name	Gwyneth Paltrow
birth name	Gwyneth Kate Paltrow
birth date	September 27, 1972
birth place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress, singer, author
years active	1990–present
spouse
parents	Bruce Paltrow (deceased)Blythe Danner
relatives	Jake Paltrow (brother)Katherine Moennig (cousin)
children	2 }}

Gwyneth Kate Paltrow (; born September 27, 1972) is an American actress and singer. She made her acting debut on stage in 1990 and started appearing in films in 1991. After appearing in several films throughout the decade, Paltrow gained early notice for her work in films such as ''Se7en'' (1995) and ''Emma'' (1996) (in which she played the title role). Following the films, ''Sliding Doors'' (1998) and ''A Perfect Murder'' (1998), Paltrow garnered worldwide recognition through her performance in ''Shakespeare in Love'' (1998), for which she won an Academy Award for Best Actress, a Golden Globe Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, for Outstanding Lead Actress and as a member of the Outstanding Cast.

Since then, Paltrow has portrayed supporting as well as lead roles in films such as ''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' (1999), ''Shallow Hal'' (2001), and ''Proof'' (2005), for which she earned a Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress in Motion Picture Drama. In 2008, she appeared in the highest grossing movie of her career, the superhero film ''Iron Man'' (2008), and then reprised her role as Pepper Potts in its sequel, ''Iron Man 2'' (2010). Paltrow also appeared in the television series, ''Glee'', and has been the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume since 2005. She is married to Chris Martin, the lead vocalist of Coldplay. They have two children together, Apple and Moses.

Early life

Paltrow was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of Blythe Danner, an actress, and Bruce Paltrow, a film and television director and producer. Her father was of Ashkenazi Russian Jewish descent, and her mother is a Quaker of Pennsylvania Dutch and more distant white Barbadian ancestry. Paltrow's paternal great-great-grandfather, whose surname was "Palterowicz", was a rabbi in Nowogród, Poland. Paltrow has a younger brother, Jake Paltrow, and is a half-cousin of actress Katherine Moennig, and a second cousin of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords (AZ-08).

Paltrow was raised in Santa Monica, where she attended Crossroads School, before moving and enrolling in The Spence School, a private girls' school in New York City. Later, she briefly studied art history at the University of California, Santa Barbara, before dropping out to act. She is an "adopted daughter" of Talavera de la Reina (Spain), where at 15 she spent a year as an exchange student and learned to speak Spanish.

Career

Early work, 1990–1996

After spending several summers watching her mother perform at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in Massachusetts, Paltrow made her professional stage debut there in 1990. Her film debut followed next year with ''Shout'' (1991), starring John Travolta, she was cast by Steven Spielberg in his film, ''Hook'' (1991), as the young Wendy Darling. Paltrow then had minor roles in ''Malice'' (1993) and ''Flesh and Bone'' (1993). She was next cast in a supporting role in ''Se7en'' (1995) alongside Brad Pitt and Morgan Freeman, which earned her a Satellite Award nomination. In 1996, she played the title character in ''Emma'' to critical acclaim.

Worldwide recognition, 1998–2003

Paltrow appeared in several films throughout 1998, including ''Sliding Doors'' and the leading role in the film adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel, ''Great Expectations'' with Ethan Hawke, Robert De Niro, Anne Bancroft and Chris Cooper. Also in 1998 Paltrow appeared in two thrillers, ''Hush'' opposite Jessica Lange and ''A Perfect Murder'' inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film, ''Dial M for Murder''. Paltrow appeared opposite Michael Douglas as Emily Taylor, based on Grace Kelly's character from the original film, though the film was met with mixed reviews.

In 1998, Paltrow starred in ''Shakespeare in Love'', portraying the fictional lover of William Shakespeare, played by Joseph Fiennes. The film earned more than US$100 million in box office receipts in the United States and Paltrow gained critical acclaim for her portrayal. ''Entertainment Weekly'' commented, "Best of all is Gwyneth Paltrow, who, at long last, has a movie to star in that's as radiant as she is." The ''New York Times'' summed up her turn as Viola as such: "Gwyneth Paltrow, in her first great, fully realized starring performance, makes a heroine so breathtaking that she seems utterly plausible as the playwright's guiding light." The award-winning ''Shakespeare in Love'' earned Paltrow the award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role from the Screen Actors Guild, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and the Academy Award for Best Actress, among other honors. Her Pink Ralph Lauren dress worn at the 71st Academy Awards in collecting her Oscar was extremely popular and was credited for bringing pink back into fashion.

In 1999, Paltrow co-starred in ''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' alongside Jude Law, Matt Damon and Cate Blanchett which earned $80 million domestically and received positive reviews. She showcased her singing ability in 2000's ''Duets'', which was directed by her father and co-starred singer Huey Lewis. The same year, Paltrow co-starred with Ben Affleck in the romantic drama ''Bounce'' as Abby Janello. She was part of an ensemble cast, as Margot Tenenbaum, in ''The Royal Tenenbaums'' (2001). Also in 2001, she starred with Jack Black in the comedy ''Shallow Hal'', where she had to wear a specially designed 25 pound fatsuit and heavy make-up. The film was released to mixed reviews.

Recent work, 2004–present

Since the Oscar for ''Shakespeare in Love'', Paltrow's film success has been less noteworthy. She said she was unequipped for the pressure, leading to several bad movie choices, agreeing with peers who believe the win is, in some ways, a curse. During this time, Paltrow took a career hiatus to raise her family rarely appearing in films. In ''The Guardian'', she said she divided her career into movies for love and films for money: ''The Royal Tenenbaums'', ''Proof'', and ''Sylvia'' fell into the former category, while she did ''View from the Top'' and ''Shallow Hal'' for the latter. In 2004, she appeared in the science-fiction film, ''Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow'' opposite Jude Law. The same year, she was recognized as an outstanding woman in entertainment by Women in Film Los Angeles with the Crystal Award. In 2005, she appeared in the film ''Proof'' as the depressed daughter of a brilliant, eccentric mathematician. The movie is based on the play of the same name, in which Paltrow also played the same character at London's Donmar Warehouse in 2002. For her performance Paltrow earned her second Golden Globe nomination Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama. In 2006, she had small roles in ''Running With Scissors'' and ''Infamous'', in which she sang Cole Porter's "What Is This Thing Called Love?"

In 2008, she appeared in the superhero film ''Iron Man'' as Pepper Potts, Tony Stark's closest friend, budding love interest, and business partner. ''Iron Man'' man is Paltrow's highest-grossing film to date, earning more than $585,000,000 worldwide. Paltrow said she was hesitant to appear in a big-budget project but she was won over by Robert Downey Jr., the film's lead, and director Jon Favreau. She recalled a conversation with Downey, saying:

In 2010, Paltrow reprised her role in the sequel to ''Iron Man'', ''Iron Man 2''. Later in 2010, she appeared in the musical, ''Country Strong'', where she also recorded the song ''Country Strong'' for the films' soundtrack. The song was released to country radio in August 2010. At the 83rd Academy Awards, Paltrow performed the song "Coming Home" from the film which was nominated for Best Original Song. She also appeared in Fox's ''Glee'', as substitute teacher, Holly Holliday who fills in for Matthew Morrison's character when he falls ill. She sang "Nowadays" from the musical ''Chicago'' with Lea Michele, Cee Lo Green's "Forget You" and Gary Glitter's "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)", plus a mash-up of "Singin' In the Rain" and Rihanna's "Umbrella" with Morrison, Mark Salling and Chris Colfer in the episode. She later performed "Forget You" with Cee-Lo Green himself and The Muppets at the 2011 Grammy Awards. She reprised her role later that season performing "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)" by Gary Glitter, an acoustic version of "Landslide" by Fleetwood Mac and "Kiss" by Prince. Paltrow's upcoming film is the Steven Soderbergh thriller, ''Contagion'', in which she is part of an ensemble cast including Kate Winslet, Marion Cotillard and her ''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' co-stars, Matt Damon and Jude Law.

Other projects

Paltrow is a Save the Children artist ambassador, raising awareness about World Pneumonia Day. She is on the board of the Robin Hood Foundation, a charitable organization that works to alleviate poverty in New York City. In February 2009, Paltrow received a Grammy nomination for her reading of the classic bear books of author Bill Martin, Jr.

Paltrow had her singing debut in the 2000 film ''Duets'', in which she performed a cover version of Smokey Robinson's "Cruisin'". The song was released as a single. The song went to number one in Australia, while Paltrow's rendition of the Kim Carnes classic "Bette Davis Eyes" reached number three. In the 2006 film ''Infamous'', she sang "What Is This Thing Called Love". On September 27, 2006, Paltrow sang with rapper Jay-Z during his concert at Royal Albert Hall. She sang the chorus for "Song Cry", from the rapper's album ''Blueprint''. In an interview, she said she would be at the concert but not that she would perform. She was quoted as saying "I'm a Jay-Z fan. He's my best friend."

In May 2005, Paltrow became the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume. She appeared in Chicago on 17 August 2007, to sign bottles of the perfume, and on 8 July 2008, she promoted Lauder's Sensuous perfume in New York with the company's three other models. Estée Lauder donates a minimum of $500,000 of sales of items from the 'Pleasures Gwyneth Paltrow' collection to breast cancer research. In 2006, she became the face for Bean Pole International, a Korean fashion brand.

In October 2007, she signed for a PBS television series ''Spain... on the road Again'' with Mario Batali that showcases the food and culture of Spain. In September 2008, she launched a weekly lifestyle newsletter, Goop, encouraging readers to 'nourish the inner aspect'. The website's title is derived from the initials of her first and last names. Each week, the newsletter focuses on an action: Make, Go, Get, Do, Be, and See. It has been ridiculed by E-Online, ''Vanity Fair'', ''The Independent'', and the UK's ''Daily Mirror''.

Personal life

In her early '20s, Paltrow was engaged for six months to Brad Pitt, whom she dated from December 1994 to May 1997. The engagement was called off, according to Paltrow, because she wasn't ready for marriage and later felt responsible for hurting Pitt since she was "such a mess" during that time in her life. Paltrow has since said that as this was her first high-profile relationship with another celebrity, it taught her the need for public discretion about her romantic life; she told ''Biography'' magazine, "I said things about being in a relationship [with Brad Pitt] that felt wrong to me even as I was saying them."

Paltrow had an on-off three year relationship with Ben Affleck from 1997 to late 2000. They first dated from November 1997 to January 1999. Soon after their breakup, Paltrow convinced Affleck to work in the film ''Bounce'' with her; during the making of the film, which was shot in mid 1999, the couple started dating again and eventually broke up in October 2000. Paltrow has said that she stopped reading celebrity magazines in 1999.

In October 2002, Paltrow met Chris Martin of the British rock group Coldplay backstage three weeks after the death of her father Bruce Paltrow. They married on December 5, 2003 in a ceremony at a hotel in Southern California. On 14 May 2004, the couple had their first child, a girl named Apple Blythe Alison Martin. Paltrow explained the unusual first name on ''Oprah'', saying: "It sounded so sweet and it conjured such a lovely picture for me – you know, apples are so sweet and they're wholesome and it's biblical – and I just thought it sounded so lovely and … clean! And I just thought, 'Perfect!'" The child's godfathers are Simon Pegg and Martin's bandmate, Jonny Buckland.

Her second child, a boy named Moses Bruce Anthony Martin, was born on 8 April 2006, in New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital. Her son's first name was explained as the song, entitled "Moses", that her husband wrote for her before their wedding. Paltrow has stated that she cut down on work after becoming a mother. She has also said that she suffered from postpartum depression after the birth of her second child.

Paltrow was raised by a Jewish father and Christian mother. In comments she made in 2010 about her experience of being raised with both religions in her family, she stated that "It was such a nice way to grow up." She also added, "I don’t believe in religion. I believe in spirituality. Religion is the cause of all the problems in the world." In July, 2011, she stated that she now wants to raise her children in the Jewish faith. Her husband, and her children’s father, singer Chris Martin, has a Christian background. Paltrow discovered in 2011 that her father's family came from a long line of influential East European rabbis, and that inspired her to raise her daughter and son in a Jewish environment.

Controversial statements

In December 2006, Paltrow was reported on the Internet to have told ''Notícias Sábado'', the weekend magazine supplement of Portuguese newspaper ''Diário de Notícias'', that she thought British people were more civilized and intelligent than Americans. Paltrow denied making the statements attributed to her and told ''People'' magazine that she never gave an interview to a Portuguese publication, but instead had tried to say in Spanish, during a press conference, that Europe was an "older culture" and Americans "live to work". ''Diário de Notícias'' said in their 6 December 2006 edition that it had obtained the quotes from English-language articles that are still referenced online, though Paltrow has insisted that she was misquoted, declaring in 2007: "I love America, and I'm an American through and through."

Filmography

+ Film
Title	Year	Role	Notes
! scope="row"	1991	Rebecca
! scope="row"	1991
''Deadly Relations''	1993	Carol Ann Fagot
! scope="row"	1993	Paula Bell
! scope="row"	1993	Ginny
''Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle''	1994	Paula Hunt
''Higher Learning''	1995	Student	Uncredited
''Jefferson in Paris''	1995	Patsy Jefferson
! scope="row"	1995	Tracy Mills	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
''Moonlight and Valentino''	1995	Lucy Trager
! scope="row"	1996	Clementine
''''	1996	Julie DeMarco
! scope="row"	1996	Emma Woodhouse	Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
''Out of the Past''	1998	Sarah Orne Jewett	Voice
''Sliding Doors''	1998	Helen Quilley
! scope="row"	1998
! scope="row"	1998	Helen Baring
''''	1998	Emily Bradford Taylor
''Shakespeare in Love''	1998	Viola De Lesseps	Academy Award for Best ActressEmpire Award for Best ActressFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (also for ''Sliding Doors'')Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressLas Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressMTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Joseph Fiennes)San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress (also for ''Sliding Doors'')Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role – Motion PictureScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite ActressNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Female PerformanceNominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated—Teen Choice Award for Choice ActressNominated—Teen Choice Award for Sexiest Love Scene (shared with Joseph Fiennes)
''''	1999	Marge Sherwood
''''	2000	Herself	Uncredited
''Duets''	2000	Liv
! scope="row"	2000	Abby Janello
''''	2001	Skye Davidson
''''	2001	Margot Tenenbaum	Nominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
''Shallow Hal''	2001	Rosemary Shanahan
''Searching for Debra Winger''	2002	Herself	Documentary
''Austin Powers in Goldmember''	2002	Gwyneth Paltrow as Dixie Normous in 'Austinpussy'
! scope="row"	2002	Maud Bailey
''View from the Top''	2003	Donna Jensen
! scope="row"	2003	Sylvia Plath
''Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow''	2004	Polly Perkins	Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Jude Law)
! scope="row"	2005	Catherine	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
! scope="row"	2006	Kitty Dean
''Love and Other Disasters''	2006	Hollywood Jacks	Cameo appearance
! scope="row"	2006	Hope Finch
''''	2007	Dora
! scope="row"	2008
! scope="row"	2008	Michelle	Nominated—Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female
''Iron Man 2''	2010		Nominated— ''[[Country Strong">Teen Choice Award
''[[Country Strong''	2010	Kelly Canter
''Glee: The 3D Concert Movie''	2011	Herself/Holly Holiday
! scope="row"	2011	Beth Emhoff	''Post-production''
! scope="row"	2012		Cameo Appearance

+ Television
Title	Year	Role	Notes
''Saturday Night Live''	1999	Host	Hosted episodes in 1999, 2001, and 2011
''Spain... on the road Again''	2008	Herself
''''	2010	Herself
! scope="row"	2010–present	Holly Holliday	Pending—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series (2011)Season 2 Episode 7 "	2011	Herself	Season 2 Episode 6 "Gwyneth Paltrow"

Discography

Singles

Single	Year	Peak chart positions						[[Music recording sales certification	Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
! scope="row"		—	1	—	1	1	—		AUS">The Substitute (Glee)
! scope="row"	2011	Herself	Season 2 Episode 6 "Gwyneth Paltrow"

Discography

Singles

Single	Year	Peak chart positions						[[Music recording sales certification	Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
! scope="row"		—	1	—	1	1	—		AUS: 2× Platinum	rowspan="2"
"Bette Davis Eyes"	—	—	—	3	—	—		* AUS: Platinum
! scope="row"	2010	81	—	30	—	—	—		rowspan="2"
"Me and Tennessee" (with Tim McGraw)	2011	—	—	34	—	—	63

Featured singles

! scope="row">"Umbrella" (with ''Glee'' Cast)

Single	Year	Peak chart positions					Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
! scope="row"		11	24	12	20	31	''Glee: The Music, Volume 4''
""[[Singin' in the Rain (song)	Singing in the Rain">Mister Cellophane	—	—	—	—	—
18	23	20	10	22
! scope="row"		57	—	63	—	95
" "[[Landslide (song)	23	38	35	36	52
! scope="row"	66	—	66	—	75	''[[Glee: The Music, Volume 6">Kiss (song)	83	98	80	—	—
"[[Landslide (song)	23	38	35	36	52
! scope="row"	66	—	66	—	75	''[[Glee: The Music, Volume 6''

Album appearances

Song	Year	Album
! scope="row"	2000
"Shake That Thing"		rowspan="4"
"Coming Home"
"A Fighter"
"Travis"
"Somewhere Over The Rainbow" (with Matthew Morrison)	2011

Music videos

Video	Year	Director
"Country Strong"	2010	Kristin Barlowe, Christoper Sims
"Me and Tennessee" (with Tim McGraw)	2011	Roger Pistole

References

External links

Gwyneth Paltrow's Newsletter, Goop

Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American people of Barbadian descent Category:American musicians of German descent Category:American people of Russian descent Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Jewish actors Category:Musicians from California Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Santa Monica, California Category:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni Category:Pennsylvania Dutch people

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name	Jane Austen
birth date	December 16, 1775
birth place	Steventon Rectory, Hampshire
death date	July 18, 1817
death place	Winchester, Hampshire
resting place	Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire
period	1787 to 1809-1811
genre	Romance
notableworks	Pride and PrejudiceSense and Sensibility
signature	Jane Austen signature from her will.svg|200px|Signature from Austen's 1817 will.
portaldisp	y }}

Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature, her realism and biting social commentary cementing her historical importance among scholars and critics.

Austen lived her entire life as part of a close-knit family located on the lower fringes of the English landed gentry. She was educated primarily by her father and older brothers as well as through her own reading. The steadfast support of her family was critical to her development as a professional writer. Her artistic apprenticeship lasted from her teenage years until she was about 35 years old. During this period, she experimented with various literary forms, including the epistolary novel which she tried then abandoned, and wrote and extensively revised three major novels and began a fourth. From 1811 until 1816, with the release of ''Sense and Sensibility'' (1811), ''Pride and Prejudice'' (1813), ''Mansfield Park'' (1814) and ''Emma'' (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. She wrote two additional novels, ''Northanger Abbey'' and ''Persuasion'', both published posthumously in 1818, and began a third, which was eventually titled ''Sanditon'', but died before completing it.

Austen's works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism. Her plots, though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew's ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' introduced her to a wider public, and by the 1940s she had become widely accepted in academia as a great English writer. The second half of the 20th century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship and the emergence of a Janeite fan culture.

Biography

Biographical information concerning Jane Austen is "famously scarce", according to one biographer. Only some personal and family letters remain (by one estimate only 160 out of Austen's 3,000 letters are extant), and her sister Cassandra (to whom most of the letters were originally addressed) burned "the greater part" of the ones she kept and censored those she did not destroy. Other letters were destroyed by the heirs of Admiral Francis Austen, Jane's brother. Most of the biographical material produced for fifty years after Austen's death was written by her relatives and reflects the family's biases in favour of "good quiet Aunt Jane". Scholars have unearthed little information since.

Family

Austen's parents, George Austen (1731–1805), and his wife Cassandra (1739–1827), were members of substantial gentry families. George was descended from a family of woollen manufacturers, which had risen through the professions to the lower ranks of the landed gentry. Cassandra was a member of the prominent Leigh family; they married on 26 April 1764 at Walcot Church in Bath. From 1765 until 1801, that is, for much of Jane's life, George Austen served as the rector of the Anglican parishes at Steventon, Hampshire and a nearby village. From 1773 until 1796, he supplemented this income by farming and by teaching three or four boys at a time who boarded at his home.

Austen's immediate family was large: six brothers—James (1765–1819), George (1766–1838), Edward (1767–1852), Henry Thomas (1771–1850), Francis William (Frank) (1774–1865), Charles John (1779–1852)—and one sister, Cassandra Elizabeth (Steventon, Hampshire, 9 January 1773–1845), who, like Jane, died unmarried. Cassandra Elizabeth was Austen's closest friend and confidante throughout her life. Of her brothers, Austen felt closest to Henry, who became a banker and, after his bank failed, an Anglican clergyman. Henry was also his sister's literary agent. His large circle of friends and acquaintances in London included bankers, merchants, publishers, painters, and actors: he provided Austen with a view of social worlds not normally visible from a small parish in rural Hampshire. George was sent to live with a local family at a young age because, as Austen biographer Le Faye describes it, he was "mentally abnormal and subject to fits". He may also have been deaf and mute.

Early life and education

Austen was born on 16 December 1775 at Steventon rectory and publicly christened on 5 April 1776. After a few months at home, her mother placed Austen with Elizabeth Littlewood, a woman living nearby, who nursed and raised Austen for a year or eighteen months. In 1783, according to family tradition, Jane and Cassandra were sent to Oxford to be educated by Mrs. Ann Cawley and they moved with her to Southampton later in the year. Both girls caught typhus and Jane nearly died. Austen was subsequently educated at home, until leaving for boarding school with her sister Cassandra early in 1785. The school curriculum probably included some French, spelling, needlework, dancing and music and, perhaps, drama. By December 1786, Jane and Cassandra had returned home because the Austens could not afford to send both of their daughters to school.

Austen acquired the remainder of her education by reading books, guided by her father and her brothers James and Henry. George Austen apparently gave his daughters unfettered access to his large and varied library, was tolerant of Austen's sometimes risqué experiments in writing, and provided both sisters with expensive paper and other materials for their writing and drawing. According to Park Honan, a biographer of Austen, life in the Austen home was lived in "an open, amused, easy intellectual atmosphere" where the ideas of those with whom the Austens might disagree politically or socially were considered and discussed. After returning from school in 1786, Austen "never again lived anywhere beyond the bounds of her immediate family environment".

Private theatricals were also a part of Austen's education. From when she was seven until she was thirteen, the family and close friends staged a series of plays, including Richard Sheridan's ''The Rivals'' (1775) and David Garrick's ''Bon Ton''. While the details are unknown, Austen would certainly have joined in these activities, as a spectator at first and as a participant when she was older. Most of the plays were comedies, which suggests one way in which Austen's comedic and satirical gifts were cultivated.

Juvenilia

Perhaps as early as 1787, Austen began to write poems, stories, and plays for her own and her family's amusement. Austen later compiled "fair copies" of 29 of these early works into three bound notebooks, now referred to as the ''Juvenilia'', containing pieces originally written between 1787 and 1793. There is manuscript evidence that Austen continued to work on these pieces as late as the period 1809–11, and that her niece and nephew, Anna and James Edward Austen, made further additions as late as 1814. Among these works are a satirical novel in letters titled ''Love and Freindship'' [''sic''], in which she mocked popular novels of sensibility, and ''The History of England'', a manuscript of 34 pages accompanied by 13 watercolour miniatures by her sister Cassandra.

Austen's ''History'' parodied popular historical writing, particularly Oliver Goldsmith's ''History of England'' (1764). Austen wrote, for example: "Henry the 4th ascended the throne of England much to his own satisfaction in the year 1399, after having prevailed on his cousin & predecessor Richard the 2nd, to resign it to him, & to retire for the rest of his Life to Pomfret Castle, where he happened to be murdered." Austen's ''Juvenilia'' are often, according to scholar Richard Jenkyns, "boisterous" and "anarchic"; he compares them to the work of 18th-century novelist Laurence Sterne and the 20th century comedy group Monty Python.

Adulthood

As Austen grew into adulthood, she continued to live at her parents' home, carrying out those activities normal for women of her age and social standing: she practised the fortepiano, assisted her sister and mother with supervising servants, and attended female relatives during childbirth and older relatives on their deathbeds. She sent short pieces of writing to her newborn nieces Fanny Catherine and Jane Anna Elizabeth. Austen was particularly proud of her accomplishments as a seamstress. She also attended church regularly, socialized frequently with friends and neighbours, and read novels—often of her own composition—aloud with her family in the evenings. Socializing with the neighbours often meant dancing, either impromptu in someone's home after supper or at the balls held regularly at the assembly rooms in the town hall. Her brother Henry later said that "Jane was fond of dancing, and excelled in it".

In 1793, Austen began and then abandoned a short play, later entitled ''Sir Charles Grandison or the happy Man, a comedy in 6 acts'', which she returned to and completed around 1800. This was a short parody of various school textbook abridgments of Austen's favourite contemporary novel, ''The History of Sir Charles Grandison'' (1753), by Samuel Richardson. Honan speculates that at some point not long after writing ''Love and Freindship'' [sic] in 1789, Austen decided to "write for profit, to make stories her central effort", that is, to become a professional writer. Whenever she made that decision, beginning in about 1793, Austen began to write longer, more sophisticated works. It is unlike any of Austen's other works. Austen biographer Claire Tomalin describes the heroine of the novella as a sexual predator who uses her intelligence and charm to manipulate, betray, and abuse her victims, whether lovers, friends or family. Tomalin writes: "Told in letters, it is as neatly plotted as a play, and as cynical in tone as any of the most outrageous of the Restoration dramatists who may have provided some of her inspiration....It stands alone in Austen's work as a study of an adult woman whose intelligence and force of character are greater than those of anyone she encounters."

Early novels

After finishing ''Lady Susan'', Austen attempted her first full-length novel—''Elinor and Marianne''. Her sister Cassandra later remembered that it was read to the family "before 1796" and was told through a series of letters. Without surviving original manuscripts, there is no way to know how much of the original draft survived in the novel published in 1811 as ''Sense and Sensibility''.

When Austen was twenty, Tom Lefroy, a nephew of neighbours, visited Steventon from December 1795 to January 1796. He had just finished a university degree and was moving to London to train as a barrister. Lefroy and Austen would have been introduced at a ball or other neighbourhood social gathering, and it is clear from Austen's letters to Cassandra that they spent considerable time together: "I am almost afraid to tell you how my Irish friend and I behaved. Imagine to yourself everything most profligate and shocking in the way of dancing and sitting down together." The Lefroy family intervened and sent him away at the end of January. Marriage was impractical, as both Lefroy and Austen must have known. Neither had any money, and he was dependent on a great-uncle in Ireland to finance his education and establish his legal career. If Tom Lefroy later visited Hampshire, he was carefully kept away from the Austens, and Jane Austen never saw him again.

Austen began work on a second novel, ''First Impressions'', in 1796. She completed the initial draft in August 1797 when she was only 21 (it later became ''Pride and Prejudice''); as with all of her novels, Austen read the work aloud to her family as she was working on it and it became an "established favourite". At this time, her father made the first attempt to publish one of her novels. In November 1797, George Austen wrote to Thomas Cadell, an established publisher in London, to ask if he would consider publishing "a Manuscript Novel, comprised in three Vols. about the length of Miss Burney's Evelina" (''First Impressions'') at the author's financial risk. Cadell quickly returned Mr. Austen's letter, marked "Declined by Return of Post". Austen may not have known of her father's efforts. Following the completion of ''First Impressions'', Austen returned to ''Elinor and Marianne'' and from November 1797 until mid-1798, revised it heavily; she eliminated the epistolary format in favour of third-person narration and produced something close to ''Sense and Sensibility''.

During the middle of 1798, after finishing revisions of ''Elinor and Marianne'', Austen began writing a third novel with the working title ''Susan''—later ''Northanger Abbey''—a satire on the popular Gothic novel. Austen completed her work about a year later. In early 1803, Henry Austen offered ''Susan'' to Benjamin Crosby, a London publisher, who paid £10 for the copyright. Crosby promised early publication and went so far as to advertise the book publicly as being "in the press", but did nothing more. The manuscript remained in Crosby's hands, unpublished, until Austen repurchased the copyright from him in 1816.

Bath and Southampton

In December 1800, Mr Austen unexpectedly announced his decision to retire from the ministry, leave Steventon, and move the family to Bath. While retirement and travel were good for the elder Austens, Jane Austen was shocked to be told she was moving from the only home she had ever known. An indication of Austen's state of mind is her lack of productivity as a writer during the time she lived at Bath. She was able to make some revisions to ''Susan'', and she began and then abandoned a new novel, ''The Watsons'', but there was nothing like the productivity of the years 1795–99. Tomalin suggests this reflects a deep depression disabling her as a writer, but Honan disagrees, arguing Austen wrote or revised her manuscripts throughout her creative life, except for a few months after her father died.

In December 1802, Austen received her only proposal of marriage. She and her sister visited Alethea and Catherine Bigg, old friends who lived near Basingstoke. Their younger brother, Harris Bigg-Wither, had recently finished his education at Oxford and was also at home. Bigg-Wither proposed and Austen accepted. As described by Caroline Austen, Jane's niece, and Reginald Bigg-Wither, a descendant, Harris was not attractive—he was a large, plain-looking man who spoke little, stuttered when he did speak, was aggressive in conversation, and almost completely tactless. However, Austen had known him since both were young and the marriage offered many practical advantages to Austen and her family. He was the heir to extensive family estates located in the area where the sisters had grown up. With these resources, Austen could provide her parents a comfortable old age, give Cassandra a permanent home and, perhaps, assist her brothers in their careers. By the next morning, Austen realised she had made a mistake and withdrew her acceptance. No contemporary letters or diaries describe how Austen felt about this proposal. In 1814, Austen wrote a letter to her niece, Fanny Knight, who had asked for advice about a serious relationship, telling her that "having written so much on one side of the question, I shall now turn around & entreat you not to commit yourself farther, & not to think of accepting him unless you really do like him. Anything is to be preferred or endured rather than marrying without Affection".

In 1804, while living in Bath, Austen started but did not complete a new novel, ''The Watsons''. The story centres on an invalid clergyman with little money and his four unmarried daughters. Sutherland describes the novel as "a study in the harsh economic realities of dependent women's lives". Honan suggests, and Tomalin agrees, that Austen chose to stop work on the novel after her father died on 21 January 1805 and her personal circumstances resembled those of her characters too closely for her comfort.

Mr Austen's final illness had struck suddenly, leaving him, as Austen reported to her brother Francis, "quite insensible of his own state", and he died quickly. Jane, Cassandra, and their mother were left in a precarious financial situation. Edward, James, Henry, and Francis Austen pledged to make annual contributions to support their mother and sisters. For the next four years, the family's living arrangements reflected their financial insecurity. They lived part of the time in rented quarters in Bath and then, beginning in 1806, in Southampton, where they shared a house with Frank Austen and his new wife. A large part of this time they spent visiting various branches of the family.

On 5 April 1809, about three months before the family's move to Chawton, Austen wrote an angry letter to Richard Crosby, offering him a new manuscript of ''Susan'' if that was needed to secure immediate publication of the novel, and otherwise requesting the return of the original so she could find another publisher. Crosby replied he had not agreed to publish the book by any particular time, or at all, and that Austen could repurchase the manuscript for the £10 he had paid her and find another publisher. However, Austen did not have the resources to repurchase the book.

Chawton

Around early 1809, Austen's brother Edward offered his mother and sisters a more settled life—the use of a large cottage in Chawton village that was part of Edward's nearby estate, Chawton House. Jane, Cassandra, and their mother moved into Chawton cottage on 7 July 1809. In Chawton, life was quieter than it had been since the family's move to Bath in 1800. The Austens did not socialise with the neighbouring gentry and entertained only when family visited. Austen's niece Anna described the Austen family's life in Chawton: "It was a very quiet life, according to our ideas, but they were great readers, and besides the housekeeping our aunts occupied themselves in working with the poor and in teaching some girl or boy to read or write." Austen wrote almost daily, but privately, and seems to have been relieved of some household responsibilities to give her more opportunity to write. In this setting, she was able to be productive as a writer once more.

Published author

During her time at Chawton, Jane Austen successfully published four novels, which were generally well-received. Through her brother Henry, the publisher Thomas Egerton agreed to publish ''Sense and Sensibility'', which appeared in October 1811. Reviews were favourable and the novel became fashionable among opinion-makers; the edition sold out by mid-1813. Austen's earnings from ''Sense and Sensibility'' provided her with some financial and psychological independence. Egerton then published ''Pride and Prejudice'', a revision of ''First Impressions'', in January 1813. He advertised the book widely and it was an immediate success, garnering three favourable reviews and selling well. By October 1813, Egerton was able to begin selling a second edition. ''Mansfield Park'' was published by Egerton in May 1814. While ''Mansfield Park'' was ignored by reviewers, it was a great success with the public. All copies were sold within six months, and Austen's earnings on this novel were larger than for any of her other novels.

Austen learned that the Prince Regent admired her novels and kept a set at each of his residences. In November 1815, the Prince Regent's librarian invited Austen to visit the Prince's London residence and hinted Austen should dedicate the forthcoming ''Emma'' to the Prince. Though Austen disliked the Prince, she could scarcely refuse the request. She later wrote ''Plan of a Novel, according to hints from various quarters'', a satiric outline of the "perfect novel" based on the librarian's many suggestions for a future Austen novel.

In mid-1815, Austen moved her work from Egerton to John Murray, a better known London publisher, who published ''Emma'' in December 1815 and a second edition of ''Mansfield Park'' in February 1816. ''Emma'' sold well but the new edition of ''Mansfield Park'' did not, and this failure offset most of the profits Austen earned on ''Emma''. These were the last of Austen's novels to be published during her lifetime.

While Murray prepared ''Emma'' for publication, Austen began to write a new novel she titled ''The Elliots'', later published as ''Persuasion''. She completed her first draft in July 1816. In addition, shortly after the publication of ''Emma'', Henry Austen repurchased the copyright for ''Susan'' from Crosby. Austen was forced to postpone publishing either of these completed novels by family financial troubles. Henry Austen's bank failed in March 1816, depriving him of all of his assets, leaving him deeply in debt and losing Edward, James, and Frank Austen large sums. Henry and Frank could no longer afford the contributions they had made to support their mother and sisters.

Illness and death

Early in 1816, Jane Austen began to feel unwell. She ignored her illness at first and continued to work and to participate in the usual round of family activities. By the middle of that year, her decline was unmistakable to Austen and to her family, and Austen's physical condition began a long, slow, and irregular deterioration culminating in her death the following year. The majority of Austen biographers rely on Dr. Vincent Cope's tentative 1964 retrospective diagnosis and list her cause of death as Addison's disease. However, her final illness has also been described as Hodgkin's lymphoma. Recent work by Katherine White of Britain's Addison’s Disease Self Help Group suggests that Austen likely died of bovine tuberculosis, a disease (now) commonly associated with drinking unpasteurized milk. One contributing factor or cause of her death, discovered by Linda Robinson Walker and described in the Winter 2010 issue of Persuasions on-line, might be Brill-Zinsser disease, a recurrent form of typhus, which she had as a child. Brill-Zinsser disease is to typhus as shingles is to chicken pox; when a victim of typhus endures stress, malnutrition or another infection, typhus can recur as Brill-Zinsser.

Austen continued to work in spite of her illness. She became dissatisfied with the ending of ''The Elliots'' and rewrote the final two chapters, finishing them on 6 August 1816. In January 1817, Austen began work on a new novel she called ''The Brothers'', later titled ''Sanditon'' upon its first publication in 1925, and completed twelve chapters before stopping work in mid-March 1817, probably because her illness prevented her from continuing. Austen made light of her condition to others, describing it as "Bile" and rheumatism, but as her disease progressed she experienced increasing difficulty walking or finding the energy for other activities. By mid-April, Austen was confined to her bed. In May, their brother Henry escorted Jane and Cassandra to Winchester for medical treatment. Austen died in Winchester on 18 July 1817, at the age of 41. Through his clerical connections, Henry arranged for his sister to be buried in the north aisle of the nave of Winchester Cathedral. The epitaph composed by her brother James praises Austen's personal qualities, expresses hope for her salvation, mentions the "extraordinary endowments of her mind", but does not explicitly mention her achievements as a writer.

Posthumous publication

After Austen's death, Cassandra and Henry Austen arranged with Murray for the publication of ''Persuasion'' and ''Northanger Abbey'' as a set in December 1817. Henry Austen contributed a ''Biographical Note'' which for the first time identified his sister as the author of the novels. Tomalin describes it as "a loving and polished eulogy". Sales were good for a year—only 321 copies remained unsold at the end of 1818—and then declined. Murray disposed of the remaining copies in 1820, and Austen's novels remained out of print for twelve years. In 1832, publisher Richard Bentley purchased the remaining copyrights to all of Austen's novels and, beginning in either December 1832 or January 1833, published them in five illustrated volumes as part of his ''Standard Novels'' series. In October 1833, Bentley published the first collected edition of Austen's works. Since then, Austen's novels have been continuously in print.

Reception

Contemporary responses

Austen's works brought her little personal renown because they were published anonymously. Although her novels quickly became fashionable among opinion-makers, such as Princess Charlotte Augusta, daughter of the Prince Regent, they received only a few published reviews. Most of the reviews were short and on balance favourable, although superficial and cautious. They most often focused on the moral lessons of the novels. Sir Walter Scott, a leading novelist of the day, contributed one of them, anonymously. Using the review as a platform from which to defend the then disreputable genre of the novel, he praised Austen's realism. The other important early review of Austen's works was published by Richard Whately in 1821. He drew favourable comparisons between Austen and such acknowledged greats as Homer and Shakespeare, praising the dramatic qualities of her narrative. Whately and Scott set the tone for almost all subsequent 19th-century Austen criticism.

Nineteenth century

Because Austen's novels failed to conform to Romantic and Victorian expectations that "powerful emotion [be] authenticated by an egregious display of sound and colour in the writing", 19th-century critics and audiences generally preferred the works of Charles Dickens and George Eliot. Though Austen's novels were republished in Britain beginning in the 1830s and remained steady sellers, they were not bestsellers.

Austen had many admiring readers in the 19th century who considered themselves part of a literary elite: they viewed their appreciation of Austen's works as a mark of their cultural taste. Philosopher and literary critic George Henry Lewes expressed this viewpoint in a series of enthusiastic articles published in the 1840s and 1850s. This theme continued later in the century with novelist Henry James, who referred to Austen several times with approval and on one occasion ranked her with Shakespeare, Cervantes, and Henry Fielding as among "the fine painters of life".

The publication of James Edward Austen-Leigh's ''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' in 1869 introduced Austen to a wider public as "dear aunt Jane", the respectable maiden aunt. Publication of the ''Memoir'' spurred the reissue of Austen's novels—the first popular editions were released in 1883 and fancy illustrated editions and collectors' sets quickly followed. Author and critic Leslie Stephen described the popular mania that started to develop for Austen in the 1880s as "Austenolatry". Around the turn of the century, members of the literary elite reacted against the popularization of Austen. They referred to themselves as ''Janeites'' in order to distinguish themselves from the masses who did not properly understand her works. For example, James responded negatively to what he described as "a beguiled infatuation" with Austen, a rising tide of public interest that exceeded Austen's "intrinsic merit and interest".

During the last quarter of the 19th century, the first books of criticism on Austen were published. In fact, after the publication of the ''Memoir'', more criticism was published on Austen in two years than had appeared in the previous fifty.

Twentieth century and beyond

Several important works paved the way for Austen's novels to become a focus of academic study. The first important milestone was a 1911 essay by Oxford Shakespearean scholar A. C. Bradley, which is "generally regarded as the starting-point for the serious academic approach to Jane Austen". In it, he established the groupings of Austen's "early" and "late" novels, which are still used by scholars today. The second was R. W. Chapman's 1923 edition of Austen's collected works. Not only was it the first scholarly edition of Austen's works, it was also the first scholarly edition of any English novelist. The Chapman text has remained the basis for all subsequent published editions of Austen's works. With the publication in 1939 of Mary Lascelles's ''Jane Austen and Her Art'', the academic study of Austen took hold. Lascelles's innovative work included an analysis of the books Jane Austen read and the effect of her reading on her work, an extended analysis of Austen's style, and her "narrative art". At the time, concern arose over the fact that academics were taking over Austen criticism and it was becoming increasingly esoteric—a debate that has continued to the beginning of the 21st century. In a spurt of revisionist views in the 1940s, scholars approached Austen more sceptically and argued that she was a subversive writer. These revisionist views, together with F. R. Leavis's and Ian Watt's pronouncement that Austen was one of the great writers of English fiction, did much to cement Austen's reputation amongst academics. They agreed that she "combined [Henry Fielding's and Samuel Richardson's] qualities of interiority and irony, realism and satire to form an author superior to both". The period since World War II has seen more scholarship on Austen using a diversity of critical approaches, including feminist theory, and perhaps most controversially, postcolonial theory. However, the continuing disconnection between the popular appreciation of Austen, particularly by modern Janeites, and the academic appreciation of Austen has widened considerably. Jane Austen was the favourite novelist of political philosopher Leo Strauss.

Sequels, prequels, and adaptations of almost every sort have been based on the novels of Jane Austen, from soft-core pornography to fantasy. Beginning in the middle of the 19th century, Austen family members published conclusions to her incomplete novels, and by 2000 there were over 100 printed adaptations. The first film adaptation was the 1940 MGM production of ''Pride and Prejudice'' starring Laurence Olivier and Greer Garson. BBC television dramatisations, which were first produced in the 1970s, attempted to adhere meticulously to Austen's plots, characterisations, and settings. In 1995 a great wave of Austen adaptations began to appear, with Ang Lee's film of ''Sense and Sensibility'', for which screenwriter and star Emma Thompson won an Academy Award, and the BBC's immensely popular TV mini-series ''Pride and Prejudice'', starring Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth.

Books and scripts that use the general storyline of Austen's novels but change or otherwise modernise the story also became popular at the end of the 20th century. For example, ''Clueless'' (1995), Amy Heckerling's updated version of ''Emma'', which takes place in Beverly Hills, became a cultural phenomenon and spawned its own television series. In a 2002 vote to determine whom the UK public considers the greatest British people in history, Austen was ranked number 70 in the list of the "''100 Greatest Britons''". In 2003, Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice'' came second in the BBC's Big Read, a national poll to find the "Nation's best-loved book."

List of works

Novels

''Sense and Sensibility'' (1811)

''Pride and Prejudice'' (1813)

''Mansfield Park'' (1814)

''Emma'' (1815)

''Northanger Abbey'' (1818) (posthumous)

''Persuasion'' (1818) (posthumous)

Short fiction

''Lady Susan'' (1794, 1805)

Unfinished fiction

''The Watsons'' (1804)

''Sanditon'' (1817)

Other works ''Sir Charles Grandison'' (1793, 1800)

''Plan of a Novel'' (1815)

Poems

Prayers

Letters

Juvenilia – Volume the First

Frederic & Elfrida

Jack & Alice

Edgar & Emma

Henry and Eliza

The Adventures of Mr. Harley

Sir William Mountague

Memoirs of Mr. Clifford

The Beautifull Cassandra

Amelia Webster

The Visit

The Mystery

The Three Sisters

A beautiful description

The generous Curate

Ode to Pity

Juvenilia – Volume the Second Love and Freindship

Lesley Castle

The History of England

A Collection of Letters

The female philosopher

The first Act of a Comedy

A Letter from a Young Lady

A Tour through Wales

A Tale

Juvenilia – Volume the Third

Evelyn

Catharine, or the Bower

See also

Family tree showing Jane Austen, her parents and her siblings

Family tree showing Jane Austen's siblings and her nephews and nieces

Timeline of Jane Austen

Styles and themes of Jane Austen

Notes

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References

Bibliography

Primary works

Austen, Jane. ''Catharine and Other Writings''. Ed. Margaret Anne Doody and Douglas Murray. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-282823-1.

Austen, Jane. ''The History of England''. Ed. David Starkey. Icon Books, HarperCollins Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-06-135195-4.

Le Faye, Deirdre, ed. ''Jane Austen's Letters''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-283297-2.

Secondary works

Biographies

Austen, Henry Thomas. "Biographical Notice of the Author". ''Northanger Abbey and Persuasion''. London: John Murray, 1817.

Austen-Leigh, James Edward. ''A Memoir of Jane Austen''. 1926. Ed. R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967.

Austen-Leigh, William and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh. ''Jane Austen: Her Life and Letters, A Family Record''. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1913.

Fergus, Jan. ''Jane Austen: A Literary Life''. London: Macmillan, 1991. ISBN 0-333-44701-8.

Honan, Park. ''Jane Austen: A Life''. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987. ISBN 0-312-01451-1.

Le Faye, Deirdre. ''Jane Austen: A Family Record''. Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-521-53417-8.

Nokes, David. ''Jane Austen: A Life''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. ISBN 0520216067.

Tomalin, Claire. ''Jane Austen: A Life''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. ISBN 0-679-44628-1.

Essay collections

''A Jane Austen Devotional''. Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4003-1953-4.

Alexander, Christine and Juliet McMaster, eds. ''The Child Writer from Austen to Woolf''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-81293-3.

Copeland, Edward and Juliet McMaster, eds. ''The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-49867-8.

Grey, J. David, ed. ''The Jane Austen Companion''. New York: Macmillan, 1986. ISBN 0-02-545540-0.

Lynch, Deidre, ed. ''Janeites: Austen's Disciples and Devotees''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-691-05005-8.

Southam, B. C., ed. ''Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1812–1870''. Vol. 1. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968. ISBN 0-7100-2942-X.

Southam, B. C., ed. ''Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage, 1870–1940''. Vol. 2. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. ISBN 0-7102-0189-3.

Todd, Janet, ed. ''Jane Austen In Context''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-82644-6.

Watt, Ian, ed. ''Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays''. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963. ISBN 9780-130-53769-0.

Monographs and articles

Armstrong, Nancy. ''Desire and Domestic Fiction''. London: Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-19-506160-8.

Butler, Marilyn. ''Jane Austen and the War of Ideas''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-19-812968-8.

Byrne, Paula. ''Jane Austen and the Theatre''. London and New York: Continuum, 2002. ISBN 978-1847250476.

Collins, Irene. ''Jane Austen and the Clergy''. London: The Hambledon Press, 1994. ISBN 1-85285-114-7.

Devlin, D. D. ''Jane Austen and Education''. London: Macmillan, 1975. ISBN 0-333-14431-7.

Duckworth, Alistair M. ''The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of Jane Austen's Novels''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. ISBN 0-8018-1269-0.

Fergus, Jan. ''Jane Austen and the Didactic Novel''. Totowa: Barnes & Noble, 1983. ISBN 0-389-20228-2.

Ferguson, Moira. "''Mansfield Park'', Slavery, Colonialism, and Gender". ''Oxford Literary Review'' 13 (1991): 118–39.

Galperin, William. ''The Historical Austen''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. ISBN 0-812-23687-4.

Gay, Penny. ''Jane Austen and the Theatre''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-65213-8.

Gubar, Susan and Sandra Gilbert. ''The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth Century Literary Imagination''. 1979. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-300-02596-3.

Harding, D. W., "Regulated Hatred: An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen". ''Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays''. Ed. Ian Watt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.

Jenkyns, Richard. ''A Fine Brush on Ivory: An Appreciation of Jane Austen''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-927661-7.

Johnson, Claudia L. ''Jane Austen: Women, Politics and the Novel''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. ISBN 0-226-40139-1.

Kirkham, Margaret. ''Jane Austen, Feminism and Fiction''. Brighton: Harvester, 1983. ISBN 0-710-80468-7.

Koppel, Gene. ''The Religious Dimension in Jane Austen's Novels''. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1988.

Lascelles, Mary. ''Jane Austen and Her Art''. Original publication 1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Leavis, F. R. ''The Great Tradition: George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph Conrad''. London: Chatto & Windus, 1960.

Litz, A. Walton. ''Jane Austen: A Study of Her Development''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965.

Lynch, Deidre. ''The Economy of Character''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. ISBN 0-226-49820-4.

MacDonagh, Oliver. ''Jane Austen: Real and Imagined Worlds''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-300-05084-4.

Miller, D. A. ''Jane Austen, or The Secret of Style''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-691-12387-X.

Mudrick, Marvin. ''Jane Austen: Irony as Defense and Discovery''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1952.

Page, Norman. ''The Language of Jane Austen''. Oxford: Blackwell, 1972. ISBN 0-631-08280-8.

Poovey, Mary. ''The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. ISBN 0-226-67528-9.

Raven, James. ''The Business of Books: Booksellers and the English Book Trade''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-300-12261-6.

Said, Edward W. ''Culture and Imperialism''. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. ISBN 0-679-75054-1.

Todd, Janet. ''The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-67469-7.

Waldron, Mary. ''Jane Austen and the Fiction of Her Time''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-00388-1.

Wiltshire, John. ''Recreating Jane Austen''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-521-00282-6.

Wiltshire, John. ''Jane Austen and the Body: The Picture of Health''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-41476-8.

External links

Online works

Works by Jane Austen – etexts by Electronic Literature Foundation

E-books of Austen's work in ePub, mobipocket, and pdf. Includes the complete ''Juvenilia''.

Jane Austen's work in Kindle format.

Works by Jane Austen – e-books in HTML

Works by Jane Austen – printable PDF ebooks

''A Memoir of Jane Austen'' by James Edward Austen-Leigh

Museums

Jane Austen's House Museum in Chawton

The Jane Austen Centre in Bath

Special Collections

Jane Austen Collections at Goucher College

Fan sites and societies

The Republic of Pemberley: the largest Jane Austen site on the web.

The Jane Austen Society of Australia

The Jane Austen Society of North America

The Jane Austen Society of the United Kingdom

Other

Category:1775 births Category:1817 deaths Category:18th-century English people Category:19th-century English people Category:Culture in Bath, Somerset Category:Burials at Winchester Cathedral Category:Deaths from tuberculosis Category:English Anglicans Category:English novelists Category:English romantic fiction writers Category:English women writers Category:History of Bath, Somerset Category:History of Winchester Category:Infectious disease deaths in England Category:People from Hampshire Category:People from Reading, Berkshire Category:Women novelists Category:Women of the Regency era

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name	Kate Beckinsale
birth name	Kathryn Bailey Beckinsale
birth date	July 26, 1973
birth place	Finsbury Park, North London, England, UK
occupation	Actress
partner
years active	1991–present
spouse
parents	Richard BeckinsaleJudy Loe
relatives
website	}}

Kathryn Bailey "Kate" Beckinsale (born 26 July 1973) is an English actress.

She initially came to prominence in the 1990s for her roles in costume dramas such as ''Cold Comfort Farm'', ''Much Ado About Nothing'' and ''Emma''. Following a breakout performance in 2001's ''Pearl Harbor'', she has appeared in big-budget Hollywood movies like ''The Aviator'', the ''Underworld'' films and ''Van Helsing'' as well as smaller independent movies such as ''Everybody's Fine'' and ''Winged Creatures''. She earned a Critic's Choice Award nomination for her performance in 2008's ''Nothing But the Truth''.

She has three films set for release in 2012: ''Underworld 4'', ''Contraband'' and ''Total Recall''.

Early life

Beckinsale was born in London to actor Richard Beckinsale and actress Judy Loe. Her father unexpectedly died from a heart attack in 1979 (at the age of 31) when she was just five years old. Her mother later married director Roy Battersby, and Beckinsale was raised alongside his four sons and daughter. She also has a paternal half-sister, actress Samantha Beckinsale.

Beckinsale attended Godolphin and Latymer School in West London and was involved with the Orange Tree Youth Theatre. In her teens, she twice won the W. H. Smith Young Writers' competition—once for short stories and once for poetry. She had a nervous breakdown and developed anorexia at the age of fifteen and underwent Freudian psychoanalysis for four years.

She studied French and Russian literature at New College, Oxford University and was involved with the Oxford University Dramatic Society, most notably being directed by fellow student Tom Hooper in a production of ''A View from the Bridge'' at the Oxford Playhouse. She spent her third year in Paris as part of Oxford's study-abroad program, after which she decided to leave university to concentrate on her burgeoning acting career.

Career

Beckinsale landed her first major role, in Kenneth Branagh's big-screen Shakespearean adaptation, ''Much Ado About Nothing'', during her first year at Oxford University. She filmed three other movies while at university: ''Prince of Jutland'', ''Uncovered'' and French-language ''Marie-Louise Ou La Permission''. Shortly after leaving Oxford, Beckinsale appeared in ''Cold Comfort Farm'', ''Haunted'' and the TV adaptation of Jane Austen's ''Emma''. In 1995 and 1996, Beckinsale worked on four plays, most notably ''The Seagull'' opposite Michael Sheen. In 1997, she starred in ''Shooting Fish'' and as Juliet in a radio production of Romeo and Juliet opposite her then partner, Michael Sheen, who also directed.

Beckinsale then began to seek work in Los Angeles, starring in 1998's ''The Last Days of Disco'' with Chloe Sevigny and 1999's ''Brokedown Palace'' with Claire Danes. The former earned her a London Critics Circle Film Award. After a break following the birth of her daughter, Beckinsale was cast in 2001's ''Pearl Harbor'' opposite Ben Affleck and Josh Hartnett, one of the highest-grossing films of its year. She followed this with ''Serendipity'', ''The Golden Bowl'' and ''Laurel Canyon''.

She became known as an action star following staring roles in ''Underworld'' and ''Van Helsing''. In 2004, she portrayed Ava Gardner in Martin Scorsese's ''The Aviator'', a role for which she gained almost 1½ stones (21 lbs). Other roles included Click with Adam Sandler and Tiptoes with Gary Oldman.

In 2006, Beckinsale reprised her role as a vampire in the successful sequel ''Underworld: Evolution'' and, in 2007, she appeared in thriller ''Vacancy'' and independent film ''Snow Angels''. In 2008, she appeared in Winged Creatures and Nothing But the Truth, receiving a Critic's Choice Award nomination for her performance in the latter. Despite strong award buzz for both Beckinsale and co-star Vera Farmiga, the film never received a full theatrical release after the distributor filed for bankruptcy. In 2009, she starred in the comic-book adaption Whiteout and Everybody's Fine opposite Robert De Niro.

Beckinsale has three films set for release in 2012: ''Underworld 4'', ''Contraband'' and ''Total Recall''.

Personal life

Beckinsale married American director Len Wiseman on 9 May 2004 in Bel-Air, California. They live in Los Angeles with Beckinsale's daughter, Lily Mo Sheen.

Beckinsale previously had a eight-year relationship with Welsh actor Michael Sheen from 1995 to 2003, after meeting when cast in a touring production of ''The Seagull''. Their daughter, Lily Mo Sheen, was born 31 January 1999. The relationship ended after the filming of ''Underworld'' (in which they both starred) because Beckinsale realised she had fallen for the film's married director, Len Wiseman. The former couple have remained close friends. Beckinsale has said, "I love him dearly – I would miss him dreadfully if he wasn't in my life." "He is one of the most thoughtful, principled people and Lily is so lucky to have him as a dad."

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1991	''Devices and Desires''	Young Alice Mair	Television - ITV (one episode)
1991	''One Against the Wind''	Barbe Lindell	Television film - Hallmark Hall of Fame/CBS
1992	''Rachel's Dream''	Rachel	Television - Channel 4
1993	''Anna Lee: Headcase''	Thea Hahn	Television - ITV
1993		Hero
1994		Julia
1994		Ethel
1995	''Marie-Louise Ou La Permission''	Marie-Louise
1995		Flora Poste
1995		Christina Mariell
1996		Emma Woodhouse	Television film - ITV
1997	''Shooting Fish''	Georgie
1998	''The Last Days of Disco''	Charlotte Pingress
1998	''Alice Through the Looking Glass''	Alice	Television film - Channel 4
1999	''Brokedown Palace''	Darlene Davis
2001		Nurse Lt. Evelyn Johnson
2001		Sara Thomas
2001		Maggie Verver
2002		Alex Elliot
2003
2003	''Tiptoes''	Carol
2004		Ava Gardner
2004		Anna Valerious
2006	''Underworld: Evolution''	Selene
2006		Donna Newman
2007		Amy Fox
2007		Annie Marchand
2008		Rachel Armstrong
2008		Carla Davenport
2009	''Underworld: Rise of the Lycans''		voice only
2009		Carrie Stetko
2009		Amy
2012	''Underworld: Awakening''		''Post-production''
2012		Kate Farraday	''Post-production''
2012		Lori	''Filming''

Stage

''The Seagull'' (as Nina), Theatre Royal, Bath and Tour, 1995

''Sweetheart'' (as Toni), Royal Court Theatre, 1996

''Clocks and Whistles'' (as Anne), The Bush, 1996

''Faithless'', unknown London theatre, 1996

Radio

Narrated ''Emma'' (1996) for Hodder & Stoughton AudioBooks and Diana Hendry's ''The Proposal'' (1997) for BBC Radio 4. Appeared as Juliet in the Naxos AudioBooks's production of ''Romeo and Juliet'' (1997).

Awards and nominations

Year	! Award	! Award ceremony	! Film	! Result
1997	Best Actress	Sitges - Catalonian International Film Festival	''Shooting Fish''	Won
1999	British Supporting Actress of the Year (tied with Minnie Driver for ''Good Will Hunting'')	London Critics Circle Film Awards	''The Last Days of Disco''	Won
2002	Best Actress	Saturn Award		Nominated
2004	Best Actress	Saturn Award		Nominated
2004	Best Trans-Atlantic Breakthrough Performer	MTV Movie Awards		Nominated
2005	Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture (shared with the cast)	Screen Actors Guild Awards		Nominated
2005	Favorite Female Action Movie Star	People's Choice Awards		Nominated
2006	Best Hero	MTV Movie Awards	''Underworld: Evolution''	Nominated
2006	Favorite Female Action Star	People's Choice Awards		Nominated
2008	Best Actress	Broadcast Film Critics Association Award		Nominated

References

External links

Category:1973 births Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford Category:British people of Burmese descent Category:English expatriates in the United States Category:English film actors Category:English television actors Category:Actors from London Category:Old Dolphins Category:Living people Category:People from Finsbury Park

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name	Mark Strong
birthname	Marco Giuseppe Salussolia
birth date
birth place	London, England, UK
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	1989–present }}

Mark Strong (born Marco Giuseppe Salussolia; 30 August 1963) is an English actor, with a body of work in both films and television. He has performed in films as varied as ''Body of Lies'', ''Syriana'', ''The Young Victoria'', ''Sherlock Holmes'', ''RocknRolla'', ''Stardust'', and ''Kick-Ass''. He often depicts villains or antagonists, such as Lord Blackwood in ''Sherlock Holmes'', Prince Septimus in ''Stardust'', Frank D'Amico in ''Kick-Ass'', and Sir Godfrey in ''Robin Hood''.

Early life

Strong was born Marco Giuseppe Salussolia in London, to an Italian father and an Austrian mother. He was raised Catholic. His English name is not a stage name; it was changed by deed poll by his mother when he was a boy to help him fit in with his peers. He speaks fluent German and some Italian. Strong attended Wymondham College in Norfolk. His original ambition was to become a lawyer, but after studying for a year at University in Munich, Germany he decided to change his direction in life and returned home to London. He knows Gerard Butler who also originally intended to be a lawyer from before they were both actors. Later they co-starred in RocknRolla. In London, he studied English and Drama at Royal Holloway, and later attended Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.

Career

Strong is a familiar face on British television. He appeared in two ''Prime Suspect'' serials for ITV as Inspector (later Detective Chief Superintendent) Larry Hall, in ''Prime Suspect 3'' (1993) and ''Prime Suspect 6'' (2003). He also had starring roles in two BBC Two drama serials, ''Our Friends in the North'' (1996) and ''The Long Firm'' (2004) for which he earned a BAFTA nomination. He also played the villainous Colonel Brand in ''Sharpe's Mission'' (1996). He played the romantic lead, Mr. Knightley, in the ITV adaptation of Jane Austen's novel ''Emma'', with Kate Beckinsale in the title role.

In feature films, one of Strong's roles was Steve in the 1997 adaptation of Nick Hornby's ''Fever Pitch'', opposite Colin Firth, and Strong was also featured in Roman Polanski's ''Oliver Twist'' (2005). He played Mussawi in the film ''Syriana'', and in 2005 appeared in ''Revolver'', where he played Sorter, a nerveless, steely assassin "who never misses". In 2006, Strong portrayed the traitorous Wictred in ''Tristan & Isolde'', showing his talent with swordplay. The following year he played Pinbacker in the science-fiction film ''Sunshine''. He had to spend six hours a day in the makeup chair to create the character's facial scars. Coincidentally, Strong appeared in a 1999 film also entitled ''Sunshine''.

He was one of the last two actors considered for the part of Anton Chigurh (Javier Bardem's role) in ''No Country for Old Men'', despite the persistence of rumours he was never offered the part. In ''Body of Lies'', he played Hani Salaam, head of Jordanian Intelligence. In most of Strong's films he is virtually unrecognizable because he changes his look for each character; in ''Stardust'' and ''Tristan + Isolde'', he has long hair, in ''RocknRolla'' and ''The Long Firm'' he sports a receding hairline, in ''Kick-Ass'' he is completely bald, in ''Body of Lies'' and ''Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day'' he has a full head of hair, and in ''Sunshine'' he was subjected to hours of make-up to create the antagonist Pinbacker. His characters in ''Low Winter Sun'', ''Heartlands'' and ''Fever Pitch'', however, most resemble his true self.

In his theatre career, Strong was nominated in 2003 for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for his role in Shakespeare's ''Twelfth Night'' at the Donmar Warehouse in 2002. He has a lead part in the Channel 4 film ''Endgame'' (2009).

Since 2006, Strong has provided the narration in the BBC genealogy series ''Who Do You Think You Are?''.

In ''Sherlock Holmes'', he plays Lord Blackwood, the main antagonist. Strong played Thaal Sinestro in the 2011 superhero film, ''Green Lantern''.

Mark Strong is also voicing the character Captain Titus of the Ultramarines Chapter in the upcoming video game Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine.

Personal life

Strong lives in north-west London with his wife Liza Marshall and sons Gabriel and Roman (born October 5, 2007). He is a longtime friend of actor Daniel Craig, who is the godfather of Strong's younger son Roman.

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1993		Second TV Producer	TV serial
1993		Insp. Larry Hall	TV film
1993		Policeman
1994	''Captives''	Kenny
1996	''Our Friends in the North ''	Terry 'Tosker' Cox	TV Serial
1996	''Sharpe's Mission''	Brand	TV film
1996		Mr. Knightley	TV film
1997		Steve
1998	''Spoonface Steinberg''	Father	TV film
1998	''The Man with Rain in His Shoes'' or ''Twice Upon a Yesterday''	Dave Summers
1999	''Trust''	Michael Mitcham	TV film
1999	''Births, Marriages and Deaths''	Terry	TV film
1999	''In the Name of Love''	Chris Monroe	TV film
1999	''Elephant Juice''	Frank
1999		Istvan Sors
2000	''Bomber''	Col. Chris Forsyth	TV film
2000		Oblonsky	TV mini-series
2001	''To End All Wars''	Dusty Miller
2001		Ferdinand
2001		Doug
2001	''Superstition''	Antonio Gabrieli
2002	''Fields of Gold''	Dr. Tolkin	TV film
2002		Ian
2002	''Falling Apart''	Pete	TV film
2003	''Some Place Safe''	Dad	short film
2003	''It's All About Love''	Arthur
2003			TV serial
2003		Det. Chief Supt. Larry Hall	TV film
2004	''The Long Firm''	Harry Starks	TV filmNominated – British Academy Television Award for Best Actor
2005		Sorter
2005		Toby Crackit
2005	''Walk Away and I Stumble''	Andy Spader	TV film
2005	''Syriana''	Mussawi
2006		Wictred
2006	''Low Winter Sun''	Det. Sgt. Frank Agnew	TV film
2006	''Scenes of a Sexual Nature''	Louis
2007		Pinbacker
2007		Septimus
2008	''Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day''	Nick
2008	''Flashbacks of a Fool''	Mannie Miesel
2008	''Babylon A.D.''	Finn
2008	''RocknRolla''	Archy
2008		Hani Salaam
2008		Philipp Bouhler
2009		Dr. Niel Barnard
2009	''The Young Victoria''
2009		Lord Henry Blackwood	Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best FightShared with Robert Downey, Jr.
2010		Frank D'Amico	Nominated – MTV Movie Award for Best FightShared with Chloë Grace Moretz
2010		Sir Godfrey
2010	''The Way Back''	Khabarov
2011	''The Story Of Earth''	Narrator
2011		Clive Cornell
2011		Guern
2011
2011		Jim Prideaux	post-production
2011	''Warhammer 40,000: Space Marine''	Captain Titus	Gaming/Voice Acting
2012		Matai Shang	filming

References

External links

Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London Category:English film actors Category:English television actors Category:English people of Italian descent Category:English people of Austrian descent Category:English Roman Catholics Category:Actors from London Category:People educated at Wymondham College

bg:Марк Стронг cs:Mark Strong da:Mark Strong de:Mark Strong es:Mark Strong fr:Mark Strong it:Mark Strong he:מארק סטרונג hu:Mark Strong nl:Mark Strong ja:マーク・ストロング no:Mark Strong pl:Mark Strong pt:Mark Strong ru:Стронг, Марк sv:Mark Strong (skådespelare) zh:馬克·史壯

name	Frank Churchill
background	non_performing_personnel
birth date	October 20, 1901
died	May 14, 1942 Newhall, California, U.S.
origin	Rumford, Maine, U.S.
instrument	Piano
occupation	Composer
website	}}

Frank Churchill (October 20, 1901 – May 14, 1942) was an American composer of popular music for films. He wrote most of the music for Disney's 1937 movie ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'', including "Whistle While You Work" and "Some Day My Prince Will Come". The latter became a jazz standard covered by various jazz greats including Oscar Peterson, Miles Davis and Dave Brubeck.

Biography

Churchill began his career playing piano in cinemas at the age of 15. After dropping out of medical studies at UCLA to pursue a career in music, he became an accompanist at the Los Angeles radio station KNX (AM) in 1924.

He joined Disney studios in 1930, and scored many animated shorts - his song for ''The Three Little Pigs'', "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf", was a huge commercial success.

In 1937, he was chosen to score Disney's first full-length animated feature, ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''. His catchy, artfully written songs played a large part in the film's initial success and continuing popularity.

He became supervisor of music at Disney. In 1942, Churchill and fellow composer Oliver Wallace won an Oscar in the category "Scoring of a Musical Picture" for cowriting the score for ''Dumbo''. He also shared an Oscar nomination with Ned Washington for the song "Baby Mine" from ''Dumbo'' for Best Song. A year later, Churchill received two posthumous Oscar nominations; the first for cowriting the score to ''Bambi'' with Edward Plumb, and the second for cowriting the song "Love is a Song" from ''Bambi'' with lyricist Larry Morey (1905–1971).

Frank Churchill committed suicide on May 14, 1942 at his ranch north of Los Angeles in Castaic. He is purported to have died "at the piano" of a self inflicted gunshot wound. Although there is some speculation that his suicide was a result of negative discourse with Walt Disney regarding his latest scores for ''Bambi'', it was more likely due to his deep depression and bout with heavy drinking after the deaths of two of his closest friends and fellow Disney orchestra members who had died earlier that year within a month of each other. He was buried in Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.

References

Sources

Disney Legends: Frank Churchill

External links

Category:American composers Category:Composers who committed suicide Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Category:1901 births Category:1942 deaths Category:People from Oxford County, Maine Category:Suicides by firearm in California Category:American film score composers

de:Frank Churchill et:Frank Churchill fr:Frank Churchill it:Frank Churchill ja:フランク・チャーチル fi:Frank Churchill