 – Robert G. Ingersoll, American politician (b. 1833)
July 27 – Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa, German chess-master (b. 1818)
August 9 – Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Russian Grand Duke, younger brother of Nicholas II of Russia (b. 1871)
August 16 – Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, German chemist (b. 1811)
September 2 – Ernest Renshaw, British tennis player (b. 1861)
September 12 – Cornelius Vanderbilt II, American railway magnate (b. 1843)
September 17 – Charles Alfred Pillsbury, American industrialist (b. 1842)
October 2 – Percy Pilcher, British aviation pioneer & glider pilot (b. 1866)
October 30 – William Henry Webb, American industrialist and philanthropist (b. 1816)
November 16
* Vincas Kudirka, Lithuanian doctor, poet, and national hero (b. 1858)
* Julius Hermann Moritz Busch, German publicist (b. 1821)
November 21 – Garret A. Hobart, 24th Vice President of the United States (b. 1844)
November 23 – Thomas Henry Ismay, British owner of the White Star Line (b. 1837)
November 24 – Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, Sudanese political and religious leader (killed in battle) (b. 1846)
December 2 – Gregorio del Pilar, Filipino general (killed in battle) (b. 1875)
December 10 – King Ngwane V of Swaziland (b. 1876)
December 22 – Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (b. 1837)
Events
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December
Date unknown
Births
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December
Deaths
January–June
July–December
References
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| Name | Georges Méliès |
|---|---|
| Birth name | Marie-Georges-Jean Méliès |
| Birth date | December 08, 1861 |
| Birth place | Paris, France |
| Death date | January 21, 1938 |
| Death place | Paris, France |
| Years active | 1896–1914 |
| Occupation | Filmmaker, Illusionist, Toymaker |
| Spouse | Jeanne d'Alcy (1926-1938) }} |
Biography
Méliès was born in Paris, where his family manufactured shoes. He had two older brothers, Henri and Gaston. Before making films, he was a stage magician at the Theatre Robert-Houdin.In 1895, he became interested in film after seeing a demonstration of the Lumière brothers' camera. In 1897, he established a studio on a rooftop property in Montreuil. Actors performed in front of a painted set as inspired by the conventions of magic and musical theater. He directed 531 films between 1896 and 1914, ranging in length from one to forty minutes. In subject matter, these films are often similar to the magic theater shows that Méliès had been doing, containing "tricks" and impossible events, such as objects disappearing or changing size. These early special effects films were essentially devoid of plot. The special effects were used only to show what was possible, rather than enhance the overall film.
Melies early films were mostly composed of single in-camera effects, used for the entirety of the film. For example, after experimenting with multiple exposure, Melies created his film ''The One Man Band'' in which he played seven different characters simultaneously.
His most famous film is ''A Trip to the Moon'' (''Le voyage dans la Lune'') made in 1902, which includes the celebrated scene in which a spaceship hits the eye of the man in the moon. Also famous is ''The Impossible Voyage'' (''Le voyage à travers l'impossible'') from 1904. Both of these films are about strange voyages, somewhat in the style of Jules Verne. These are considered to be some of the most important early science fiction films, although their approach is closer to fantasy. In addition, horror cinema can be traced back to Georges Méliès's ''Le Manoir du diable'' (1896). A print of the film was acquired by Thomas Edison, who then duplicated and distributed it in the United States, where it achieved financial success; however, Edison did not pay any revenues to Méliès.
In 1913 Georges Méliès' film company was forced into bankruptcy by the large French and American studios, and his company was bought out of receivership by Pathé Frères. Méliès did not grasp the value of his films, and with some 500 films recorded on cellulose, the French Army seized most of this stock to be melted down into boot heels during World War I. Many of the other films were sold to be recycled into new film. As a result many of his films do not exist today.
After being driven out of business, Méliès became a toy salesman at the Montparnasse station, with the assistance of funds collected by other filmmakers. In 1932 the Cinema Society gave Méliès a home in Château d'Orly. Georges Méliès was also awarded the Légion d'honneur (Legion of honor), which was presented to him by Louis Lumière.
Méliès died in Paris and was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.
His 1899 short film ''Cleopatra'' was believed to be a lost film until a copy was discovered in 2005 in Paris.
Filmography
| name | Georges Méliès film Conquest of the Pole |
|---|
Videorecordings
Popular culture
The work of Georges Méliès has been referenced a number of times in film, television and fiction, including:
See also
References
External links
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Swami Vivekananda |
|---|---|
| birth date | January 12, 1863 Monday |
| birth place | Kolkata, Bengal, India |
| birth name | Narendranatha Dutta |
| death date | July 04, 1902 Friday |
| death place | Belur Math near Kolkata |
| guru | Ramakrishna Paramahansa |
| disciple | Swami Sadananda, Sister Nivedita |
| philosophy | Vedanta |
| founder | Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission |
| literary works | Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga |
| influenced | Subhash Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghose, Bagha Jatin, Mahatma Gandhi, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Jamshedji Tata |
| quote | ''Come up, O lions, and shake off the delusion that you are sheep; you are souls immortal, spirits free, blest and eternal; ye are not matter, ye are not bodies; matter is your servant, not you the servant of matter.'' |
| signature | Vivekananda_Sig.jpg |
| footnotes | }} |
Swami Vivekananda was born in an aristocratic Bengali family of Calcutta on January 12, 1863. Swami's parents influenced his thinking—the father by his rational mind and the mother by her religious temperament. From his childhood, he showed inclination towards spirituality and God realization. As a guru, Ramakrishna taught him ''Advaita Vedanta'' (non-dualism) and that all religions are true, and service to man was the most effective worship of God. After the death of his Guru, Vivekananda became a wandering monk, touring the Indian subcontinent and getting first-hand knowledge of India's condition. He later sailed to Chicago and represented India as a delegate in the 1893 Parliament of World Religions. He conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating Vedanta and Yoga in America, England and a few other countries in Europe. He also established the Vedanta societies in America and England.
Early life (1863-1888)
Birth and childhood
Swami Vivekananda was born in Shimla Pally, Calcutta (presently known as Kolkata) on 12 January 1863, Monday at 6:49 A.M., during the Makara Sankranti festival in a traditional Kayastha family, and was given the name Narendranath Dutta. His father Viswanath Dutta was an attorney of Calcutta High Court. He was considered generous, and had a liberal and progressive outlook in social and religious matters. His mother Bhuvaneshwari Devi was pious and had practiced austerities and prayed to ''Vireshwar Shiva'' of Varanasi to give her a son. She reportedly had a dream in which Shiva rose from his meditation and said that he would be born as her son. Narendranath's thinking and personality were influenced by his parents—the father by his rational mind and the mother by her religious temperament. From his mother he learnt the power of self-control. One of the sayings of his mother Narendranath quoted often in his later years was, "Remain pure all your life; guard your own honor and never transgress the honor of others. Be very tranquil, but when necessary, harden your heart." He was reportedly adept in meditation and could reportedly enter the state of ''samadhi''. He reportedly would see a light while falling asleep and he reportedly had a vision of Buddha during his meditation. During his childhood, he had a great fascination for wandering ascetics and monks.
Narendranath had varied interests and a wide range of scholarship in philosophy, religion, history, the social sciences, arts, literature, and other subjects. He evinced much interest in the Hindu scriptures like the ''Vedas'', the ''Upanishads'', the ''Bhagavad Gita'', the ''Ramayana'', the ''Mahabharata'' and the ''Puranas''. He was also well versed in classical music, both vocal and instrumental and is said to have undergone training under two Ustads, Beni Gupta and Ahamad Khan. Since boyhood, he took an active interest in physical exercise, sports, and other organizational activities. Even when he was young, he questioned the validity of superstitious customs and discrimination based on caste and refused to accept anything without rational proof and pragmatic test.
When his father moved to Raipur in 1877 for 2 years then Narendranath along with the whole family shifted there. At that time there were no good schools in Raipur so he spent his time with his father and had discussions on spiritual topics. Narendranath learned Hindi in Raipur and for the first time the Question of existence of God came to his mind. It is believed that once he experienced an ecstasy during this period of life. The family returned to Calcutta in 1879 but it is believed that these 2 years were the turning point in his life. Raipur is sometimes termed as the "Spiritual Birthplace" of Swami Vivekananda.
College and Brahmo Samaj
Narendranath started his education at home, later he joined the Metropolitan Institution of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar in 1871 and in 1879 he passed the entrance examination for Presidency College, Calcutta, entering it for a brief period and subsequently shifting to General Assembly's Institution. During the course, he studied western logic, western philosophy and history of European nations. In 1881 he passed the Fine Arts examination and in 1884 he passed the Bachelor of Arts.Narendranath is said to have studied the writings of David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Baruch Spinoza, Georg W. F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, John Stuart Mill, and Charles Darwin. Narendra became fascinated with the Evolutionism of Herbert Spencer, and translated Spencer's book on ''Education'' into Bengali for Gurudas Chattopadhyaya, his publisher. Narendra also had correspondence with Herbert Spencer for some time. Alongside his study of Western philosophers, he was thoroughly acquainted with Indian Sanskrit scriptures and many Bengali works. According to his professors, student Narendranath was a prodigy. Dr. William Hastie, the principal of Scottish Church College, where he studied during 1881-84, wrote, "Narendra is really a genius. I have travelled far and wide but I have never come across a lad of his talents and possibilities, even in German universities, among philosophical students." He was regarded as a ''srutidhara''—a man with prodigious memory. After a discussion with Narendranath, Dr. Mahendralal Sarkar reportedly said, "I could never have thought that such a young boy had read so much!"
Narendranath became the member of a Freemason's lodge and the breakaway faction from the Brahmo Samaj led by Keshab Chandra Sen. His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which include belief in a formless God and deprecation of the worship of idols. Not satisfied with his knowledge of Philosophy, he wondered if God and religion could be made a part of one's growing experiences and deeply internalized. Narendra went about asking prominent residents of contemporary Calcutta whether they had come "face to face with God". but could not get answers which satisfied him.
His first introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class in General Assembly's Institution, when he heard Principal Reverend W. Hastie lecturing on William Wordsworth's poem ''The Excursion'' and the poet's nature-mysticism. In the course of explaining the word ''trance'' in the poem, Hastie told his students that if they wanted to know the real meaning of it, they should go to Ramakrishna of Dakshineswar. This prompted some of his students, including Narendranath to visit Ramakrishna.
With Ramakrishna
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Narendranath's meeting with Ramakrishna in November 1881 proved to be a turning point in his life. About this meeting, Narendranath said, "He Ramakrishna looked just like an ordinary man, with nothing remarkable about him. He used the most simple language and I thought "Can this man be a great teacher?". I crept near to him and asked him the question which I had been asking others all my life: "Do you believe in God, Sir?" "Yes", he replied. "Can you prove it, Sir?" "Yes". "How?" "Because I see Him just as I see you here, only in a much intenser sense." That impressed me at once. […] I began to go to that man, day after day, and I actually saw that religion could be given. One touch, one glance, can change a whole life." Even though Narendra did not accept Ramakrishna as his guru initially and revolted against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality and visited him frequently. He initially looked upon Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as, "mere figments of imagination", "mere hallucinations". As a member of Brahmo samaj, he revolted against idol worship and polytheism, and Ramakrishna's worship of Kali. He even rejected the ''Advaitist Vedantism'' of identity with absolute as blasphemy and madness, and often made fun of the concept
Though at first Narendra could not accept Ramakrishna and his visions, he could not neglect him either. It had always been in Narendra's nature to test something thoroughly before he would accept it. He tested Ramakrishna, who never asked Narendra to abandon reason, and faced all of Narendra's arguments and examinations with patience—"Try to see the truth from all angles" was his reply. During the course of five years of his training under Ramakrishna, Narendra was transformed from a restless, puzzled, impatient youth to a mature man who was ready to renounce everything for the sake of God-realization. In time, Narendra accepted Ramakrishna as guru, and when he accepted, his acceptance was whole-hearted and with complete surrendering as disciple.
In 1885 Ramakrishna suffered from throat cancer and he was shifted to Calcutta and later to Cossipore. Vivekananda and his brother disciples took care of Ramakrishna during his final days. Vivekananda's spiritual education under Ramakrishna continued there. At Cossipore, Vivekananda reportedly experienced ''Nirvikalpa Samadhi''. During the last days of Ramakrishna, Vivekananda and some of the other disciples received the ochre monastic robes from Ramakrishna, which formed the first monastic order of Ramakrishna. Vivekananda was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God. It is reported that when Vivekananda doubted Ramakrishna's claim of ''avatar'', Ramakrishna reportedly said, "He who was Rama, He who was Krishna, He himself is now Ramakrishna in this body." During his final days, Ramakrishna asked Vivekananda to take care of other monastic disciples and in turn asked them to look upon Vivekananda as their leader. Ramakrishna's condition worsened gradually and he expired in the early morning hours of August 16, 1886 at the Cossipore garden house. According to his disciples, this was ''Mahasamadhi''.
Founding of the Ramakrishna Math
After the death of their master, the monastic disciples led by Vivekananda formed a fellowship at a half-ruined house at Baranagar near the river Ganges, with the financial assistance of the householder disciples. This became the first building of the Ramakrishna Math, or the monastery of the disciples who constituted the first monastic order of Sri Ramakrishna.The dilapidated house at Baranagar was chosen because of its low rent and proximity to the Cossipore burning-ghat, where Ramakrishna was cremated. Narendra and other members of the Math often spent their time in meditation, discussing about different philosophies and teachings of spiritual teachers including Ramakrishna, Adi Shankara, Ramanuja, and Jesus Christ. Narendra reminisced about the early days in the monastery as follows- In the early part of 1887, Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows. Narendra took the name of ''Swami Bibidishananda''. Later he was coronated with the name ''Vivekananda'' by Ajit Singh, the Maharaja of Khetri.
In January 1899 the ''Baranagar Math'' was shifted a newly acquired plot of land at Belur in the district of Howrah, now famous as the Belur Math.
As a wandering monk in India (1888-1893)
In 1888, Vivekananda left the monastery as a ''Parivrâjaka''—the Hindu religious life of a wandering monk, "without fixed abode, without ties, independent and strangers wherever they go." His sole possessions were a ''kamandalu'' (water pot), staff, and his two favorite books—''Bhagavad Gita'' and ''The Imitation of Christ''. Narendranath travelled the length and breadth of India for five years, visiting important centers of learning, acquainting himself with the diverse religious traditions and different patterns of social life. He developed a sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the masses and resolved to uplift the nation. Living mainly on Bhiksha or alms, Narendranath traveled mostly on foot and railway tickets bought by his admirers whom he met during the travels. During these travels he gained acquaintance and stayed with scholars, Dewans, Rajas and people from all walks of life—Hindus, Muslims, Christians, ''Pariah''s (low caste workers) and Government officials.
;Northern India In 1888, he started his journey from Varanasi. At Varanasi, he met pandit and Bengali writer, Bhudev Mukhopadhyay and Trailanga Swami, a famous saint who lived in a Shiva temple. Here, he also met Babu Pramadadas Mitra, the noted Sanskrit scholar, to whom the Swami wrote a number of letters asking his advice on the interpretation of the Hindu scriptures. After Varanasi he visited Ayodhya, Lucknow, Agra, Vrindavan, Hathras and Rishikesh. At Hathras he met Sharat Chandra Gupta, the station master who later became one of his earliest disciples as ''Sadananda''. Between 1888-1890, he visited Vaidyanath, Allahabad. From Allahabad, he visited Ghazipur where he met Pavhari Baba, a ''Advaita Vedanta'' ascetic who spent most of his time in meditation. Between 1888-1890, he returned to Baranagore ''Math'' few times, because of ill health and to arrange for the financial funds when Balaram Bose and Suresh Chandra Mitra, the disciples of Ramakrishna who supported the ''Math'' had expired.
;The Himalayas In July 1890, accompanied by his brother monk, Swami Akhandananda, he continued his journey as a wandering monk and returned to the ''Math'' only after his visit to the West. He visited, Nainital, Almora, Srinagar, Dehradun, Rishikesh, Haridwar and the Himalayas. During this travel, he reportedly had a vision of macrocosm and microcosm, which seems to be reflected in the ''Jnana Yoga'' lectures he gave later in the West, "''The Cosmos''—''The Macrocosm'' and ''The Microcosm''". During these travels, he met his brother monks —Swami Brahmananda, Saradananda, Turiyananda, Akhandananda and Advaitananda. They stayed at Meerut for a few days where they passed their time in meditation, prayer and study of scriptures. At the end of January 1891, the Swami left his brother monks and journeyed to Delhi alone.
;Rajputana At Delhi, after visiting historical places he journeyed towards Alwar, in the historic land of Rajputana. Later he journeyed to Jaipur, where he studied Panini's ''Ashtadhyayi'' with a Sanskrit scholar. He next journeyed to Ajmer, where he visited the palace of Akbar and the famous Dargah and left for Mount Abu. At Mount Abu, he met the maharaja, Ajit Singh of Khetri, who became his ardent devotee and supporter. Swami Tathagatananda, a senior monk of the Ramakrishna Order, and the Head of Vedanta Society, New York wrote as follows :
At Khetri, he delivered discourses to the Raja, became acquainted with the pandit Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu, and studied ''Mahābhāṣya'' on sutras of Panini. After two and a half months there, towards the end of October 1891, he proceeded towards Rajasthan and Maharastra.
; Western India Continuing his travels, he visited Ahmedabad, Wadhwan, Limbdi. At Ahmedabad he completed his studies of Muslim and Jain culture. At Limbdi, he met Thakore Sahed Jaswant Singh who had himself been to England and America. From the Thakore Saheb, the Swami first got the idea of going to the West to preach Vedanta. He later visited Junagadh, where he was the guest of Haridas Desai, the Dewan of the State, who was so charmed with his company that every evening he, with all the State officials, used to meet the Swami and converse with him until late at night. From there he also visited Girnar, Kutch, Porbander, Dwaraka, Palitana, Nadiad where he stayed at Diwan Haridas Desai's house Nadiad ni haveli and Baroda. At Porbander he stayed three quarters of a year, in spite of his vow as a wandering monk, to perfect his philosophical and Sanskrit studies with learned ''pandit''s; he worked with a court ''pandit'' who translated the ''Vedas''.
He later traveled to Mahabaleshwar and then to Pune. From Pune he visited Khandwa and Indore around June 1892. At Kathiawar he heard of the Parliament of the World's Religions and was urged by his followers there to attend it. He left Khandwa for Bombay and reached there on July 1892. In a Pune bound train he met Bal Gangadhar Tilak. After staying with Tilak for few days in Poona, the Swami travelled to Belgaum in October 1892. At Belgaum, he was the guest of Prof. G.S. Bhate and Sub-divisional Forest officer, Haripada Mitra. From Belgaum, he visited Panjim and Margao in Goa. He spent three days in the Rachol Seminary, the oldest convent-college of theology of Goa where rare religious literature in manuscripts and printed works in Latin are preserved. He reportedly studied important Christian theological works here. From Margao the Swami went by train to Dharwar, and from there directly to Bangalore, in Mysore State.
; Southern India At Bangalore, the Swami became acquainted with Sir K. Seshadri Iyer, the Dewan of Mysore state, and later he stayed at the palace as guest of the Maharaja of Mysore, Chamaraja Wodeyar. Regarding the Swami's learning, Sir Seshadri reportedly remarked, "a magnetic personality and a divine force which were destined to leave their mark on the history of his country." The Maharaja provided the Swami a letter of introduction to the Dewan of Cochin and got him a railway ticket.
From Bangalore, he visited Trichur, Kodungalloor, Ernakulam. At Ernakulam, he met Chattampi Swamikal, contemporary of Narayana Guru in early December 1892. From Ernakulam, he journeyed to Trivandrum, Nagercoil and reached Kanyakumari on foot during the Christmas Eve of 1892. At Kanyakumari, the Swami reportedly meditated on the "last bit of Indian rock", famously known later as the Vivekananda Rock Memorial, for three days. At Kanyakumari, Vivekananda had the "Vision of one India", also commonly called "The Kanyakumari resolve of 1892". He wrote,
From Kanyakumari he visited Madurai, where he met the Raja of Ramnad, Bhaskara Setupati, to whom he had a letter of introduction. The Raja became the Swami's disciple and urged him to go to the Parliament of Religions at Chicago. From Madurai, he visited Rameshwaram, Pondicherry, he travelled to Madras and here he met some his most devoted disciples, who played important roles in collecting funds for Swami's voyage to America and later in establishing the Ramakrishna Mission in Madras. With the aid of funds collected by his Madras disciples and Rajas of Mysore, Ramnad, Khetri, Dewans and other followers Vivekananda left for Chicago on 31 May 1893 from Bombay assuming the name ''Vivekananda''—the name suggested by the Maharaja of Khetri.
Visit to Japan (1893)
On his way to Chicago, Vivekananda visited Japan in 1893. He first reached the port city of Nagasaki, and then boarded a steamer to Kobe. From here to took the land route to Yokohama, visiting along the way, the three big cities of Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo. He called the Japanese "one of the cleanest people on earth", and was impressed not only by neatness of their streets and dwellings but also by their movements, attitudes and gestures, all of which he found to be "picturesque".This was a period of rapid military build-up in Japan - a prelude to the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War. These preparations did not escape the attention of Vivekananda, who wrote - "The Japanese seem now to have fully awakened themselves to the necessity of the present times. They have now a thoroughly organized army equipped with guns which one of their own officers has invented and which is said to be second to none. Then, they are continually increasing their navy". About the industrial progress he observed, "The match factories are simply a sight to see, and they are bent upon making everything they want in their own country.".
Contrasting the rapid progress of Japan with the situation back in India, he urged his countrymen - the "offspring of centuries of superstition and tyranny" - to come out of their narrow holes and have a look abroad -
First visit to the West (1893-1897)
His journey to America took him through China, Canada and he arrived at Chicago in July 1893. But to his disappointment he learnt that no one without credentials from a ''bona fide'' organization would be accepted as a delegate. He came in contact with Professor John Henry Wright of Harvard University. After inviting him to speak at Harvard and on learning from him not having credentials to speak at the Parliament, Wright is quoted as having said, "To ask for your credentials is like asking the sun to state its right to shine in the heavens." Wright then addressed a letter to the Chairman in charge of delegates writing, "Here is a man who is more learned than all of our learned professors put together." On the Professor, Vivekananda himself writes "He urged upon me the necessity of going to the Parliament of Religions, which he thought would give an introduction to the nation."
Parliament of World's Religions
The Parliament of Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the Art Institute of Chicago. On this day Vivekananda gave his first brief address. He represented India and Hinduism. Though initially nervous, he bowed to ''Saraswati'', the goddess of learning and began his speech with, "Sisters and brothers of America!". To these words he got a standing ovation from a crowd of seven thousand, which lasted for two minutes. When silence was restored he began his address. He greeted the youngest of the nations in the name of "the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance." And he quoted two illustrative passages in this relation, from the ''Bhagavad Gita''—"As the different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee!" and "Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach him; all men are struggling through paths that in the end lead to Me." Despite being a short speech, it voiced the spirit of the Parliament and its sense of universality.Dr. Barrows, the president of the Parliament said, "India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most wonderful influence over his auditors." He attracted widespread attention in the press, which dubbed him as the "Cyclonic monk from India". The ''New York Critique'' wrote, "He is an orator by divine right, and his strong, intelligent face in its picturesque setting of yellow and orange was hardly less interesting than those earnest words, and the rich, rhythmical utterance he gave them." The ''New York Herald'' wrote, "Vivekananda is undoubtedly the greatest figure in the Parliament of Religions. After hearing him we feel how foolish it is to send missionaries to this learned nation." The American newspapers reported Swami Vivekananda as "the greatest figure in the parliament of religions" and "the most popular and influential man in the parliament".
He spoke several more times at the Parliament on topics related to Hinduism and Buddhism. The parliament ended on 27 September 1893. All his speeches at the Parliament had one common theme—Universality—and stressed religious tolerance.
Lecturing tours in America and England
|align=right|width=20%}} After the Parliament of Religions, held in September 1893 at The Art Institute of Chicago, Vivekananda spent nearly two whole years lecturing in various parts of eastern and central United States, appearing chiefly in Chicago, Detroit, Boston, and New York. By the spring of 1895, he was weary and in poor health, because of his continuous exertion. After suspending his lecture tour, the Swami started giving free and private classes on Vedanta and Yoga. In June 1895, for two months he conducted private lectures to a dozen of his disciples at the Thousand Island Park. Vivekananda considered this to be the happiest part of his first visit to America. He later founded the "Vedanta Society of New York".During his first visit to America, he traveled to England twice—in 1895 and 1896. His lectures were successful there. Here he met Miss Margaret Noble, an Irish lady, who later became Sister Nivedita. During his second visit in May 1896, while living at a house in Pimlico, the Swami met Max Müller a renowned Indologist at Oxford University who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West. From England, he also visited other European countries. In Germany he met Paul Deussen, another famous Indologist.
He also received two academic offers, the chair of Eastern Philosophy at Harvard University and a similar position at Columbia University. He declined both, saying that, as a wandering monk, he could not settle down to work of this kind.
He attracted several sincere followers. Among his other followers were, Josephine MacLeod, Miss Müller, Miss Noble, E.T. Sturdy, Captain and Mrs. Sevier—who played an important role in the founding of Advaita Ashrama and J.J. Goodwin—who became his stenographer and recorded his teachings and lectures. The Hale family became one of his warmest hosts in America. His disciples—Madame Louise, a French woman, became Swami Abhayananda, and Mr. Leon Landsberg, became Swami Kripananda. He initiated several other followers into Brahmacharya.
Swami Vivekananda's ideas were admired by several scholars and famous thinkers—William James, Josiah Royce, C. C. Everett, Dean of the Harvard School of Divinity, Robert G. Ingersoll, Nikola Tesla, Lord Kelvin, and Professor Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz. Other personalities who were attracted by his talks were Harriet Monroe and Ella Wheeler Wilcox—two famous American poets, Professor William James of Harvard University; Dr. Lewis G. Janes, president of Brooklyn Ethical Association; Sara C. Bull, wife of Ole Bull, the Norwegian violinist; Sarah Bernhardt, the French actress and Madame Emma Calvé, the French opera singer.
From West, he also set his Indian work in motion. Vivekananda wrote a stream of letters to India, giving advice and sending money to his followers and brother monks. His letters from the West in these days laid down the motive of his campaign for social service. He constantly tried to inspire his close disciples in India to do something big. His letters to them contain some of his strongest words. In one such letter, he wrote to Swami Akhandananda, "Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri and teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects. No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless you can do some good to the poor." Eventually in 1895, the periodical called ''Brahmavadin'' was started in Madras, with the money supplied by Vivekananda, for the purpose of teaching the Vedanta. Subsequenly, Vivekananda's translation of first six chapters of ''The Imitation of Christ'' was published in ''Brahmavadin'' (1889).
Vivekananda left for India on 16 December 1896 from England with his disciples, Captain and Mrs. Sevier, and J.J. Goodwin. On the way they visited France, Italy, seeing Leonardo da Vinci's ''The Last Supper'', and set sail for India from the Port of Naples on December 30, 1896. Later, he was followed to India by Miss Müller and Sister Nivedita. Sister Nivedita devoted the rest of her life to the education of Indian women and the cause of India's independence.
Back in India (1897-1899)
Colombo to Almora
Vivekananda arrived in Colombo on January 15, 1897 and received an ecstatic welcome. Here, he gave his first public speech in East, ''India, the Holy Land''. From there on, his journey to Calcutta was a triumphal progress. He traveled from Colombo to Pamban, Rameshwaram, Ramnad, Madurai, Kumbakonam and Madras delivering lectures. People and Rajas gave him enthusiastic reception. In the procession at Pamban, the Raja of Ramnad personally drew the Swami's carriage. On way to Madras, at several places where the train would not stop, the people squatted on the rails and allowed the train to pass only after hearing the Swami. From Madras, he continued his journey to Calcutta and continued his lectures up to Almora.While in the West he talked of India's great spiritual heritage, on return to India the refrain of his 'Lectures from Colombo to Almora' was uplift of the masses, eradication of the caste virus, promotion of the study of science, industrialization of the country, removal of poverty, the end of the colonial rule.These lectures have been published as ''Lectures from Colombo to Almora''. These lectures are considered to be of nationalistic fervor and spiritual ideology. His speeches had tremendous influence on the Indian leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, Bipin Chandra Pal and Balgangadhar Tilak.
Founding of the Ramakrishna Mission
On 1 May 1897 at Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission—the organ for social service. The ideals of the Ramakrishna Mission are based on ''Karma Yoga''. Its governing body consists of the trustees of the Ramakrishna Math- the organ to carry out religious works. Due to the close association between the two, both have their headquarters at Belur, near Calcutta. This was the beginning of an organized social and religious movement to help the masses through educational, cultural, medical and relief work.Two other monasteries were founded by him- one at Mayavati on the Himalayas, near Almora called the ''Advaita Ashrama'' and another at Madras. Two journals were also started, ''Prabuddha Bharata'' in English and ''Udbhodan'' in Bengali. The same year, the famine relief work was started by Swami Akhandananda at Murshidabad district.
Vivekananda had inspired Sir Jamshedji Tata to set up a research and educational institution when they had travelled together from Yokohama to Chicago on the Swami's first visit to the West in 1893. About this time the Swami received a letter from Tata, requesting him to head the Research Institute of Science that Tata had set up. But Vivekananda declined the offer saying that it conflicted with his spiritual interests.
Visit to Punjab
He later visited western Punjab with the mission of establishing harmony between the ''Arya Samaj'' which stood for reinterpreted Hinduism and the ''Sanatanaists'' who stood for orthodox Hinduism. At Rawalpindi, he suggested methods for rooting out antagonism between Arya Samajists and Muslims. His visit to Lahore is memorable for his famous speeches and his inspiring association with Tirtha Ram Goswami, then a brilliant professor of Mathematics, who later graced monasticism as Swami Rama Tirtha and preached ''Vedanta'' in India and America. He also visited other places, including Delhi and Khetri and returned to Calcutta in January 1896. He spent the next few months consolidating the work of the ''Math'' and training the disciples. During this period he composed the famous ''arati'' song, ''Khandana Bhava Bandhana'' during the event of consecration of Ramakrishna's temple at a devotees' house.
Second visit to the West and last years (1899-1902)
Vivekananda once again left for the West in June 1899, amid his declining health. He was accompanied by Sister Nivedita and Swami Turiyananda. He spent a short time in England, and went on to America. During this visit, he founded the Vedanta societies at San Francisco and New York. He also founded "''Shanti Ashrama''" (peace retreat) at California, with the aid of a generous gift from an American devotee. Later he attended the Congress of Religions, in Paris in 1900. The Paris addresses are memorable for the scholarly penetration evinced by Vivekananda related to worship of ''Linga'' and authenticity of the ''Gita''. From Paris he paid short visits to Brittany, Vienna, Istanbul, Athens and Egypt. For the greater part of this period, he was the guest of Jules Bois, the famous thinker. He left Paris on October 24, 1900, and arrived at the Belur Math on December 9, 1900.Vivekananda spent few of his days at Advaita Ashrama, Mayavati and later at the Belur Math. Henceforth till the end he stayed at Belur Math, guiding the work of Ramakrishna Mission and Math and the work in England and America. Thousands of visitors came to him during these years including The Maharaja of Gwalior and in December 1901, the stalwarts of Indian National Congress including Lokamanya Tilak. In December 1901, he was invited to Japan to participate in the Congress of Religions, however his failing health made it impossible. He undertook pilgrimages to Bodhgaya and Varanasi towards his final days.
His tours, hectic lecturing engagements, private discussions and correspondence had taken their toll on his health. He was suffering from asthma, diabetes and other physical ailments. A few days prior to his demise, he was seen intently studying the almanac. Three days before his death he pointed out the spot for this cremation—the one at which a temple in his memory stands today. He had remarked to several persons that he would not live to be forty.
On the day of his death, he taught ''Shukla-Yajur-Veda'' to some pupils in the morning at Belur Math. He had a walk with Swami Premananda, a brother-disciple, and gave him instructions concerning the future of the Ramakrishna Math.
Vivekananda died at ten minutes past nine P.M. on July 4, 1902 while he was meditating. According to his disciples, this was ''Mahasamadhi''. Afterward, his disciples recorded that they had noticed "a little blood" in the Swami's nostrils, about his mouth and in his eyes. The doctors remarked that it was due to the rupture of a blood-vessel in the brain, but they could not find the real cause of the death. According to his disciples, ''Brahmarandhra'' — the aperture in the crown of the head — must have been pierced when he attained ''Mahasamadhi''. Vivekananda had fulfilled his own prophecy of not living to be forty years old.
Teachings and philosophy
Swami Vivekananda believed that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in the Vedanta philosophy, based on the interpretation of Adi Shankara. He summarized the Vedanta's teachings as follows,
Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or psychic control, or philosophy—by one, or more, or all of these—and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.
Swami Vivekananda belonged to that branch of Vedanta that held that no one can be truly free until all of us are. Even the desire for personal salvation has to be given up, and only tireless work for the salvation of others is the true mark of the enlightened person. He founded the Ramakrishna Math and Mission on the principle of Atmano Mokshartham Jagat-hitaya cha (आत्मनॊ मोक्षार्थम् जगद्धिताय च) (for one's own salvation and for the welfare of the World).
Vivekananda advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and have shraddha (faith). He encouraged the practice of Brahmacharya (Celibacy). In one of the conversations with his childhood friend Priya Nath Sinha he attributes his physical and mental strengths, and eloquence to the practice of Brahmacharya.
Vivekananda did not advocate the emerging area of parapsychology and astrology (one instance can be found in his speech ''Man the Maker of his Destiny'', ''Complete-Works, Volume 8, Notes of Class Talks and Lectures'') saying that this form of curiosity doesn't help in spiritual progress but actually hinders it.
; Vivekananda and science In his book ''Raja Yoga'', Vivekananda explores traditional views on the supernatural and the belief that the practice of Raja Yoga can confer psychic powers such as 'reading another's thoughts', 'controlling all the forces of nature', become 'almost all-knowing', 'live without breathing', 'control the bodies of others' and levitation. He also explains traditional eastern spiritual concepts like kundalini and spiritual energy centres (chakras).
However, Vivekananda takes a skeptical approach and in the same book states:
He further says in the introduction of the book that one should take up the practice and verify these things for oneself, and that there should not be blind belief.
In his paper read at the World Parliament of Religions, Chicago (1893), Vivekananda also hinted about the final goal of physics:
The great electrical engineer, Nikola Tesla, after listening to Vivekananda's speech on Sankhya Philosophy, was much interested in its cosmogony and its rational theories of the Kalpas (cycles), Prana and Akasha. His notion based on the Vedanta led him to think that matter is a manifestation of energy. After attending a lecture on Vedanta by Vivekananda, Tesla also concluded that modern science can look for the solution of cosmological problems in Sankhya philosophy, and he could prove that mass can be reduced to potential energy mathematically.
Influence
Several leaders of 20th Century India and philosophers have acknowledged Vivekananda's influence. The first governor general of independent India, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, once observed that "Vivekananda saved Hinduism, saved India." According to Subhash Chandra Bose, Vivekananda "is the maker of modern India" and for Mohandas Gandhi, Vivekananda's influence increased his "love for his country a thousandfold." National Youth Day in India is held on his birthday, January 12, to commemorate him. This was a most fitting gesture as much of Swami Vivekananda's writings concerned the Indian youth and how they should strive to uphold their ancient values whilst fully participating in the modern world.Swami Vivekananda is widely considered to have inspired India's freedom struggle movement. His writings inspired a whole generation of freedom fighters including Subhash Chandra Bose, Aurobindo Ghose and Bagha Jatin. Vivekananda was the brother of the revolutionary freedom fighter, Bhupendranath Dutta. Subhash Chandra Bose, one of the most prominent figures in Indian independence movement said,
Aurobindo Ghose considered Vivekananda as his spiritual mentor.
}}
At the Belur Math, Mahatma Gandhi was heard to say that his whole life was an effort to bring into actions the ideas of Vivekananda. He said:,
Many years after Vivekananda's death, Rabindranath Tagore, a Nobel Poet Laureate told Romain Rolland, This shows the esteem held by Tagore for the ''Vedanta Kesari''.
The French Nobel Laureate Romain Rolland writes,
Vivekananda inspired Jamshedji Tata to set up Indian Institute of Science, one of India's finest Institutions. Abroad, he had some interactions with Max Müller. Scientist Nikola Tesla was one of those influenced by the Vedic philosophy teachings of the Swami Vivekananda. On November 11, 1995, a section of Michigan Avenue, one of the most prominent streets in Chicago, was formally renamed "Swami Vivekananda Way".
Above all Swami Vivekananda helped restore a sense of pride amongst the Hindus, presenting the ancient teachings of India in their purest form to a Western audience, free from the propaganda spread by British colonial administrators, of Hinduism being a caste-ridden, misogynistic idolatrous faith. Indeed his early foray into the West would set the path for subsequent Indian religious teachers to make their own marks on the world, as well herald the entry of Hindus and their religious traditions into the Western world.
Swami Vivekananda's ideas have had a great influence on the youth of India. In many institutes, students have come together and formed organizations meant for promoting discussion of spiritual ideas and the practice of such high principles. Many of such organizations have adopted his name. One such group also exists at IIT Madras and is popularly known as (Vivekananda Study Circle). Another one exists at IIT Kanpur by the name Vivekananda Samiti. Additionally, Swami Vivekananda's ideas and teachings have carried on globally, being practiced in institutions all over the world.
In 2011, during the anti-corruption Lokpal bill movement, the prominent figure and Gandhian activist Anna Hazare repeatedly mentioned that he was greatly inspired by Swami Vivekananda's thoughts.
Works
Vivekananda left a body of philosophical works (see Vivekananda's complete works). Swami observed that the billions of people on the earth could be classified into four basic types- those who were in constant activity, or the ''worker''; those who were driven by their inner urge to achieve something in life, or the ''lover''; those who tended to analyze the working of their minds, or the ''mystic'' and those who weighed everything with reason, or the ''philosopher''. His books (compiled from lectures given around the world) on the four Yogas (Karma yoga for the worker, Bhakti yoga for the lover, Raja yoga for the mystic , and Gyan yoga for the philosopher) are very influential and still seen as fundamental texts for anyone interested in the Hindu practice of Yoga. His letters are of great literary and spiritual value. He was also considered a very good singer and a poet. By the time of his death, He had composed many songs including his favorite ''Kali the Mother''. He used humor for his teachings and was also an excellent cook. His language is very free flowing. His own Bengali writings stand testimony to the fact that he believed that words - spoken or written - should be for making things easier to understand rather than show off the speaker or writer's knowledge.
See also
Notes
Bibliography
older edition
External links
Category:Article Feedback Pilot Category:19th-century philosophers Category:Hindu philosophers Category:Hindu gurus Category:Bengali people Category:Contemporary Indian philosophers Category:Indian religious leaders Category:People from Kolkata Category:Alumni of Presidency University, Kolkata Category:Alumni of Scottish Church College, Calcutta Category:University of Calcutta alumni Category:Ramakrishna Mission Category:Advaitin philosophers Category:Hindu missionaries Category:Indian missionaries Category:Indian Hindus Category:1863 births Category:1902 deaths Category:Monastic disciples of Ramakrishna Category:Hindu religious figures
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| name | Scott Joplin |
|---|---|
| background | non_vocal_instrumentalist |
| birth name | Scott Joplin |
| born | c. 1867 northeastern Texas |
| died | April 1, 1917 (aged 49)New York City |
| instrument | Piano, Violin, Banjo |
| genre | Ragtime, march, waltz, and song |
| occupation | Composermusician, and pianist |
| years active | 1895–1917 |
| notable instruments | }} |
He was born into a musical African-American family of laborers in eastern Texas, and developed his musical knowledge with the help of local teachers. During the late 1880s he travelled around the American South as an itinerant musician, and went to Chicago for the World's Fair of 1893 which played a major part in making ragtime a national craze by 1897.
Publication of his "Maple Leaf Rag" in 1899 brought him fame and had a profound influence on subsequent writers of ragtime. It also brought the composer a steady income for life with royalties of one cent per sale, equivalent to }} cents per sale in current value. During his lifetime, Joplin did not reach this level of success again and frequently had financial problems, which contributed to the loss of his first opera, ''A Guest of Honor''. He continued to write ragtime compositions, and moved to New York in 1907. He attempted to go beyond the limitations of the musical form which made him famous, without much monetary success. His second opera, ''Treemonisha'', was not received well at its partially staged performance in 1915. He died from complications of tertiary syphilis in 1917.
Joplin's music was rediscovered and returned to popularity in the early 1970s with the release of a million-selling album of Joplin's rags recorded by Joshua Rifkin, followed by the Academy Award–winning movie ''The Sting'' which featured several of his compositions, such as "The Entertainer". The opera ''Treemonisha'' was finally produced in full to wide acclaim in 1972. In 1976, Joplin was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize.
Texas (c. 1867–1880s)
Scott Joplin, the second of six children, was born in eastern Texas, outside of Texarkana, to Giles Joplin and Florence Givins. His birth, like many others, represented the first post-slavery generation of African-Americans. Although for many years his birth date was accepted as November 24, 1868, research has revealed that this is almost certainly inaccurate – the most likely approximate date being the second half of 1867. In addition to Scott, other children of Giles and Florence were Monroe, Robert, Rose, William, and Johnny. His father was an ex-slave from North Carolina and his mother was a freeborn African American woman from Kentucky. After moving to Texarkana a few years following Joplin's birth, Giles began working as a common laborer for the railroad. Florence did laundry and cleaning for additional income. Joplin was given a rudimentary musical education by his musical family, Florence playing the banjo and singing, and Giles playing and teaching the violin to Joplin, Robert and William; at the age of seven he was allowed to play piano in both a neighbor's house and at the home of an attorney while his mother worked.At some point in the early 1880s, Giles Joplin left the family for another woman, leaving Florence to provide for her children through domestic work. Biographer Susan Curtis speculated that his mother's support of Joplin's musical education was an important causal factor in this separation; his father argued that it took the boy away from practical employment which would have supplemented the family income.
According to a family friend, the young Joplin was serious and ambitious. While in elementary school, he spent his after-school hours studying music and learning to play piano. While a few local teachers aided him, he received most of his serious music education from Julius Weiss, a German-Jewish music professor who had immigrated to the U.S. Weiss had studied music at a university in Germany and was listed in town records as a "Professor of music." Impressed by Joplin's talent, and realizing his family's dire straits, Weiss taught him free of charge. He tutored the 11-year-old Joplin until he was 16, during which time he introduced him to folk and classical music, including opera, sometimes playing the classics for him along with describing the great composers. Weiss supported the young composer's ambitions and helped his mother acquire a used piano from another student. Joplin, according to his wife Lottie, never forgot Weiss, and in his later years, when he achieved fame as a composer, sent his former teacher "gifts of money when he was old and ill," until Weiss died.
Joplin played music at church gatherings and for non-religious entertainments such as African-American dances. Although it is likely he played well-known dances of the era, "waltzes, polkas, and schottisches", it is possible he played his own compositions; biographer Curtis describes an eye-witness, Zenobia Campbell, recalling him playing his own compositions; "He did not have to play anybody else's music. He made up his own, and it was beautiful; he just got his music out of the air."
Southern states and Chicago (1880s–1894)
In the late 1880s, having performed at various local events as a teenager, Joplin chose to give up his only steady employment as a laborer with the railroad and left Texarkana to work as traveling musician. He was soon to discover that there were few opportunities for black pianists, however; besides the church, brothels were one of the few options for obtaining steady work. Joplin played pre-ragtime 'jig-piano' in various red-light districts throughout the mid-South.By the early 1890s, Ragtime had become popular among African-Americans in the cities of St. Louis and Chicago. In 1893 large numbers of African-American musicians, including Joplin, made their way to Chicago to perform for the visitors at the World's Fair. They found work in the cafés, saloons and brothels that lined the fair and the city's seedy and corrupt "Tenderloin" district. While in Chicago, Joplin formed his first band and began arranging music for the group to perform. Although the World's Fair was "not congenial to African Americans," he still found that his music, as well as that of other black performers, was popular with visitors. The exposition was attended by 27 million Americans and had a profound effect on many areas of American cultural life, including ragtime. Although specific information is sparse, numerous sources have credited the Chicago World Fair with spreading the popularity of ragtime. By 1897 ragtime had become a national craze in American cities, and was described by the ''St. Louis Dispatch'' as "a veritable call of the wild, which mightily stirred the pulses of city bred people."
Missouri (1894–1907)
|format=Ogg}} In 1894 Joplin arrived in Sedalia, Missouri. At first, Joplin stayed with the family of Arthur Marshall, at the time a 13-year old boy but later one of Joplin's students and a rag-time composer in his own right. There is no record of Joplin having a permanent residence in the town at until 1904 as Joplin was making a living as a touring musician.In the 1890s, the town had a population of approximately 14,000 and was the center of commerce and transport for the region. The town's saloons and brothels of the red-light district on Main St, nicknamed "Battle Row", provided employment for musicians, and it is likely that Joplin worked in this area. The town was attractive for other reasons; race-relations between Whites and Blacks in Sedalia were relatively good, especially when compared to other similar communities in Missouri in this period, there is no record of public lynchings in the area 1890s, there were several prominent black citizens who held minor positions in the Republican Party, and the George R. Smith College, one of the nation's first colleges for the education of blacks, opened in 1894. In addition, Sedalia was described by a black resident of the town at the time as the "musical town of the West", because music was a major leisure-time activity.
There is little precise evidence known about Joplin's activities at this time, although he performed as a solo musician at dances and at the major black clubs in Sedalia, the "Black 400" club, and the "Maple Leaf Club". He performed in the Queen City Cornet Band, and his own six-piece dance orchestra. A tour with his own singing group, the Texas Medley Quartet, gave him his first opportunity to publish his own compositions and it is known that he went to Syracuse, New York and Texas. Two businessmen from New York published Joplin's first two works, the songs "Please Say You Will", and "A Picture of her Face" in 1895. Joplin's visit to Temple, Texas enabled him to have three pieces published there in 1896, including the "Crush Collision March" which commemorated a planned train crash on the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad on September 15 which he may have witnessed. The March was described by one of Joplin's biographers as a "special... early essay in ragtime", While in Sedalia he was teaching piano to students who included Arthur Marshall, composer and pianist Brun Campbell, and Scott Hayden, all of whom became ragtime composers in their own right. In turn, Joplin enrolled at the George R. Smith College where he apparently studied "advanced harmony and composition". The College records were destroyed in a fire in 1925, and biographer Edward A. Berlin notes that it was unlikely that a small college for African-Americans would be able to provide such a course.
In 1899, Joplin married Belle, the sister-in-law of collaborator Scott Hayden. Although there were hundreds of rags in print by the time of the "Maple Leaf Rag's" publication, Joplin was not far behind. His first published rag was "Original Rags" (March 1899) had been completed in 1897, the same year as the first ragtime work in print, the "Mississippi Rag" by William Krell. The "Maple Leaf Rag" was likely to have been known in Sedalia before its publication in 1899; Brun Campbell claimed to have seen the manuscript of the work in around 1898. The exact circumstances which lead to the Maple Leaf Rag's publication are unknown, and there are various different versions of the event which contradict each other. After several unsuccessful approaches to publishers, Joplin signed a contract with John Stillwell Stark, a retailer of musical instruments who later became his most important publisher, on August 10, 1899 for a 1% royalty on all sales of the rag, with a minimum sales price of 25c. It is possible that the rag was named after the Maple Leaf Club, although there is no direct evidence to prove the link, and there were many other possible sources for the name in and around Sedalia at the time.
There have been many claims about the sales of the "Maple Leaf Rag", for example that Joplin was the first musician to sell 1 million copies of a piece of instrumental music. Joplin's first biographer, Rudi Blesh wrote that during its first six months the piece sold 75,000 copies, and became "the first great instrumental sheet music hit in America". However, research by Joplin's later biographer Edward A. Berlin demonstrated that this was not the case; the initial print-run of 400 took one year to sell, and under the terms of Joplin's contract with a 1% royalty would have given Joplin an income of $4 (or approximately $}} at current prices). Later sales were steady and would have given Joplin an income which would have covered his expenses; in 1909 estimated sales would have given him an income of $600 annually (approximately $}} in current prices).
The "Maple Leaf Rag" did serve as a model for the hundreds of rags to come from future composers, especially in the development of classic ragtime. After the publication of the "Maple Leaf Rag", Joplin was soon being described as "King of rag time writers", not least by himself on the covers of his own work, such as "The Easy Winners" and "Elite Syncopations".
After the Joplins' move to St. Louis in early 1900, they had a baby daughter who died only a few months after birth. Joplin's relationship with his wife was difficult as she had no interest in music; they eventually separated and then divorced. About this time, Joplin collaborated with Scott Hayden in the composition of four rags. It was in St. Louis that Joplin produced some of his best-known works, including "The Entertainer", "March Majestic", and the short theatrical work "The Ragtime Dance".
In June 1904, Joplin married Freddie Alexander of Little Rock, Arkansas, the young woman to whom he had dedicated "The Chrysanthemum" (1904). She died on September 10, 1904 of complications resulting from a cold, ten weeks after their wedding. Joplin's first work copyrighted after Freddie's death, "Bethena" (1905), was described by one biographer as "an enchantingly beautiful piece that is among the greatest of ragtime waltzes".
During this time, Joplin created an opera company of 30 people and produced his first opera ''A Guest of Honor'' for a national tour. It is not certain how many productions were staged, or even if this was an all-black show or a racially mixed production (which would have been unusual for 1903). During the tour, either in Springfield, Illinois, or Pittsburg, Kansas, someone associated with the company stole the box office receipts. Joplin could not meet the company's payroll or pay for it's lodgings at a theatrical boarding house. It is believed the score for ''A Guest of Honor'' was lost and perhaps destroyed because of non-payment of the company's boarding house bill.
New York (1907–1917)
In 1907, Scott Joplin moved to New York City, which he believed was the best place to find a producer for a new opera. After his move to New York, Joplin met Lottie Stokes, whom he married in 1909. In 1911, unable to find a publisher, Joplin undertook the financial burden of publishing ''Treemonisha'' himself in piano-vocal format. In 1915, as a last ditch effort to see it performed, he invited a small audience to hear it at a rehearsal hall in Harlem. Poorly-staged and with only Joplin on piano accompaniment, it was "a miserable failure," the public being not yet ready for "crude" black musical forms, so different from the style of European grand opera of that time. The audience, including potential backers, was indifferent and walked out. Scott writes that "after a disastrous single performance ... Joplin suffered a breakdown. He was bankrupt, discouraged, and worn out." He concludes that few American artists of his generation faced such obstacles: "''Treemonisha'' went unnoticed and unreviewed, largely because Joplin had abandoned commercial music in favor of art music, a field closed to African Americans." In fact, it was not until the 1970s that the opera received a full theatrical staging.In 1914, Joplin and Lottie self-published his "Magnetic Rag" using the name the "Scott Joplin Music Company" which had been formed the previous December. Biographer Vera Brodsky Lawrence speculates that Joplin was aware of his advancing deterioration due to syphilis and was "consciously racing against time." In her sleeve notes on the 1992 Deutsche Grammophon release of ''Treemonisha'' she notes that he "plunged feverishly into the task of orchestrating his opera, day and night, with his friend Sam Patterson standing by to copy out the parts, page by page, as each page of the full score was completed."
By 1916, Joplin was suffering from tertiary syphilis and a resulting descent into madness. In January 1917, he was admitted to Manhattan State Hospital, a mental institution. He died there on April 1, 1917 of dementia. After Joplin's death at the age of just 49, from advanced syphilis, he was buried in a pauper's grave that remained unmarked for 57 years. His grave at Saint Michaels Cemetery, in East Elmhurst, was finally honored in 1974.
Works
The combination of classical music, the musical atmosphere present around Texarkana (including work songs, gospel hymns, spirituals and dance music) and Joplin's natural ability has been cited as contributing significantly to the invention of a new style which blended both African-American musical styles with European forms and melodies, and which first became celebrated in the 1890s: ragtime.When Joplin was learning the piano, serious musical circles condemned ragtime because of its association with the vulgar and inane songs "cranked out by the tune-smiths of Tin Pan Alley." As a composer Joplin refined ragtime, elevating it above the low and unrefined form played by the "wandering honky-tonk pianists... playing mere dance music" of popular imagination. This new art form, the classic rag, combined Afro-American folk music's syncopation and nineteenth-century European romanticism, with its harmonic schemes and its march-like tempos. In the words of one critic, "ragtime was basically... an Afro-American version of the polka, or its analog, the Sousa-style march." With this as a foundation, Joplin intended his compositions to be played exactly as he wrote them – without improvisation. Joplin wrote his rags as "classical" music in miniature form in order to raise ragtime above its "cheap bordello" origins and produced work which opera historian Elise Kirk described as "...more tuneful, contrapuntal, infectious, and harmonically colorful than any others of his era."
It has been speculated that Joplin's achievements were influenced by his classically trained German music teacher Julius Weiss, who may have brought a polka rhythmic sensibility from the old country to the 11-year old. As Curtis put it "The educated German could open up the door to a world of learning and music of which young Joplin was largely unaware."
Joplin's first, and most significant hit the "Maple Leaf Rag" was described as the "archetype" of the classic rag, influencing subsequent rag composers for at least 12 years after its initial publication thanks to its rhythmic patterns, melody lines, and harmony, although with the exception of Joseph Lamb they generally failed to enlarge upon it.
''Treemonisha''
The opera's setting is a former slave community in an isolated forest near Joplin's childhood town Texarkana in September 1884. The plot centers on an 18 year old woman Treemonisha who is taught to read by a white woman, and then leads her community against the influence of conjurers who prey on ignorance and superstition. Treemonisha is abducted and is about to be thrown into a wasps' nest when her friend Remus rescues her. The community realizes the value of education and the liability of their ignorance before choosing her as their teacher and leader.Joplin wrote both the score and the libretto for the opera, which largely follows the form of European opera with many conventional arias, ensembles and choruses. In addition the themes of superstition and mysticism which are evident in ''Treemonisha'' are common in the operatic tradition, and certain aspects of the plot echo devices in the work of the German composer Richard Wagner (of which Joplin was aware); a sacred tree under which Treemonisha is found recalls the tree from which Siegmund takes his enchanted sword in ''Die Walküre'', and the retelling of the heroine's origins echos aspects of the opera ''Siegfried''. In addition, African-American folk tales also influence the story, with the wasp nest incident being similar to the story of Br'er Rabbit and the briar patch.
''Treemonisha'' is not a ragtime opera because Joplin employed the styles of ragtime and other black music sparingly, using them to convey "racial character", and to celebrate the music of his childhood at the end of the 19th century. The opera has been seen as a valuable record of rural black music from 1870s–1890s re-created by a "skilled and sensitive participant".
Berlin speculates about parallels between the plot and Joplin's own life. He notes that Lottie Joplin (the composer's third wife) saw a connection between the character Treemonisha's wish to lead her people out of ignorance, and a similar desire in the composer. In addition, it has been speculated that Treemonisha represents Freddie, Joplin's second wife, because the date of the opera's setting was likely to have been the month of her birth.
At the time of the opera's publication in 1911, the ''American Musician and Art Journal'' praised it as "an entirely new form of operatic art". Later critics have also praised the opera as occupying a special place in American history, with its heroine "a startlingly early voice for modern civil rights causes, notably the importance of education and knowledge to African American advancement." Curtis's conclusion is similar: "In the end, ''Treemonisha'' offered a celebration of literacy, learning, hard work, and community solidarity as the best formula for advancing the race." Berlin describes it as a "fine opera, certainly more interesting than most operas then being written in the United States", but later states that Joplin's own libretto showed the composer "was not a competent dramatist" with the book not up to the same quality as the music.
Performance skills
Joplin's skills as a pianist were described in glowing terms by a Sedalia newspaper in 1898, and fellow ragtime composers Arthur Marshall and Joe Jordan both said that he played the instrument well. However, the son of publisher John Stark stated that Joplin was a rather mediocre pianist and that he composed on paper, rather than at the piano. Artie Matthews recalled the "delight" the St. Louis players took in outplaying Joplin.
While Joplin never made an audio recording, his playing is preserved on seven piano rolls for use in mechanical player pianos. All seven were made in 1916. Of these, the six released under the Connorized label show evidence of significant editing, probably by William Axtmann, the staff arranger at Connorized. Berlin theorizes that by the time Joplin reached St. Louis he may have been experiencing discoordination of the fingers, tremors and an inability to speak clearly, symptoms of syphilis, the disease that took his life in 1917. The second roll recording of "Maple Leaf Rag" on the UniRecord label from June 1916 was described by biographer Blesh as "... shocking... disorganized and completely distressing to hear." While there is disagreement among piano-roll experts about the accuracy of the reproduction of a player's performance, Berlin notes that the "Maple Leaf Rag" roll was "painfully bad" and likely to be the truest record of Joplin's playing at the time. The roll, however, does not reflect his abilities earlier in life.
Legacy
thumb|Joshua Rifkin, a leading Joplin recording artist, wrote that "a pervasive sense of lyricism infuses his work, and even at his most high-spirited, he cannot repress a hint of melancholy or adversity... He had little in common with the fast and flashy school of ragtime that grew up after him." Joplin historian Bill Ryerson adds that "In the hands of authentic practitioners like Joplin, ragtime was a disciplined form capable of astonishing variety and subtlety... Joplin did for the rag what Chopin did for the mazurka. His style ranged from tones of torment to stunning serenades that incorporated the bolero and the tango."
Joplin biographer Susan Curtis expands on those observations: :"When Scott Joplin syncopated his way into the hearts of millions of Americans at the turn of the century, he helped revolutionize American music and culture. His ragged rhythms and lilting melodies made people want to tap their feet, slap their thighs, or dance with happy abandon. As Americans embraced his music, they participated in a dramatic transformation of American popular culture – their Victorian restraint gave way to modern exuberance. And whether in the elegant parlors of comfortable, respectable American homes or in the honky tonks and cafes of America's sporting districts, ragtime music accompanied a reorientation of cultural values in America in the twentieth century. The excellence and appeal of his compositions earned for Joplin the generally accepted title "King of Ragtime".
Composer and actor Max Morath found it striking that the vast majority of Joplin's work did not enjoy the popularity of the "Maple Leaf Rag", because while the compositions were "of increasing lyrical beauty and delicate syncopation" they remained "obscure" and "unheralded" during his lifetime. Joplin apparently realized that his music was ahead of its time: As music historian Ian Whitcomb mentions that Joplin "opined that 'Maple Leaf Rag' would make him 'King of Ragtime Composers' but he also knew that he would not be a pop hero in his own lifetime. 'When I'm dead twenty-five years, people are going to recognize me,' he told a friend." Just over thirty years later he was recognized, and later historian Rudi Blesh would write a large book about ragtime, which he dedicated to the memory of Scott Joplin.
Although he was penniless and disappointed at the end of his life, Joplin set the standard for ragtime compositions and played a key role in the development of ragtime music. And as a pioneer composer and performer, he helped pave the way for young black artists to reach American audiences of both races. After his death, jazz historian Floyd Levin noted: "those few who realized his greatness bowed their heads in sorrow. This was the passing of the king of all ragtime writers, the man who gave America a genuine native music."
Revival
After his death in 1917, Joplin's music and ragtime in general waned in popularity as new forms of musical styles, such as jazz and novelty piano, emerged. Even so, jazz bands and recording artists such as Tommy Dorsey in 1936, Jelly Roll Morton in 1939 and J. Russell Robinson in 1947 released recordings of Joplin compositions. "Maple Leaf Rag" was the Joplin piece found most often on 78 rpm records.In the 1960s, a small-scale reawakening of interest in classic ragtime was underway among some American music scholars such as Trebor Tichenor, William Bolcom, William Albright and Rudi Blesh. In 1968, Bolcom and Albright interested Joshua Rifkin, a young musicologist, in the body of Joplin's work. Together, they hosted an occasional ragtime-and-early-jazz evening on WBAI radio.
In November 1970, Rifkin released a recording called ''Scott Joplin: Piano Rags'' on the classical label Nonesuch. It sold 100,000 copies in its first year and eventually became Nonesuch's first million-selling record. The ''Billboard'' "Best-Selling Classical LPs" chart for September 28, 1974 has the record at number 5, with the follow-up "Volume 2" at number 4, and a combined set of both volumes at number 3. Separately both volumes had been on the chart for 64 weeks. In the top 7 spots on that chart, 6 of the entries were recordings of Joplin's work, three of which were Rifkin's. Record stores found themselves for the first time putting ragtime in the classical music section. The album was nominated in 1971 for two Grammy Award categories: Best Album Notes and Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra). Rifkin was also under consideration for a third Grammy for a recording not related to Joplin, but at the ceremony on March 14, 1972, Rifkin did not win in any category. He did a tour in 1974, which included appearances on BBC Television and a sell-out concert at London's Royal Festival Hall. In 1979 Alan Rich in the ''New York Magazine'' wrote that by giving artists like Rifkin the opportunity to put Joplin's music on disk Nonesuch Records "created, almost alone, the Scott Joplin revival."
In January 1971, Harold C. Schonberg, music critic at the New York Times, having just heard the Rifkin album, wrote a featured Sunday edition article entitled "Scholars, Get Busy on Scott Joplin!" Schonberg's call to action has been described as the catalyst for classical music scholars, the sort of people Joplin had battled all his life, to conclude that Joplin was a genius. Vera Brodsky Lawrence of the New York Public Library published a two-volume set of Joplin works in June 1971, entitled ''The Collected Works of Scott Joplin'', stimulating a wider interest in the performance of Joplin's music that included a recording called ''Joplin: The Red Back Book'' by Gunther Schuller, a french horn player and music professor.
Marvin Hamlisch lightly adapted Joplin's music for the 1973 film ''The Sting'', for which he won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and Adaptation on April 2, 1974. His version of "The Entertainer" reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the American Top 40 music chart on May 18, 1974, prompting ''The New York Times'' to write, "the whole nation has begun to take notice". Thanks to the film and its score, Joplin's work became appreciated in both the popular and classical music world, becoming (in the words of music magazine ''Record World''), the "classical phenomenon of the decade".
On October 22, 1971, excerpts from ''Treemonisha'' were presented in concert form at Lincoln Center with musical performances by Bolcom, Rifkin and Mary Lou Williams supporting a group of singers. Finally, on January 28, 1972, T.J. Anderson's orchestration of ''Treemonisha'' was staged for two consecutive nights, sponsored by the Afro-American Music Workshop of Morehouse College in Atlanta, with singers accompanied by the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra under the direction of Robert Shaw, and choreography by Katherine Dunham. Schonberg remarked in February 1972 that the "Scott Joplin Renaissance" was in full swing and still growing. In May 1975, ''Treemonisha'' was staged in a full opera production by the Houston Grand Opera. The company toured briefly, then settled into an eight-week run in New York on Broadway at the Palace Theater in October and November. This appearance was directed by Gunther Schuller, and soprano Carmen Balthrop alternated with Kathleen Battle as the title character. An "original Broadway cast" recording was produced. Because of the lack of national exposure given to the brief Morehouse College staging of the opera in 1972, many Joplin scholars wrote that the Houston Grand Opera's 1975 show was the first full production.1974 saw the Royal Ballet, under director Kenneth MacMillan, create ''Elite Syncopations'' a ballet based on tunes by Joplin and other composers of the era. That year also brought the premiere by the Los Angeles Ballet of ''Red Back Book'', choreographed by John Clifford to Joplin rags from the collection of the same name, including both solo piano performances and arrangements for full orchestra.
Other awards and recognition
1970: Joplin was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame by the National Academy of Popular Music.
1976: Joplin was awarded a posthumous Pulitzer Prize for his special contribution to American music.
1977: Motown Productions produced ''Scott Joplin'', a biographical film starring Billy Dee Williams as Joplin, released by Universal Pictures.
1983: the United States Postal Service issued a stamp of the composer as part of its Black Heritage commemorative series.
1989: Joplin received a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.
2002: a collection of Scott Joplin's own performances recorded on piano rolls in the 1900s was included by the National Recording Preservation Board in the Library of Congress National Recording Registry. The board annually selects songs that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."
References
Notes
Bibliography
Books
Web-pages
Journals
External links
Recordings and sheet music
Category:1860s births Category:1917 deaths Category:20th-century classical composers Category:African American classical composers Category:African American pianists Category:American classical musicians Category:American composers Category:Deaths from syphilis Category:Music of St. Louis, Missouri Category:People from St. Louis, Missouri Category:People from Sedalia, Missouri Category:People from Texarkana, Texas Category:Ragtime composers Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Category:Texas classical music
ca:Scott Joplin cs:Scott Joplin da:Scott Joplin de:Scott Joplin et:Scott Joplin es:Scott Joplin eo:Scott Joplin eu:Scott Joplin fr:Scott Joplin ko:스콧 조플린 hr:Scott Joplin id:Scott Joplin it:Scott Joplin he:סקוט ג'ופלין la:Scott Joplin lb:Scott Joplin hu:Scott Joplin nl:Scott Joplin ja:スコット・ジョプリン no:Scott Joplin oc:Scott Joplin pap:Scott Joplin pms:Scott Joplin pl:Scott Joplin pt:Scott Joplin ro:Scott Joplin ru:Джоплин, Скотт simple:Scott Joplin sk:Scott Joplin sh:Scott Joplin fi:Scott Joplin sv:Scott Joplin tl:Scott Joplin th:สก็อต จอปลิน uk:Скотт Джоплін zh:斯科特·喬普林This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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