Messier 81^[1][2]

A Hubble Space Telescope (HST) image of Messier 81
Observation data Epoch J2000
Constellation	Ursa Major[3]
Right ascension	09h 55m 33.2s[4]
Declination	+69° 3′ 55″[4]
Apparent dimension (V)	26.9 × 14.1 moa[4]
Apparent magnitude (V)	6.94[5][6]
Characteristics
Type	SA(s)ab,[4] LINER[4]
Astrometry
Helio Radial velocity	-34 ± 4[4]km/s
Redshift	-0.000113 ± 0.000013[4]
Galactocentric Velocity	73 ± 6[4] km/s
Distance	11.8 ± 0.4 Mly (3.6 ± 0.12 Mpc)
Other designations
NGC 3031,[4] UGC 5318,[4] PGC 28630,[4] Bode's Galaxy[7]

Messier 81 (also known as NGC 3031 or Bode's Galaxy) is a spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Due to its proximity to Earth, large size and active galactic nucleus (which harbors a 70 million M_☉^[8] supermassive black hole), Messier 81 has been studied extensively by professional astronomers. The galaxy's large size and relatively high brightness also make it a popular target for amateur astronomers.^[9]

Discovery[link]

Messier 81 was first discovered by Johann Elert Bode in 1774.^[10] Consequently, the galaxy is sometimes referred to as "Bode's Galaxy". In 1779, Pierre Méchain and Charles Messier reidentified Bode's object, which was subsequently listed in the Messier Catalogue.^[10]

Dust emission[link]

An infrared image of Messier 81 taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The blue colors represent stellar emission observed at 3.6 μm.^[11] The green colors represent 8 μm emission originating primarily from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the interstellar medium.^[11] The red colors represent 24 μm emission originating from heated dust in the interstellar medium.^[12]

Most of the emission at infrared wavelengths originates from interstellar dust.^[12][13] This interstellar dust is found primarily within the galaxy's spiral arms, and it has been shown to be associated with star formation regions.^[12][13] The general explanation is that the hot, short-lived blue stars that are found within star formation regions are very effective at heating the dust and hence enhancing the infrared dust emission from these regions.

Supernova[link]

Only one supernova has been detected in Messier 81.^[14] The supernova, named SN 1993J, was discovered on 28 March 1993 by F. Garcia in Spain.^[15] At the time, it was the second brightest supernova observed in the 20th century.^[16] The spectral characteristics of the supernova changed over time. Initially, it looked more like a type II supernova (a supernovae formed by the explosion of a giant star) with strong hydrogen spectral line emission, but later the hydrogen lines faded and strong helium spectral lines appeared, making the supernova look more like a type Ib.^[16][17] Moreover, the variations in SN 1993J's luminosity over time were not like the variations observed in other type II supernovae^[18][19] but did resemble the variations observed in type Ib supernovae.^[20] Hence, the supernova has been classified as a type IIb, a transitory class between type II and type Ib.^[17] The scientific results from this supernova suggested that type Ib and Ic supernovae were actually formed through the explosions of giant stars through processes similar to those taking place in type II supernovae.^[17][21] The supernova was also used to estimate a distance of 8.5 ± 1.3 Mly (2.6 ± 0.4 Mpc) to Messier 81.^[16] As a local galaxy, the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT) tracks novae in M81 along with M31 and M33.^[22]

M81 Group[link]

M81 (left) and M82 (right). M82 is one of two galaxies strongly influenced gravitationally by M81. The other, NGC 3077, is located off the top edge of this image.

Messier 81 is the largest galaxy in the M81 Group, a group of 34 galaxies located in the constellation Ursa Major.^[23] At approximately 11.7 Mly (3.6 Mpc) from the Earth, it makes this group and the Local Group, containing the Milky Way,^[23] relative neighbors in the Virgo Supercluster.

Gravitational interactions of M81 with M82 and NGC 3077^[24] have stripped hydrogen gas away from all three galaxies, forming gaseous filamentary structures in the group.^[24] Moreover, these interactions have allowed interstellar gas to fall into the centers of M82 and NGC 3077, leading to vigorous star formation or starburst activity there.^[24]

Amateur astronomy[link]

Messier 81 is located approximately 10° northwest of Alpha Ursae Majoris along with several other galaxies in the Messier 81 Group.^[9][25] Messier 81 and Messier 82 can both be viewed easily using binoculars and small telescopes.^[9][25] The two objects are generally not observable to the unaided eye, although highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions.^[9] Telescopes with apertures of 8 inches or larger are needed to distinguish structures in the galaxy.^[25]

See also[link]

• Bode's Galaxy
• List of galaxies
• List of Messier objects
• M81 in fiction (in the galaxies in fiction article)
• Messier object
• New General Catalogue

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Messier 81

• StarDate: M81 Fact Sheet
• M81, SEDS Messier pages
• SST: Messier 81
• APOD: Bright Galaxy M81 (6/20/02)
• NightSkyInfo.com - M81, Bode's Galaxy
• Messier 81 on WikiSky: DSS2, SDSS, GALEX, IRAS, Hydrogen α, X-Ray, Astrophoto, Sky Map, Articles and images
• ESA/Hubble images of M81
• Galaxy Messier 81 (Bode's Galaxy)
• Spitzer Image Gallery
• Helkit Observatory
• Deep image of the M81 Area

Coordinates: 09^h 55^m 33.2^s, +69° 03′ 55″

Walter H.G. Lewin
A 2003 photo of Lewin
Born	(1936-01-29) January 29, 1936 (age 76) Netherlands
Residence	Netherlands, United States
Nationality	Dutch
Fields	Astrophysics
Institutions	MIT
Alma mater	Delft University of Technology
Notable awards	NASA Award for Exceptional Scientific Achievement (1978) Alexander von Humboldt Award (1984 and 1991) Guggenheim Fellowship (1984) MIT Science Council Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching (1984), W. Buechner Teaching Prize (1988) Everett Moore Baker Memorial Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching (2003)

Walter H. G. Lewin (born January 29, 1936), PhD, is a Dutch American astrophysicist and professor emeritus of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

Education and career[link]

He earned his Ph.D. degree in nuclear physics in 1965 at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands.

Walter Lewin went to MIT in January 1966 as a post-doctoral associate, and became an assistant professor later that year.^[1] He joined an X-ray astronomy group at MIT and conducted all-sky balloon surveys with George W. Clark. Through the late seventies, there were about twenty successful balloon flights. These balloon surveys led to the discovery of five new X-ray sources, which doubled the number known at the time. Furthermore, some of these X-ray sources were found to be varying, and some were X-ray flares. The rockets used by other researchers could not have discovered that the X-ray sources varied because they were only in the air for a few minutes, whereas the balloons could be in the air for many hours. The surveys also resulted in the discovery of GX 1+4, which was the first slowly rotating X-ray pulsar found.

Walter Lewin received the "2003 Everett Moore Baker Memorial Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching" award. Some of his lectures are available online in video format.

Lewin is also an art enthusiast and collector. He has given one lecture in art history for MIT World.^[2]

Lectures[link]

Many of the Walter Lewin Lectures on Physics at MIT have been shown for over six years on UWTV in Seattle, reaching an audience of about four million people. Lewin personally responded to hundreds of e-mail requests that he received per year from UWTV viewers. For fifteen years he was on MIT Cable TV, with programs aired 24 hours per day helping freshmen with their weekly homework assignments. Videos of Lewin's lectures on Newtonian Mechanics, Electricity and Magnetism, and Vibrations and Waves, among others, can be viewed from the MIT OpenCourseWare web site, and easily viewed as video podcasts on The Internet Archive.

A video of Lewin drawing dashed lines on chalkboards during lectures has become a viral video.^[3]

Selected publications[link]

• Lewin, Walter H.G.; Jan van Paradijs, Ronald E. Taam (204-10-27). "X-ray Bursts". Space Science Reviews 62 (3-4): 223–389. Bibcode 1993SSRv...62..223L. DOI:10.1007/BF00196124. 

• D. Pooley, W.H.G. Lewin, S.F. Anderson, H. Baumgardt, A.V. Filippenko, B.M. Gaensler, L. Homer, P. Hut, V.M. Kaspi, B. Margon, S. McMillan, S. Portegies Zwart, M. van der Klis, & F. Verbunt (2003). "Dynamical Formation of Close Binary Systems in Globular Clusters". Astrophysical Journal 591 (2): L131–L134. arXiv:astro-ph/0305003. Bibcode 2003ApJ...591L.131P. DOI:10.1086/377074. 

• J. Miller, A. Fabian, R. Wijnands, R. Remillard, P. Wojdowski, N. Schulz, T. Di Matteo, H. Marshall, C. Canizares, & W. Lewin (2002). "Resolving the Composite Fe K-alpha Emission Line in the Galactic Black Hole Cygnus X-1 with Chandra". Astrophysical Journal 578: 348–356. arXiv:astro-ph/0202083. Bibcode 2002ApJ...578..348M. DOI:10.1086/342466. 

• D. Pooley, W. Lewin, L. Homer, S. Anderson, B. Gaensler, B. Margon, F. Verbunt, J. Miller, D. Fox, V. Kaspi & M. v.d. Klis (2002). "Optical Identifications of Multiple Faint X-ray Sources in the Globular Cluster NGC~6752: Evidence for Numerous Cataclysmic Variables". Astrophysical Journal 569: 405. arXiv:astro-ph/0110192. Bibcode 2002ApJ...569..405P. DOI:10.1086/339210. 

• C. Kouveliotou, J. van Paradijs, G. J. Fishman, M. S. Briggs, J. Kommers, B. A. Harmon, C. A. Meegan, W. H. G. Lewin (1996). "Discovery of a New Type of Burster from the Galactic Center Region". Nature 379 (6568): 799. Bibcode 1996Natur.379..799K. DOI:10.1038/379799a0. 

• M. v.d. Klis, J. Swank, W. Zhang, K. Jahoda, E. Morgan, W. Lewin, B. Vaughan, & J. van Paradijs (1996). "Discovery of Sub millisecond Quasi-periodic Oscillations in the X-ray Flux of Scorpius X-1". Astrophysical Journal 469: L1. arXiv:astro-ph/9607047. Bibcode 1996ApJ...469L...1V. DOI:10.1086/310251. 

• W.H.G. Lewin, G.W. Clark and W.B. Smith (1968). "Observation of an X-Ray Flare from Sco X-1". Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 152: L55. Bibcode 1968ApJ...152L..55L. DOI:10.1086/180177. 

Selected books[link]

• Lewin, Walter; Goldstein, Warren, For the Love of Physics: From the End of the Rainbow to the Edge of Time - A Journey Through the Wonders of Physics, Simon and Schuster, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4391-0827-7
• Lewin, Walter; van der Klis, Michiel (editors), Compact stellar X-ray sources, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-82659-4
• Lewin, Walter H.G.; van Paradijs, Jan; van den Heuvel, Edward P.J., (editors), X-ray binaries, Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-521-41684-1
• Truemper, J.; Lewin, W.H.G.; Brinkmann, W., (editors), The evolution of galactic X-ray binaries, Dordrecht, Holland ; Boston : D. Reidel Pub. Co.; Hingham, MA : Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1986. ISBN 90-277-2184-X

See also[link]

• Walter Lewin Lectures on Physics
• MIT Physics Department

References[link]

1. ^ Instructor Profile: Walter Lewin at MIT OpenCourseWare (archived 2009)
2. ^ "Looking at 20th Century Art through the Eyes of a Physicist - Walter Lewin (video)", MIT World, January 14, 2004
3. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l789l6np-qA&feature=related

Further reading[link]

• Clark, Kim (2008-01-10). "A New Physics Superstar". US News and World Report. http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/e-learning/2008/01/10/a-new-physics-superstar.html. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 
• Rimer, Sara (2007-12-19). "At 71, Physics Professor Is a Web Star". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/19/education/19physics.html?_r=1&th&emc=th&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2007-12-19. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Walter Lewin

• Walter Lewin's page at MIT
• MIT Physics Department website
• Walter Lewin's Physics I Course Page with Video Lectures
• Walter Lewin's Physics II Course Page with Video Lectures
• Walter Lewin's Physics III Course Page with Video Lectures
• WalterLewin's Physics I Course on iTunes U (needs iTunes)
• WalterLewin's Physics II Course on iTunesU (needs iTunes)
• WalterLewin's Physics III Course on iTunesU (needs iTunes)
• The Elegant Universe PBS Video featuring Walter Lewin
• Walter Lewin Playlist Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler radio show February 4, 2004