- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2011 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Rca Records
Loading suggestions ...
-
Baiyue
http://wn.com/Baiyue -
Ban Gu
Ban Gu (, 32–92), courtesy name Mengjian (孟堅), was a 1st century Chinese historian and poet best known for his part in compiling the Book of Han. He also wrote the main poetic genre of the Han era, a kind of poetry interspersed with prose called fu. Some are anthologized by Xiao Tong in his Selections of Refined Literature in the 6th century.
http://wn.com/Ban_Gu -
Beijing
| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Beijing -
Burton Watson
Burton Watson (born 1925) is an accomplished translator of Chinese and Japanese literature and poetry. He has received awards including the Gold Medal Award of the Translation Center at Columbia University in 1979, the PEN Translation Prize in 1981 for his translation with Hiroaki Sato of From the Country of Eight Islands: An Anthology of Japanese Poetry, and again in 1995 for ''Selected Poems of Su Tung-p'o''.
http://wn.com/Burton_Watson -
Cao Shen
Cao Shen (; died 190 BC), style name Jingbo (敬伯), was the second chancellor (相國) of the Han Dynasty. Cao participated in the Chu–Han contention on Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu of Han)'s side and contributed greatly to the founding of the Han Dynasty.
http://wn.com/Cao_Shen -
Chao Cuo
Chao Cuo (, d. 154 BC) was a Chinese political advisor and official of the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), renowned for his intellectual capabilities and foresight in martial and political matters. Although not against the philosophy of Confucius (551–479 BC), he was described by later Eastern Han scholars as a Legalist. He was an early advocate of revoking the heqin treaty with the Xiongnu nomads of the north. He compared the relative strengths and weaknesses of both Han Chinese and Xiongnu military tactics. In a written work of 169 BC, he advocated a systematic policy to populate and defend frontier zones. He proposed that civilian migrants supported by the government could simultaneously train as militia units while developing and cultivating remote regions which were under frequent attack by nomadic forces. He fell victim to execution when political rivalries at the imperial court convinced Emperor Jing that Chao's death would curtail or at least mitigate the Rebellion of the Seven States.
http://wn.com/Chao_Cuo -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Chunyu Kun
Chunyu Kun () (4th century B.C.) was a wit, Confucian philosopher, emissary, and official of the Chinese Warring States Period. He was a contemporary and colleague of Mencius.
http://wn.com/Chunyu_Kun -
Confucius
Confucius (, or ), literally "Master Kong", (traditionally September 28, 551 BC – 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period.
http://wn.com/Confucius -
Dayuan
The Dayuan or Ta-Yuan (, lit. “Great Yuan”) were a people of Ferghana in Central Asia, described in the Chinese historical works of Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han. It is mentioned in the accounts of the famous Chinese explorer Zhang Qian in 130 BCE and the numerous embassies that followed him into Central Asia. The country of Dayuan is generally accepted as relating to the Ferghana Valley.
http://wn.com/Dayuan -
Emperor Gaozu of Han
Emperor Gāo (256 BC or 247 BC – 1 June 195 BC), commonly known within China by his temple name, Gāozǔ (, Wade-Giles: Kao Tsu), personal name Liú Bāng (Wade-Giles: Liu Pang), was the first emperor of the Han Dynasty, ruling over China from 202 BC to 195 BC. Liu was one of the few dynasty founders in Chinese history who emerged from the peasant class (another major example being Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty). In the early stage of his rise to prominence, Liu was addressed as "Duke of Pei", with the "Pei" referring to his hometown of Pei County. He was also granted the title of "King of Han" by Xiang Yu, when the latter split the former Qin empire into the Eighteen Kingdoms. Liu was known by this title before becoming Emperor of China.
http://wn.com/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han -
Emperor Hui of Han
Emperor Hui of Han (210 BC–188 BC) was the second emperor of the Han Dynasty in China. He was the second son of the first Han emperor, Han Gaozu and Empress Dowager Lü. He is generally remembered as a weak character dominated by his mother, Empress Dowager Lü, who was personally kind and generous but unable to escape the impact of her viciousness. He tried to protect Ruyi, Prince Yin of Zhao, his younger half-brother, from being murdered by Empress Dowager Lü, but failed. After that he indulged himself in drinking and women and died at a relatively young age. Empress Dowager Lü installed two of his sons, Liu Gong and Liu Hong (known collectively as Emperors Shao of Han), the sons of Emperor's concubine(s) after he died without a designated heir. Emperor Hui's wife was Empress Zhang Yan, a niece of his by his sister Princess Luyuan; their marriage was the result of insistence by Empress Dowager Lü and was a childless one.
http://wn.com/Emperor_Hui_of_Han -
Emperor Jing of Han
Emperor Jing of Han (188 BC–141 BC) was an emperor of China in the Han Dynasty from 156 BC to 141 BC. His reign saw the limit and curtailment of power of feudal princes which resulted in the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC. Emperor Jing managed to crush the revolt and princes were thereafter denied rights to appoint ministers for their fief. This move consolidated central power which paved the way for the glorious and long reign of his son Emperor Wu of Han.
http://wn.com/Emperor_Jing_of_Han -
Emperor Wen of Han
Emperor Wen of Han (202 BC–157 BC) was an emperor of the Han Dynasty in China. His given name is Heng.
http://wn.com/Emperor_Wen_of_Han -
Emperor Wu of Han
Emperor Wu of Han (), (156 BC–29 March, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che (劉徹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty of China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized. He is cited in Chinese history as the greatest emperor of the Han dynasty and one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history. Emperor Wu's effective governance made the Han Dynasty one of the, if not the most powerful, nations in the world.
http://wn.com/Emperor_Wu_of_Han -
Emperor Xuan of Han
Emperor Xuan of Han (91 BC–49 BC) was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty from 74 BC to 49 BC. His life story was a riches-to-rags-to-riches story.
http://wn.com/Emperor_Xuan_of_Han -
Emperor Yi of Chu
Emperor Yi of Chu (), also known as King Huai II of Chu (楚懷王), personal name Xiong Xin (熊心) (died 206 BC) was the ruler of the Chu state during the late Qin Dynasty. Chu was annexed by the Qin state in 223 BC as part of Qin's wars of unification, but in 209 BC, it was revived when rebellions erupted throughout China to overthrow the Qin Dynasty and restore the former states annexed by Qin. Mi Xin was a grandson of King Huai I of Chu, and was living as a commoner then. Mi was discovered by a rebel leader, Xiang Liang, who officially recognized him as the heir to the throne of Chu, and Mi became King Huai II of Chu with Xiang's support. However, Mi was actually a puppet ruler as the military power of Chu was actually in the hands of Xiang's clan and he was merely used as a figurehead to rally men to join Xiang Liang's rebel force. After Xiang's death, his nephew Xiang Yu overthrew the Qin Dynasty and proclaimed himself "Hegemon King of Western Chu", while Mi was promoted to the more honorific title of "Emperor Yi of Chu". He was relocated by Xiang to Chencheng (in present-day Chenzhou, Hunan) and was assassinated during his journey on Xiang's order.
http://wn.com/Emperor_Yi_of_Chu -
Emperor Zhao of Han
Emperor Zhao of Han (94 BC–74 BC) was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty from 87 BC to 74 BC.
http://wn.com/Emperor_Zhao_of_Han -
Empress Lü Zhi
Empress Lü Zhi (呂雉) (died 180 BC), commonly known as Empress Dowager Lü (呂太后, pinyin: Lǚ Tàihòu) or formally as Empress Gao (高皇后, pinyin: Gaō Huánghoù), was the wife of emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty. They had two known children—the eventual Emperor Hui and Princess Luyuan (魯元公主). After her husband's death, she carried on a lengthy affair with one of his officials, Shen Yiji (審食其), the Marquess of Piyang, which lasted until her death.
http://wn.com/Empress_Lü_Zhi -
Fan Kuai
Fan Kuai (; 242 BC – 189 BC) was a military general in the early Han Dynasty and a prominent figure in the Chu–Han contention period of Chinese history.
http://wn.com/Fan_Kuai -
Gansu
() is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It lies between Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, and the Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia to the north and Xinjiang to the west. The Yellow River passes the southern part of the province.
http://wn.com/Gansu -
Guan Zhong
Guǎn Zhòng () (c. 720-645 BC) was a politician and statesman during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history. His given name was Yíwú (夷吾). Zhong was his courtesy name. Recommended by Bao Shuya, he was appointed Prime Minister by Duke Huan of Qi in 685 BC.
http://wn.com/Guan_Zhong -
Han Xin
Han Xin (; died 196 BC), was a military general who served Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu of Han) during the Chu–Han contention period and contributed greatly to the founding of the Han Dynasty. Han was named as one of the "Three Heroes of the early Han Dynasty" (漢初三傑), along with Zhang Liang and Xiao He.
http://wn.com/Han_Xin -
Han Xin of Han
:Note: In this article, to differentiate between the Han state of the Warring States Period and the Han Dynasty, "Hàn" will be used when referring to the latter while "Han" will be reserved for the former.
http://wn.com/Han_Xin_of_Han -
Hebei
(; Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "" (pinyin: jì), named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north of the (Yellow) River".
http://wn.com/Hebei -
Jia Yi
Jia Yi (賈誼, pinyin: Jiǎ Yì; Chia I, Wade-Giles; 201 BCE-169 BCE) was a Chinese poet and statesman of the Han Dynasty.
http://wn.com/Jia_Yi -
Jiajing Emperor
The Jiajing (or Chia-ching) Emperor (嘉靖 ; 16 September 1507–23 January 1567) was Emperor of China from 1521 to 1567, the 11th emperor of the Ming dynasty. Born Zhu Houcong, he was the Zhengde Emperor's cousin. His era name means "Admirable tranquility".
http://wn.com/Jiajing_Emperor -
Jing Ke
Jing Ke (, ) was a guest residing in the estates of Dan, crown prince of Yan and renowned for his failed assassination of Ying Zheng, King of Qin, who later became China's first emperor (reign from 221 BC to 210 BC). His story is told in the chapter entitled Biographies of the Assassins (刺客列傳) in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, or Shiji.
http://wn.com/Jing_Ke -
John Man (author)
John Anthony Garnet Man (born 15 May 1941) is a British historian and travel writer. His special interests are China, Mongolia and the history of written communication. He takes particular pleasure in combining historical narrative with personal experience.
http://wn.com/John_Man_(author) -
Joseph Needham
Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham, CH, FRS, FBA (9 December 1900 – 24 March 1995), also known as Li Yuese (), was a British academic and sinologist known for his research and writing on the history of Chinese science. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1941, and as a fellow of the British Academy in 1971. In 1992, the Queen conferred on him the Companionship of Honour and the Royal Society noted he was the only living person to hold these three titles.
http://wn.com/Joseph_Needham -
King Li of Zhou
King Li of Zhou (d. 828 BC) (Simplified Chinese: 周厉王; Traditional Chinese: 周厲王; pinyin:Zhōu Lìwáng) was the tenth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty. Estimated dates of his reign are 877-841 BC or 857-842 BC (Cambridge History of Ancient China).
http://wn.com/King_Li_of_Zhou -
King You of Zhou
King You of Zhou (795 - 771 BCE) () was the twelfth sovereign of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty and the last of Western Zhou Dynasty. He reigned from 781 BC to 771 BC.
http://wn.com/King_You_of_Zhou -
Laozi
Laozi (; also Lao Tse, Lao Tu, Lao-Tzu, Lao-Tsu, Laotze, Lao Zi, Laocius, and other variations) was a mystic philosopher of ancient China, and best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching. His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (also spelled "Daoism"). He is also revered as a deity in most religious forms of the Taoist religion, which often refers to Laozi as Taishang Laojun, or "One of the Three Pure Ones". Laozi literally means "old master", and is generally considered honorific.
http://wn.com/Laozi -
Li Guang
Lĭ Guăng (, d. 119 BC), born in Tianshui, Gansu, was a famous general of the Han Dynasty. Nicknamed The Flying General by his Xiongnu enemies (Chinese:飛將軍李廣), he fought primarily in the campaigns against the Xiongnu peoples to the north of Han China. He was known to the Xiongnu as a tough opponent when it came to fortress defense, and his presence was sometimes discouraging enough for Xiongnu to abort the siege. Li Guang committed suicide shortly after the Battle of Mobei in 119 BC. He was blamed for failing to arrive at the battlefield in time (after getting lost in the desert), creating a gap in the encirclement and allowing Yizhixie Chanyu to escape after a confrontation between Wei Qing and the Chanyu's main force, whom the Han army narrowly managed to defeat. Refusing to accept the humiliation of a court martial, Li Guang took his own life.
http://wn.com/Li_Guang -
Li Si
Li Si () (ca. 280 BC – September or October 208 BC) was the influential Prime Minister (or Chancellor) of the feudal state and later of the dynasty of Qin, between 246 BC and 208 BC. A famous Legalist, he was also a notable calligrapher. Li Si served under two rulers: Qin Shi Huang, king of Qin and later First Emperor of China—and his son, Qin Er Shi. A powerful minister, he was central to the state's policies, including those on military conquest, draconian centralization of state control, standardization of weights, measures and the written script, and persecution of Confucianism and opponents of Legalism. His methods of administration of China is seen by some as being an early form of totalitarianism.
http://wn.com/Li_Si -
Lin Xiangru
Lin Xiangru (Lìn XiāngRú, 蔺相如) was a politician of the Warring States Period, who served the state of Zhao. He figures prominently in two stories of the period, namely the episode of "Returning the Jade to Zhao", as well as the story of "Carrying Thorned Grass and Pleading Guilt".
http://wn.com/Lin_Xiangru -
Liu Fei
:''This article is about the Han Dynasty prince.
http://wn.com/Liu_Fei -
Liu Pi (prince)
http://wn.com/Liu_Pi_(prince) -
Lord Mengchang of Qi
Lord Mengchang () was an aristocrat of the State of Qi during the Warring States Period of China. He was born as Tian Wen, son of Tian Ying and grandson of King Wei of Qi. He succeeded to his father's fief in Xue. Lord Mengchang is well known for the size of his entourage. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, he had up to three thousand people in his retinue. Lord Mengchang eventually become the Chancellor of Qi and of Wei. He was also one of the Four Lords of the Warring States.
http://wn.com/Lord_Mengchang_of_Qi -
Lu Wan
Lu Wan (; 256 BC - 194 BC) was a military general serving under Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu of Han).
http://wn.com/Lu_Wan -
Mencius
:For the book with the same name, see Mencius (book).
http://wn.com/Mencius -
Meng Tian
Meng Tian (蒙恬) ( ?-210 BCE) was a general of the Qin Dynasty who distinguished himself in campaigns against the Xiongnu and in the construction of the Great Wall of China. He was the elder brother of Meng Yi. He descended from a great line of military generals and architects. His father Meng Wu was also a Qin general who fought under Wang Jian.
http://wn.com/Meng_Tian -
Mozi
Mozi (, Lat. as Micius, ca. 470 BCE–ca. 391 BCE), original name Mo Di (墨翟), was a Chinese philosopher during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (early Warring States Period). Born in Tengzhou, Shandong Province, China, he founded the school of Mohism and argued strongly against Confucianism and Daoism. During the Warring States Period, Mohism was actively developed and practiced in many states, but fell out of favour when the legalist Qin Dynasty came to power. During that period many Mohist classics were ruined when Qin Shihuang carried out the burning of books and burying of scholars. The importance of Mohism further declined when Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han Dynasty, disappearing by the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. The Thousand Character Classic records Mozi's story that he felt sad when he saw white silk was dyed, which embodied his thought of austerity (simplicity, chastity).
http://wn.com/Mozi -
Nanjing
(Chinese: 南京; Romanizations: Nánjīng (Pinyin), Nan-ching (Wade-Giles), Nanking (Postal map spelling); ) is the capital of Jiangsu Province, China, and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. The spellings 'Nanjing' and 'Nanking' both correspond to the Chinese name '南京' which means "southern capital". 'Nanking' was widely used until the Pinyin language reform; then 'Nanjing' became the international standard spelling of the city's name.
http://wn.com/Nanjing -
Peng Yue
Peng Yue (; died 196 BC), style name Zhong (仲), was a prominent military leader and political figure in the late Qin Dynasty and early Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. He was involved in the Chu–Han contention and served Liu Bang as an ally. In recognition of his contributions, Liu granted Peng the title of "King of Liang" (梁王) after the founding of the Han Dynasty.
http://wn.com/Peng_Yue -
Qin Shi Huang
Qin Shi Huangdi (秦始皇) (259 BC – 210 BC), personal name Ying Zheng (嬴政), was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC. He ruled until his death in 210 BC at the age of 49.
http://wn.com/Qin_Shi_Huang -
Shang Yang
Shang Yang (, 390 BC-338 BC) was an important statesman of the State of Qin during the Warring States Period of Chinese history. Born Wei Yang () in the State of Wei, with the support of Duke Xiao of Qin Yang enacted numerous reforms in Qin. These were in accordance with his legalist philosophy as recorded in The Book of Lord Shang and assisted Qin in its change from a peripheral state to that of a militarily powerful and strongly centralized kingdom. He changed the administration of the state through an emphasis on meritocracy and devolvement of power from the nobility.
http://wn.com/Shang_Yang -
Sima Qian
| align=right style="border:1px solid; background-color:#ccffcc;"
http://wn.com/Sima_Qian -
Sima Rangju
http://wn.com/Sima_Rangju -
Sima Zhen
Sima Zhen (, fl. 8th century), courtesy name Zizheng (子正), was a Chinese historian born in what is now Jiaozuo, Henan during the Tang Dynasty.
http://wn.com/Sima_Zhen -
Su Qin
Su Qin (380-284 BCE), was an influential political strategist during the Warring States Period of Chinese history (476-220 BCE). He was born in Chengxuan Village, Luoyang in present day Henan Province. According to legend Su Qin was a disciple of Gui Guzi, the founder of the School of Diplomacy. One theory of this school, Vertical Alliance, promoted an alliance of the other Chinese states against the state of Qin. The opposing theory, "Horizontal Alliance" () supported an alliance with the State of Qin.After finishing his studies with Gui Guzi, Su Qin travelled for several years and on his return lamented that "My wife doesn't recognize me as her husband, my sister-in-law doesn't recognize me as her brother-in-law, and my parents don't recognize me as their son!". All these misfortunes he blamed on the state of Qin and he thereafter shut himself in his room to study. Often sleepy from long hours of study, if Su Qin felt himself falling asleep he would stab himself in the thigh with a sharp instrument. This practice gave rise to part of a Chinese idiom or "chengyu" which means "to study assiduously and tirelessly". At his most brilliant Su Qin persuaded the leaders of the six kingdoms of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei to unite against the Qin state through the use of his splendid rhetoric and thereafter wore robes decorated with the insignia of the six states. The allies of the Vertical Alliance advanced on the State of Qin but were easily defeated due to internal discord between the former enemies.
http://wn.com/Su_Qin -
Sun Tzu
Sun Wu (), style name Changqing (長卿), better known as Sun Tzu or Sunzi (; pronounced ), was an ancient Chinese military general, strategist and philosopher who is traditionally believed and most likely to have authored The Art of War, an influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy. Sun Tzu has had a significant impact on Chinese and Asian history and culture, both as an author of The Art of War and through legend. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Sun Tzu's The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society, and his work has continued to influence both Asian and Western culture and politics.
http://wn.com/Sun_Tzu -
Sunshu Ao
Sunshu Ao (孫叔敖, ca. 630 BC † ca. 593 BC) was an ancient Chinese court minister serving the administration of Duke Zhuang of Chu during the reign of King Ding of Zhou (606 BC-586 BC), during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. During his governmental career, Sunshu Ao was given notice by Duke Zhuang, who had him promoted to the rank of Prime Minister in the State of Chu. Sunshu Ao was entrusted with many endeavors of the state, and because of a large dam, reservoir, and irrigation project he had established, he is also credited as the first known hydraulic engineer of China.
http://wn.com/Sunshu_Ao -
Tongzhi Emperor
:This article refers to the Chinese Emperor Tongzhi, for the meaning of the identical Chinese term, see Tongzhi
http://wn.com/Tongzhi_Emperor -
Wang Jian (Qin)
Wang Jian (;) (year of birth and death unknown), a military leader of Qin (state) in the Warring States Period. He was born in Guanzhong county, city of Pinyang, Dongxiang village (now as the northeast of Fuping in Shǎnxī Province).
http://wn.com/Wang_Jian_(Qin) -
Wanli Emperor
The Wanli Emperor () (4 September 1563 – 18 August 1620) was emperor of China (Ming dynasty) between 1572 and 1620. His era name means "Ten thousand calendars". Born Zhu Yijun, he was the Longqing Emperor's son. His rule of forty eight years was the longest in the Ming dynasty and it witnessed the steady decline of the dynasty. Wanli also saw the arrival of the first Jesuit missionary in Beijing, Matteo Ricci.
http://wn.com/Wanli_Emperor -
Wei Qing
Wèi Qīng (, d. 106 BC), born in Linfen, Shanxi, was a general during Han Dynasty of China, whose campaigns against Xiongnu (匈奴) earned him great acclaim. He was the younger half-brother of Empress Wei Zifu (衛子夫) and the uncle of Huo Qubing (霍去病), as well as the Emperor Wu (漢武帝)'s late brother-in-law.
http://wn.com/Wei_Qing -
Wu Qi
Wu Qi (, 440-381 BC) was a Chinese military leader and politician in the Warring States period.
http://wn.com/Wu_Qi -
Wu Taibo
Wu Taibo is the name of eldest son of King Tai of Zhou dynasty and the ancestor of King Wu of Zhou. His born and death dates are still unknown due to lack of historical record.
http://wn.com/Wu_Taibo -
Wu Zixu
| cellpadding=3px cellspacing=0px bgcolor=#f7f8ff style="float:right; border:1px solid #ccd2d9; margin:5px"
http://wn.com/Wu_Zixu -
Xiahou Ying
Xiahou Ying (; died 172 BC) was a Minister Coachman (Taipu 太僕) who served during the early Han Dynasty. He also participated in the Chu–Han contention on Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu of Han)'s side and contributed to the founding of the Han Dynasty.
http://wn.com/Xiahou_Ying -
Xiang Yu
Xiang Ji (; 232 BC – 202 BC), better known by his style name Xiang Yu (), was a prominent military leader and political figure from the late Qin Dynasty period of Chinese history.
http://wn.com/Xiang_Yu -
Xiao He
Xiao He (; died 193 BC) was a Chinese statesman during the early Han Dynasty. Xiao served Liu Bang (later Emperor Gaozu of Han) during the insurrection against the Qin Dynasty, and fought on Liu's side in the Chu–Han contention against Xiang Yu. After the founding of the Han Dynasty, Xiao became chancellor and held office until his death. For his contributions, he is also known as one of the "Three Heroes of the early Han Dynasty" (漢初三傑), along with Han Xin and Zhang Liang.
http://wn.com/Xiao_He -
Xiongnu
The Xiongnu (, Middle Chinese: Guangyun: xĭwoŋ˥˩-nu˩, Mongolian: Hunnu (Хүннү)) were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin. The bulk of information on the Xiongnu comes from Chinese sources. What little is known of their titles and names comes from Chinese transliterations from their language.
http://wn.com/Xiongnu -
Yan Shigu
Yan Shigu () (581–645), formal name Yan Zhou (), but went by the courtesy name of Shigu, was a famous Chinese author and linguist of the Tang Dynasty.
http://wn.com/Yan_Shigu -
Yan Ying
http://wn.com/Yan_Ying -
Yellow Emperor
Huang Di or the Yellow Emperor, is a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero presented in Chinese mythology. He is said to be the ancestor of all Huaxia Chinese. According to many sources he was one of the legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors. Tradition holds that he reigned from 2697–2597 BCE or 2696–2598 BCE. He is regarded as the founder of Chinese civilization.
http://wn.com/Yellow_Emperor -
Yue Yi
Yue Yi (Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: ) was an officer of the State of Yan during the Warring State period, also known as Lord Guojun. He was the son of the prime minister of the small nation of Zhongshan, but when Zhongshan was destroyed by Zhao's King Wuling, he was forced to wander from country to country. His talents were recognized by Yan's King Zhao, and he was made a minister. He served with great skill and helped forge the alliance with the nations of Zhao, Wei, Chu, Han and Qin against the threat posed by Qi. He led the allied armies and crushed the Qi forces. The cruel King of Qi was driven away, and, except for two cities, the entire territory of Qi was brought under control. Soon thereafter, King Zhao suddenly died. Due to the scheming of Tian Dan of Qi, King Hui was suspected of involvement in the death and was exiled to Zhao. He left the service of King Zhao on amicable terms but continued to spend time there, and became an important figure in both Zhao and Yan.
http://wn.com/Yue_Yi -
Zhao Tuo
Zhao Tuo (; Cantonese: Zīu6 Tō4), was a Chinese commanding general of the Qin Dynasty who later founded the kingdom of Nanyue (; Cantonese: Nām4yūd6). The period of rule under Zhao Tuo is also known to some Vietnamese as the Triệu Dynasty(赵朝).
http://wn.com/Zhao_Tuo -
Zhuan Zhu
Zhuan Zhu (專諸; died in 515 BC) was an assassin in the Spring and Autumn Period. As Prince Guang (later King Helü of Wu) wanted to kill King Liao of Wu and take the throne himself, Zhuan Zhu was recommended to Prince Guang by Wu Zixu. In 515 BC he managed to kill King Liao in a party with a dagger hidden in a fish. He was killed after he had completed his mission.
http://wn.com/Zhuan_Zhu
-
Anyang
Anyang (; Postal map spelling: Anyang; ) is a prefecture-level city in Henan province, People's Republic of China. The northernmost city in Henan, Anyang borders Puyang to the east, Hebi and Xinxiang to the south, and the provinces of Shanxi and Hebei to its west and north respectively.
http://wn.com/Anyang -
Beijing
{| style="float:right;"
http://wn.com/Beijing -
Changsha
Changsha () is the capital city of Hunan, a province of south-central China, located on the lower reaches of Xiang river, a branch of the Yangtze River. Its municipality covers an area of 11,819 sq. kilometers and has a population of 6,017,600 (2003 intercensal estimate), the urbanized area has around 2.7 million people.
http://wn.com/Changsha -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Gansu
() is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It lies between Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, and the Huangtu plateaus, and borders Mongolia to the north and Xinjiang to the west. The Yellow River passes the southern part of the province.
http://wn.com/Gansu -
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (; ; 206 BCE – 220 CE) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–265 CE). It was founded by the peasant rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people".
http://wn.com/Han_Dynasty -
Hebei
(; Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a province of the People's Republic of China in the North China region. Its one-character abbreviation is "" (pinyin: jì), named after Ji Province, a Han Dynasty province (zhou) that included what is now southern Hebei. The name Hebei means "north of the (Yellow) River".
http://wn.com/Hebei -
Huai River
The Huai River ({{zh|c=|p=) is a major river in China. The Huai River is located about mid-way between the Yellow River and Yangtze River, the two largest rivers in China, and like them runs from west to east. However, the Huai River does not flow all the way to the sea, making it notoriously vulnerable to flooding.
http://wn.com/Huai_River -
Korea
Korea ( Hanguk or Joseon – South and North Korea, respectively (cf. etymology)) is a territory of East Asia that was formerly unified under one state, but now divided into two separate states and a region in northeastern Asia. Located on the Korean Peninsula, it is bordered by China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
http://wn.com/Korea -
Liu Song Dynasty
The Liu Song Dynasty (; Wade-Giles: Liu Sung Ch'ao), also known as Song Dynasty (宋朝), Former Song (前宋), or Southern Song (南宋) (420-479 CE), was first of the four Southern Dynasties in China, followed by the Southern Qi Dynasty.
http://wn.com/Liu_Song_Dynasty -
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty (; ), or Empire of the Great Ming (, also anachronistically ), was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Hans. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng who established the Shun Dynasty, which was soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty, regimes loyal to the Ming throne (collectively called the Southern Ming Dynasty) survived until 1662.
http://wn.com/Ming_Dynasty -
Nanjing
(Chinese: 南京; Romanizations: Nánjīng (Pinyin), Nan-ching (Wade-Giles), Nanking (Postal map spelling); ) is the capital of Jiangsu Province, China, and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture. The spellings 'Nanjing' and 'Nanking' both correspond to the Chinese name '南京' which means "southern capital". 'Nanking' was widely used until the Pinyin language reform; then 'Nanjing' became the international standard spelling of the city's name.
http://wn.com/Nanjing -
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty (; ; Manchu: , Von Möllendorff: Daicing Gurun), also known as the Manchu Dynasty, was the last ruling dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 (with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917). It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.
http://wn.com/Qing_Dynasty -
Yinxu
Yinxu ( ()) is the ruins of the last capital of China's Shang Dynasty (1766 BC - 1050 BC). The capital served 255 years for 12 kings in 8 generations.
http://wn.com/Yinxu
- 91 BC
- Anyang
- Bai Qi
- Baiyue
- Ban Biao
- Ban Gu
- Beijing
- Bian Que
- Book of Rites
- Burton Watson
- Cao Shen
- Changsha
- Chao Cuo
- chariot
- Chen She
- China
- Chronology
- Chu (state)
- Chunyu Kun
- Classic of History
- Confucian
- Confucius
- culture heroes
- Dayuan
- Dong Zhongshu
- Dongfang Shuo
- Emperor Gaozu of Han
- Emperor Hui of Han
- Emperor Jing of Han
- Emperor Wen of Han
- Emperor Wu of Han
- Emperor Xuan of Han
- Emperor Yi of Chu
- Emperor Zhao of Han
- Empress Lü Zhi
- English language
- Fan Kuai
- Gansu
- Gonghe (regency)
- Guan Zhong
- Guanzi (text)
- Guoyu (book)
- Guozijian
- Han (state)
- Han Dynasty
- Han Fei
- Han Xin
- Han Xin of Han
- Hanshu
- Hebei
- Huai River
- Huainan
- Huang Shanfu
- Hunan
- Ji Gu Ge
- Jia Yi
- Jiajing Emperor
- Jiang Ziya
- Jin (Chinese state)
- Jing Ke
- John Man (author)
- Joseph Needham
- King Goujian of Yue
- King Li of Zhou
- King You of Zhou
- Korea
- Lament for Ying
- Laozi
- Li Guang
- Li Sao
- Li Si
- Li Yiji
- Lian Po
- Lin Xiangru
- Liu Fei
- Liu Pi (prince)
- Liu Song Dynasty
- Lord Mengchang of Qi
- Lu Wan
- Lü Buwei
- Magnum opus
- Mao Jin
- Mencius
- Meng Tian
- Ming Dynasty
- Mozi
- Nanjing
- Nanyue
- Ning Cheng
- Northern Song
- oracle bones
- Pei Yin
- Peng Yue
- prologue
- Qi (Shandong)
- Qianlong
- Qin (state)
- Qin Shi Huang
- Qing Dynasty
- Qu Yuan
- Quanrong
- rare book
- Shan-fu
- Shang Dynasty
- Shang Yang
- Shen Buhai
- Shennong
- Shiji Jijie
- Shiji Suoyin
- Shiji Zhengyi
- Sima Qian
- Sima Rangju
- Sima Tan
- Sima Xiangru
- Sima Zhen
- simplified Chinese
- Songs of Chu
- Southern Song
- Su Qin
- Sun Tzu
- Sunshu Ao
- Takigawa Kametaro
- Tang Dynasty
- Tianwen
- Tongzhi Emperor
- traditional Chinese
- Wang Jian (Qin)
- Wanli Emperor
- Wei (state)
- Wei Qing
- Wu Qi
- Wu Rui
- Wu Taibo
- Wu Yingdian
- Wu Zixu
- Xia Dynasty
- Xiahou Ying
- Xiang Yu
- Xiao He
- Xiongnu
- Xunzi
- Yan (state)
- Yan Shigu
- Yan Ying
- Yandi
- Yangtze River
- Yellow Emperor
- Yinxu
- Yuan Ang
- Yue Yi
- Zhang Shoujie
- Zhang Tang
- Zhang Wenhu
- Zhao (state)
- Zhao Tuo
- Zhaohun
- Zheng (state)
- Zhou Dynasty
- Zhuan Zhu
- Zhuangzi
- Zhuolu
- Zi Chan
- 倪思
- 傅占衡
- 凌稚隆
- 劉知幾
- 史通
- 呂祖謙
- 困學紀聞
- 婁機
- 容齋隨筆
- 日知錄
- 柯維騏
- 楊慎
- 歸有光
- 洪邁
- 王應麟
- 王若虛
- 王觀國
- 程⼀枝
- 胡三省
- 茅坤
- 葉適
- 董份
- 蘇轍
- 金履祥
- 陳仁錫
- 陳子龍
- 顧炎武
- 馮班
- 黃震
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Ke$ha - Blow
Music video by Ke$ha performing Blow. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment Directed By Chris Marrs Piliero
http://wn.com/Keha__Blow
Avril Lavigne - Smile
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Published: 18 May 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: AvrilLavigneVEVO
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Smile. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne__Smile
Gavin DeGraw - Not Over You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Published: 25 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: GavinDeGrawVEVO
Music video by Gavin DeGraw performing Not Over You. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Gavin_DeGraw__Not_Over_You
Daughtry - Crawling Back To You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Published: 25 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: daughtryVEVO
Music video by Daughtry performing Crawling Back To You. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Daughtry__Crawling_Back_To_You
David Cook - The Last Goodbye
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:05
- Published: 19 May 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: DavidCookVEVO
Music video by David Cook performing The Last Goodbye. (C) 2011 19 Recordings Ltd. under exclusive license to RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/David_Cook__The_Last_Goodbye
Avril Lavigne - What The Hell
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 21 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: AvrilLavigneVEVO
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing What The Hell. (C) 2010 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne__What_The_Hell
Sammy Adams - Blow Up
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Published: 21 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: SammyAdamsVEVO
Music video by Sammy Adams performing Blow Up. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Sammy_Adams__Blow_Up
Avril Lavigne - Wish You Were Here
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Published: 08 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: AvrilLavigneVEVO
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Wish You Were Here. Director: Dave Meyers. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne__Wish_You_Were_Here
Kelly Clarkson - Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 13 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: kellyclarksonVEVO
Music video by Kelly Clarkson performing Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You). (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Kelly_Clarkson__Stronger_What_Doesn't_Kill_You
Kings Of Leon - Use Somebody
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Published: 03 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: kingsofleonVEVO
Music video by Kings Of Leon performing Use Somebody. (C) 2008 RCA Records, a unit of SONY MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT
http://wn.com/Kings_Of_Leon__Use_Somebody
Anthony Hamilton - Woo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 23 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: anthonyhamiltonVEVO
Music video by Anthony Hamilton performing Woo. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Anthony_Hamilton__Woo
Adam Lambert - Better Than I Know Myself (Audio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Published: 17 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: AdamLambertVEVO
Music video by Adam Lambert performing Better Than I Know Myself. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Adam_Lambert__Better_Than_I_Know_Myself_Audio
Kelly Clarkson - Sober (Live From the Troubadour 10/19/11)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Published: 23 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: kellyclarksonVEVO
Music video by Kelly Clarkson performing Sober (Live From the Troubadour 10/19/11). (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Kelly_Clarkson__Sober_Live_From_the_Troubadour_10/19/11
Mr. Know It All (Live From The Troubadour 10/19/11)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Published: 22 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: kellyclarksonVEVO
Music video by Kelly Clarkson performing Mr. Know It All (Live From The Troubadour 10/19/11). (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Mr_Know_It_All_Live_From_The_Troubadour_10/19/11
Hot Chelle Rae - Beautiful Freaks (Live In Toronto)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 30 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: HotChelleRaeVEVO
Music video by Hot Chelle Rae performing Beautiful Freaks. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Hot_Chelle_Rae__Beautiful_Freaks_Live_In_Toronto
David Cook - Fade Into Me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Published: 31 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: DavidCookVEVO
Music video by David Cook performing Fade Into Me. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/David_Cook__Fade_Into_Me
Daughtry - Renegade (Audio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Published: 22 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: daughtryVEVO
Music video by Daughtry performing Renegade. (C) 2011 19 Recordings Ltd. under exclusive license to RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Daughtry__Renegade_Audio
Monica - Until It's Gone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:15
- Published: 25 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: MonicaVEVO
Music video by Monica performing Until It's Gone. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Monica__Until_It's_Gone
Daughtry - Crawling Back To You (Audio)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 23 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: daughtryVEVO
Music video by Daughtry performing Crawling Back To You. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Daughtry__Crawling_Back_To_You_Audio
Kelly Clarkson - Mr. Know It All
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 23 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Dec 2011
- Author: kellyclarksonVEVO
Music video by Kelly Clarkson performing Mr. Know It All. (C) 2011 19 Recordings Limited under exclusive license to RCA Records
http://wn.com/Kelly_Clarkson__Mr_Know_It_All
Hot Chelle Rae - Tonight Tonight (Live In Toronto)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Published: 29 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: HotChelleRaeVEVO
Music video by Hot Chelle Rae performing Tonight Tonight. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Hot_Chelle_Rae__Tonight_Tonight_Live_In_Toronto
Daughtry - VEVO News Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Published: 22 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: daughtryVEVO
Music video by Daughtry performing VEVO Ask:Reply. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Daughtry__VEVO_News_Interview
Ke$ha - Your Love Is My Drug
Music video by Ke$ha performing Your Love Is My Drug. (C) 2010 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment
http://wn.com/Keha__Your_Love_Is_My_Drug
photo: WN / Aruna Gilbert
03 Jan 2012
Since parting ways with his label, RCA Records, Lee DeWyze has been carefully weighing all of his options before making a big decision concerning choosing a new label. DeWyze’s album ‘Live...
size: 5.8Kb
size: 5.8Kb
Most Popular
RELATED LINKS
- 109 BC
- 91 BC
- Anyang
- Bai Qi
- Baiyue
- Ban Biao
- Ban Gu
- Beijing
- Bian Que
- Book of Rites
- Burton Watson
- Cao Shen
- Changsha
- Chao Cuo
- chariot
- Chen She
- China
- Chronology
- Chu (state)
- Chunyu Kun
- Classic of History
- Confucian
- Confucius
- culture heroes
- Dayuan
- Dong Zhongshu
- Dongfang Shuo
- Emperor Gaozu of Han
- Emperor Hui of Han
- Emperor Jing of Han
- Emperor Wen of Han
- Emperor Wu of Han
- Emperor Xuan of Han
- Emperor Yi of Chu
- Emperor Zhao of Han
- Empress Lü Zhi
- English language
- Fan Kuai
- Gansu
- Gonghe (regency)
- Guan Zhong
- Guanzi (text)
- Guoyu (book)
- Guozijian
- Han (state)
- Han Dynasty
- Han Fei
- Han Xin
- Han Xin of Han
- Hanshu
- Hebei
- Huai River
- Huainan
- Huang Shanfu
- Hunan
- Ji Gu Ge
- Jia Yi
- Jiajing Emperor
- Jiang Ziya
- Jin (Chinese state)
IMDb
"I am now on Epic Records and finally working with La Reid again (he signed me when I was 15)...
size: 0.6Kb
size: 0.6Kb
RCA Folds Arista, Jive and J Records
07 Oct 2011
Rollingstone
RCA executives have announced that the company is shutting down Arista, Jive and J Records, and that all of the artists currently signed to those labels will be folded into the RCA Records roster. "The...
size: 1.3Kb
size: 1.3Kb
RCA shuts down Arista and Jive Records
07 Oct 2011
The Examiner
The new CEO of RCA Records Peter Edge and COO Tom Corson have decided to shut down Arista and Jive Records. All of the artists that belong to either Arista or Jive Records will be moved to the RCA label. Corson spoke out about their decision to shut down the two labels and here’s what he had...
size: 4.9Kb
size: 4.9Kb
RCA Records' Peter Edge and Tom Corson on Why the Label Downsized and its Place in Sony's Big Picture (Q&A;)
07 Oct 2011
The Hollywood Reporter
share Plus: did Kings of Leon break up? The execs set the record straight and explain why their company is continuing to invest in rock music. This interview first appeared in the Oct. 14 issue of The Hollywood Reporter. our editor recommendsRachel Maddow: How This Wonky-Tonk Woman Won TVLee DeWyze...
size: 9.3Kb
size: 9.3Kb
Digital Spy
Lee DeWyze has been dropped by RCA Records. The record label's CEO Peter Edge confirmed that the Season 9 American Idol winner is no longer working with the company, reveals The Hollywood Reporter. A rep for DeWyze has said that the singer is "in a good place right now", insisting that he is looking...
size: 5.1Kb
size: 5.1Kb
'American Idol' winner Lee DeWyze dropped by RCA Records after poor sales of debut album
06 Oct 2011
New York Daily News
Lee DeWyze may be an "American Idol," but the country isn't buying his records. RCA has opted to not resign the pop-rocker after his 2010 album, "Live It Up," only...
size: 1.1Kb
size: 1.1Kb
Lee DeWyze Dropped By RCA Records
06 Oct 2011
Billboard
He avoided elimination all through his "American Idol" run, but Season 9 winner has reached the end of the road at RCA Records. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter last week, newly appointed RCA Records CEO Peter Edge confirmed that the 25-year-old DeWyze is no longer on the label. Under...
size: 2.1Kb
size: 2.1Kb
IMDb
"American Idol" season 9 winner Lee DeWyze is looking for a new label. Following a recent...
size: 0.7Kb
size: 0.7Kb
The Records of the Grand Historian, also known in English by the Chinese name Shiji (), written from 109 BC to 91 BC, was the Magnum opus of Sima Qian, in which he recounted Chinese history from the time of the Yellow Emperor until his own time. (The Yellow Emperor, traditionally dated around 2600 BC, is the first ruler whom Sima Qian considered sufficiently established as historical to appear in the Records.) As the first systematic Chinese historical text, the Records profoundly influenced Chinese historiography and prose.
Pei Yin (裴骃) Shiji Jijie (史记集解)
Sima Zhen (司马贞) Shiji Suoyin (史记索隐)
Zhang Shoujie (张守节) Shiji Zhengyi (史記正義)
Twenty-Four Histories
Dorn'eich, Chris M. (2008). Chinese sources on the History of the Niusi-Wusi-Asi(oi)-Rishi(ka)-Arsi-Arshi-Ruzhi and their Kueishuang-Kushan Dynasty. Shiji 110/Hanshu 94A: The Xiongnu: Synopsis of Chinese Original Text and several Western Translations with Extant Annotations. Berlin. To read or download go to:
Hulsewé A.F.P. (1993), “Shih chi”, Early Chinese Texts: a bibliographical guide (editor—Loewe M.) p. 405-414 (Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China).
Sima Qian (1993), Records of the Grand Historian of China. Qin Dynasty. Translated by Burton Watson (Hong Kong: The Research Centre for Translation [The Chinese University of Hong Kong]; New York, Columbia University Press). ISBN 0-231-08168-5 (hbk); ISBN 0-231-08169-3 (pbk)
Sima Qian (1993), Records of the Grand Historian of China. Han Dynasty II. (Revised Edition). Translated by Burton Watson (New York, Columbia University Press). ISBN 0-231-08168-5 (hbk); ISBN 0-231-08167-7 (pbk)
Ssu-ma Ch'ien (1961), Records of the grand historian of China: Han Dynasty I, Translated from the Shih chi of Ssu-ma Ch'ien by Burton Watson (Hong Kong: The Research Centre for Translation [The Chinese University of Hong Kong]; New York: Columbia University Press). Revised Edition (1993): ISBN 0-231-08165-0 (pbk), 0-231-08164-2.
Ssu ma Ch’ien (1994), The Grand Scribe’s Records I: the basic annals of pre-Han China (editor—Nienhauser W.H. Jr.) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press). (An annotated translation.)
Ssu ma Ch’ien (1994), The Grand Scribe’s Records VII: the memoirs of pre-Han China (editor—Nienhauser W.H. Jr.) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press). (An annotated translation.)
Ssu ma Ch’ien (2002), The Grand Scribe’s Records II: the basic annals of pre-Han China (editor—Nienhauser W.H. Jr.) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press). (An annotated translation.)
Ssu ma Ch’ien (2006), The Grand Scribe’s Records V.1: the hereditary houses of pre-Han China (editor—Nienhauser W.H. Jr.) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press). (An annotated translation.)
Ssu ma Ch’ien (2008), The Grand Scribe’s Records VIII: the memoirs of Han China (editor—Nienhauser W.H. Jr.) (Bloomington: Indiana University Press). (An annotated translation.)
Full text of the Shiji (Chinese) Traditional / Simplified - Chinese Text Project
The Original Text in its Entirety (Chinese)
CHINAKNOWLEDGE Shiji 史記 "Records of the Grand Scribe.
English version
Layout
The 130 volumes (i.e. scrolls, now usually called "chapters") of the text classify information into several categories: #12 volumes of Benji (本紀) or "Imperial Biographies", contain the biographies of all prominent rulers from the Yellow Emperor to Qin Shi Huang and the kings of Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. The biographies of four emperors and one empress dowager of the Western Han Dynasty before his age are also included. In addition, though Xiang Yu never actually ruled all the country, his biography was contained in this class. #10 volumes of Biao (表) or "Tables", are timelines of events. #8 volumes of Shu (書) or "Treatises", treat of economics and other topics of the time. #30 volumes of Shijia (世家) or "Biographies of the Feudal Houses and Eminent Persons", contain biographies of notable rulers, nobility and bureaucrats mostly from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. #70 volumes of Liezhuan (列傳) or "Biographies and Collective Biographies", contain biographies of important individual figures including Laozi, Mozi, Sun Tzu, and Jing Ke.The Shiji is sometimes bundled with a prologue written by Sima Zhen during the Tang Dynasty, some eight centuries later. It records rulers that existed before the Yellow Emperor that Sima Qian omitted because of the lack of reliable sources.
Style
Unlike subsequent official historical texts that adopted Confucian doctrine, proclaimed the divine rights of the emperors, and degraded any failed claimant to the throne, Sima Qian's more liberal and objective prose has been renowned and followed by poets and novelists. Most volumes of Liezhuan are vivid descriptions of events and persons. This has been attributed to the belief that the author critically used stories passed on from antiquity as part of his sources, balancing reliability and accuracy of the records. For instance, the material on Jing Ke's attempt at assassinating the first emperor of China was allegedly an eye-witness story passed on by the great-grandfather of his father's friend, who served as a low-ranking bureaucrat at court of Qin and happened to be attending the diplomatic ceremony for Jing Ke. It has been observed that the diplomatic Sima Qian has a way of accentuating the positive in his treatment of rulers in the Basic Annals, but slipping negative information into other chapters, and so his work must be read as a whole to obtain full information. There are also discrepancies of fact between various portions of the work, probably reflecting Sima Qian's use of different source texts; from these it appears that his great work did not receive a final editorial revision.
Source materials
Sima's family were hereditary historians to the Han emperor. Sima Qian's father Sima Tan served as Grand Historian, and Sima Qian succeeded to his position. Thus he had access to the early Han dynasty archives, edicts, and records. Sima Qian was a methodical, skeptical historian who had access to ancient books, written on bamboo and wooden slips, from before the time of the Han Dynasty. Many of the sources he used did not survive. He not only used archives and imperial records, but also interviewed people and traveled around China to verify information. For example, he writes he "heard" that Xiang Yu and the ancient ruler Shun both had double pupils in one eye. In his first chapter, "Annals of the Five Emperors," he writes, "I went west as far as Mount Kong and Mount Dong [in Gansu], north as far as Zhuolu [in Hebei], east gradually to the sea, south to the Yangzi and the Huai."In his 13th chapter, "Genealogical Table of the Three Ages," Sima Qian writes, "I have read all the genealogies of the kings (dieji 谍记) that exist since the time of the Yellow Emperor." In his 14th chapter, "Yearly Chronicle of the Feudal Lords", he writes, "I have read all the royal annals (chunqiu li pudie 春秋曆譜諜) up until the time of King Li of Zhou."
The Grand Historian used The Annals of the Five Emperors (五帝系諜) and the Classic of History as source materials to make genealogies from the time of the Yellow Emperor until that of the Gonghe regency (841-2 BC). Sima Qian often cites his sources. For example, in the first chapter, "Annals of the Five Emperors," he writes, "I have read the Spring and Autumn Annals and the Guoyu." In his 15th chapter, "Yearly Chronicle of the Six States," he writes, “I have read the Annals of Qin (qin ji 秦記), and they say that the Quanrong [a barbarian tribe] defeated King You of Zhou [ca 771 BC]." In his 18th chapter, Sima Qian writes, "When I read the records of the distinguished followers of Gaozu who were enfeoffed as marquises, and observe the reasons for which their descendants were deprived of the fiefs of their fathers...." and later in the same chapter, "I have set down only what is certain, and in doubtful cases left a blank."
In the 19th chapter, he writes, "I have occasion to read over the records of enfeoffment and come to the case of Wu Qian, the marquis of Bian...." (The father of Marquis Bian, Wu Rui, was named king (wang) of Changsha in Hunan for his loyalty to Gaozu. See article on Zhao Tuo). In his chapter on the patriotic minister and poet Qu Yuan, Sima Qian writes, "I have read [Qu Yuan's works] Li Sao, Tianwen ("Heaven Asking"), Zhaohun (summoning the soul), and Ai Ying (Lament for Ying)”. In the 62nd chapter, "Biography of Guan and of Yan", he writes, "I have read Guan's Mu Min (牧民 - "Government of the People", a chapter in the Guanzi), Shan Gao ("The Mountains Are High"), Chengma (chariot and horses; a long section on war and economics), Qingzhong (Light and Heavy; i.e. "what is important"), and Jiufu (Nine Houses), as well as the Spring and Autumn Annals of Yanzi." In his 64th chapter, "Biography of Sima Rangju", the Grand Historian writes, "I have read Sima's Art of War." In the 121st chapter, "Biographies of Scholars", he writes, "I read the Imperial Decrees that encouraged education officials."
Reliability
Joseph Needham wrote in 1954 that there were many scholars who doubted that Sima's Records of the Grand Historian contained accurate information about such distant history as the thirty kings of the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–c. 1050 BC). While many scholars argued that Sima could not possibly have had access to written materials which detailed history a millennium before his age, Needham has another conclusion. The discovery of oracle bones at an excavation of the Shang Dynasty capital at Anyang (Yinxu) matched twenty-three of the thirty Shang kings that Sima listed. Needham writes that this remarkable archaeological find proves that Sima Qian "did have fairly reliable materials at his disposal—a fact which underlines once more the deep historical-mindedness of the Chinese."In The Terracotta Warriors by John Man, the bias in Sima Qian's epic is deconstructed. Man argues that, due to personal circumstances, including his own punishment by castration, Sima wrote favorably about the preceding emperors in order to discredit the contemporary emperor, and to make that emperor's reforms seem incompetent.
The first annal records the Five Emperors period. With the exception of a brief mention of Shennong/Yandi, Sima Qian excluded the Three Sovereigns preceding the Five Emperors as he admitted his sources were unreliable. Why he considered his sources to the Five Emperors reliable is a mystery as many earlier works such as the Book of Rites and Songs of Chu contradict each other regarding this period. Sima also removed descriptions of supernatural powers or physiology associated with these legendary culture heroes which has led to criticism that he turned deities into historical rulers.
Contents
Annals
Benji (本紀, annals), 12 volumes. Royal biographies in strict annalistic form that offer an overview of the most important events, especially from the time of the Zhou dynasty to that of the emperor of the Han dynasty. {| class=wikitable |- !Number !! Title !! Translation !! Notes |- |1. || 五帝本紀 || Annals of the Five Emperors || Traditional Chinese view of prehistoric China, beginning from the Yellow Emperor's reign |- |2. || 夏本紀 || Annals of the Xia Dynasty || |- |3. || 殷本紀 || Annals of the Shang Dynasty || |- |4. || 周本紀 || Annals of the Zhou Dynasty || |- |5. || 秦本紀 || Annals of the feudal state of Qin || |- |6. || 秦始皇本紀 || Annals of the First Emperor of Qin || Qin Shi Huang, 221-210 BC |- |7. || 項羽本紀 || Annals of Xiang Yu || (in place of the Annals of Emperor Yi of Chu) |- |8. || 高祖本紀 || Annals of Gaozu || Emperor Gaozu of Han, 206-195 BC |- |9. || 呂太后本紀 || Annals of Empress Dowager Lü || Empress Lü Zhi (regent 195-180 BC) |- |10. || 孝文本紀 || Annals of the Xiaowen Emperor || Emperor Wen of Han, 179-157 BC |- |11. || 孝景本紀 || Annals of the Xiaojing Emperor || Emperor Jing of Han, 156-141 BC |- |12. || 孝武本紀 || Annals of the Xiaowu Emperor || Emperor Wu of Han, 140-87 BC |}
Tables
Biao (表, tables), 10 tables: overview of the reigns of the successive lords of the feudal states from the time of the Zhou dynasty till that of the early Han. At the same time the most important events of their reigns are mentioned. {| class=wikitable |- ! Number !! Title !! Translation !! Notes |- |13. || 三代世表 || Genealogical Table of the Three Ages || From the Yellow Emperor's time to the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties |- |14. || 十二諸侯年表 || Yearly Chronicle of the Feudal Lords || The lords who ruled the twelve feudal states in the Spring and Autumn Period |- |15. || 六國年表 || Yearly Chronicle of the Six States || The six feudal states in the Warring States Period |- |16. || 秦楚之際月表 || Monthly Table of (the Events) between Qin and Chu || The war between the feudal states of Qin and Chu |- |17. || 漢興以來諸侯王年表 || Yearly Table of the Nobles of the Imperial Clan since the Han Dynasty's Founding || Nobles of the imperial family who held titles of nobility |- |18. || 高祖功臣侯者年表 || Yearly Table of the Officials who became Marquises in the Time of Gaozu || Officials who received marquis titles in the time of Emperor Gaozu of Han |- |19. || 惠景閒侯者年表 || Yearly Table of the Officials who became Marquises between the Reigns of Emperor Hui and Emperor Jing || Officials who received marquis titles from 194 to 141 BCE |- |20. || 建元以來侯者年表 || Yearly Table of the Officials who became Marquises since the Jianyuan Period || Jianyuan was the reign period of Emperor Wu of Han from 140-135 BC |- |21. || 建元已來王子侯者年表 || Yearly Table of the Nobles' Sons who became Marquises since the Jianyuan period || |- |22. || 漢興以來將相名臣年表 || Yearly Table of Statesmen, Generals and Officials since the Han Dynasty's Founding || |}
Treatises
Shu (書, treatises), 8 volumes. Each treatise describes an area of state interest.{| class=wikitable |- !Number !! Title !! Translation !! Notes |- |23. || 禮 || Rites || |- |24. || 樂 || Music || |- |25. || 律 || Bells || Harmony and measurements |- |26. || 曆 || Calendars || |- |27. || 天官 || Astronomy || |- |28. || 封禪 || Religious sacrificial ceremonies || Sacrifices to Heaven and Earth |- |29. || 河渠 || Rivers and canals || |- |30. || 平準 || Equalization || Names of officials who had to buy crops in a year of bountiful harvest and sell in a year of crop failure |}
Genealogies
Shijia (世家, genealogies), 30 volumes. Descriptions in chronicle form of the events of the states from the time of the Zhou Dynasty until the early Han Dynasty and of eminent people.{| class=wikitable |- ! Number !! Title !! Translation !! Notes |- |31. || 吳太伯世家 || House of Wu Taibo || |- |32. || 齊太公世家 || House of Qi Taigong || |- |33. || 魯周公世家 || House of Lu Zhougong || |- |34. || 燕召公世家 || House of Yan Shaogong || |- |35. || 管蔡世家 || Houses of Guan and Cai || |- |36. || 陳杞世家 || House of Chen Qi || |- |37. || 衛康叔世家 || House of Wei Kangshu || |- |38. || 宋微子世家 || House of Song Weizi || |- |39. || 晉世家 || House of Jin || |- |40. || 楚世家 || House of Chu || |- |41. || 越王句踐世家 || House of King Goujian of Yue || |- |42. || 鄭世家 || House of Zheng || |- |43. || 趙世家 || House of Zhao || |- |44. || 魏世家 || House of Wei || |- |45. || 韓世家 || House of Han || |- |46. || 田敬仲完世家 || House of Tian Jingzhong || also called House of Wan |- |47. || 孔子世家 || House of Kongzi || Confucius |- |48. || 陳涉世家 || House of Chen She || |- |49. || 外戚世家 || Houses of the External Relatives || The empresses and their families |- |50. || 楚元王世家 || House of Prince Chu Yuan || |- |51. || 荊燕世家 || Houses of Jing and Yan || |- |52. || 齊悼惠王世家 || House of Prince Daohui of Qi || Liu Fei |- |53. || 蕭相國世家 || House of Chancellor Xiao || Xiao He |- |54. || 曹相國世家 || House of Chancellor Cao || Cao Shen |- |55. || 留侯世家 || House of Marquis of Liu || Zhang Liang |- |56. || 陳丞相世家 || House of Chancellor Chen || Chen Ping |- |57. || 絳侯周勃世家 || House of Zhou Bo, Marquis of Jiang || |- |58. || 梁孝王世家 || House of Prince Xiao of Liang || |- |59. || 五宗世家 || House of the Five Clans || The sons of Emperor Jing of Han |- |60. || 三王世家 || House of the Three Kings || The rulers of Qi, Yan and Guangling |}
Biographies
Liezhuan (列傳, exemplary lives, often called biographies), 70 volumes. Biographies of important people. The biographies are limited to the description of the events that show the exemplary character of the subject, but in the Shiji is often supplemented with legends. One biography can treat two or more people if they are considered to belong to the same type. The last biographies describe the relations between the Chinese and the neighboring peoples.{| class=wikitable width=80% |- !width=5%| Number !!width=15%| Title !!width=25%| Translation !!width=35%| Notes |- |61. || 伯夷列傳 || Biography of Bo Yi || |- |62. || 管晏列傳 || Biographies of Guan and Yan || Guan Zhong and Yan Ying (晏嬰) |- |63. || 老子韓非列傳 || Biographies of Laozi and Han Fei || Includes the biographies of Zhuangzi and Shen Buhai |- |64. || 司馬穰苴列傳 || Biography of Sima Rangju || |- |65. || 孫子吳起列傳 || Biographies of Sun Tzu and Wu Qi || |- |66. || 伍子胥列傳 || Biography of Wu Zixu || |- |67. || 仲尼弟子列傳 || Biographies of the disciples of Zhongni || Zhongni refers to Confucius |- |68. || 商君列傳 || Biography of Lord Shang || Shang Yang |- |69. || 蘇秦列傳 || Biography of Su Qin || |- |70. || 張儀列傳 || Biography of Zhang Yi || |- |71. || 樗里子甘茂列傳 || Biographies of Shu Lizi and Gan Mao || Includes the biography of Gan Luo (甘羅) |- |72. || 穰侯列傳 || Biography of the Marquis of Rang || Wei Ran (魏冉) |- |73. || 白起王翦列傳 || Biographies of Bai Qi and Wang Jian || |- |74. || 孟子荀卿列傳 || Biographies of Mengzi and Xun Qing || Mencius and Xunzi |- |75. || 孟嘗君列傳 || Biography of Lord Mengchang of Qi || |- |76. || 平原君虞卿列傳 || Biographies of Lord Pingyuan of Zhao and Yu Qing || |- |77. || 魏公子列傳 || Biographies of the Sons of Duke Wei of Lu || |- |78. || 春申君列傳 || Biography of Lord Chunshen of Chu || |- |79. || 范睢蔡澤列傳 || Biographies of Fan Sui and Cai Ze || |- |80. || 樂毅列傳 || Biography of Yue Yi || |- |81. || 廉頗藺相如列傳 || Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru || |- |82. || 田單列傳 || Biography of Tian Dan || |- |83. || 魯仲連鄒陽列傳 || Biographies of Lu Zhonglian and Zou Yang || |- |84. || 屈原賈生列傳 || Biographies of Qu Yuan and Master Jia || Master Jia refers to Jia Yi |- |85. || 呂不韋生列傳 || Biography of Master Lü Buwei || |- |86. || 刺客列傳 || Biographies of Assassins || Cao Mo (曹沫), Zhuan Zhu, Yu Rang (豫讓), Nie Zheng (聶政) and Jing Ke |- |87. || 李斯列傳 || Biography of Li Si || |- |88. || 蒙恬列傳 || Biography of Meng Tian || |- |89. || 張耳陳餘列傳 || Biographies of Zhang Er and Chen Yu || |- |90. || 魏豹彭越列傳 || Biographies of Wei Bao and Peng Yue || |- |91. || 黥布列傳 || Biography of Qing Bu || Ying Bu (英布) |- |92. || 淮陰侯列傳 || Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin || Han Xin |- |93. || 韓信盧綰列傳 || Biographies of Hán Xin (King of Hán) and Lu Wan || Includes the biography of Chen Xi (陳豨) |- |94. || 田儋列傳 || Biography of Tian Dan || |- |95. || 樊酈滕灌列傳 || Biographies of Fan, Li, Teng and Guan || Fan Kuai, Li Shang (酈商), Xiahou Ying, Guan Ying (灌嬰) |- |96. || 張丞相列傳 || Biography of Chancellor Zhang || Zhang Cang (張蒼) |- |97. || 酈生陸賈列傳 || Biographies of Li Yiji and Lu Gu || Includes the biography of Zhu Jian (朱建) |- |98. || 傅靳蒯成列傳 || Biographies of Fu, Jin, and the Marquis of Kuaicheng || Fu Kuan (寬), Jin She (歙) and Zhou Xue (周譄) |- |99. || 劉敬叔孫通列傳 || Biographies of Liu Jing and Shusun Tong || |- |100. || 季布欒布列傳 || Biographies of Ji Bu and Luan Bu || |- |101. || 袁盎晁錯列傳 || Biographies of Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo || |- |102. || 張釋之馮唐列傳 || Biographies of Zhang Shizhi and Feng Tang || |- |103. || 萬石張叔列傳 || Biographies of Wan Shi and Zhang Shu || |- |104. || 田叔列傳 || Biography of Tian Shu || |- |105. || 扁鵲倉公列傳 || Biographies of Bian Que and the Duke of Cang || Duke of Cang refers to Tai Cang (太倉) |- |106. || 吳王濞列傳 || Biographies of Pi, the Prince of Wu || Liu Pi |- |107. || 魏其武安侯列 || Biographies of the Marquis of Weiqi and the Marquis of Wu'an || Dou Ying (竇嬰) and Tian Fen (田蚡) |- |108. || 韓長孺列傳 || Biography of Han Changru || |- |109. || 李將軍列傳 || Biography of General Li || Li Guang |- |110. || 匈奴列傳 || Treatise on the Xiongnu || |- |111. || 衛將軍驃騎列傳 || Biography of Cavalry General Wei || Wei Qing |- |112. || 平津侯主父列傳 || Biographies of the Marquis of Pingjin and Zhufu || Gongsun Hong (公孫弘) and Zhufu Yan (主父偃) |- |113. || 南越列傳 || Treatise on the Nanyue || |- |114. || 東越列傳 || Treatise on the Eastern Yue || |- |115. || 朝鮮列傳 || Treatise on Chosun || Korea |- |116. || 西南夷列傳 || Treatise on the Southwestern Yi people || |- |117. || 司馬相如列傳 || Biography of Sima Xiangru || |- |118. || 淮南衡山列傳 || Biographies of Huainan and Hengshan || The kings of Huainan and Hengshan |- |119. || 循吏列傳 || Biographies of Upright Officials || Sunshu Ao, Zi Chan, Gong Yixiu (公儀休), Shi She (石奢) and Li Li (李離) |- |120. || 汲鄭列傳 || Biographies of Ji and Zheng || Ji An (汲黯) and Zheng Dangshi (鄭當時) |- |121. || 儒林列傳 || Biographies of Confucian Scholars || Gongsun Hong (公孫弘), Sheng Gong (申公), Yuan Gu (轅固), Han Ying (韓嬰), Fu Sheng (伏勝), Dong Zhongshu and Hu Wu (胡毋) |- |122. || 酷吏列傳 || Biographies of Cruel Officials || Hou Feng (侯封), Zhi Du (郅都), Ning Cheng, Zhou Yangyou (周陽由), Zhao Yu (趙禹), Zhang Tang, Yi Zong (義縱), Wang Wenshu (王溫舒), Yin Qi (尹齊), Yang Pu (楊僕), Jian Xuan (減宣)and Du Zhou (杜周) |- |123. || 大宛列傳 || Treatise on the Dayuan || |- |124. || 游俠列傳 || Biographies of Knight-errants || Lu Zhujia (魯朱家) and Guo Jie (郭解) |- |125. || 佞幸列傳 || Biographies of Flatterers || |- |126. || 滑稽列傳 || Biographies of Jesters || Chunyu Kun, You Meng (優孟), You Zhan (優旃) and Dongfang Shuo) |- |127. || 日者列傳 || Biographies of Soothsayers || |- |128. || 龜策列傳 || Biographies of Diviners || |- |129. || 貨殖列傳 || Biographies of Usurers || People who enriched themselves |}
Afterword
The last important section features an afterword that includes an autobiography by Sima Qian. He explains in it why and under what circumstances he wrote the Shiji.{| class=wikitable |- !Number !! Title !! Translation !! Notes |- |130. || 太史公自序 || Autobiographical Afterword of the Grand Historian || |}
Transmission and supplementation by other writers
After the completion of the Shiji in ca. 91 BCE, the nearly completed manuscript was hidden in the residence of the daughter of Sima Qian, Sima Ying (司馬英), to avoid destruction under Emperor Wu and his immediate successor Emperor Zhao. The Shiji was finally disseminated during the reign of Emperor Xuan by Sima Qian's grandson (through his daughter), Yang Yun (杨惲), after a hiatus of around twenty years.The changes in the manuscript of the Shiji during this hiatus have always been disputed among scholars. That the text was more or less complete by ca. 91 BCE is established in the Letter to Ren'an, in which Sima Qian gives the precise number of chapters for each section of his work. After his death (presumably only a few years later), few people had the opportunity to see the whole work. However, various additions were still made to it. The historian Liu Zhiji (劉知幾, 661-721) reported the names of a total of fifteen scholars supposed to have added material to the Shiji during the period after the death of Sima Qian. Only the additions by Chu Shaosun (褚少孫, c.105 - c.30 BCE) are clearly indicated by adding "Mr Chu said," (Chu xiansheng yue, 褚先生曰). Already in the first century AD, Ban Biao and Ban Gu claimed that ten chapters in Records of the Grand Historian were lacking. A large number of chapters dealing with the first century of the Han Dynasty (i.e. the 2nd century BCE) correspond exactly to the relevant chapters from Hanshu. It is unclear whether those chapters initially came from the Shiji or from the Hanshu. Researchers Yves Hervouet (1921-1999) and Anthony Hulsewé (1910-1993) assumed that the lost original parts of the Shiji were supplemented with those from the Hanshu.
Editions
The earliest extant copy of Records of the Grand Historian, handwritten, was made during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period (420 – 589 AD). The earliest printed edition, called Shiji jijie (史記集解, literally Records of the Grand Historian, Collected Annotations), was published during the Northern Song Dynasty. Huang Shanfu's edition, printed under the Southern Song dynasty, is the earliest collection of the Sanjiazhu commentaries on Records of the Grand Historian (三家注, literally: The Combined Annotations of the Three Experts).In modern times, the Zhonghua Book Company (中華書局) in Beijing has published the book in both simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese editions. The 1959 (2nd ed., 1982) Sanjiazhu edition (based upon the Jinling Publishing House edition, vide infra) contains commentaries interspersed among the main text and is considered to be an authoritative modern edition.
The most well known editions of the Shiji are:
| ! Year | ! Publisher | ! Printing technique | ! Notes |
| Southern Song Dynasty (1127 – 1279) | Shan-fu | Block-printed | Abbreviated as the Huang Shanfu edition (黄善夫本) |
| Ming Dynasty, between the times of the Jiajing Emperor | Block-printed | ||
| [[Ming Dynasty | Publisher: the bibliophile Mao Jin (毛晋), 1599 – 1659) and his studio Ji Gu Ge (汲古閣 or the Drawing from Ancient Times Studio) | Block-printed | |
| Qing Dynasty, in the time of the Qianlong Emperor (1711 – 1799) | Wu Yingdian | Block-printed | Published in the Twenty-Four Histories, abbreviated as the Wu Yingdian edition (武英殿本) |
| Qing Dynasty, in the time of the Tongzhi Emperor (1856 – 1875) | Jinling Publishing House (in Nanjing) | Block-printed | Proofreading and copy editing done by Zhang Wenhu. Published with the Sanjiazhu commentaries, 130 volumes in total. Abbreviated as the Jinling Ju or Jinling Publishing edition (金陵局本) |
Annotations and commentaries
The best known annotations are Shiji Jijie,Shiji Suoyin and Shiji Zhengyi. Huang Shanfu combined the three, which make up The Combined Annotations of the Three Experts. After the Shanfu edition, Sanjiazhu became mandatory for students of shiji and ancient Chinese history. During the Qing Dynasty, Liang Yusheng authored shiji Zhi yi ("records doubts on shiji"). In modern times, Japanese scholar Takigawa Kametaro published a book called 史记会注考证,.Liu Song Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Han Dynasty texts Category:1st-century BC history books Category:Chinese history texts Category:Historiography
bg:Записки на великия историк ca:Registres del Gran Historiador cv:Ши цзи de:Shiji es:Memorias históricas fa:شیجی fr:Shiji ko:사기 (역사서) id:Catatan Sejarah Agung it:Shi Ji hu:A történetíró feljegyzései he:רשומות ההיסטוריון nl:Shiji ja:史記 no:Shiji pl:Zapiski historyka pt:Registros do Historiador ru:Ши цзи simple:Records of the Grand Historian sh:Zapisi Velikog Historičara sv:Shiji ta:மதிப்புக்குரிய வரலாற்றாளரின் ஆவணப் பதிவுகள் tr:Shiji vi:Sử ký Tư Mã Thiên zh-classical:史記 zh:史记This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Affiliated Video Suggestions
