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Earthquake
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Anaxagoras
Anaxagoras (, "lord of the assembly"; c. 500 BC – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae in Asia Minor, Anaxagoras was the first philosopher to bring philosophy from Ionia to Athens. He attempted to give a scientific account of eclipses, meteors, rainbows, and the sun, which he described as a fiery mass larger than the Peloponnese. He was accused of contravening the established religion and was forced to flee to Lampsacus.
http://wn.com/Anaxagoras -
Beno Gutenberg
Beno Gutenberg (June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-American seismologist who made several important contributions to the science. He was a colleague and mentor of Charles Francis Richter at the California Institute of Technology and Richter's collaborator in developing the Richter magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude.
http://wn.com/Beno_Gutenberg -
Daniel Schechter
Daniel S. Schechter (born in Miami, Florida in 1962) is an American psychiatrist currently living in Geneva, Switzerland. He is known for his clinical work and research on intergenerational transmission or "communication" of violent trauma and related psychopathology involving parents and very young children.. His published work in this area following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York of September 11, 2001 led to a co-edited book entitled "September 11: Trauma and Human Bonds" (2003) and additional original articles with clinical psychologist Susan Coates that were translated into multiple languages and remain among the very first accounts of 9/11 related loss and trauma described by mental health professionals who also experienced the attacks and their aftermath His observation of how developmentally salient separation anxiety among infants and young children who had either lost or feared loss of their caregivers had triggered posttraumatic stress symptoms and other forms of psychobiological dysregulation in the surviving caregivers validated his prior observations of the adverse impact of family violence on the early parent-child relationship, formative social-emotional development and related attachment disturbances This body of work on trauma and attachment has been cited by prominent authors in the attachment theory, psychological trauma, and developmental psychobiology literatures
http://wn.com/Daniel_Schechter -
Haruki Murakami
is a Japanese writer and translator. His works of fiction and non-fiction have garnered him critical acclaim and numerous awards, including the Franz Kafka Prize for his novel Kafka on the Shore.
http://wn.com/Haruki_Murakami -
Jim Shepard
Jim Shepard (born 1956) was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He received a B.A. at Trinity College in 1978, his MFA from Brown University in 1980. He currently teaches creative writing and film at Williams College. Shepard's work has been published in ''McSweeney's, Granta, The Atlantic Monthly, Esquire, Harper's, The New Yorker, The Paris Review, Ploughshares, Triquarterly, and Playboy. His short story collection: Like You'd Understand, Anyway won the Story Prize in 2008 and was nominated for a National Book Award in 2007. Project X'' won the 2005 Massachusetts Book Award.
http://wn.com/Jim_Shepard -
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
http://wn.com/Pliny_the_Elder -
Shaanxi
(; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, Hui people who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
http://wn.com/Shaanxi -
Sichuan Province
http://wn.com/Sichuan_Province -
Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was twice elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the Prose Edda or Younger Edda, which consists of Gylfaginning ("the fooling of Gylfi"), a narrative of Norse mythology, the Skáldskaparmál, a book of poetic language, and the Háttatal, a list of verse forms. He was also the author of the Heimskringla, a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material in Ynglinga saga and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of ''Egil's saga''.
http://wn.com/Snorri_Sturluson -
Susan Coates
Susan W. Coates (born 1940) is an American psychologist known for her work on gender identity disorder in children (GIDC) and trauma in early childhood.
http://wn.com/Susan_Coates -
Thales
Thales of Miletus (; , Thalēs; 624 BC – c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor, and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition. According to Bertrand Russell, "Western philosophy begins with Thales." Thales attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology and was tremendously influential in this respect. Almost all of the other pre-Socratic philosophers follow him in attempting to provide an explanation of ultimate substance, change, and the existence of the world—without reference to mythology. Those philosophers were also influential, and eventually Thales' rejection of mythological explanations became an essential idea for the scientific revolution. He was also the first to define general principles and set forth hypotheses, and as a result has been dubbed the "Father of Science".
http://wn.com/Thales
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Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California -
Chile
Chile (, in English often pronounced //,), officially the Republic of Chile ( ), is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south. With Ecuador, it is one of two countries in South America which do not border Brazil. The Pacific coastline of Chile is 6,435 kilometres (4000 mi). Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas and Easter Island. Chile also claims about of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
http://wn.com/Chile -
Greece
Greece (; , Elláda, ; , Hellás, ), also known as Hellas and officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía, ), is a country in southeastern Europe. Situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the tenth longest coastline in the world at in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at .
http://wn.com/Greece -
Guatemala
Guatemala (; , ) is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast. Its area is 108,890 km² (42,043 mi²) with an estimated population of 13,276,517.
http://wn.com/Guatemala -
Himalayan Mountains
http://wn.com/Himalayan_Mountains -
Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia -
Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
http://wn.com/Iran -
Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
http://wn.com/Italy -
Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
http://wn.com/Japan -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Mexico City
Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México) is the capital and largest city in Mexico as well as the largest city in the Americas and the world's third largest metropolitan area by population, after Seoul and Tokyo. Mexico City is also the Federal District (Distrito Federal), the seat of the federal government. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the most important political, cultural, and financial center in the country.
http://wn.com/Mexico_City -
National Geographic
http://wn.com/National_Geographic -
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
http://wn.com/Portugal -
Prince William Sound
Prince William Sound is a sound off the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located on the east side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its largest port is Valdez, at the southern terminus of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Other settlements on the sound, which contains numerous small islands, include Cordova and Whittier plus the Alaska native villages of Chenega and Tatitlek.
http://wn.com/Prince_William_Sound -
San Andreas Fault
The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that runs a length of roughly through California in the United States. The fault's motion is right-lateral strike-slip (horizontal motion). It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate.
http://wn.com/San_Andreas_Fault -
Shaanxi
(; Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a province in the central part of Mainland China, and it includes portions of the Loess Plateau on the middle reaches of the Yellow River in addition to the Qinling Mountains across the southern part of this province. Shaanxi is the historical home, along with Gansu of the dialect of the Dungans, Hui people who emigrated out of China to Central Asia.
http://wn.com/Shaanxi -
Sichuan Province
http://wn.com/Sichuan_Province -
Tajikistan
Tajikistan ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (, Jumhurii Tojikiston; , Respublika Tadzhikistan; Jomhuri-ye Tajikestan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. Afghanistan borders it to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and People's Republic of China to the east. Tajikistan also lies adjacent to Pakistan and the Gilgit-Baltistan region, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor.
http://wn.com/Tajikistan -
Tehran
Tehran (Persian: تهران Tehrān ), is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With a population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the 21st largest city in the world.
http://wn.com/Tehran -
Tokyo
, officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. It is located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
http://wn.com/Tokyo -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
Usoi Dam
The Usoi Dam is a natural landslide dam along the Murghab River in the Central Asian nation of Tajikistan. At 567 meters high, it is the tallest dam in the world, either natural or man-made.
http://wn.com/Usoi_Dam -
Zagros
http://wn.com/Zagros
- Aesir
- After the Quake
- aftershock
- Alaska
- Anaxagoras
- Arabian plate
- Aseismic creep
- Australia
- Azores
- Baldr
- BBC News
- Beno Gutenberg
- building
- Calabria
- California
- catfish
- Chile
- coal mining
- Continental crust
- Convergent boundary
- crust (geology)
- dam
- dams
- Daniel Schechter
- Denali Fault
- density
- disease
- divergent boundary
- Earth
- Earth's interior
- earthquake insurance
- earthquake storm
- Elasticity (physics)
- electric power
- Emergency management
- epicenter
- epicentre
- Eurasian plate
- Fault (geology)
- fault plane
- fire
- focal mechanism
- focus (earthquake)
- foreshock
- Fracture (geology)
- fracture mechanics
- granular
- Greece
- Greek mythology
- Greenwood Press
- ground acceleration
- Guatemala
- Haruki Murakami
- Himalayan Mountains
- hypocenter
- Icarus (journal)
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Italy
- Japan
- Japanese mythology
- Jim Shepard
- Kashima (god)
- landslide dam
- liquid
- lithosphere
- Loki
- London
- Love wave
- magma
- Marine terrace
- Maya civilization
- Megacity
- Mexico City
- Mount St. Helens
- MSN Encarta
- National Geographic
- New York City
- New Zealand
- Newcastle, Australia
- Norse mythology
- oceanic crust
- oil well
- olivine
- P-waves
- Pacific Plate
- Pacific Ring of Fire
- Pakistan
- Peru
- phase transition
- Pliny the Elder
- popular culture
- Portugal
- Poseidon
- Potential energy
- Prince William Sound
- Propagation velocity
- property damage
- Prose Edda
- Rayleigh wave
- Richter 10
- S-waves
- San Andreas Fault
- Sarez Lake
- seismic
- seismic retrofitting
- seismic risk
- seismic wave
- seismic waves
- Seismite
- seismologist
- seismometer
- Seismotectonics
- Shaanxi
- Sichuan Province
- Sicily
- Sigyn
- slow earthquake
- Snorri Sturluson
- solid
- sonic boom
- spinel
- Strike and dip
- Subduction
- Submarine earthquake
- Surface wave
- Susan Coates
- Tajikistan
- tectonic plate
- tectonic plates
- Tehran
- Thales
- Thrust tectonics
- tiltmeter
- Tokyo
- Transform boundary
- travel time
- Triangle of Life
- trident
- tsunami
- tsunami earthquake
- tsunamis
- Turkey
- Usoi Dam
- volcano
- Wadati-Benioff zone
- water well
- wave propagation
- yaodong
- Zagros
- Zipingpu Dam
Earthquake Filmography
- Something Like a Business (2010)
- Funny: The Documentary (2010)
- 17th Annual Trumpet Awards (2009)
- All Star Comedy Jam: Live from South Beach (2009)
- TV One's Roast and Toast: John Witherspoon (2009)
- Yappy Broads (2009)
- Black to the Future (2009)
- Warehouse Rapper (2009)
- The Longshots (2008)
- Laffapalooza! (2008)
- Laffapalooza! (2008)
- Getting Played (2006)
- Back to the Well: 'Clerks II' (2006)
- Train Wreck! (2006)
- Clerks II (2006)
- Barnyard (2006)
- (#1.9) (2005)
- (#1.2) (2005)
- Earthquake: About Got Damm Time (2005)
- (#1.21) (2005)
- TV's Illest Minority Moments Presented by Ego Trip (2004)
- Earthquake (2004)
- (#1.9) (2003)
- Latham Entertainment Presents (2003)
- Uncensored Comedy: That's Not Funny! (2003)
- (#7.18) (2002)
- (#5.9) (1992)
- (#8.6) (1992)
- (#5.9) (1992)
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Labrinth - Earthquake ft. Tinie Tempah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Published: 11 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: LabrinthVEVO
Labrinth's new single Earthquake releases on October 23rd in the UK. Pre-order now on iTunes! bit.ly Music video by Labrinth feat.Tinie Tempah performing Earthquake. (C) 2011 Simco Limited under exclusive license to Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited
http://wn.com/Labrinth__Earthquake_ft_Tinie_Tempah
Labrinth - Earthquake (Lyric Version) ft. Tinie Tempah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Published: 16 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: LabrinthVEVO
Labrinth's new single Earthquake releases on October 23rd in the UK. Pre-order now on iTunes! bit.ly Watch the official video here now www.youtube.com Music video by Labrinth feat.Tinie Tempah performing Earthquake. (C) 2011 Simco Limited under exclusive license to Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited
http://wn.com/Labrinth__Earthquake_Lyric_Version_ft_Tinie_Tempah
Labrinth ft. Tinie Tempah - Earthquake
PLEASE NOTICE: I do not own or have created the audio. All copyright go to the one who made it. 16.09.2011 Labrinth - Earthquake (Feat. Tinie Tempah) **Official New Single**
http://wn.com/Labrinth_ft_Tinie_Tempah__Earthquake
Labrinth feat. Tinie Tempah - Earthquake (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Published: 13 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: LilJan1994
Official Video for Labrinths Earthquake
http://wn.com/Labrinth_feat_Tinie_Tempah__Earthquake_Official_Video
12/18/2011 -- Puerto Rico earthquake swarm update
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Published: 18 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 22 Dec 2011
- Author: dutchsinse
Here is the most recent earthquake update on the blog -- with screenshots of the past two weeks of quakes, as well as the plate diagram / craton "laurentia" diagram: sincedutch.wordpress.com ======================= How you can send help: I do not have any advertisements or sponsors -- the help of individual people is needed! :^) If you like my work, and can afford to help -- a secure donation link is below: www.paypal.com ***** DOWNLOAD THE DUTCHSINSE RINGTONES / songs / album here ! : market.android.com ***** ALL funds will be used to pay for the .com websites/bandwidth, pay the internet bill, and to further spreading of the message about weather modification, and earth changes news. Thanks to all who have helped, and who help in the future !!!
http://wn.com/12/18/2011_-_Puerto_Rico_earthquake_swarm_update
12/27/2011 -- 6.6 magnitude earthquake in Russia -- Japan picking up in size/frequency
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Published: 28 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: dutchsinse
Today (12/27/2011) a 6.6 magnitude struck Siberia Russia -- also a series of 5.0+M struck Japan. Watch the west Pacific from Japan through Central Russia south to Australia for additional large earthquakes over the next several days. earthquake.usgs.gov Here are dozens of earthquake monitoring links I have assembled — using these links.. one can monitor almost any area in the world: sincedutch.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/12/27/2011_-_66_magnitude_earthquake_in_Russia_-_Japan_picking_up_in_size/frequency
12/26/2011 -- Earthquake video in Christchurch New Zealand, December 23 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:10
- Published: 27 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: dutchsinse
this is a raw video shot from a home in New Zealand on December 23 2011 from the 5.9 and 5.8 magnitude earthquakes . No injuries were reported, but some damage to structures and utilities did occur. Much love to the people of NZ .. be safe! many thanks to and mirrored with permission from: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/12/26/2011_-_Earthquake_video_in_Christchurch_New_Zealand,_December_23_2011
Volcano / Earthquake Watch Dec 27-31, 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Published: 25 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: thebarcaroller
Targeting Coronal Hole(CH490) in the Southern Hemisphere. After analysis I have isolated 24-29° Latitude. Solar symmetry to earth the best fit regions for a possible 7.0 Magnitude Earthquake are: Kermadec Islands Region, South Of Fiji Region, Salta Argentina or Santiago Del Estero Argentina Second watch is targeting a Southern Polar CH extending 51-69° S latitude and represents a possible risk for one or more 5.7-6.1 Magnitude earthquakes. Possible areas: Balleny Islands, Macquarie Islands Region or the South Sandwich Islands Region OLR Anomalies this week are: Carlsberg Ridge, Bay Of Bengal, Nias Indonesia, Arafura Sea, Solomon Islands, Fiji and East Of HawaiiExcellent information websites for solar watchers and researchers www.solen.info www.solarmonitor.org sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov helioviewer.org Earthquake Reporting Channel www.youtube.com Solarwatcher website solarwatcher.net Intro music used is royalty free and created by Kevin MacLeod The spinning world globe at the start of the video is a free program called Earthquake3D The use of images and voice from this video may NOT be used by another party and this video will not mirrored under any circumstances as annotations will be added to the video with important updates. **Updates or annotated material will be added below** Space weather agencies have now advised of CME impact on the earths magnetic field is expected sometime on Dec 29 and a possible G1 class geomagnetic storm may result. M 5.4 EQ South Sandwich Islands <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Volcano_/_Earthquake_Watch_Dec_27-31,_2011
12/17/2011 -- Texas 3.2 magnitude earthquake in middle of Drilling operation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Published: 17 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Dec 2011
- Author: dutchsinse
full blog post with screenshot evidence and earthquake statistics: sincedutch.wordpress.com ======================= How you can send help: I do not have any advertisements or sponsors -- the help of individual people is needed! :^) If you like my work, and can afford to help -- a secure donation link is below: www.paypal.com ***** DOWNLOAD THE DUTCHSINSE RINGTONES / songs / album here ! : market.android.com ***** ALL funds will be used to pay for the .com websites/bandwidth, pay the internet bill, and to further spreading of the message about weather modification, and earth changes news. Thanks to all who have helped, and who help in the future !!!
http://wn.com/12/17/2011_-_Texas_32_magnitude_earthquake_in_middle_of_Drilling_operation
12/24/2011 -- EARTHQUAKE at the north pole ! Merry Christmas , cheers to the new year!!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Published: 25 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: dutchsinse
read about Jesus Christ here!: quod.lib.umich.edu here is a copy of the whole King James Version (KJV) of The Bible.. old and new testament plus the "banned" books: quod.lib.umich.edu NORTH POLE EARTHQUAKE on christmas eve / day: earthquake.usgs.gov read about the origins of christmas -- and birth of Jesus Christ ... www.google.com check out the DUBSTEP christmas light display: www.youtube.com track "santa" on the NORAD / google earth santa tracking website: www.noradsanta.org
http://wn.com/12/24/2011_-_EARTHQUAKE_at_the_north_pole_!_Merry_Christmas_,_cheers_to_the_new_year!!
12/22/2011 -- TWO 5.8M Earthquakes + 5.3M in Christchurch New Zealand -- damage possible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Published: 23 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: dutchsinse
Here are the stats.. full blog post here: sincedutch.wordpress.com Two 5.8 magnitude at just THREE to FOUR miles deep.. shallow quakes.. just like the previous quake in early 2011.. this time, about 9 miles east of Christchurch New Zealand . earthquake.usgs.gov Earthquake Details This event has been reviewed by a seismologist. Magnitude 5.8 Date-Time Friday, December 23, 2011 at 02:18:02 UTC Friday, December 23, 2011 at 03:18:02 PM at epicenter Time of Earthquake in other Time Zones Location 43.491°S, 172.844°E Depth 4.9 km (3.0 miles) Region SOUTH ISLAND OF NEW ZEALAND Distances 15 km (9 miles) ENE of Christchurch, New Zealand 218 km (135 miles) SSE of Westport, New Zealand 291 km (180 miles) SSW of WELLINGTON, New Zealand 323 km (200 miles) NE of Dunedin, New Zealand
http://wn.com/12/22/2011_-_TWO_58M_Earthquakes_+_53M_in_Christchurch_New_Zealand_-_damage_possible
12/22/2011 -- Past week of Earthquakes at several MAN MADE sites and dormant volcanoes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:46
- Published: 23 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Dec 2011
- Author: dutchsinse
Past fracking quakes: sincedutch.wordpress.com Several videos I've made on fracking quakes: www.youtube.com Dormant volcano quakes: sincedutch.wordpress.com Several videos I've made on dormant volcanoes quake unrest: www.youtube.com Nuclear reactor quakes: sincedutch.wordpress.com Washington and virginia: www.youtube.com Netherlands: www.youtube.com www.youtube.com other: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/12/22/2011_-_Past_week_of_Earthquakes_at_several_MAN_MADE_sites_and_dormant_volcanoes
Planetary Alignment / Earthquake Watch April 15, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Published: 18 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: thebarcaroller
This is aPlanetary Alignment Earthquake watch video, program used in this Heliocentric visual representation is Simsolarv2.0 and solar system scope. Two very strong alignments involving (Sun-Earth-Saturn) and (Mars-Earth-Neptune) as well as significant astrological aspects involving the moon which may represent a possible 7.4 Magnitude earthquake on this day. Lunar modulation indicates the the top of the Philippine plate region could be the area that receives this event. Best mapped location: Bonin Islands or Izu Islands, Japan. This is my own analysis using Heliocentric Imagery, geocentric portrait and harmonic translations to predict possible effects here on earth. i am using astrology in this forecast in-conjunction with lunar modulations. Results will be annotated as the end of this video Astrologer Contact Information Alandra - Alandra@iinet.net.au Phillippa - phillyc@xtra.co.nz Solar System Scope Website www.solarsystemscope.com Swiss Ephemeris Information www.astro.com www.solarmonitor.org Google Earth Excellent information websites for solar watchers and researchers www.solen.info www.solarmonitor.org sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov helioviewer.org Earthquake Reporting Channel www.youtube.com solarwatcher website solarwatcher.net Intro music used is royalty free and created by Kevin MacLeod The spinning world globe at the start of the video is a free program called Earthquake3D The use of images and voice from this video may NOT be used by another party and this video will not <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Planetary_Alignment_/_Earthquake_Watch_April_15,_2012
Planetary Alignment / Earthquake Watch Sep 10, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Published: 28 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: thebarcaroller
Two very strong alignments on this day (Earth-Sun-Mercury) and (Mars-Venus-Jupiter) as well as other significant astrological aspects involving the Moon which may represent a possible 6.6 Magnitude earthquake on this day.. Lunar modulation indicates the regions across South Pacific could be the area that receives this event. Best mapped location: New Zealand This is myown analysis using Heliocentric Imagery, geocentric portrait and harmonic translations to predict possible effects here on earth. i am using astrology in this forecast in-conjunction with lunar modulations. Results will be annotated as the end of this video Astrologer Contact Information Alandra - Alandra@iinet.net.au Phillippa - phillyc@xtra.co.nz Solar System Scope Website www.solarsystemscope.com Swiss Ephemeris Information www.astro.com www.solarmonitor.org Google Earth Excellent information websites for solar watchers and researchers www.solen.info www.solarmonitor.org sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov helioviewer.org Earthquake Reporting Channel www.youtube.com solarwatcher website solarwatcher.net Intro music used is royalty free and created by Kevin MacLeod The spinning world globe at the start of the video is a free program called Earthquake3D The use of images and voice from this video may NOT be used by another party and this video will not mirrored under any circumstances as annotations will be added to the video with important updates.
http://wn.com/Planetary_Alignment_/_Earthquake_Watch_Sep_10,_2012
Earthquakes 101
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Published: 11 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Dec 2011
- Author: NationalGeographic
When the trembling stops, the disaster is only the beginning.
http://wn.com/Earthquakes_101
Planetary Alignment / Earthquake Watch Aug 23, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Published: 26 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Dec 2011
- Author: thebarcaroller
This is aPlanetary Alignment Earthquake watch video, program used in this Heliocentric visual representation is Solar System Scope and Simsolarv2.0. Two very strong alignments on this day (Mars-Sun-Mercury-Jupiter) and (Sun-Earth-Neptune) as well as other significant astrological aspects involving the Moon which may represent a possible 6.7 Magnitude earthquake on this day.. Lunar modulation indicates the regions across South America could be the area that receives this event. Best mapped location: Bolivia This is my own analysis using Heliocentric Imagery, geocentric portrait and harmonic translations to predict possible effects here on earth. i am using astrology in this forecast in-conjunction with lunar modulations. Results will be annotated as the end of this video Astrologer Contact Information Alandra - Alandra@iinet.net.au Phillippa - phillyc@xtra.co.nz Solar System Scope Website www.solarsystemscope.com Swiss Ephemeris Information www.astro.com www.solarmonitor.org Google Earth Excellent information websites for solar watchers and researchers www.solen.info www.solarmonitor.org sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov helioviewer.org Earthquake Reporting Channel www.youtube.com solarwatcher website solarwatcher.net Intro music used is royalty free and created by Kevin MacLeod The spinning world globe at the start of the video is a free program called Earthquake3D The use of images and voice from this video may NOT be used by another party and this video will not mirrored under any <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Planetary_Alignment_/_Earthquake_Watch_Aug_23,_2012
Christchurch earthquake: 'Oh, here we go again'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:31
- Published: 23 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: nzheraldtv
Christchurch residents react to the latest in a series of quakes to hit the city.
http://wn.com/Christchurch_earthquake_'Oh,_here_we_go_again'
Deerhunter - Earthquake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Published: 16 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 25 Dec 2011
- Author: TonysNoize
Artist: Deerhunter Album: Halcyon Digest [2010] Label: 4AD insymmetry.tumblr.com @a_ramella on twitter
http://wn.com/Deerhunter__Earthquake
Earthquake Destruction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Published: 12 Jul 2007
- Uploaded: 28 Dec 2011
- Author: NationalGeographic
See earthquakes pound San Francisco and pulverize Taiwan. video.nationalgeographic.com
http://wn.com/Earthquake_Destruction
Arigato from Japan Earthquake Victims
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:08
- Published: 23 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 29 Dec 2011
- Author: johnkobayashitokyo
Video about the eqrthquake in Japan. People from the Tohoku area are expressing their thanks to all of the international aid that has helped them. Done pretty well. Made me cry....
http://wn.com/Arigato_from_Japan_Earthquake_Victims
Earthquakes goalkeeper David Bingham's unbelievable goal vs. West Brom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:49
- Published: 13 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 28 Dec 2011
- Author: sanjoseearthquakes
Watch the Earthquakes goalkeeper David Bingham score a goal...from in his own box!
http://wn.com/Earthquakes_goalkeeper_David_Bingham's_unbelievable_goal_vs_West_Brom
Volcano / Earthquake Watch Aug 23-27 , 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:32
- Published: 22 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: thebarcaroller
Targeting Coronal Hole in the southern hemisphere which could produce a significant earthquake around 7.7 in magnitude. Time frame August 23-24. First region is plotted to 33-35° South Latitude Possible regions that could be at risk for a significant earthquake are: Bio-Bio/Valpariso Chile, Kermadec Islands, Off The East Coast Of New Zealand or Christchurch New Zealand Northern Hemisphere watch is associated with a coronal hole(CH472) 9-12° Latitude and the areas at risk for a significant earthquake are: Guam Region, Mariana Islands, Costa Rica or El Salvador. Time frame Aug 26-27 with a magnitude of 6.5. OLR anomaly indicates areas that could receive a significant earthquake are China, Papua New Guinea, Hokkaido Japan, Uganda*SudanExcellent information websites for solar watchers and researchers solarimg.org www.solen.info www.solarmonitor.org sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov helioviewer.org Website under construction solarwatcher.net Intro music used is royalty free and created by Kevin MacLeod The spinning world globe at the start of the video is a free program called Earthquake3D The use of images and voice from this video may NOT be used by another party and this video will not mirrored under any circumstances as annotations will be added to the video with important updates.
http://wn.com/Volcano_/_Earthquake_Watch_Aug_23-27_,_2011
Raw Video: Indonesia Earthquake Damage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Published: 06 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: AssociatedPress
A powerful earthquake jolted the western Indonesian island of Sumatra early Tuesday, killing a 12-year-old boy and sending people streaming from houses, hotels and at least one hospital in panic. (Sept. 6)
http://wn.com/Raw_Video_Indonesia_Earthquake_Damage
![Kobe 神戸 — Designated city — 神戸市 · Kobe City[1]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120101022504/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/d2/44/0d33e0622050d2d327bae0cb4c3a_medium.jpg "Kobe 神戸 — Designated city — 神戸市 · Kobe City[1]")
photo: AP / New Zealand Herald, Geoff Sloan
23 Dec 2011
A series of strong earthquakes struck Christchurch, New Zealand, today, rattling buildings, sending goods tumbling from shelves and prompting terrified Christmas shoppers to flee into the streets....
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photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
21 Dec 2011
Chief Minister Pawan Chamling Wednesday said the 6.8 Richter scale earthquake that rocked Sikkim in September has taken the state back by five to seven years in terms of development. "Sikkim suffered...
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size: 1.5Kb
photo: Creative Commons / Bill Ebbesen
13 Dec 2011
Talk show queen Oprah Winfrey has jetted in to earthquake-ravaged Haiti to join actor Sean Penn as they visit a camp set up for victims of the disaster. The presenter was given a tour of the...
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4.0 earthquake hits Ohio though the worst was only the rattling of some Christmas tree ornaments
01 Jan 2012
The Daily Mail
The latest in a series of minor earthquakes in northeast Ohio hit on Saturday, this time reaching a magnitude of 4.0 on the Richter scale. The tremor sent some stunned residents running for cover as bookshelves shook and pictures and lamps fell from tables. The quake struck Saturday afternoon in...
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4.0 earthquake strikes in northeast Ohio
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Barbara Forney’s Christmas tree was flattened on Saturday afternoon in her West Akron house. “It was like someone pushed it down,” the 79-year-old woman said. It had been standing by the fireplace in her living room until an earthquake tied to injection wells near Youngstown...
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Eastern Ohio Rattled By 4.0-Magnitude Earthquake
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4.0 Magnitude earthquake strikes near Youngstown
31 Dec 2011
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
The U.S. Geological Survey is reporting that a 4.0 maginitude earthquake struck this afternoon in a rural area near Youngstown, Ohio. The earthquake...
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WPXI
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Earthquake felt in Northeast Ohio
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MSNBC
The United States Geological Survey confirms a 4.0 magnitude earthquake northwest of Youngstown, Ohio. The earthquake happened around 3 p.m. Saturday in McDonald, Ohio, just outside of Youngstown.. The area experienced a series of minor quakes...
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Earthquake rattles the Akron area
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The Examiner
An earthquake measuring 4.0 on the Richter Scale struck northeastern Ohio shortly after 3:00 p.m. Saturday afternoon, rattling the Akron area. The earthquake was centered near Warren and was felt across a large portion of northeastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania. There were no immediate...
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An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over large areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2011), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.
Longitudinal P-waves (shock- or pressure waves)
Transverse S-waves (both body waves)
Surface waves — (Rayleigh and Love waves)
Propagation velocity of the seismic waves ranges from approx. 3 km/s up to 13 km/s, depending on the density and elasticity of the medium. In the Earth's interior the shock- or P waves travel much faster than the S waves (approx. relation 1.7 : 1). The differences in travel time from the epicentre to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also the depth of the hypocenter can be computed roughly.
Seismite
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Submarine earthquake
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U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Hazards Program
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* IRIS Seismic Monitor - Recent Earthquakes
Open Directory - Earthquakes
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.
In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
Naturally occurring earthquakes
Tectonic earthquakes occur anywhere in the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a fault plane. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and aseismically only if there are no irregularities or asperities along the fault surface that increase the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities and this leads to a form of stick-slip behaviour. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the stored energy. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic strain seismic waves, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the elastic-rebound theory. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake fracture growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available elastic potential energy and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the Earth's deep interior.
Earthquake fault types
There are three main types of fault that may cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust) and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of dip and movement on them involves a vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being extended such as a divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip.Reverse faults, particularly those along convergent plate boundaries are associated with the most powerful earthquakes, including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Strike-slip faults, particularly continental transforms can produce major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Earthquakes associated with normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7.
This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that ruptures and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the larger the resulting magnitude. The topmost, brittle part of the Earth’s crust, and the cool slabs of the tectonic plates that are descending down into the hot mantel, are the only parts of our planet which can store elastic energy and release it in fault ruptures. Rocks hotter than about 300 degrees Celsius flow in response to stress, they do not rupture in earthquakes. The maximum observed lengths of ruptures and mapped faults, which may break in one go are approximately 1000 km. Examples are the earthquakes in Chile, 1960; Alaska, 1957; Sumatra, 2004, all in subduction zones. The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, like the San Andreas Fault (1857, 1906), the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey (1939) and the Denali Fault in Alaska (2002), are about half to one third as long as the lengths along subducting plate margins, and those along normal faults are even shorter.
The most important parameter controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault is however not the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is very shallow, typically about 10 degrees. Thus the width of the plane within the top brittle crust of the Earth can become 50 to 100 km (Tohoku, 2011; Alaska, 1964), making the most powerful earthquakes possible.
Strike-slip faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an approximate width of 10 km within the brittle crust, thus earthquakes with magnitudes much larger than 8 are not possible. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about 6 km.
In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress level in the three fault types. Thrust faults are generated by the highest, strike slip by intermediate, and normal faults by the lowest stress levels. This can easily be understood by considering the direction of the greatest principal stress, the direction of the force that ‘pushes’ the rock mass during the faulting. In the case of normal faults, the rock mass is pushed down in a vertical direction, thus the pushing force (greatest principal stress) equals the weight of the rock mass itself. In the case of thrusting, the rock mass ‘escapes’ in the direction of the least principal stress, namely upward, lifting the rock mass up, thus the overburden equals the least principal stress. Strike-slip faulting is intermediate between the other two types described above. This difference in stress regime in the three faulting environments can contribute to differences in stress drop during faulting, which contributes to differences in the radiated energy, regardless of fault dimensions.
Earthquakes away from plate boundaries
Where plate boundaries occur within continental lithosphere, deformation is spread out over a much larger area than the plate boundary itself. In the case of the San Andreas fault continental transform, many earthquakes occur away from the plate boundary and are related to strains developed within the broader zone of deformation caused by major irregularities in the fault trace (e.g., the “Big bend” region). The Northridge earthquake was associated with movement on a blind thrust within such a zone. Another example is the strongly oblique convergent plate boundary between the Arabian and Eurasian plates where it runs through the northwestern part of the Zagros mountains. The deformation associated with this plate boundary is partitioned into nearly pure thrust sense movements perpendicular to the boundary over a wide zone to the southwest and nearly pure strike-slip motion along the Main Recent Fault close to the actual plate boundary itself. This is demonstrated by earthquake focal mechanisms.All tectonic plates have internal stress fields caused by their interactions with neighbouring plates and sedimentary loading or unloading (e.g. deglaciation). These stresses may be sufficient to cause failure along existing fault planes, giving rise to intraplate earthquakes.
Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes
The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate at the ring of fire in depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km are classified as 'shallow-focus' earthquakes, while those with a focal-depth between 70 and 300 km are commonly termed 'mid-focus' or 'intermediate-depth' earthquakes. In subduction zones, where older and colder oceanic crust descends beneath another tectonic plate, deep-focus earthquakes may occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 up to 700 kilometers). These seismically active areas of subduction are known as Wadati-Benioff zones. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth where the subducted lithosphere should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by olivine undergoing a phase transition into a spinel structure.
Earthquakes and volcanic activity
Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by tectonic faults and the movement of magma in volcanoes. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, as during the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980. Earthquake swarms can serve as markers for the location of the flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms can be recorded by seismometers and tiltmeters (a device that measures ground slope) and used as sensors to predict imminent or upcoming eruptions.
Rupture dynamics
A tectonic earthquake begins by an initial rupture at a point on the fault surface, a process known as nucleation. The scale of the nucleation zone is uncertain, with some evidence, such as the rupture dimensions of the smallest earthquakes, suggesting that it is smaller than 100 m while other evidence, such as a slow component revealed by low-frequency spectra of some earthquakes, suggest that it is larger. The possibility that the nucleation involves some sort of preparation process is supported by the observation that about 40% of earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks. Once the rupture has initiated it begins to propagate along the fault surface. The mechanics of this process are poorly understood, partly because it is difficult to recreate the high sliding velocities in a laboratory. Also the effects of strong ground motion make it very difficult to record information close to a nucleation zone.Rupture propagation is generally modelled using a fracture mechanics approach, likening the rupture to a propagating mixed mode shear crack. The rupture velocity is a function of the fracture energy in the volume around the crack tip, increasing with decreasing fracture energy. The velocity of rupture propagation is orders of magnitude faster than the displacement velocity across the fault. Earthquake ruptures typically propagate at velocities that are in the range 70–90 % of the S-wave velocity and this is independent of earthquake size. A small subset of earthquake ruptures appear to have propagated at speeds greater than the S-wave velocity. These supershear earthquakes have all been observed during large strike-slip events. The unusually wide zone of coseismic damage caused by the 2001 Kunlun earthquake has been attributed to the effects of the sonic boom developed in such earthquakes. Some earthquake ruptures travel at unusually low velocities and are referred to as slow earthquakes. A particularly dangerous form of slow earthquake is the tsunami earthquake, observed where the relatively low felt intensities, caused by the slow propagation speed of some great earthquakes, fail to alert the population of the neighbouring coast, as in the 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake.
Tidal forces
Research work has shown a robust correlation between small tidally induced forces and non-volcanic tremor activity.
Earthquake clusters
Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors that cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern.
Aftershocks
An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region of the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude. If an aftershock is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is redesignated as the main shock and the original main shock is redesignated as a foreshock. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced fault plane adjusts to the effects of the main shock.
Earthquake swarms
Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of aftershocks by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is obviously the main shock, therefore none have notable higher magnitudes than the other. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at Yellowstone National Park.
Earthquake storms
Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in a sort of earthquake storm, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or stress redistribution of the previous earthquakes. Similar to aftershocks but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, and with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East.
Size and frequency of occurrence
It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. Minor earthquakes occur nearly constantly around the world in places like California and Alaska in the U.S., as well as in Guatemala, Chile, Peru, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, the Azores in Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, and Japan, but earthquakes can occur almost anywhere, including New York City, London, and Australia. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being exponential; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake of 3.7–4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7–5.5 every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. This is an example of the Gutenberg-Richter law. The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes. The United States Geological Survey estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0–7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable. In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Alternatively, some scientists suggest that the recent increase in major earthquakes could be explained by a cyclical pattern of periods of intense tectonic activity, interspersed with longer periods of low-intensity. However, accurate recordings of earthquakes only began in the early 1900s, so it is too early to categorically state that this is the case.Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000 km long, horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, which for the most part bounds the Pacific Plate. Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries, too, such as along the Himalayan Mountains.
With the rapid growth of mega-cities such as Mexico City, Tokyo and Tehran, in areas of high seismic risk, some seismologists are warning that a single quake may claim the lives of up to 3 million people.
Induced seismicity
While most earthquakes are caused by movement of the Earth's tectonic plates, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Four main activities contribute to this phenomenon: storing large amounts of water behind a dam (and possibly building an extremely heavy building), drilling and injecting liquid into wells, and by coal mining and oil drilling. Perhaps the best known example is the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China's Sichuan Province in May; this tremor resulted in 69,227 fatalities and is the 19th deadliest earthquake of all time. The Zipingpu Dam is believed to have fluctuated the pressure of the fault away; this pressure probably increased the power of the earthquake and accelerated the rate of movement for the fault. The greatest earthquake in Australia's history is also claimed to be induced by humanity, through coal mining. The city of Newcastle was built over a large sector of coal mining areas. The earthquake has been reported to be spawned from a fault that reactivated due to the millions of tonnes of rock removed in the mining process.
Measuring and locating earthquakes
Earthquakes can be recorded by seismometers up to great distances, because seismic waves travel through the whole Earth's interior. The absolute magnitude of a quake is conventionally reported by numbers on the Moment magnitude scale (formerly Richter scale, magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas), whereas the felt magnitude is reported using the modified Mercalli intensity scale (intensity II–XII).Every tremor produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities:
In solid rock P-waves travel at about 6 to 7 km per second; the velocity increases within the deep mantle to ~13 km/s. The velocity of S-waves ranges from 2–3 km/s in light sediments and 4–5 km/s in the Earth's crust up to 7 km/s in the deep mantle. As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earth quake arrive at an observatory via the Earth's mantle.
Rule of thumb: On the average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds between the P and S wave times 8. Slight deviations are caused by inhomogeneities of subsurface structure. By such analyses of seismograms the Earth's core was located in 1913 by Beno Gutenberg.
Earthquakes are not only categorized by their magnitude but also by the place where they occur. The world is divided into 754 Flinn-Engdahl regions (F-E regions), which are based on political and geographical boundaries as well as seismic activity. More active zones are divided into smaller F-E regions whereas less active zones belong to larger F-E regions.
Effects of earthquakes
The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to, the following:
Shaking and ground rupture
Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude, the distance from the epicenter, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce wave propagation. The ground-shaking is measured by ground acceleration.Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the seismic motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and to effects of seismic energy focalization owing to typical geometrical setting of the deposits.
Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several metres in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as dams, bridges and nuclear power stations and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.
Landslides and avalanches
Earthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires, can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue.
Fires
Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical power or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself.
Soil liquefaction
Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated granular material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. This can be a devastating effect of earthquakes. For example, in the 1964 Alaska earthquake, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves.
Tsunami
Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. In the open ocean the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometers (62 miles), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600-800 kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them.Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.
Floods
A flood is an overflow of any amount of water that reaches land. Floods occur usually when the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, exceeds the total capacity of the formation, and as a result some of the water flows or sits outside of the normal perimeter of the body. However, floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes, if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.The terrain below the Sarez Lake in Tajikistan is in danger of catastrophic flood if the landslide dam formed by the earthquake, known as the Usoi Dam, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly 5 million people.
Human impacts
An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage, general property damage (which may or may not be covered by earthquake insurance), and collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings. The aftermath may bring disease, lack of basic necessities, and higher insurance premiums.
Major earthquakes
One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history occurred on 23 January 1556 in the Shaanxi province, China, killing more than 830,000 people (see 1556 Shaanxi earthquake). Most of the population in the area at the time lived in yaodongs, artificial caves in loess cliffs, many of which collapsed during the catastrophe with great loss of life. The 1976 Tangshan earthquake, with death toll estimated to be between 240,000 to 655,000, is believed to be the largest earthquake of the 20th century by death toll.
The largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph reached 9.5 magnitude, occurring on 22 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Cañete, Chile. The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, the Good Friday Earthquake, which was centered in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all been megathrust earthquakes; however, of these ten, only the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.
Earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of life, while powerful, were deadly because of their proximity to either heavily populated areas or the ocean, where earthquakes often create tsunamis that can devastate communities thousands of kilometers away. Regions most at risk for great loss of life include those where earthquakes are relatively rare but powerful, and poor regions with lax, unenforced, or nonexistent seismic building codes.
Prediction
Many different methods have been developed for predicting the time and place in which earthquakes will occur. Despite considerable research efforts by seismologists, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day or month. However, for well-understood faults the probability that a segment may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated.Earthquake warning systems have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt.
Preparedness
The objective of earthquake engineering is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings and other structures and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by seismic retrofitting to improve their resistance to earthquakes. Earthquake insurance can provide building owners with financial protection against losses resulting from earthquakes.Emergency management strategies can be employed by a government or organization to mitigate risks and prepare for consequences.
Historical views
From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to "air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth." Thales of Miletus, who lived from 625–547 (BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water. Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines' (585–526 BCE) beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460–371 BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes. Pliny the Elder called earthquakes "underground thunderstorms."
Earthquakes in culture
Mythology and religion
In Norse mythology, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggling of the god Loki. When Loki, god of mischief and strife, murdered Baldr, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Loki's wife Sigyn stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison dripped on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, which caused the earth to tremble.In Greek mythology, Poseidon was the cause and god of earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he struck the ground with a trident, causing earthquakes and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge.
In Japanese mythology, Namazu (鯰) is a giant catfish who causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth, and is guarded by the god Kashima who restrains the fish with a stone. When Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.
Popular culture
In modern popular culture, the portrayal of earthquakes is shaped by the memory of great cities laid waste, such as Kobe in 1995 or San Francisco in 1906. Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning. For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as in Short Walk to Daylight (1972), The Ragged Edge (1968) or Aftershock: Earthquake in New York (1998). A notable example is Heinrich von Kleist's classic novella, The Earthquake in Chile, which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647. Haruki Murakami's short fiction collection after the quake depicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 1995.The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical "Big One" expected of California's San Andreas Fault someday, as depicted in the novels Richter 10 (1996) and Goodbye California (1977) among other works. Jacob M. Appel's widely anthologized short story, A Comparative Seismology, features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent. In Pleasure Boating in Lituya Bay, one of the stories in Jim Shepard's Like You'd Understand, Anyway, the "Big One" leads to an even more devastating tsunami.
In the film 2012 (2009), solar flares (geologically implausibly) affecting the Earth's core caused massive destabilization of the Earth's crust layers. This created destruction planet-wide with earthquakes and tsunamis, foreseen by the Mayan culture and myth surrounding the last year noted in the Mesoamerican calendar — 2012.
Contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to directly afflicted families and their loved ones. Disaster mental health response research emphasizes the need to be aware of the different roles of loss of family and key community members, loss of home and familiar surroundings, loss of essential supplies and services to maintain survival. Particularly for children, the clear availability of caregiving adults who are able to protect, nourish, and clothe them in the aftermath of the earthquake, and to help them make sense of what has befallen them has been shown even more important to their emotional and physical health than the simple giving of provisions. As was observed after other disasters involving destruction and loss of life and their media depictions, such as those of the 2001 World Trade Center Attacks or Hurricane Katrina—and has been recently observed in the 2010 Haiti earthquake, it is also important not to pathologize the reactions to loss and displacement or disruption of governmental administration and services, but rather to validate these reactions, to support constructive problem-solving and reflection as to how one might improve the conditions of those affected.
See also
References
General references
External links
Category:Earthquake engineering Category:Geological hazards Category:Seismology
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