Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
name	Kerala
native name	കേരളം
type	State
nickname	God's Own Countryദൈവത്തിന്റെ സ്വന്തം നാട്
image seal	Seal of Kerala greyscale.jpg
map caption	Location of Kerala in India
image map1	Kerala locator map.svg
map caption1	Map of Kerala
coor pinpoint	Thiruvananthapuram
coordinates type	region:IN-KL_type:adm1st
coordinates display	inline,title
coordinates region	IN-KL
subdivision type	Country
subdivision name
subdivision type1	Region
subdivision name1	South India
established title	Established
established date	1 November 1956
parts type	Districts
parts style	para
p1	14 total
seat type	Capital
seat	Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum)
seat1 type	Largest cityLargest UA
seat1	ThiruvananthapuramKochi
leader title	Governor
leader name	M. O. H. Farook
leader title1	Chief Minister
leader name1	Oommen Chandy
leader title2	Legislature
leader name2	Unicameral (141 seats)
leader title3	Parliamentary constituency
leader name3	20
leader title4	High Court
leader name4	Kerala High Court
area total km2	38863
area rank	21st
population total	33387677
population as of	2011
population rank	12th
population density km2	auto
timezone1	IST
utc offset1	+05:30
iso code	IN-KL
blank name sec1	HDI
blank info sec1	0.814 (high)
blank1 name sec1	HDI rank
blank1 info sec1	1st (2005)
blank name sec2	Literacy
blank info sec2	99% (1st)
blank1 name sec2	Official languages
blank1 info sec2	Malayalam
website	kerala.gov.in
footnotes	140 elected, 1 nominated }}

}} or Keralam (Malayalam: കേരളം, ''Kēraḷam'') is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was created on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act, and it combined various Malayalam speaking regions.

The state has an area of and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the south and southeast and the Arabian Sea towards the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the capital city. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. As per a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.

Kerala is a popular tourist destination for its backwaters, yoga, Ayurvedic treatments and tropical greenery. Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, comparable with that of first world nations but with a much lower per capita income. The state has a literacy rate of 94.59 percent, also the highest in India. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom, and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.

Etymology

Natives of Kerala (''Malayalis'') refer to the state as ''Keralam''. Scholars agree that ''Kerala'' transliterates Classical Tamil ''Cheralam'' ("Land of the Cheras") or ''chera-alam'', ("declivity of a hill or a mountain slope/range"). The state was anciently called ''Cheralam'' and ''Cherala Nadu''. A 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by emperor Asoka the Great references Kerala as ''Keralaputra''. The Graeco-Roman trade map ''Periplus Maris Erythraei'' references Kerala's Chera territory as ''Cerobothra''.

History

Prehistory

Evidence of Kerala's early human occupation includes Dolmens of the Neolithic era, in the Marayur area. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from ''muni'' (hermit or sage, and ''ara'' (dolmen).

Rock-engravings in the Edakkal Caves (in Wayanad) are thought to date from the early to Late Neolithic eras around 5000 B.C. The use of a specific Indus script pictogram in these caves suggests some relationship with the Indus Valley Civilization during the late Bronze Age and early Iron age.

Early history and culture

Kerala was a major spice-exporter as early as 3,000 BCE, according to Sumerian Records.

Kerala and Tamil Nadu once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as Tamilakam. In the 1st century BCE, Tamil-speaking Dravidian Villavars established the Chera Dynasty that ruled northern Kerala from a capital at Vanchi. Southern Kerala was ruled by the Pandyan Kingdom, with a trading port variously identified by ancient Western sources as "Nelcynda" and "Neacyndi" The Cheras had trading links with China, West Asia, Egypt and the Roman Empire. The value of Rome's annual trade with India as a whole was estimated at no less than 50,000,000 sesterces; contemporary Sangam literature describes Roman ships coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for pepper. One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala may have been Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Kerala is identified on the Tabula Peutingeriana, the only known surviving map of the Roman ''cursus publicus''.

The Chera kings' dependence on trade meant that merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala. The west asian-semitic Jewish, Christian, and Muslim immigrants established Juda Mappila, Nasrani Mappila, and Muslim Mappila communities respectively. The Jews first arrived in Kerala in 573 BC. According to local Syriac Nasrani Christian tradition as well as the works of scholars and Eastern Christian writings Thomas the Apostle visited Muziris in Kerala circa 52 CE to proselytize amongst Kerala's Jewish settlements. The first mosque, synagogue, and church in India were built in Kerala.

A later Chera Kingdom was established c. 800–1102, with the help of Arab spice merchants. This is also called the Kulasekhara dynasty, as it was founded by Kulasekhara Varman, a Vaishnavaite saint. Ay kings ruled southern Kerala, but by the 10th century the Ay kingdom declined and became a part of the Chera Kingdom. A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils became linguistically separate during this period. The Kulasekhara dynasty came to an end by twelfth century, weakened by the invasions of Pandyas and Cholas. In the absence of a strong central power, the state fractured into small principalities governed by Nair Cheftains. From these, the kingdoms of Kochi, Venad, Kolathiri and Kozhikode Samuthiri emerged.

The Colonial Era

The western spice-trade, especially in pepper, became increasingly lucrative. Around the 13th century, the Portuguese began to dominate the eastern shipping trade in general, and the spice-trade in particular, culminating in Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498. On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed Viceroy of Portuguese India, with headquarters at Kochi. The Portuguese had took advantage of conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade, and established forts at Kannur, Cochin and Kollam but the Saamoothiri of Kozikode and his admiral Kunjali Marakkar resisted, and in 1571 the Portuguese were defeated at Chaliyam fort. The weakened Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company, who took advantage of continuing conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade. The Dutch in turn were weakened by constant battles with Marthanda Varma of the Travancore Royal Family, and were defeated at the Battle of Colachel in 1741. The Dutch were allied to French forces in the transcontinental Napoleonic Wars; forces of the British East India Company marched against them from Calicut and took their surrender and possessions on 20 Oct 1795. In 1766, Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore invaded northern Kerala; his son and successor, Tipu Sultan, launched campaigns against the expanding British East India Company, resulting in two of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Tipu ultimately ceded Malabar District and South Kanara to the Company in the 1790s; the Company forged tributary alliances with Kochi in 1791 and Travancore in 1795. Malabar and South Kanara became part of the Madras Presidency. There were major revolts in Kerala against British rule in the 20th century, until Independence was achieved. They include the 1921 Malabar Rebellion and the 1946 Punnapra-Vayalar uprising in Travancore. Other actions by Kerala's political and spiritual leaders protested against social traditions such as untouchability, leading to the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes; Malabar soon did likewise, and Cochin followed with a similar proclamation in 1948, after Independence. In the 1921 Moplah Rebellion, Mappila Muslims rioted against Hindu zamindars (see Zamindari system) and the British Raj.

Post Independence

After British India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin voluntarily joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin. On 1 January 1950 (Republic Day), Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state. The Madras Presidency was organised to form Madras State in 1947.

On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin (excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu), and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara. In 1957, elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly were held, and a reformist, communist-led government came to power, under E.M.S. Namboodiripad. The new government's reforms improved the lot of farmers and labourers.

Kerala in religious traditions

The oldest of the surviving Hindu Puranas, the Matsya Purana, sets the story of the first of the incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the Matsya Avatar, and King Manu (King Satyavrata, mankind's ancestor), among Kerala's Malaya Mountains.

The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala by name is the Aitareya Aranyaka.

The legendary king Mahabali is said to have ruled from Kerala in a reign of universal happiness and prosperity. On his passing away he was appointed ruler of the netherworld (''Patalam'') by ''Vamana'', the fifth ''avatar'' of Lord ''Vishnu''. Once a year, during the Onam festival, he returns to Kerala.

In the religious texts known as the Puranas, Kerala is ''Parasurama Kshetram'' ("The Land of Parasurama"). Parasurama was a warrior sage and an Avatar of Mahavishnu. When he threw his battle axe from Gokarna into the sea at Kanyakumari, the land of Kerala arose from the waters. Tradition says that Parasurama minted gold coins called Rasi, sowed some of them in Travancore and buried the surplus in cairns. Similar legends link Parasurama to the Pandyan dynasty.

The Kollam Era of the Malayalam calendar is also known as "Parasurama-Sacam". The Travancore Rajas claim descent from Chera King Bhanu Bikram, who was raised to the throne, by Parasurama. In the ''Keralolpatti'', Parasurama chose the goddess Durga (Kali) as guardian of Kerala's sea-shore.

Geography and climate

Kerala is wedged between the Lakshadweep sea and the Western Ghats. Lying between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 77°22', Kerala experiences the humid equatorial tropic climate. The state has a coast of length and the width of the state varies between 35 and 120 km (22–75 miles). Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains). Located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent, Kerala lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate; hence, most of the state is subject to comparatively little seismic and volcanic activity. Pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala’s terrain.

The eastern Kerala region consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' rain shadow. Forty-one of Kerala’s west-flowing rivers, and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region. The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near Palakkad, where the Palakkad Gap breaks through to provide access to the rest of India. The Western Ghats rises on average to 1,500 m (4920 ft) above sea level, while the highest peaks may reach to 2,500 m (8200 ft). Anamudi is the highest peak at an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,842 ft). Just west of the mountains lie the midland plains comprising central Kerala, dominated by rolling hills and valleys. Generally ranging between elevations of 250–1,000 m (820–3300 ft), the eastern portions of the Nilgiri and Palni Hills include such formations as Agastya Mala and Anamala.

Kerala’s western coastal belt is relatively flat, and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected brackish canals, lakes, estuaries, and rivers known as the Kerala Backwaters. Lake Vembanad, Kerala’s largest body of water, dominates the Backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is more than 200 km² (77 sq. mi.) in area. Around 8% of India's waterways (measured by length) are found in Kerala. The most important of Kerala’s forty-four rivers include the Periyar (244 km), the Bharathapuzha (209 km), the Pamba (176 km), the Chaliyar (169 km), the Kadalundipuzha River (130 km), the Valapattanam (129 km) and the Achankovil (128 km). The average length of the rivers of Kerala is 64 km. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rains. These conditions result in the nearly year-round water logging of such western regions as Kuttanad, 500 km² of which lies below sea level. As Kerala's rivers are small and lack deltas, they are more prone to environmental factors. The rivers also face problems such as sand mining and pollution. The state experiences several natural hazards such as landslides, floods, lightning and droughts. The state was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

A catastrophic flood in Kerala in 1341 CE drastically modified its terrain and consequently affected its history. The course of the river Periyar was changed, and the Arabian Sea receded several miles. The Kuttanad region became cultivable, and the Muziris (Kodungalloor) harbour became defunct. A new harbour was developed at Kochi.

With 120–140 rainy days per year, Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the southwest summer monsoon. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. Kerala's rainfall averages 3,107 mm (122 in.) annually. Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250 mm (49 in.); the mountains of eastern Idukki district receive more than 5,000 mm (197 in.) of orographic precipitation, the highest in the state.

During summer, Kerala is prone to gale force winds, storm surges, cyclone-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level. The mean daily temperatures range from 19.8 °C to 36.7 °C. Mean annual temperatures range from 25.0–27.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to 20.0–22.5 °C in the eastern highlands.

Flora and fauna

Much of Kerala's notable biodiversity is concentrated and protected in the Western Ghats. Almost a fourth of India's 10,000 plant species are found in the state. Among the almost 4,000 flowering plant species (1,272 of which are endemic to Kerala and 159 threatened) are 900 species of medicinal plants.

Its 9,400 km² of forests include tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations—3,470 km²), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests (mid-elevations—4,100 km² and 100 km², respectively), and montane subtropical and temperate (''shola'') forests (highest elevations—100 km²). Altogether, 24% of Kerala is forested. Two of the world’s Ramsar Convention listed wetlands—Lake Sasthamkotta and the Vembanad-Kol wetlands—are in Kerala, as well as 1455.4 km² of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Subjected to extensive clearing for cultivation in the 20th century, much of the remaining forest cover is now protected from clearfelling. Kerala's fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: 102 species of mammals (56 of which are endemic), 453 species of birds, 202 species of freshwater fishes, 169 species of reptiles (139 of them endemic), and 89 species of amphibians (86 endemic). These are threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion, landslides, salinization, and resource extraction.

Eastern Kerala’s windward mountains shelter tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests, which are common in the Western Ghats. Here, ''sonokeling'' (''Dalbergia latifolia''), ''anjili'', ''mullumurikku'' (''Erythrina''), and ''Cassia'' number among the more than 1,000 species of trees in Kerala. Other plants include bamboo, wild black pepper, wild cardamom, the calamus rattan palm (a type of climbing palm), and aromatic vetiver grass (''Vetiveria zizanioides''). Living among them are such fauna as Indian Elephant (''Elephas maximus indicus''), Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard (''Panthera pardus fusca''), Nilgiri Tahr, Common Palm Civet, and Grizzled Giant Squirrel. Reptiles include the King Cobra (''Ophiophagus hannah''), viper, python, and Mugger Crocodile (''Crocodylus palustris'') . Kerala's birds are legion—Malabar Trogon, the Great Hornbill, Kerala Laughingthrush, Darter, and Southern Hill Myna are several emblematic species. In lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as ''kadu'' (stinging catfish) and ''Choottachi'' (Orange chromide—''Etroplus maculatus'') are found.

Subdivisions

Kerala's fourteen districts are distributed among Kerala's six historical regions: North Malabar (Far-north Kerala), South Malabar (northern Kerala), Kochi (central Kerala), Northern Travancore, Central Travancore (southern Kerala) and Southern Travancore (Far-south Kerala). Kerala's modern-day districts (listed in order from north to south) correspond to them as follows:

North Malabar: Kasaragod, Kannur, Mananthavady Taluk of Wayanad, Koyilandy and Vadakara Taluks of Kozhikode

South Malabar: Wayanad except Mananthavady Taluk, Kozhikode except Vadakara and Koyilandy Taluks, Malappuram, Palakkad District except Chittur Taluk and a part of Thrissur

Kochi: A part of Ernakulam, Chittur Taluk of Palakkad, and a part of Thrissur.

Northern Travancore: Part of Ernakulam, and Idukki.

Central Travancore: Southern part of Idukki, Kottayam, Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta and northern part of Kollam.

Southern Travancore: Southern part of Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram. Nanchinad in Kanyakumari, which is now in the state of Tamil Nadu, was also part of southern Travancore before formation of Kerala.

Kerala's 14 districts, which serve as the administrative regions for taxation purposes, are further subdivided into 63 taluks; these have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records.Taluks of kerala are further divided into 1453 revenue villages and 1007 Gram panchayats.

Mahé, a part of the Indian union territory of Puducherry (Pondicherry), is a coastal exclave surrounded by Kerala on all of its landward approaches.

Government

Karala's Government is based on rules and regulations determined by the Government of India. The State is governed via a parliamentary system of representative democracy; universal suffrage is granted to state residents. There are three branches of government. The unicameral legislature, the Kerala Legislative Assembly, comprises elected members and special office bearers (the Speaker and Deputy Speaker) elected by the members from among themselves. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker and in the Speaker's absence, by the Deputy Speaker. Kerala has 140 Assembly constituencies. The state sends 20 members to the Lok Sabha and 9 to the Rajya Sabha, the Indian Parliament's upper house.

The Governor of Kerala is the constitutional head of state, and is appointed by the President of India. The executive authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Kerala, who is the ''de facto'' head of state and is vested with extensive executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the Governor. The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor on advice of the Chief Minister. Auxiliary authorities known as ''panchayats'', for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

The judiciary comprises the Kerala High Court (Located at Ernakulam has a Chief Justice combined with 26 permanent and two additional (''pro tempore'') justices) as the apex court in the state and a system of lower courts. Kerala High Court also hears cases from the Union Territory of Lakshadweep.

The state's 2005–2006 budget was 219 billion INR. The state government's tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) amounted to 111,248 million INR in 2005, up from 63,599 million in 2000. Its non-tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Kerala as assessed by the Indian Finance Commissions reached 10,809 million INR in 2005, nearly double the 6,847 million INR revenues of 2000. However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to gross state domestic product (GSDP) has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, impacting social services.

Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the United Democratic Front (India) (UDF—led by the Indian National Congress)and the Left Democratic Front (Kerala) (LDF—led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). At present, the UDF is the ruling coalition in government; Oommen Chandy of the INC is the Chief Minister of Kerala and V.S. Achuthanandan of the LDF is the Chief Opposition leader. Strikes, protests and marches are ubiquitous in Kerala due to the comparatively strong presence of labour unions.

Economy

Since independence, Kerala was managed as a democratic socialist welfare economy. Since the 1990s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed onerous Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and job creation. In fiscal year 2007–2008, nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) was . Recent GSDP growth (9.2% in 2004–2005 and 7.4% in 2003–2004) has been robust compared to historical averages (2.3% annually in the 1980s and between 5.1% and 5.99% in the 1990s). The state clocked 8.93% growth in enterprises from 1998 to 2005 compared with 4.80% nationally. Relatively few such enterprises are major corporations or manufacturers. Kerala's Human Development Index rating is the highest in India. This apparently paradoxical "Kerala phenomenon" or "Kerala model of development" of high human and low economic development results from the strong service sector.

Kerala's economy depends on emigrants working in foreign countries (mainly in the Persian Gulf countries such as United Arab Emirates or Saudi Arabia) and remittances annually contribute more than a fifth of GSDP. As of 2008, the Gulf countries altogether have a Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who send home annually a sum of USD 6.81 billion, which is more than 15.13% of Remittance to India in 2008. The service sector (including tourism, public administration, banking and finance, transportation, and communications—63.8% of GSDP in 2002–2003) and the agricultural and fishing industries (together 17.2% of GSDP) dominate the economy. Nearly half of Kerala's people are dependent on agriculture alone for income. Some 600 varieties of rice (Kerala's most important staple food and cereal crop) are harvested from 3105.21 km² (a decline from 5883.4 km² in 1990) of paddy fields; 688,859 tonnes are produced per annum. Other key crops include coconut (899,198 ha), tea, coffee (23% of Indian production, or 57,000 tonnes), rubber, cashews, and spices—including pepper, cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Around 1.050 million fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes (1999–2000 estimate); 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590 km coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland.

Kerala's coastal belt of Karunagappally is known for high background radiation from thorium-containing monazite sand. In coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 mGy/yr and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.

Traditional industries manufacturing such items as coir, handlooms, and handicrafts employ around one million people. Around 180,000 small-scale industries employ around 909,859 Keralites; 511 medium and large scale manufacturing firms are located in Kerala. A small mining sector (0.3% of GSDP) involves extraction of ilmenite, kaolin, bauxite, silica, quartz, rutile, zircon, and sillimanite. Home gardens and animal husbandry also provide work for hundreds of thousands of people. Other major sectors are tourism, manufacturing, and business process outsourcing. As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3341 local branches; each branch served 10,000 persons, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states. Unemployment in 2007 was estimated at 9.4%; underemployment, low employability of youths, and a 13.5% female participation rate are chronic issues. By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.

The state treasury has suffered loss of thousands of millions of rupees thanks to the state staging over 100 hartals annually in recent times. A record total of 223 hartals were observed in 2006, resulting in a revenue loss of over 2000 crore.

Transport

Roads

Kerala has of roads (4.2% of India's total). This translates to about of road per thousand population, compared to an all India average of . Virtually all of Kerala's villages are connected by road.

Roads in Kerala includes 1,524 km of National highway (2.6% of nation's total), 4341.6 km of state highway and 18900 km of district roads. Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through two national highways, NH 47, and NH 17 and eastern side is accessible through various State Highways. There is also a Hill Highway (Kerala) proposed, to make easy access to eastern hills.

NH 17 connects Edapally (Kochi) to Panavel (near Mumbai) and is the longest stretch of national highway through the state. The other major national highway passing through the state is National Highway 47 which connects Salem to Kanyakumari and passes through the major towns and cities like Palakkad, Thrissur, Kochi, Alappuzha, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram. The Salem-Kochi stretch of this highway is a part of North-South Corridor of the Indian highway system. The length of the National Highway 47 (India) through Kerala is 416.8 km. NH 49 (Kochi – Dhanushkodi), NH 208 (Kollam – Thirumangalam), NH 212 (Kozhikode – Mysore), NH 213 (Kozhikode – Palakkad), NH 220 (Kollam – theni) are the other national highways serving the state of Kerala.

Department of Public Works is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways system and major district roads.The Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the GIS-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS), is responsible for maintaining and expanding the few state highways in Kerala; it also oversees few major district roads.

Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 10–11% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Kerala's road density is nearly four times the national average, reflecting the state's high population density. Kerala's annual total of road accidents is among the nation's highest.

Railway

The Indian Railways' Southern Railway line runs throughout the state, connecting all major towns and cities except those in the highland districts of Idukki and Wayanad. Railway network in the state controlled by three divisions of Southern Railway, namely Trivandrum Railway Division, Palakkad Railway Division and Madurai Railway Division. Trivandrum Central is the busiest railway station in the state and second busiest in the Southern Railway Zone after Chennai Central. Kerala's major railway stations are Kannur, Kozhikode, Shornur Junction, Palakkad Junction, Thrissur, Ernakulam Junction, Kottayam, Kollam Junction and Thiruvananthapuram Central.

Airports

Kerala has major international airports at Thiruvananthapuram , Kochi and Kozhikode. Kerala is the only state in India with three International Airports; a fourth is proposed at Kannur. Thiruvananthapuram's Trivandrum International Airport is the first International airport in an Indian non-metro city. Kochi's CIAL is the busiest and largest in the state, and was the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a public limited company; funded by nearly 10,000 Non Resident Indians from 30 countries.

Water ways

The coastal backwaters traversing the state are an important mode of inland navigation and transport. The estimated length of the waterways in Kerala is approximately 800km. A 205 km canal, National Waterway 3, runs between Kottapuram and Kochi.

Demographics

The 31.8 million Keralites are predominantly of Malayali descent, while the rest is mostly made up of Jewish and Arab elements in both culture and ancestry. Kerala's 321,000 indigenous tribal ''Adivasis'', 1.10% of the population, are concentrated in the east. Malayalam is Kerala's official language; Konkani, Tamil, Tulu, Kannada, Hindi and various ''Adivasi'' (Tribal) languages are also spoken by ethnic minorities especially in the south-western region. {{IndiaCensusPop |title = Population trend |1951 = 13549000 |1961 = 16904000 |1971 = 21347000 |1981 = 25454000 |1991 = 29099000 |2001 = 31841000 |2011 = 33388000 |footnote = Source: 2001 Census of India }}

Kerala is home to 3.44% of India's population; at 819 persons per km², its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the rest of India, which is at a population density of 325 persons per km². Kerala's rate of population growth is India's lowest, and Kerala's decadal growth (9.42% in 2001) is less than half the all-India average of 21.34%. Whereas Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15.6 million people to reach 29.1 million residents in 1991, the population stood at less than 32 million by 2001. Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated. Females comprise 51.42% of the population; males form the remaining 48.58% of the population. Kerala's principal religions are Hinduism (56.2%), Islam (24.70%), and Christianity (19.00%). In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism.

According to 2001 Census of India figures, 56% of Kerala's residents are Hindus, 24% are Muslims, 19% are Christians, and the remaining 1% follows other religions. The major Hindu castes are Ezhavas, Nairs, Nambudiri and Dalits. Notably, steps taken by many progressive and tolerant Hindu kings over the years and movements like Narayana Guru's movement for social reform and tolerance helped to establish Kerala as one of the most socially progressive states in India. The Abrahamic religions attest to Kerala's prominence as a major trade centre. Islam and Judaism arrived in Kerala through Arab traders. A significant Jewish community existed in Kerala until the 20th century when most of them migrated to Israel leaving only a handful of families. The Paradesi Synagogue at Kochi is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth. Christianity is believed to have reached the shores of Kerala in 52 CE with the arrival of St Thomas, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ The major Christian denominations are Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Protestant. }} Jainism has a considerable following in the Wayanad district. Buddhism was dominant at the time of Ashoka the Great but vanished by the 8th century CE.

Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries, starting with the Kerala Gulf boom, and is uniquely dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.

Kerala government states gender relations are among the most equitable in India , despite discrepancies among low caste men and women. Certain Hindu communities such as the Nairs, some Ezhavas and the Muslims around North Malabar used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as ''marumakkathayam'', although this practice ended in the years after Indian independence. Other Muslims, Christians, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and the Ezhavas follow ''makkathayam'', a patrilineal system. Owing to the former matrilineal system, women in Kerala enjoy a high social status.

Kerala's human development indices— primary level education, health care and elimination of poverty—are among the best in India. According to a 2005–2006 national survey, Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates (94.59%) among Indian states and life expectancy (73 years) was among the highest in India in 2001. Kerala's rural poverty rate fell from 69% (1970–1971) to 19% (1993–1994); the overall (urban and rural) rate fell 36% between the 1970s and 1980s. By 1999–2000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively. These changes stem largely from efforts begun in the late 19th century by the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore to boost social welfare. This focus was maintained by Kerala's post-independence government. Kerala has the highest life expectancy in the country which is nearly 75 years and 78 years respectively for males and females. The life expectancy of Kerala is similar to developed nations in the world that shows the facilities for treatment and health. Kerala's healthcare system has garnered international acclaim. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organisation designated Kerala the world's first "baby-friendly state" because of its effective promotion of breast-feeding over formulas For example, more than 95% of Keralite births are hospital-delivered. Aside from ''ayurveda'' (both elite and popular forms), ''siddha'', and many endangered and endemic modes of traditional medicine, including ''kalari'', ''marmachikitsa''> and ''vishavaidyam'', are practiced. These propagate via ''gurukula'' discipleship, and comprise a fusion of both medicinal and supernatural treatments, and are partly responsible for drawing increasing numbers of medical tourists.

A steadily aging population (11.2% of Keralites are over age 60) and low birthrate (18 per 1,000) make Kerala one of the few regions in the developing world to have undergone the "demographic transition" characteristic of such developed nations as Canada, Japan, and Norway. In 1991, Kerala's total fertility rate (children born per women) was the lowest in India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians 1.78, and Muslims 2.97. Kerala's female-to-male ratio (1.058) is significantly higher than that of the rest of India. sub-replacement fertility level and infant mortality rate is lower compared to other states (estimated at 12 to 14 deaths per 1,000 live births).

However, Kerala's morbidity rate is higher than that of any other Indian state—118 (rural Keralites) and 88 (urban) per 1,000 people. The corresponding all India figures are 55 and 54 per 1,000, respectively.Yet this is likely explained by the fact that, as mentioned above, Kerala has a higher ratio of senior citizens than India. Kerala's 13.3% prevalence of low birth weight is substantially higher than that of First World nations. Outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, and typhoid among the more than 50% of Keralites who rely on 3 million water wells is a problem worsened by the widespread lack of sewers.

Education

Kerala has highest literacy among the states of India. State topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006–2007.

More than 94% of the rural population has access to primary school within 1 km, while 98% of population benefits one school within a distance of 2 km. An upper primary school within a distance of 3 km is available for more than 96% of the people, whose 98% benefit the facility for secondary education within 8 km.The access for rural students to higher educational institutions in cities is facilitated by widely subsidised transport fares.

Kerala's educational system has been developed by institutions owned or aided by the government.In the educational system prevailed in the state schooling is for 10 years which is subdivided into lower primary, upper primary and high school, After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streams—liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional under graduate programmes.

Schools and colleges are run by the government, private trusts, or individuals. Many of the schools owned by private sector are aided by government. Most of the public schools are affiliated to Kerala State Education Board. Other familiar educational boards are Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). English is the language of instruction in most self financing schools, while government and government aided schools offer English or Malayalam.

No fees(or a nominal fees) are required in schools run by or aided by government. Fees concerning the higher and technical education are very low; the ratio of recovery of government's revenue expenditure was 2.6% in 2006–2007.

However, the lacking of fees or low fees does not imply low educational cost, as the students incur other costs of several types (examination fees, special fees, material costs, clothing travelling, private tuition). In fact, according to the 61st round of National Sample Survey (2004–2005), per capita spending on education by the rural households resulted to be more than twice the national average ( 41 for Kerala, 18 for India). Urban India spending, on the contrary, resulted to be greater than Kerala's ( 74 for India, 66 for Kerala).However, the survey reveals that the rural-urban difference in expenditure on education by households was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.

The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts including results—series expansion for trigonometric functions.

The few universities in Kerala are Kannur University, Mahatma Gandhi University, University of Calicut, University of Kerala, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit. Premiere educational institutions in Kerala are Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, one of the thirteen Indian Institutes of Management, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC), Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST).Kerala also has a National law school which is known as the National University of Advanced Legal Studies.

Culture

Kerala's culture is derived from both a Tamil-heritage region known as Tamilakam and southern coastal Karnataka. Later, Kerala's culture was elaborated upon through centuries of contact with neighboring and overseas cultures. Native performing arts include ''koodiyattom'' (a 2000-year-old Sanskrit theatre tradition, officially recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity), ''kathakali''—from ''katha'' ("story") and ''kali'' ("performance")—and its offshoot ''Kerala natanam'', ''Kaliyattam'' -(North Malabar special), ''koothu'' (akin to stand-up comedy), ''mohiniaattam'' ("dance of the enchantress"), ''Theyyam'', ''thullal'' NS ''padayani''. ''Kathakali'' and ''Mohiniattam'' are widely recognized Indian Classical Dance traditions from Kerala.

Other forms of art are more religious or tribal in nature. These include ''chavittu nadakom'' and ''oppana'' which combines dance, rhythmic hand clapping, and ''ishal'' vocalisations. ''Margam Kali'' is a traditional group dance form traceable back to 17th century, originally performed during Syrian Christian festivals. However, many of these art forms are largely performed for tourists or at youth festivals, and are not as popular among most Keralites. Contemporary art and performance styles including those employing mimicry and parody are more popular.

Kerala's music also has ancient roots. Carnatic music dominates Keralite traditional music. This was the result of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma's popularisation of the genre in the 19th century. Raga-based renditions known as ''sopanam'' accompany ''kathakali'' performances. ''Melam'' (including the ''paandi'' and ''panchari'' variants) is a more percussive style of music; it is performed at ''Kshetram'' centered festivals using the ''chenda''. ''Melam'' ensembles comprise up to 150 musicians, and performances may last up to four hours. ''Panchavadyam'' is a different form of percussion ensemble, in which up to 100 artists use five types of percussion instrument. Kerala has various styles of folk and tribal music. The popular music of Kerala is dominated by the ''filmi'' music of Indian cinema. Kerala's visual arts range from traditional murals to the works of Raja Ravi Varma, the state's most renowned painter.

Kolla Varsham or Malayalam Era, which is assumed to have been established by King Udaya Marthanda Varma in 825 CE, serves as the official calendar of Kerala. The Malayalam calendar is used to plan agricultural and religious activities. Kerala's most popular dish is ''Rice and curry''. The ''sadhya'' (feast) is traditionally served on green banana leaves. Such dishes as ''idli'', ''payasam'', ''pulisherry'', ''puttukadala'', or PuttuPayarPappadam, ''puzhukku'', ''rasam'', and ''sambar'' are typical. Keralites—both men and women alike—traditionally don flowing and unstitched garments. These include the ''mundu'', a loose piece of cloth wrapped around men's waists. Women typically wear the ''sari'', a long and elaborately wrapped banner of cloth, wearable in various styles. Presently, North Indian dresses such as Salwar kameez are also popular among women in Kerala.

Elephants are an integral part of daily life in Kerala. Indian elephants are loved, revered, groomed and given a prestigious place in the state's culture. They are often referred to as the 'sons of the ''sahya''.' Elephant is the state animal of Kerala and is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala.

Malayalam literature is medieval in origin and includes such figures as the 14th century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), and the 17th century poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar and Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran are noted for their contribution to Malayalam prose. The "triumvirate of poets" (''Kavithrayam''), Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer, are recognised for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics, and towards a more lyrical mode.

In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith awardees like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, M. T. Vasudevan Nair and O. N. V. Kurup have made valuable contributions to the Malayalam literature. Later, such Keralite writers as O. V. Vijayan, Kamaladas, M. Mukundan, and Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy, whose 1996 semi-autobiographical bestseller ''The God of Small Things'' is set in the Kottayam town of Ayemenem, have gained international recognition.

Malayalam cinema carved a niche for itself in the Indian film industry. It has been producing both parallel and mainstream cinema of great acclaim for years. Directors like Adoor Gopalakrishnan, John Abraham, G. Aravindan have been some of the great names in the Indian parallel cinema. Kerala has also given birth to numerous acclaimed actors such as Bharat Gopy, Prem Nazir, Mammotty, Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi, Murali and Oduvil Unnikrishnan.

Media

The National Family Health Survey – 3, conducted in 2007 ranked Kerala as a state with the highest media exposure in India. Dozens of newspapers are published in Kerala, in nine major languages, but principally Malayalam and English. The most widely circulating Malayalam-language newspapers are ''Malayala Manorama'', ''Mathrubhumi'', ''Madhyamam, ''Mangalam, ''Chandrika, ''Deepika'', ''Kerala Kaumudi'' and ''Deshabhimani''. Major Malayalam periodicals include ''Mathrubhumi'', ''India Today Malayalam'', Madhyamam weekly,'' ''Grihalakshmi'', ''Vanitha'', ''Chithrabhumi'', and ''Bhashaposhini''.

Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Malayalam, English and international channels via cable television. There are 17 Malayalam TV channels like Asianet, Indiavision, Surya TV, Kairali TV, Manorama News, Amrita TV, Jeevan TV and JaiHind TV broadcast along with the major national channels. All India Radio, the national radio service, reaches much of Kerala via its Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Thrissur, Alappuzha, Kozhikode and Kannur Malayalam-language broadcasts. Television serials, reality shows and the Internet have become a major source of entertainment and information for the people of Kerala. A Malayalam version of Google News was launched in September 2008. Regardless, Keralites maintain high rates of newspaper and magazine subscriptions. A sizeable "people's science" movement has taken root in the state, and such activities as writers' cooperatives are becoming increasingly common.

BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Docomo, Vodafone, Aircel, Idea and Airtel provide cell phone services. Broadband internet is available in most of the towns and cities and is provided by different agencies like the state-run Kerala Telecommunications (which is run by BSNL) and by other private companies like Asianet Satellite communications, VSNL. BSNL provides broadband service in most of the villages.

Malayalam films are known for their realistic portrayal of characters and being socially oriented without giving a lot of importance to glitz and glamour. Movies produced in Hindi, Tamil and English (Hollywood) are popular among Keralites. Late Malayalam actor Prem Nazir holds the world record for having acted as the protagonist of over 720 movies. Since 1980s, actorsMammootty and Mohanlal have dominated the movie industry; They have won several National and State awards and are considered among the greatest actors in India.

Sports

Several ancient ritualised arts are Keralite in origin. These include ''kalaripayattu''—''kalari'' ("place", "threshing floor", or "battlefield") and ''payattu'' ("exercise" or "practice"). Among the world's oldest martial arts, oral tradition attributes ''kalaripayattu'''s emergence to Parasurama. Other ritual arts include ''theyyam'' and ''poorakkali''.

Cricket and football are the most popular sports in the state. Kochi Tuskers Kerala is the franchise cricket team that plays in the Indian Premier League (IPL). Two Kerala Ranji Trophy players gained test selection in recent years. Sreesanth has represented India since 2005. Among other Keralite cricketers is Tinu Yohannan, son of Olympic long jumper T. C. Yohannan. Notable Kerala footballers include I. M. Vijayan, C. V. Pappachan, V. P. Sathyan, and Jo Paul Ancheri.

Other popular sports include badminton, volleyball and kabaddi. Among Kerala athletes are P. T. Usha, T. C. Yohannan, Suresh Babu, Shiny Wilson, K. M. Beenamol, M. D. Valsamma and Anju Bobby George. Volleyball is another popular sport and is often played on makeshift courts on sandy beaches along the coast. Jimmy George was a notable Indian volleyball player, rated in his prime as among the world's ten best players.

Tourism

Kerala is situated on the lush and tropical Malabar Coast. Kerala is one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. Its unique culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demographics, has made Kerala one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world" and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime". Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".

Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination; most tourist circuits focused on North India. Aggressive marketing campaigns launched by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, the government agency that oversees tourism prospects of the state, laid the foundation for the growth of the tourism industry. In the decades that followed, Kerala's tourism industry was able to transform the state into one of the niche holiday destinations in India. The tagline ''Kerala- God's Own Country'' has been widely used in Kerala's tourism promotions and soon became synonymous with the state. In 2006, Kerala attracted 8.5 million tourist arrivals, an increase of 23.68% over the previous year, making the state one of the fastest-growing destinations in the world.

The state's tourism industry is a major contributor to the state's economy which is currently growing at a rate of 13.31%.

Kerala is known for its ecotourism initiatives. The Popular attractions in the state include the beaches at Kovalam, Cherai, Varkala, Kappad, Muzhappilangad and Bekal; the hill stations of Munnar, Wayanad, Wagamon, Peermade, Nelliampathi and Ponmudi; and national parks and wildlife sanctuaries at Periyar, Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary and Eravikulam National Park. The "backwaters" region, which comprises an extensive network of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that centre on Alleppey, Kollam, Kumarakom, and Punnamada (where the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held in August), also see heavy tourist traffic. Heritage sites, such as the Padmanabhapuram Palace and the Mattancherry Palace, are also visited. Cities such as Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram are popular centres for their shopping and traditional theatrical performances respectively. During early summer, the Thrissur Pooram is conducted, attracting foreign tourists who are largely drawn by the festival's elephants and celebrants. The main pilgrim tourist spots of Kerala are Sabarimala Temple, Padmanabhaswamy Temple (Thiruvananthapuram), Padanilam Parabrahma Temple(Mavelikkara), Chettikulangara Temple, Vadakumnathan Temple, Guruvayoor Temple, Sarkara Devi Temple, Malayattor Church and Parumala Church.

Gallery

See also

List of notable people from Kerala

Notes

The International Hydrographic Organisation defines the border between Lakshadweep Sea and Arabian sea by a line running from Sadashivgad Lt. on West Coast of India () to Corah Divh () and thence down the West side of the Lakshadweep and Maldive Archipelagos to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll in the Maldives. However, the official website of Government of Kerala and Government of India states that Kerala is boardered on the west by Arabian Sea.

Citations

References

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External links

; Government

Official entry portal of the Government of Kerala

Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala

Directorate of Census Operations of Kerala

; Other *

Category:States and territories of India Category:States and territories established in 1956

Kerala

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Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
name	Kunchacko Boban
birth place	Kerala, India |
birth date	November 02, 1976
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	1997 - Present
other names	Chackochan
spouse	Priya }}

Kunchacko Boban (Malayalam കുഞ്ചാക്കോ ബോബന്‍; born in Alleppey, Kerala, India) is an Indian film actor who works in Malayalam cinema. He is the grandson of film producer Kunchacko of the erstwhile Udaya Studios and the grandnephew of producer Maliampurackal Appachan. He started his career with the commercially successful film ''Aniathipravu'' (1997) produced by Appachan and directed by Fazil (though his debut was as a child artist in one of Fazil's films from the early 80s). His roles in ''Nakshathrathaarattu'' (1998), ''Mayilpeelikkavu'' (1998), and ''Niram'' (1999) made him one of the popular lead actors of the late 1990s.

During the 2000s his notable films include ''Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka'' (2001), the commercially successful ''Swapnakoodu'' (2003), and the critical and commercial hit ''Kasthooriman'' (2003). Although his films struggled at the box office during the mid-2000s, he made a come back with ''Gulumal: The Escape'' (2009) a comedy film starring Jayasurya.

Career

He became an instant teenage heartthrob following his first film, the Fazil-directed ''Aniyathi Pravu'' (1997). Kunchacko Boban and Shalini gained a reputation as a star pair; they went on to work together in four films. He stood out among the heroes of the late 1990s, when the middle-aged super stars concentrated on action films.

Following the success of ''Aniyathi Pravu'', Kunchacko Boban was cast in movies like ''Nakshathra Tharattu'' and ''Mayilppeelikkavu''. In ''Nakshathra Tharattu'', he was again cast opposite Shalini. Both films were fairly successful. Then he played a cameo in Fazil's ''Harikrishnans'', which marked the reunion of Mohanlal and Mammootty after 9 years.

Then came a streak of flops like ''Chandamama'', ''Ingane Oru Nila Pakshi'', ''Prem Poojari'', ''Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam'', etc. He had a single success in 1998, Kamal's ''Niram'', which featured him opposite Shalini for the final time. ''Dosth'' did fairly well, but in an age when Dileep had the Midas touch, Kunchako's performance was half-charged. Then he played a good comedy role in Sathyan Anthikkadu's ''Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka''.

The movie ''Ee Sneha Theerathu'' fetched him a Special Jury Award at the 2004 Kerala State Film Awards.

After ''Niram'', ''Dosth'' and ''Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka'', his next hits were ''Kasthoorimann'', and ''Swapnakkoodu''. In 2005 he got married and started concentrating on real estate business and was quite successful. In 2006 and 2007, he did not act much.

He returned to films in 2008 with Shafi's ''LollyPop'', which also starred Jayasurya and Bhavana. In 2009 he again paired up with Jayasurya in ''Gulumal: The Escape''.

After ''Gulumal: The Escape'', he acted in ''Mummy & Me'' and in ''Sakudumbam Shyamala''. Then he was cast in Lal Jose's ''Elsamma Enna Aankutty'', in which he had an image makeover with the character Palunni. After ''Elsamma'' he appeared in Shaji Azeez's ''Oridathoru Postman'' and Saji Surendran's ''Four Friends''. His first release in 2011, ''Traffic'' is a Superhit. His later releases ''Seniors'' and ''Three Kings'' also did extremely well at the box office.

Personal life

He is the grandson of film producer Kunchacko of the erstwhile Udaya Studios, the first film studio in Kerala. He is the grandnephew of Maliampurackal Chacko Punnoose Appachan.

Kunchako Boban married Priya Ann Samuel on 2 April 2005.

Awards

Kerala State Film Awards

2004 - Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award) - ''Ee Snehatherathu (Saamam)''

Asianet Film Awards 2010 - Best Star Pair Award with actress Archana Jose Kavi for ''Mummy & Me''

Vanitha Film Awards 2010 - TTK Prestige - Vanitha Film Awards: Best Star Pair Award with actress Archana Jose Kavi for ''Mummy & Me''

Mathrubhumi Film Awards

2010 - Best Star Pair Award with actress Bhama for ''Sakudumbam Shyamala''

Other Awards 2011 - Amrita-FEFKA Yuva Keerthi Award

Filmography

Year 1981 1997 1998 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2005 2006 2008 2008 Roma Asrani 2010 Archana Jose Kavi, Urvashi (actress) 2010 Bhama, Urvashi (actress) 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 Jayaram, Sheela (Tamil actress) 2011 2011 2011

No.	|	Title	Role	Director	Co-stars	Notes
1	|	''Dhanya''		Fazil	Mohanlal	As Child artist
2	|	''Aniyathipravu''	Sudheesh Kumar	Fazil	Shalini, Sudheesh, Harishree Ashokan	First film as a Hero.
3	|	''Nakshathrathaarattu''	Sunil	K. Shankar	Shalini, Jagadish
4	|	''Mayilpeelikkavu''	Krishnanunni/Manu	Anil Babu	Jomol, Jagathy Sreekumar	Double Role
5	|	''Harikrishnans''	Sudharsanan	Fazil	Mohanlal, Mammootty, Juhi Chawla
6	|	''Mazhavillu''	Mahesh Menon	Dinesh Babu	Preeti Jhangiani, Vineeth	Shot in Germany.
7	|	''Chandamama''	Unni	Murali Krishnan	Jagathy Sreekumar, Harisree Asokan
8	|	''Prem Pujari''	Prem Jacob	Hariharan (director)>Hariharan	Shalini
9	|	''Niram''	Eby	Kamaluddin Mohammed>Kamal	Shalini, Jomol
10	|	''Priyam''	Benny	Sanal	Deepa, Jagathy Sreekumar, Thilakan	Remake of Hum Hain Rahi Pyaar Ke
11	|	''Ingane Oru Nilapakshi''	Charlie	Anil Babu	Sneha (actress)>Sneha, Kalabhavan Mani	Sneha (actress)>Sneha
12	|	''Satyam Shivam Sundaram''	Chandrahasan	Rafi Mecartin	Aswathi, Jagadish, Harisree Ashokan
13	|	''Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam''	Saji	M Shankar	Kavya Madhavan
14	|	''Dosth''	Vijay	Thulasidas	Kavya Madhavan, Dileep (Malayalam actor)>Dileep	First film with Dileep
15	|	''Narendra Makan Jayakanthan Vaka''	Jayakanthan	Sathyan Anthikad	Samyuktha Varma, Sreenivasan (actor)>Sreenivasan	First film with Sathyan Anthikad
16	|	''Snehitan''	Joji	Jose Thomas	Preethi Vijayakumar, Krishna
17	|	''Thilana Thilana''	Cameo	T S Saji	Krishna, Jomol, Kaveri	Special appearance
18	|	''Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha''	Aromalunni	P. G. Viswambharan	Jomol, Vani Viswanath
20	|	Kalyanaraman (film)>Kalyanaraman''	Unni	Shafi	Dileep (Malayalam actor)>Dileep, Navya Nair
21	|	''Mayamohithachandran''	Chandran	Shibu Prabhakar	Renuka Menon	Not yet released
22	|	''Mullavalliyum Thenmavum''	Shelly	V. K. Prakash	Indrajith
23	|	''Kasthoorimann''	Sajan Joseph Alukka	A. K. Lohithadas	Meera Jasmine, Cochin Haneefa
24	|	''Swapnam Kondu Thulabharam''	Aniyan Kuttan	Rajasenan	Suresh Gopi, Jagathy Sreekumar
25	|	''Swapnakoodu''	Deepu Narayan	Kamaluddin Mohammed>Kamal	Meera Jasmine, Prithviraj Sukumaran>Prithviraj, Jayasurya
26	|	''Jalolsavam''	Alackal Chandran	Sibi Malayil	Navya Nair, Jagadish
27	|	''Ee Snehatheerathu''	Unni	Prof Sivaprasad	Nedumudi Venu, Jagathy Sreekumar, Lal	First award winning performance.
28	|	''Iruvattam Manavatti''	Gautham	Sanal	Kavya Madhavan, Harisree Ashokan
29	|	''Junior Senior''	Kichu	G Sreekantan	Meenakshi, Mukesh	Remake of Yes Boss
30	|	Five Fingers (2005 film)>Five Fingers''	Manu	Sajeev Raj	Karthika
31	|	''Hridayathil Sookshikkan''	Sreenath	Rajesh Pillai	Bhavana, Harisree Ashokan
32	|	''Kilukkam Kilukilukkam''	Roy	Sandhya Mohan	Kavya Madhavan, Jayasurya,	Second part of Kilukkam
33	|	''Twenty:20''	Cameo	Joshy	Mammootty, Mohan Lal, Dileep (Malayalam actor)>Dileep, Suresh Gopi, Jayaram	Special appearance in ''Hey deewana'' song
34	|	''LollyPop''	Eby	Shafi	Roma, Prithviraj , Jayasurya, ||
35	2009 ||	''Gulumal: The Escape''	Ravi Varma	V. K. Prakash	Mithra Kurian, Jayasurya	Full Time Comedy Roll
36	|	''Mummy & Me''	Rahul	Jithu Joseph	Urvashi Mukesh||
37	|	''Sakudumbam Shyamala''	Akash	Radhakrishnan Mangalath	Urvashi, Saikumar||
38	|	''Elsamma Enna Aankutty''	Palunni/Unni Krishnan	Lal Jose	Ann Augustine, Indrajith, Manikkuttan	Won 4 awards for his character in the film.
39	|	''Oridathoru Postman''	Reghu Nandan	Shaji Azeez	Meera Nandan, Innocent (actor)>Innocent, Sarathkumar,
40	|	Four Friends (2010 film)>Four Friends''	Suriya	Saji Surendran	Sarayu, Jayaram, Jayasurya, Meera Jasmine
41	|	Traffic (2011 film)>Traffic''	Dr. Abel Thariyan	Rajesh Pillai	Ramya Nambeeshan, Sreenivasan (actor)>Sreenivasan, Vineeth Sreenivasan,Asif Ali
42	|	''Makeup Man''	Himself	Shafi	Sheela, Prithviraj|| As Himself
43	|	Race (2011 film)>Race''	Cardiologist Eby Abraham	Kukku Surendran	Mamta Mohandas, Indrajith
44	|	''Seniors''	Rex Manuel	Vaishakh	Jayaram (actor)>Jayaram, Manoj K Jayan, Biju Menon
45	|	Three Kings (2011 film)>Three Kings''	Ramanunni Raja	V.K.Prakash	Jayasurya, Indrajith, Ann Augustine,Samvrutha Sunil

In production

Title 2011 2011 Bhavana Balachandran 2011 2011

No. !! Year	|	Role	Co-stars	Director	Notes
1	|	Sevens (film)>Sevens	Shyam	Asif Ali, Bhama, Rima Kallingal, Nadia Moidu		Joshi (director)>Joshiy	Releasing on August 31,2011
	2	|	Doctor Love (film)>Doctor Love''	VinayaChandran	Bhavana, Ananya, Innocent,||	Biju Arukkootty	Releasing on September 09,2011
	3	|	''Sandwich''	Sai	Richai Panai,Ananya (actress)>Ananya	M.S Manu	Shooting on Progress
	4	|	Spanish Masala	Rahul	Dileep (Malayalam actor)>Dileep, Daniela Zacherl, Biju Menon, Vinaya Prasad, Kalarenjini	Lal Jose	Shooting on Progress at Spain

Announced

Title 2011 2011 2011

No. !! Year	|	Role	Co-stars	Director	Notes
			1	|	Mallu Singhs		Prithviraj Sukumaran>Prithviraj, Rima Kallingal	Vaishakh
	2	|	Ordinary (film)>Ordinary''	Bus conductor	[asif ali], Biju Menon, ann agustin	Sugeeth
	3	|	Krack Jack		Jayasurya	Tivin

References

http://www.filmfare.com/awards/malayalam/best-actor-male.php http://vpn-reviews.blogspot.com/2011/07/three-kings.html

External links

Category:Kerala State Film Award winners Category:Living people Category:Malayali actors Category:Saint Thomas Christians Category:Indian Roman Catholics Category:People from Kerala Category:1976 births

ml:കുഞ്ചാക്കോ ബോബന്‍

Coordinates	39°44′21″N104°59′5″N
name	Fatima Bhuttoفاطمہ بھٹو
birth date	May 29, 1982
birth place	Karachi
country	Pakistan
nationality	Pakistani
alma mater	Columbia UniversitySOAS, University of London
occupation	Writer, columnist
official website	http://www.fatimabhutto.com/ }}

Fatima Murtaza Bhutto (), born 29 May 1982, is a Pakistani poet and writer. She is granddaughter of former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the niece of former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, and daughter of Murtaza Bhutto.

She currently writes columns for ''The Daily Beast'', ''New Statesman'' and other publications.

She came to fame after the appearance of her first book, a collection of poems, titled ''Whispers of the Desert''. She received notable coverage for her second book, ''8:50 a.m. 8 October 2005''. She is active in Pakistan's socio-political arena, supporting her stepmother Ghinwa Bhutto's party the Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto), but has no desire to run for political office.

Personal life

Fatima Bhutto was born to a Pakistani Sindhi father and a Pashtun mother. She was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, while her father Murtaza Bhutto, the son of former Pakistani President and Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, was in exile during the military regime of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Her mother is Fauzia Fasihudin Bhutto, daughter of Afghanistan's former Foreign Affairs official. Her father was killed by the police in 1996 in Karachi during the premiership of his sister, Benazir Bhutto. Her parents divorced when she was young and Ghinwa Bhutto became her stepmother in 1989. Years later, her mother unsuccessfully attempted to gain parental custody of Fatima.

She lives with her stepmother Ghinwa Bhutto, and her half-brother Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Jr. They live at the famous residence 70 Clifton Road in Old Clifton, Karachi.

Education

Bhutto completed her B.A. degree in Middle Eastern studies from Barnard College, Columbia University in Manhattan, USA, after receiving her secondary education at the Karachi American School. She received a master's degree in South Asian Studies from the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London.

Books

The title of Bhutto's book ''8.50 a.m. 8 October 2005'' marks the moment of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake; it records accounts of those affected. She has also written a book of poetry, ''Whispers in the Desert''; a memoir, ''Songs of Blood and Sword'', was published in April 2010.

Political involvement

Following the assassination of her aunt, Benazir Bhutto, her entrance into politics has been speculated. She has stated that for now she prefers to remain active through her writing, rather than through elected office. However, she actively supports her mother's chairmanship of her father's wing of the Pakistan Peoples Party, which failed to win a single seat in the 2008 elections. She believes in democracy and not birthright politics. Her latest book is ''Songs of Blood and Sword : A Daughter's Memoir'' which is a biography of the Bhutto family, mainly the political account of her father Mir Murtaza Bhutto.

See also

Bhutto family

Politics of Pakistan

Pakistan Peoples Party (Shaheed Bhutto)

References

External links

Official Fatima Bhutto Website

Compiled Urdu Columns of Fatima Bhutto

Fatima Bhutto: Living on the Edge by William Dalrymple for the Times Online, 18 May 2008

Urdu columns of Fatima Bhutto IBITIANS.com

English columns of Fatima Bhutto The News International

Fatima Bhutto’s Book Best Seller in India PakBits, 6 May 2010

Fatima Bhutto on Her Memoir, ''Songs of Blood and Sword''

Zardari a criminal, says Fatima Bhutto Radio France Internationale, 21 June 2010 - Interview with Bhutto in English

Selected articles by Fatima Bhutto

Open your eyes, Dave New Statesman, 30 October 2008

Texts, lies and Zardari-gate New Statesman, 30 October 2008

Pleasing Mr Obama New Statesman, 19 February 2009

India and Pakistan are 'siblings': Fatima Bhutto The Hindu, 3 February 2008

Fatima Bhutto in Jaipur, India The News International

Farewell to Wadi Bua (Urdu) Jang Online, 2 January 2008

Farewell to Wadi Bua The News International, 29 December 2007

"Aunt Benazir's false promises," ''Los Angeles Times'', 14 November 2007

Karachi is my city, my home Indus Asia Online Journal, 21 October 2007

I Love to Fight Payvand's Iran News (first published by Pakistan’s The News International), 3 July 2007

These are Strange Times Payvand's Iran News (first published by Pakistan’s The News International), 26 February 2007

Children of the revolution Payvand's Iran News (first published by Pakistan’s The News International), 20 February 2007

Tehran, a city of surprises Payvand's Iran News (first published by Pakistan’s The News International), 16 February 2007

Welcome to Tehran Payvand's Iran News (first published by Pakistan’s The News International), 14 February 2007

Tehran or bust: A hundred beats Payvand's Iran News, 12 February 2007

FROM THE FRONTLINES: Lebanon — the morning after ''Daily Times'', 16 July 2006

Social Justice Jang Online, 18 April 2007 Remembering by Fatima Bhutto The News International Memories of 9/11 Jang Online, 19 September 2007

Podcast talk and live blogging with Fatima Bhutto, in conversation with Geoff Dyer: Hope and Courage In Pakistan City Weekend, 8 March 2008 - at the Shanghai International Literary Festival

Interviews

"Writing is a Tyranical Excersise"

'Who Killed Benazir'?: an Interview with Fatima Bhutto World Politics Review, 23 January 2008

Video Interview with Fatima Bhutto on her father's Murder YouTube

Benazir Bhutto and Beyond - Contrasting Views on Women’s Political Participation in Pakistan International Museum of Women, October 2008 - Audio Interview with Fatima Bhutto

In My Place ''Guernica Magazine'', July 2009 - Interview with Bhutto

''Frost over the World - Fatima Bhutto'' YouTube - Interview Al Jazeera English, 18 April 2010

Fatima Bhutto: Pakistan’s Devastating Floods Are President Zardari’s Katrina - video report by ''Democracy Now!''

Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Pakistani poets Category:Pakistani writers Category:Pakistani activists Category:Sindhi people Category:Bhutto family Category:Pakistani Shi'a Muslims Category:Pakistani people of Iranian descent Category:Barnard College alumni Category:Alumni of the School of Oriental and African Studies

ar:فاطمة بوتو fa:فاطمه بوتو ur:فاطمہ بھٹو