Simulcast, shorthand for "simultaneous broadcast", refers to programs or events broadcast across more than one medium, or more than one service on the same medium, at the same time. For example, Absolute Radio is simulcast on both AM and on satellite radio, and the BBC's Prom concerts are often simulcast on both BBC Radio 3 and BBC Television. Another application is the transmission of the original-language soundtrack of movies or TV series over local or Internet radio, with the television broadcast having been dubbed into a local language.

Simulcasting to provide stereo sound for TV broadcasts

Before stereo TV sound transmission was possible, simulcasting on TV and Radio was a method of effectively transmitting "stereo" sound to music TV broadcasts. The first such transmission was in 1974, when the BBC broadcast a recording of Van Morrison's London Rainbow Concert simultaneously on BBC2 TV and Radio 2 (see ''It's Too Late To Stop Now'').

Similarly, in the 1980s, before Multichannel Television Sound, or home theater was commonplace in American households, broadcasters would air a high fidelity version of a television program's audio portion over FM stereo simultaneous with the television broadcast. PBS stations were the most likely, especially when airing a live concert. It was also a way of allowing MTV and similar music channels to run stereo sound through the cable-TV network. This method required a stereo FM transmitter modulating MTV's stereo soundtrack through the cable-TV network and customers connecting their FM receiver's antenna input to the cable-TV outlet. Then they would tune the FM receiver to the specified frequency that would be published in documentation supplied by the cable-TV provider.

The first ever concert "simulcast" was Frank Zappa's Halloween shows (October 31, 1981), live from NYC's Palladium and shown on MTV with the audio-only portion simulcast over the FM "Starfleet Radio" network. A later, notable application for simulcasting in this context was the Live Aid telethon concert that was broadcast around the world on July 13, 1985. Most destinations where this concert was broadcast had the concert simulcast by at least one TV network and at least one of the local FM stations.

Most stereo-capable video recorders made through the 1980s and early 1990s had a "simulcast" recording mode where they recorded video signals from the built-in TV tuner and audio signals from the VCR's audio line-in connectors. This was to allow one to connect a stereo FM tuner that is tuned to the simulcast frequency to the VCR's audio input in order to record the stereo sound of a TV program that would otherwise be recorded in mono. The function was primarily necessary with stereo VCRs that didn't have a stereo TV tuner or were operated in areas where stereo TV broadcasting wasn't in place. This was typically selected through the user setting the input selector to "Simulcast" or "Radio" mode or, in the case of some JVC units, the user setting another "audio input" switch from "TV" or "Tuner" to "Line".

In the mid to late 1990s, video game developer Nintendo utilized simulcasting to provide enhanced orchestral scoring and voice-acting for the first ever "integrated radio-games" – its Satellaview video games. Whereas digital game data was broadcast to the Satellaview unit to provide the basic game and game sounds, Nintendo's partner, satellite radio company St.GIGA, simultaneously broadcast the musical and vocal portion of the game via radio. These two streams were combined at the Satellaview to provide a unified audiotrack analagous to stereo.

Other uses

In America, simulcast most often refers to the practice of offering the same programming on an FM and AM station owned by the same entity, in order to cut costs. With the advent of solid state AM transmitters and computers, it has become very easy for AM stations to broadcast a different format without additional cost; therefore, simulcast between FM/AM combos is rarely heard today. Normally, AM stations broadcast some type of talk format; depending on the population, the format may be ethnic. During National Party rule in South Africa, many programs were dubbed in Afrikaans. The English soundtrack was available on Radio 2000. This could be selected using a button labeled simulcast on many televisions manufactured before 1995.

Radio programs have been simulcast on television since the invention thereof; however, as of recent, perhaps the most visible example of radio shows on television is ''The Howard Stern Show'', which currently airs on SIRIUS Satellite Radio as well as Howard TV. Another prominent radio show that is simulcast on television is ''Imus in the Morning'', which airs on RFD-TV in addition to Citadel Media. In wrestling the first simulcast happened on March 26, 2001 between ''WWF Raw is War'' and ''WCW Nitro''.

In another case, popular programs will be aired simultaneously on different services in adjacent countries, such as ''The Simpsons'', airing Sunday evenings at 8:00 p.m. (Eastern and Pacific times) on both Fox in the United States and Global in Canada. "Simulcast" is often a colloquial term for the related Canadian practice of simultaneous substitution (simsub).

In sports, simulcasts are when a single announcer broadcasts play-by-play coverage both over television and radio. The practice was common in the early years of television, but since the 1980s, most teams have used a separate team for television and for radio.

As all NFL television broadcasts are done by the national networks or via cable, there are no regular TV-to-radio football simulcasts. However, NFL rules require that games airing on cable and satellite networks (ESPN, NFL Network) are simulcast on local over-air TV stations in markets serving the two local teams participating in each game.

Similarly, no current National Basketball Association teams use a simulcast. Al McCoy (Phoenix), Chick Hearn (Los Angeles Lakers), Kevin Calabro (Seattle) and Rod Hundley (Utah) were the last NBA team broadcasters to simulcast.

In Major League Baseball, only Vin Scully continues the practice; however, he simulcasts only the first three innings of Los Angeles Dodgers games at Dodger Stadium and other National League Western Division parks.

The practice is most prevalent in the National Hockey League where three teams simulcast:

Buffalo, with Rick Jeanneret and Harry Neale (and, on Saturdays, Mike Robitaille),

Dallas, with Ralph Strangis and Daryl Reaugh (popularly known as "Ralph and Razor"), and

New York Islanders, with Howie Rose and Billy Jaffe.

Simulcasts via satellite can be a challenge, as there is a significant delay because of the distance - nearly round-trip - involved. Anything involving video compression (and to some extent audio data compression) also has an additional significant delay, which is noticeable when watching local TV stations on direct broadcast satellites. Even though the process is not instantaneous, this is still considered a simulcast because it is not intentionally stored anywhere.

(Multiplexing -- also sometimes called "multicasting" -- is something of a reversal of this situation, where multiple program streams are combined into a single broadcast. The two terms are sometimes confused.)

In horse racing, a simulcast is a broadcast of a horse race which allows wagering at two or more sites; the simulcast often involves the transmission of wagering information to a central site, so that all bettors may bet in the same betting pool, as well as the broadcast of the race.

The San Francisco Giants simulcast with the Oakland Athletics while playing each other on their respective stations and commercials with a mix of broadcasters from both teams.

On cable television systems, analog-digital simulcasting (ADS) means that analog channels are duplicated as digital subchannels. Digital tuners are programmed to use the digital subchannel instead of the analog. This allows for smaller, cheaper cable boxes by eliminating the analog tuner and some analog circuitry. On DVRs, it eliminates the need for an MPEG encoder to convert the analog signal to digital for recording. The primary advantage is the elimination of interference, and as analog channels are dropped, the ability to put 10 or more SDTV (or two HDTV, or various other combinations) channels in its place. The primary drawback is the common problem of over-compression (quantity over quality) resulting in fuzzy pictures and pixelation.

In universities with multiple campuses, simulcasting may be used for a single teacher to teach class to students in two or more locations at the same time, using videoconferencing equipment.

In many public safety agencies, simulcast refers to the broadcasting of the same transmission on the same frequency from multiple towers either simultaneously, or offset by a fixed number of microseconds. This allows for a larger coverage area without the need for a large number of channels, resulting in increased spectral efficiency. This comes at the cost of overall poorer voice quality, as multiple sources increase multipath interference significantly, resulting in what is called simulcast distortion.

With some of the latest Simulcast control equipment for FM radio networks, the distortion experienced is almost in-audible to the human ear. With the introduction of Line Equalisation Modules and Tone Generation Modules, the phasing advance and retard is so well calculated that the distortion is almost entirely averted.

The Tone Generation Module (or TGM) generates a pilot tone at 3300 Hz which is then sampled by the Line Equalisation Module (or LEM) which each channel on each radio high site has 2 of located back at the main control site. This then determines the phase shift in the signal and adjusts the transmission accordingly such that all the overlap areas in transmission are in phase with each other.

See also

Single Channel Simulcast

References

Category:Broadcast engineering Category:Radio terminology Category:Television terminology

de:Simulcast es:Simulcast fr:Simulcast ja:サイマル放送 pt:Simulcast zh:同步廣播

Coordinates	20°34′00″N103°40′35″N
name	James David Manning
birth date	February 20, 1947
birth place	Red Springs, North Carolina, United States
occupation	Protestant Christian Pastor
website	}}

James David Manning (born February 20, 1947) is chief pastor at the ATLAH World Missionary Church on 123rd Street in New York City. Manning grew up in Red Springs, North Carolina, born to an African American family, and has been at ATLAH since 1981. ATLAH stands for All The Land Anointed Holy, which is Manning's name for Harlem. His congregation, "ATLAH Worldwide Missionary Church" is the former Bethelite Missionary Baptist Church. The church is also the site of the ATLAH Theological Seminary, which offers classes on preaching and prophecy.

Manning is fiercely opposed to the gentrification of Harlem and calls for its residents to boycott its shops, restaurants, doctors, banks and churches. That action, combined with a general rent strike, would force all property owners out of Harlem, he said, leaving the neighborhood to its rightful inheritors: black people. Manning calls his plan "No Dew, Nor Rain," after Elijah's warning to Ahab, king of Israel, of a coming drought. "When there's no dew, no rain, there's a drought – there's all kinds of suffering," said Manning. The whole of Harlem, he said, is to be a "drought zone."

Biography

Manning graduated from Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York where he was awarded a Master of Divinity. Manning also holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree from his own ATLAH Theological Seminary, an unaccredited educational institution.

As a younger man, Manning burgled homes, mostly on Long Island. He spent about three and a half years in prison in New York and Florida for burglary, robbery, larceny, criminal possession of a weapon, and other charges before his release in 1978. While in prison, he became a devout Christian.

According to Manning, he attended the Oxford Round Table in 2004.

2008 presidential election

Manning came to public attention in the 2008 presidential election after ATLAH posted several sermons of his that were harshly critical of Democratic candidate Barack Obama on the website YouTube. Among other accusations, he called Obama's mother "white trash" for becoming pregnant by a black man out of wedlock, an issue he discussed during a press conference at the National Press Club on December 8, 2008. Manning revisited this latter issue during a press conference at the National Press Club on December 8, 2008:

"It is common knowledge that African men, coming from the continent of Africa—especially for the first time—do diligently seek out white women to have sexual intercourse with. Generally the most noble of white society choose not to intercourse sexually with these men. So it's usually the trashier ones who make their determinations that they're going to have sex."

Manning defended his sermons in an interview on Fox News, saying that "we also have to talk about his character."

The sermons drew the attention of the Americans United for Separation of Church and State, which filed a complaint with the Internal Revenue Service objecting to alleged violations of laws granting tax-free status to churches on condition that they refrain from certain forms of political activity.

Views on Barack Obama as President

Manning has continued his criticisms of Obama after the election, comparing him to Hitler and frequently calling him a criminal and "long-legged mack daddy." He produced a video in summer 2009 in which he predicts that there will be a white backlash against Obama, complete with riots, and attending one of the first "birther" events. In an interview with Israeli radio station Arutz Sheva, Manning asserted that Obama had chosen to befriend Muslims instead of Jews; he also offered praise of Meir Kahane. Manning has said that Africa is cursed and also that African-Americans should not support Kwanzaa, the NBA or any major Black-owned business.

In responding to a comment by Bill O'Reilly, a commentator on Fox News Channel, calling birther lawyer Orly Taitz a "nut", he and Taitz organized a protest outside Fox News headquarters in New York City in November 2009, which drew an estimated 15 to 20 attendees.

References

External links

Website of ATLAH World Missionary Church

Category:1947 births Category:Living people Category:People from Red Springs, North Carolina Category:Baptist ministers from the United States Category:African American religious leaders Category:Christianity conspiracy theorists Category:American evangelists Category:American Internet personalities Category:Kahanists Category:American burglars Category:Politics and race in the United States

Coordinates	20°34′00″N103°40′35″N
Name	Sir David Manning
Honorific-suffix	GCMG CVO
Office	British Ambassador to the United States
Term start	2003
Term end	2007
Predecessor	Christopher Meyer
Successor	Nigel Sheinwald
Office2	British Ambassador to Israel
Term start2	1995
Term end2	1998
Predecessor2	Robert Andrew Burns
Successor2	Francis Cornish
Birth date
Alma mater	Oriel College, OxfordPaul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies }}

Sir David Geoffrey Manning, GCMG, CVO (born 5 December 1949) was the British Ambassador to the United States from 2003 to 2007. He authored the so-called "Manning Memo" summarising the details of a January 2003 meeting between American president George W. Bush and British prime minister Tony Blair during the run-up to the invasion of Iraq. He has since been appointed to the Household of TRH The Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry of Wales.

Life and career

Manning was educated at Ardingly College and went on to study at Oriel College, Oxford, and at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins University. He began his career as a civil servant in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1972. He has served in embassies in Poland, India, Paris, and Moscow, and within the FCO he has worked on the Central American desk, the Russian desk and held several senior positions. He has represented the UK in Brussels and also at the International Conference on the former Yugoslavia in 1994.

Between 1995 and 1998, he was British ambassador to Israel; from 2001, he was a foreign policy adviser to British Prime Minister Tony Blair. During this time he developed a close relationship with his counterpart, then US National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice. Blair selected him to replace Christopher Meyer as the British Ambassador to the United States. Manning took up the post in 2003. Ambassador Manning visited numerous states, as well as the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico, during his term as Ambassador to the United States and was instrumental in planning Queen Elizabeth's most recent visit.

2003 Iraq War

In the weeks before the United States-led invasion of Iraq, as the United States and Britain pressed for a second United Nations resolution condemning Iraq, President Bush met with Tony Blair During a private two-hour meeting in the Oval Office on Jan. 31, 2003, and made clear to Prime Minister Tony Blair of Britain that he was determined to invade Iraq without the second resolution, or even if international arms inspectors failed to find unconventional weapons, stated a confidential memo about the meeting written by Manning and reviewed by The New York Times.

At their meeting, Mr. Bush and Mr. Blair candidly expressed their doubts that chemical, biological or nuclear weapons would be found in Iraq in the coming weeks, the memo said. The president spoke as if an invasion was unavoidable. The two leaders discussed a timetable for the war, details of the military campaign and plans for the aftermath of the war. The memo also says the president raised three possible ways of provoking a confrontation, including the most controversial:

"The U.S. was thinking of flying U2 reconnaissance aircraft with fighter cover over Iraq, painted in U.N. colours," the memo says, attributing the idea to Mr. Bush. "If Saddam fired on them, he would be in breach."

His close relationship with the Prime Minister suggests he has been a key figure in driving British foreign policy in respect of the United States, particularly in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks and the decision to invade Iraq.

On November 30, 2009, Manning gave evidence to The Iraq Inquiry.

Later life

He was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the 2008 New Year Honours. Sir David retired from HM Diplomatic Service in January 2008. Six months later, he joined BG Group (formerly British Gas plc) on a part-time basis at a reported annual salary of £80,000. In 2008 he became a non-executive director of Lockheed Martin, the multinational arms manufacturer that made millions supplying military hardware for the war, and joined the advisory board of Hakluyt & Company, an intelligence company partly staffed by former MI6 officers.

At the beginning of 2009, Sir David was appointed by The Queen to a "part-time, advisory role" in the newly-formed Household of HRH Prince William of Wales and HRH Prince Harry of Wales, since renamed after the marriage of Prince William to Catherine Middleton, the now Duchess of Cambridge now known as the Household of TRH The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and HRH Prince Henry of Wales.

Posts held

1972: Entered Foreign and Commonwealth Office

1972 - 1974: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Mexico/Central America Department)

1974 - 1977: Warsaw, Poland (3rd later 2nd Secretary)

1977 - 1980: New Delhi, India (2nd later 1st Secretary)

1980 - 1982: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Soviet Department)

1982 - 1984: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Deputy Head of Policy Planning Department)

1984 - 1988: Paris, France (1st Secretary)

1988 - 1990: Counsellor on loan to Cabinet Office

1990 - 1993: Moscow, Russia (Counsellor, Head of Chancery)

1993 - 1994: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Head of Eastern Department)

1994: UK member of Contact Group on Bosnia (International Conference on Former Yugoslavia)

1994 - 1995: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Head of Policy Planning Staff)

1995 - 1998: Tel Aviv, Israel (Ambassador)

1998 - 2000: Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Deputy Under-Secretary)

2001: UK Delegation NATO Brussels (Ambassador)

2001 - 2003: Foreign Policy Adviser to the Prime Minister

2003 - 2007: Washington, USA (Ambassador)

References

Category:1949 births Category:English Jews Category:Old Ardinians Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni Category:British ambassadors to the United States Category:Heads of Missions of the United Kingdom Category:Living people Category:Fellows of Oriel College, Oxford Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Category:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order Category:Ambassadors to Israel Category:Ambassadors to the United States Category:Witnesses of the Iraq Inquiry

nl:David Manning (ambassadeur) ru:Мэннинг, Дэвид

Coordinates	20°34′00″N103°40′35″N
name	Ted Hayes
birth name	Theodore Hayes, Jr.
birth date	March 09, 1951
birth place	Columbus, Georgia
residence	Dome Village, Los Angeles
occupation	Homeless and anti-illegal immigration activist
party	Republican
children	Joanna D. Hayes }}

Theodore "Ted" Hayes, Jr. is an American advocate for the homeless and an activist.

Hayes' activism began in January 1985, when Justiceville, a community of homeless people in Los Angeles, was founded. It survived for five months, until authorities moved to shut down the shantytown. When they did, Hayes entered 35-day fast in protest. In 1987, with producer Tom Bolema and the Butchers, he recorded "Ted's Rap: Justiceville" about the bulldozing of the encampment.

In 1993 he founded Dome Village, a Los Angeles homeless facility consisting of geodesic domes designed by architect Craig Chamberlain and funded by ARCO. During the same year, he ran for mayor of Los Angeles during the primary election, receiving 0.63% of the vote. In the mid-1990s, he organized a youth- and homeless cricket team that toured Ireland and England and inspired an opera. He has served as president of the Los Angeles Social Cricket Alliance.

At the 2000 Democratic National Convention, Hayes, who was leading a contingent of homelessness activists, was shot with a rubber bullet by police.

In 2001 he ran unsuccessfully for the Los Angeles City Council seat of the 9th district, receiving 5.3% of the vote. After the September 11 terrorist attacks, he was criticized by Muslim leaders for his role in persuading the Los Angeles City Council to pass a resolution demanding that Muslims take a stronger stance against global terrorism. Recently, he has become a vocal critic of illegal immigration to the United States, joining the Minutemen Project at protests and staging his own. There was an altercation at an anti-illegal immigration rally at Leimert Park organized by Hayes.

He has founded several organizations, including the Black Elephants, a group of Black Republicans, and the Crispus Attucks Brigade, an African-American anti-illegal immigration group. The Crispus Attucks Brigade, is named for an African American man who was the first victim of the Boston Massacre. He is also the co-founder of the non-profit organization United American Committee, which educates Americans on the dangers of Islamism.

Hayes is a supporter of President George W. Bush's foreign policy. He is also critical of critics of Black Republicans, who he says are "vigorously vilified by Democrats".

The self-proclaimed Western or American "Gandhi", Hayes is known for being a colorful character, often sporting long flowing coats and wearing American flags as part of his dress, and a yarmulke. He is also known for being an advanced inline skater, rollerblading through skid row and Venice Beach. In 2008, Hayes became the Republican Congressional nominee against incumbent Maxine Waters in California's 35th congressional district. He lost that election, with 13% compared to 84% for Maxine Waters. However, he got more than ten times the votes per dollar of campaign expenditure as Waters did.

Featured in several award winning documentaries about homelessness and Cricket, Hayes has also occasionally appeared in Hollywood productions, including a role as himself in the 2000 film ''Pharaoh's Streets'' , as well as a homeless person on the sitcom 227.

His daughter Joanna Hayes is an Olympic gold medalist, and his son Theo is the co-coach of the cricket team.

See also

Mitch Snyder

References

External links

Dome Village

Category:1951 births Category:African American politicians Category:American activists Category:California Republicans Category:Cricket coaches Category:Living people Category:People from Los Angeles, California Category:American anti–illegal immigration activists Category:20th-century African-American activists Category:21st-century African-American activists Category:Homelessness activists