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Aaron Copland
Aaron Copland (November 14, 1900 – December 2, 1990) was an American composer of concert and film music. Instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, he was widely known as "the dean of American composers." Copland's music achieved a balance between modern music and American folk styles. The open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are said to evoke the vast American landscape.
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Alban Berg
Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9, 1885 – December 24, 1935) was an Austrian composer. He was a member of the Second Viennese School with Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, and produced compositions that combined Mahlerian Romanticism with a personal adaptation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique.
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Albert Lavignac
Albert Lavignac (Paris 21 January 1846 – Paris, 28 May 1916) was a French music scholar, known for his essays on theory, and a minor composer.
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Alexander Borodin
Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin () ( –) was a Russian Romantic composer and a successful chemist, of Georgian-Russian parentage. He was a member of the group of composers called The Five (or "The Mighty Handful"), who were dedicated to producing a specifically Russian kind of art music. He is best known for his symphonies, his two string quartets, and his opera Prince Igor. Music from Prince Igor and his string quartets was later adapted for the musical Kismet.
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Anton Bruckner
Anton Bruckner (4 September 182411 October 1896) was an Austrian composer known for his symphonies, masses, and motets. The former are considered emblematic of the final stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, complex polyphony, and considerable length. Bruckner's compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their dissonances, unprepared modulations, and roving harmonies.
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Antonín Dvořák
Antonín Leopold Dvořák ( or ; ; September 8, 1841May 1, 1904) was a Czech composer of Romantic music, who employed the idioms of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia. His works include operas, symphonic, choral and chamber music. His best-known works include his New World Symphony, the Slavonic Dances, "American" String Quartet, and Cello Concerto in B minor.
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Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Schoenberg () (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. He used the spelling Schönberg until after his move to the United States in 1934 (Steinberg 1995, 463), whereupon he altered it to Schoenberg "in deference to American practice" (Foss 1951, 401), though one writer claims he made the change a year earlier (Ross 2007, 45).
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Bedřich Smetana
Bedřich Smetana (; 1824, Litomyšl, Bohemia 1884, Prague, Bohemia) was a Czech composer who pioneered the development of a musical style which became closely identified with his country's aspirations to independent statehood. He is thus widely regarded in his homeland as the father of Czech music. Internationally he is best known for his opera The Bartered Bride, for the symphonic cycle Má vlast ("My Fatherland") which portrays the history, legends and landscape of the composer's native land, and for his First String Quartet From My Life.
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Benjamin Britten
Edward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, OM CH (22 November 1913 – 4 December 1976) was an English composer, conductor, and pianist. Showing prodigious talent from an early age – he composed Quatre Chansons françaises for soprano and orchestra at the age of fourteen – he first came to public attention with the a cappella choral work A Boy Was Born. With the premiere of his opera Peter Grimes in 1945 he leapt to international fame, and for the next fifteen years he devoted much of his compositional attention to writing operas, several of which now appear regularly on international stages. Britten's interests as a composer were wide-ranging; he produced important music in such varied genres as orchestral, choral, solo vocal (much of it written for the tenor Peter Pears), chamber and instrumental, as well as film music. He also took a great interest in writing music for children and amateur performers, and was a fine pianist and conductor.
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Bill Reichenbach Jr.
William "Bill" Reichenbach Jr. (born November 20, 1949 in Takoma Park, Maryland) is an American jazz trombonist and composer. He is the son of Bill Reichenbach who was the drummer for Charlie Byrd from 1962 to 1973. He is best known as a session musician for television, films, cartoons, and commercials. He also recorded a solo CD, "Special Edition", where he is featured on tenor as well as bass trombone.
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Béla Bartók
Béla Viktor János Bartók ( (Wells 1990), ) (March 25, 1881 – September 26, 1945) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century and is regarded, along with Liszt, as Hungary's greatest composer (Gillies 2001). Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of ethnomusicology.
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Camille Saint-Saëns
Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns () (9 October 183516 December 1921) was a French Late-Romantic composer, organist, conductor, and pianist, known especially for The Carnival of the Animals, Danse macabre, Samson and Delilah, Piano Concerto No. 2, Havanaise, Introduction and Rondo capriccioso, and his Symphony No. 3 (Organ Symphony).
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Carl Nielsen
Carl August Nielsen (9 June 1865–3 October 1931) was a composer, conductor, and violinist from Denmark. His works have long been well known in Denmark and they have been "a mainstay throughout the Nordic countries and, to a lesser extent, in Britain", noted the critic Alex Ross in 2008 in The New Yorker, and rising young conductors such as Gustavo Dudamel and Alan Gilbert are now playing Nielsen's music in the United States.
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Charles Gounod
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Charles Wuorinen
Charles Wuorinen (b. June 9, 1938, in New York City) is a U.S. composer. Wuorinen is a prolific composer in all genres and a high profile proponent of contemporary music. In 1970, Wuorinen became the youngest composer to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music (for the electronic work ''Time's Encomium'') while his many other awards include a MacArthur Fellowship.
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Claude Debussy
Claude-Achille Debussy () (August 22, 1862 – March 25, 1918) was a French composer. Along with Maurice Ravel, he was one of the most prominent figures working within the field of impressionist music, though he himself intensely disliked the term when applied to his compositions. Debussy is among the most important of all French composers, and a central figure in European music of the turn of the 20th century. He was made Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1903.
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Claudio Monteverdi
Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (; 15 May 1567 (baptized) – 29 November 1643) was an Italian composer, gambist, and singer.
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César Franck
César Auguste Jean Guillaume Hubert Franck (10 December 1822 – 8 November 1890) was a Dutch-Belgian-French-German composer, pianist, organist and music teacher whose symphonic, chamber, and keyboard works are "among the most distinguished contributions in the field by any French musician."
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Darius Milhaud
Darius Milhaud (; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions are influenced by jazz and make use of polytonality (music in more than one key at once).
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Dmitri Shostakovich
Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich () ( – 9 August 1975) was a Soviet Russian composer and one of the most celebrated composers of the 20th century.
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E.A. Couturier
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Edgard Varèse
Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse, whose name was also spelled Edgar Varèse (December 22, 1883 – November 6, 1965), was an innovative French-born composer who spent the greater part of his career in the United States.
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Edward Elgar
Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, OM, GCVO (2 June 185723 February 1934) was an English composer, many of whose works have achieved enduring popularity. Among his best-known compositions are orchestral works including the Enigma Variations, the Pomp and Circumstance Marches, concertos for violin and cello, and two symphonies. He also composed oratorios, including The Dream of Gerontius, chamber music and songs. He was appointed Master of the King's Musick in 1924.
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F.A. Reynolds
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First World War
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Franz Berwald
Franz Adolf Berwald (July 23, 1796, Stockholm April 3, 1868) was a Swedish Romantic composer who was generally ignored during his lifetime. Due to this, he was forced to make his living as an orthopedic surgeon and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory.
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Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt (, from 1859 to 1867 officially Franz Ritter von Liszt) (October 22, 1811July 31, 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher.
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Franz Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert (; January 31, 1797 – November 19, 1828) was an Austrian composer.
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George Gershwin
George Gershwin (September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937) was an American composer and pianist. Gershwin's compositions spanned both popular and classical genres, and his most popular melodies are widely known.
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Giacomo Puccini
Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini (; 22 December 185829 November 1924) was an Italian composer whose operas, including La bohème, Tosca, Madama Butterfly, and Turandot, are among the most frequently performed in the standard repertoire. Some of his arias, such as "O mio babbino caro" from Gianni Schicchi, "Che gelida manina" from La bohème, and "Nessun dorma" from Turandot, have become part of popular culture.
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Gioacchino Rossini
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Giovanni Gabrieli
Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1554/1557 – 12 August 1612) was an Italian composer and organist. He was one of the most influential musicians of his time, and represents the culmination of the style of the Venetian School, at the time of the shift from Renaissance to Baroque idioms.
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Giuseppe Verdi
Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian Romantic composer, mainly of opera. He was one of the most influential composers of the 19th century. His works are frequently performed in opera houses throughout the world and, transcending the boundaries of the genre, some of his themes have long since taken root in popular culture - such as "La donna è mobile" from Rigoletto, "Va, pensiero" (The Chorus of the Hebrew Slaves) from Nabucco, "Libiamo ne' lieti calici" (The Drinking Song) from La traviata and the "Grand March" from Aida. Although his work was sometimes criticized for using a generally diatonic rather than a chromatic musical idiom and having a tendency toward melodrama, Verdi’s masterworks dominate the standard repertoire a century and a half after their composition.
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Gustav Holst
Gustav Theodore Holst (born Gustavus Theodor von Holst, 21 September 187425 May 1934) was an English composer. He is most famous for his orchestral suite The Planets.
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Gustav Mahler
Gustav Mahler (; 1860 – 1911) was a late-Romantic Austrian composer and one of the leading conductors of his generation. As a composer, he acted as a bridge between the 19th century Austro-German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century. While in his lifetime his status as a conductor was established beyond question, his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era. After 1945 the music was discovered and championed by a new generation of listeners; Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers, a position he has sustained into the 21st century.
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Hector Berlioz
Hector Berlioz (December 11, 1803 – March 8, 1869) was a French Romantic composer, best known for his compositions Symphonie fantastique and Grande messe des morts (Requiem). Berlioz made significant contributions to the modern orchestra with his Treatise on Instrumentation. He specified huge orchestral forces for some of his works; as a conductor, he performed several concerts with more than 1,000 musicians. He also composed around 50 songs.
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Heinrich Schütz
Heinrich Schütz (October 8 (JC), 1585 - November 6, 1672) was a German composer and organist, generally regarded as the most important German composer before Johann Sebastian Bach and often considered to be one of the most important composers of the 17th century along with Claudio Monteverdi. He wrote what is thought to be the first German opera, Dafne, performed at Torgau in 1627, of which the music has since been lost. He is commemorated as a musician in the Calendar of Saints of the Lutheran Church on July 28 with Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel. He was buried in the Dresden Frauenkirche but his tomb has since been destroyed.
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Henri Tomasi
Henri Tomasi (August 17, 1901 – January 13, 1971) was a French classical composer and conductor.
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Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky () ( – 6 April 1971) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor.
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Jacques Casterède
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James Pankow
James Carter "Jimmy" Pankow (born August 20, 1947) is an American trombone player, songwriter and brass instrument arranger best known for being a founding member of the rock band Chicago.
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James Warren York
James Warren York, more commonly known as J. W. York, was a musician, a businessman, a business owner, and a musical instrument innovator. The "York tuba sound" is considered by most tubists to be the defining timbre of a quality instrument.
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Jean Sibelius
Jean Sibelius () (8 December 186520 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the later Romantic period whose music played an important role in the formation of the Finnish national identity. His mastery of the orchestra has been described as "prodigious".
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Jimmy Bosch
Jimmy Bosch (c. 1960, aka "El Trombon Criollo", is an Afro-Cuban jazz and Cuban Music trombonist and bandleader born in Jersey City, New Jersey. Having performed since age eleven, by age thirteen he was playing in several local Latin music bands. While at Rutgers University studying classical music at age eighteen, he met Manny Oquendo and joined his band. He played with Manny in some capacity for over two decades, and also later joined forces with Marc Anthony performing in the horn section. In 1996 he founded his own band "The Master", and has recorded two albums with them. Currently plays with Spanish Harlem Orchestra.
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Johann Ernst Eberlin
Johann Ernst Eberlin (27 March 1702 – 19 June 1762) was a German composer and organist whose works bridge the baroque and classical eras. He was a prolific composer, chiefly of church organ and choral music. Marpurg claims he wrote as much and as rapidly as Domenico Scarlatti and Georg Philipp Telemann.
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Johann Joseph Fux
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Johannes Brahms
Johannes Brahms () (7 May 18333 April 1897), was a German composer and pianist, one of the leading musicians of the Romantic period. Born in Hamburg, Brahms spent much of his professional life in Vienna, Austria, where he was a leader of the musical scene. In his lifetime, Brahms' popularity and influence were considerable; following a comment by the nineteenth-century conductor Hans von Bülow, he is sometimes grouped with Johann Sebastian Bach and Ludwig van Beethoven as one of the Three Bs.
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John Philip Sousa
John Philip Sousa (; November 6, 1854 – March 6, 1932) was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era, known particularly for American military and patriotic marches. Because of his mastery of march composition, he is known as "The March King" or the "American March King" due to his British counterpart Kenneth J Alford also being known as "The March King"
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Joseph Haydn
Franz Joseph Haydn (31 March 173231 May 1809), known as Joseph Haydn (; ), was an Austrian composer, one of the most prolific and prominent composers of the classical period. He is often called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" because of his important contributions to these genres. He was also instrumental in the development of the piano trio and in the evolution of sonata form.
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Lars-Erik Larsson
Lars-Erik Vilner Larsson (15 May 190827 December 1986) was a notable Swedish composer of the 20th century.
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Launy Grøndahl
Launy Grøndahl (1886–1960) was a Danish composer and conductor. Grøndahl studied the violin from the age of eight. His first work as a professional musician was as a violinist was with the Orchestra of the Casino Theatre in Copenhagen when he was aged just thirteen.
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Leonard Bernstein
Leonard Bernstein (, ; August 25, 1918 – October 14, 1990) was an American conductor, composer, author, music lecturer and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the United States of America to receive worldwide acclaim. He was probably best known to the public as the longtime music director of the New York Philharmonic, for conducting concerts by many of the world's leading orchestras, and for writing the music for West Side Story, Candide, Wonderful Town, and On the Town. Bernstein was the first classical music conductor to make numerous television appearances between 1954 and 1989. He had a formidable piano technique and as a composer also wrote symphonies and other concert music. According to The New York Times, he was "one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history."
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Leopold Mozart
Johann Georg Leopold Mozart (November 14, 1719 – May 28, 1787) was a composer, conductor, teacher, and violinist. Mozart is best known today as the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and for his violin textbook Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule.
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Leoš Janáček
Leoš Janáček () (baptised Leo Eugen Janáček) (July 3, 1854 – August 12, 1928), was a Czech composer, musical theorist, folklorist, publicist and teacher. He was inspired by Moravian and all Slavic folk music to create an original, modern musical style. Until 1895 he devoted himself mainly to folkloristic research and his early musical output was influenced by contemporaries such as Antonín Dvořák. His later, mature works incorporate his earlier studies of national folk music in a modern, highly original synthesis, first evident in the opera Jenůfa, which was premiered in 1904 in Brno. The success of Jenůfa (often called the "Moravian national opera") at Prague in 1916 gave Janáček access to the world's great opera stages. Janáček's later works are his most celebrated. They include the symphonic poem Sinfonietta, the oratorial Glagolitic Mass, the rhapsody Taras Bulba, string quartets, other chamber works and operas. He is considered to rank with Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana, as one of the most important Czech composers.
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Luciano Berio
Luciano Berio, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (October 24, 1925 – May 27, 2003) was an Italian composer. He is noted for his experimental work (in particular his 1968 composition Sinfonia for voices and orchestra and his series of numbered solo pieces titled Sequenza) and also for his pioneering work in electronic music.
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Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven ( (US) or (UK); ; baptised 17 December 1770 – 26 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is considered to have been the most crucial figure in the transitional period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music, and remains one of the most famous and influential composers of all time.
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Maurice Ravel
Joseph-Maurice Ravel (March 7, 1875December 28, 1937) was a French composer of Impressionist music known especially for his melodies, orchestral and instrumental textures and effects. Much of his piano music, chamber music, vocal music and orchestral music has entered the standard concert repertoire.
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Nino Rota
Nino Rota (December 3, 1911, Milan – April 10, 1979, Rome) was a world-renowned Italian composer and academic who is best known for his film scores, notably for the films of Federico Fellini and Luchino Visconti. He also composed the music for two of Franco Zeffirelli's Shakespeare films, and for the first two films of Francis Ford Coppola's Godfather trilogy, receiving for the latter the Academy Award for Best original Score in 1974.
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Olivier Messiaen
Olivier Messiaen (; December 10, 1908 – April 27, 1992) was a French composer, organist and ornithologist, widely regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century. His music is rhythmically complex (he was interested in rhythms from ancient Greek and from Hindu sources); harmonically and melodically it is based on modes of limited transposition, which he abstracted from his early compositions and improvisations. Many of his compositions depict what he termed "the marvellous aspects of the faith", and drew on his deeply held Roman Catholicism.
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Ottorino Respighi
Ottorino Respighi (; July 9, 1879, Bologna - April 18, 1936) was an Italian composer, musicologist and conductor. He is best known for his orchestral Roman trilogy: Fontane di Roma - "Fountains of Rome"; Pini di Roma - "Pines of Rome"; and Feste Romane - "Roman Festivals". His musicological interest in 16th-, 17th- and 18th-century music led him to also compose pieces based on the music of this period.
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Paul Hindemith
Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 – 28 December 1963) was a German composer, violist, violinist, teacher, music theorist and conductor.
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Richard Strauss
Richard Georg Strauss (11 June 1864 – 8 September 1949) was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. He is known particularly for his operas, Lieder, and tone poems. Strauss, along with Gustav Mahler, represents the extraordinary late flowering of German Romanticism after Richard Wagner, in which pioneering subtleties of orchestration are combined with an advanced harmonic style. Strauss's music had a profound influence on the development of music in the twentieth century. Strauss was also a prominent conductor.
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Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (, ; 22 May 1813 13 February 1883) was a German composer, conductor, theatre director and essayist, primarily known for his operas (or "music dramas", as they were later called). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex texture, rich harmonies and orchestration, and the elaborate use of leitmotifs: musical themes associated with individual characters, places, ideas or plot elements. Unlike most other opera composers, Wagner wrote both the music and libretto for every one of his stage works. Famous extracts from his operas include the "Ride of the Valkyries" and the Bridal Chorus from Lohengrin, popularly known as the wedding march "Here Comes the Bride".
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Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann, sometimes known as Robert Alexander Schumann, (8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, aesthete and influential music critic.
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Sergei Prokofiev
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev () (5 March 1953) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor who mastered numerous musical genres and came to be admired as one of the greatest composers of the 20th century.
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Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff, also commonly spelled in English as Rachmaninov, () (–28 March 1943) was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor. He was one of the finest pianists of his day and, as a composer, very nearly the last great representative of Russian late Romanticism in classical music. Early influences of Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, and other Russian composers gave way to a thoroughly personal idiom that included a pronounced lyricism, expressive breadth, structural ingenuity, and a tonal palette of rich, distinctive orchestral colors.
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Stjepan Sulek
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Vincent Bach
Vincent Bach (March 24, 1890, Baden bei Wien - January 8, 1976 New York City) was a musician and instrument maker, who founded the Vincent Bach Corporation.
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William Walton
Sir William Turner Walton OM (29 March 1902 – 8 March 1983) was an English composer. During a 60-year career, he wrote music in several classical genres and styles, including film scores. His best-known works include Façade – An Entertainment, the oratorio ''Belshazzar's Feast'' and his First Symphony.
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Willie Colón
:This article is about the Nuyorican musician; for the football player, see Willie Colon (American football)
http://wn.com/Willie_Colón
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Paris Conservatory
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UK
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US
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Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
http://wn.com/Vienna
- 1830s
- 1840
- Aaron Copland
- Aequale
- Aerophone
- Alban Berg
- Albert Lavignac
- Alexander Borodin
- alta capella
- alto clef
- Andrea Gabrieli
- Anton Bruckner
- Antonín Dvořák
- Arnold Schoenberg
- Arthur Pryor
- Austria
- baritone horn
- Baroque music
- bass clef
- Bass trumpet
- Bedřich Smetana
- Benjamin Britten
- Bill Reichenbach Jr.
- Blood, Sweat & Tears
- Bohemia
- Bowler hat
- brass band
- brass choir
- Brass instrument
- brass quintet
- Buccin
- Béla Bartók
- C.G. Conn
- Camille Saint-Saëns
- cantata
- Carl Nielsen
- Charles Gounod
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Shorty, Trombone Filmography
- Jeff Beck Honors Les Paul (2010)
- Meet De Boys on the Battlefront (2010)
- I'll Fly Away (2010)
- Smoke My Peace Pipe (2010)
- Right Place, Wrong Time (2010)
- Trombone Shorty (2008)
- Make It Funky! (2005)
- America's Heart and Soul (2004)
- Soundmix: Five Young Musicians (2004)
- (2010-05-18) (2004)
- (#9.12) (2003)
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Stars & Stripes - Trombone
Stars & Stripes - Trombone Quartet This group is the Bones Apart trombone quartet from the UK. More info at www.bonesapart.webs.com
http://wn.com/Stars_Stripes__Trombone
how its made - trombones
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Published: 17 Mar 2007
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: aloishis89
how they make se shires bass trombones.
http://wn.com/how_its_made__trombones
Brilliant Trombone solo Carnival In Venice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Published: 06 May 2009
- Uploaded: 10 Dec 2011
- Author: martywilson1962
Trombone soloist Martin Wilson with Whitburn Band at the European Brass Band Championships,Usher Hall,Edinburgh,May 1984.
http://wn.com/Brilliant_Trombone_solo_Carnival_In_Venice
LSO Master Class - Trombone
Katy Jones from the London Symphony Orchestra gives a trombone master class for the YouTube Symphony Orchestra 2011 lso.co.uk
http://wn.com/LSO_Master_Class__Trombone
Marshall Gilkes trombone solo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:29
- Published: 22 Mar 2007
- Uploaded: 10 Dec 2011
- Author: martincongahead
Trombone virtuoso, Marshall Gilkes performs solo for ©Profiles In Greatness. NEW www.congahead.com is back and great content added almost daily
http://wn.com/Marshall_Gilkes_trombone_solo
Trombone Playing Lessons : How to Play C Major Scales on the Trombone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:08
- Published: 21 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Dec 2011
- Author: expertvillage
Learn how to play C major scales on thetrombone in this free video music lesson. Expert: JD Keating Bio: JD Keating is a musician, artist and educator from Western Massachusetts. For two decades he has lent his varied talents to innumerable projects in the music industry. Filmmaker: Christian Munoz-Donoso
http://wn.com/Trombone_Playing_Lessons__How_to_Play_C_Major_Scales_on_the_Trombone
Pyro's Flamethrower Trombone
I built a flamethrower trombone just for fun. I want to build more fire breathing instruments, but I'm a poor college kid, if you like what you see, tell me about it. Thanks Guys. Jonathon Crawford (Pyro)
http://wn.com/Pyro's_Flamethrower_Trombone
Trombone Shorty & Orleans Avenue - St. James Infirmary - Salmon Arm's Roots & Blues Festival
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:21
- Published: 01 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: ROOTSnBLUES2009
22-year old trombone phenom, Troy "Trombine Shorty" Andrews, fronts for one of the most energetic group of funksters to ever slip slide out of the Big Easy. Salmon Arm, BC 17th Annual Roots & Blues Festival Interested to see more great performances? Visit www.RootsandBlues.ca for more information regarding our next event!
http://wn.com/Trombone_Shorty_Orleans_Avenue__St_James_Infirmary__Salmon_Arm's_Roots_Blues_Festival
Trombone in glass
Here is the first playable trombone totally made out of borosilicate glass. In the book of Guinnies reckord 1990. See also my new GlassTrombone Without the Mute ! www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Trombone_in_glass
LSO Master Class - Bass Trombone
Paul Milner from the London Symphony Orchestra gives a bass trombone master class for the YouTube Symphony Orchestra 2011 lso.co.uk
http://wn.com/LSO_Master_Class__Bass_Trombone
Darth Vader Salsa Trombone Playing and Dancing
Follow me on twitter jonathan arons (jonathanarons) on twitter. For more info and contact, go to www.dancingtrombone.com Dancing Trombonist Jonathan Arons performing Darth Vega Salsa routine at Andrew Jackson Senior Center in Bronx, NY
http://wn.com/Darth_Vader_Salsa_Trombone_Playing_and_Dancing
Ryoma Takaoka - Trombone solo "the flight of the bumble bee"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Published: 09 Jun 2008
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: greendetteiu
"The flight of the bumble bee" Trombone solo by Ryoma Takaoka
http://wn.com/Ryoma_Takaoka__Trombone_solo_the_flight_of_the_bumble_bee
Trombone Shorty - Do To Me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Published: 27 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 10 Dec 2011
- Author: TromboneShortyVEVO
Music video by Trombone Shorty, Orleans Avenue performing Do To Me. (C) 2011 The Verve Music Group, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/Trombone_Shorty__Do_To_Me
Jazz trombones - Jubilee Stomp
Gunhilde and Gerd, two sisters from the remarkable Swedish Carling Family band, play a trombone duet with the usual driving accompaniment from other family members - particularly mum Aina. This clip taken from the 3 day Stockamollen Swing festival in Sweden in June 2007.(TCA47 has since told me the piece is called "Jubilee Stomp") Just enjoy!.
http://wn.com/Jazz_trombones__Jubilee_Stomp
Contrabass trombone Eric Budd
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Published: 13 Oct 2007
- Uploaded: 10 Dec 2011
- Author: shellman1982
Duet for bass and Contrabass trombones... Really fun - thats about it - we unpacked these suckers as part of a trade show and naturally had to test if they worked....They did - but I didnt on the contra - but ahh hey its funny playing jazz on it. Its kinda our rendition of Tuxedo Junction for those that keep asking...
http://wn.com/Contrabass_trombone_Eric_Budd
Trombone Mythbuster - demolish trombones on Beyond Tomorrow
See the followup: www.youtube.com !! Description: The Mythbusters blow-up trombones on this episode of Beyond Tomorrow. They put the trombone/firecracker myth on trial.
http://wn.com/Trombone_Mythbuster__demolish_trombones_on_Beyond_Tomorrow
Trombone Shorty - Something Beautiful (Live)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Published: 20 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 10 Dec 2011
- Author: TromboneShortyVEVO
Music video by Trombone Shorty performing Something Beautiful. (C) 2010 The Verve Music Group, a Division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
http://wn.com/Trombone_Shorty__Something_Beautiful_Live
FRANKENHORN Flamethrower Trombone (aka Scott 's Flamebone)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Published: 01 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: WFFFxakaxWill
This is a working playing flamethrower trombone that has fire on demand. It is made up from plumbing, torch, and compressed air parts. It took about two weeks and a couple of weekends to complete. It has a 21 foot range with the fireball, and a concussion wave of 150 feet. It can be difficult to play since it has a recoil.
http://wn.com/FRANKENHORN_Flamethrower_Trombone_aka_Scott_'s_Flamebone
Trombone Shorty & Orleans Avenue - "One Night Only" 6/22 Letterman (TheAudioPerv.com)
www.theaudioperv.com Trombone Shorty & Orleans Avenue performed "One Night Only" on the Late Show with David Letterman on 6 Follow us on Twitter www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Trombone_Shorty_Orleans_Avenue__One_Night_Only_6/22_Letterman_TheAudioPervcom
Riker and his Trombone
One of my favourite clips from the episode "Thine Own Self".
http://wn.com/Riker_and_his_Trombone
Trombone Shorty
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:39
- Published: 07 Dec 2007
- Uploaded: 09 Dec 2011
- Author: AllMyCrazyFriends
Trombone Shorty Documentary Short. Directors: Eric Alan Donaldson & L. Lonnie Peralta - Producer: Eric Alan Donaldson - Motion Graphics: Jason Forman -- Winner BEST DOCUMENTARY Beverly Hills Shorts Fest 2009
http://wn.com/Trombone_Shorty
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The Examiner
D.R.I. w/ Holley 750, Truckasaurus: Wednesday, Dec. 14th 2011 at 9 p.m. Only ages 16+ admitted. Advance tickets are available for $15.00 and Day of Show tickets are $20.00. Robotic Pirate Monkey w/ Andrew Wickes, Fievel & Lolo: Saturday, Dec. 17th 2011 at 9 p.m. Only ages 16+ admitted. Advance...
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Funky Christmas with Trombone Shorty
07 Dec 2011
The Examiner
Looking for somewhere to go on Christmas Eve? New Orleans native trombone and trumpet player, Trombone Shorty and Orleans Ave. presents the 2nd Annual Funky X-Mas Jam at House of Blues on December 24, 2011 at 9:00 PM (doors open at 8:00 PM). You must be 18 and older to enter the show. Tickets are...
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Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
It's easy to turn a show as familiar as Meredith Willson's "The Music Man" into something campy, corny or overly precious. It's a lot harder to pull off what the Skylight is doing with its current production, which is combining on-the-money casting, perfectly balanced staging, and some...
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Trombone Shorty and Orleans Avenue
15 Nov 2011
The Examiner
Trombone Shorty and Orleans Avenue performed at The Jewish Mother Hilltop earlier this summer. They returned to a sold out crowd on November 5, 2011 to support their new album For True. Their music is hard to fit into a genre and they are just fine with that. Troy...
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Philadelphia Daily News
By Kevin Carter For The Inquirer Post a comment Trombone Shorty wasn't lying when he said he admired James Brown....
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Win tickets to see Trombone Shorty
15 Nov 2011
AV Club
The A.V. Club is giving away two tickets to see Trombone Shorty at Saint Andrew’s. The show takes place this Friday, Nov. 18, at 7:00 p.m. To enter, send us an email at a2contests@theonion.com and tell us who your favorite horn player is, because we need some way to make this thing fun and...
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Philadelphia Daily News
November 11, 2011|BY JONATHAN TAKIFF, takiffj@phillynews.com 215-854-5960Trombone Shorty : "I hate watching guys just standing there, taking a 10-minute… (ASSOCIATED PRESS) LOUIS ARMSTRONG served long and well as a cultural ambassador to the world. Now, it's Troy Andrews' turn - and if...
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Maroon 5 with Travie McCoy on SNL, Plus Chatting with Vince Gill, Trombone Shorty and ...
07 Nov 2011
Huffington Post
There was a little switcheroo played on SNL this past Saturday with Maroon 5 trying on Gym Class Heroes' hit "Stereo Hearts," Travie McCoy representing GCH. Both versions are included below, check them out, you decide which "Stereo Heart" beats best. "My heart's a stereo, it beats for you, so listen...
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| Name | Trombone |
|---|---|
| Image capt | A tenor trombone |
| Background | brass |
| Classification | Wind Brass Aerophone |
| Hornbostel sachs | 423.22 |
| Hornbostel sachs desc | Sliding aerophone sounded by lip movement |
| Developed | from basic trumpets when the lost Roman Empire art of bending tubing was rediscovered in the 15th century. Until the early 18th century the instrument was called a sackbut |
| Range | |
| Related | * Sackbut
|
| Midi | 057/058 |
| Articles | List of classical trombonists List of jazz trombonists Types of trombone }} |
The word trombone derives from Italian tromba (trumpet) and -one (a suffix meaning "large"), so the name means "large trumpet". The trombone has a predominantly cylindrical bore like its valved counterpart the baritone horn and in contrast to its conical valved counterparts, the euphonium and the orchestral horn. The most frequently encountered trombones are the tenor trombone and bass trombone, while the E alto trombone has become less common as tenor technique has extended the upper range of that instrument. The most common variant, the tenor, is pitched in B, an octave below the B trumpet and an octave above the B tuba. Trombone music, along with music for euphonium and tuba, is typically written in concert pitch, although exceptions do occur, notably in some brass band music where tenor trombone is presented as a B transposing instrument.
A person who plays the trombone is called a trombonist or trombone player.
Construction
| + Basic trombone anatomy | #tuning slide | #counterweight | #mouthpiece | #slide lock ring | #bell | #knob/bumper | #water key/spit valve | #main slide | #second slide brace/stay | #first slide brace/stay | #bell lock nut |
The detachable cup-shaped mouthpiece is similar to that of the baritone horn and closely related to that of the trumpet. It has the venturi: a small constriction of the air column that adds resistance greatly affecting the tone of the instrument, and is inserted into the mouthpiece receiver in the slide section. The slide section consists of a leadpipe, the inner and outer slide tubes, and the bracing, or stays. Modern stays are soldered, while sackbuts (medieval precursors to trombones) were made with loose, unsoldered stays (this remained the pattern for German trombones until the mid-20th century).
The 'slide', the most visible feature of the trombone (cf. valve trombone), allows the player to extend the length of the air column, lowering the pitch. In order to prevent friction from slowing the action of the slide, additional sleeves were developed during the Renaissance and these stockings were soldered onto the ends of the inner slide tubes. Nowadays, the stockings are incorporated into the manufacturing process of the inner slide tubes and represent a fractional widening of the tube to accommodate the necessary method of alleviating friction. This part of the slide must be lubricated frequently. Additional tubing connects the slide to the bell of the instrument through a neckpipe, and bell or back bow (U-bend). The joint connecting the slide and bell sections is furnished with a ferrule to secure the connection of the two parts of the instrument, though older models from the early 20th century and before were usually equipped with friction joints and no ancillary mechanism to tighten the joint.
The adjustment of intonation is most often accomplished with a tuning slide that is a short slide between the neckpipe and the bell incorporating the bell bow (U-bend); this device was designed by the French maker François Riedlocker during the early 19th century and applied to French and British designs and later in the century to German and American models, though German trombones were built without tuning slides well into the 20th century. However, trombonists, unlike other instrumentalists, are not subject to the intonation issues resulting from valved or keyed instruments, since they can adjust intonation "on the fly" by subtly altering slide positions when necessary. For example, second position "A" is not in exactly the same place on the slide as second position "E." Many types of trombone also include one or more rotary valves used to increase the length of the instrument (and therefore lower its pitch) by directing the air flow through additional tubing.
Like the trumpet, the trombone is considered a cylindrical bore instrument since it has extensive sections of tubing, principally in the slide section, that are of continuous diameter. This contrasts with conical bore instruments like the cornet, euphonium, and tuba, whose only cylindrical tubing is in the valve section. Tenor trombones typically have a bore of 0.450" (small bore) to 0.547" (large or orchestral bore) after the leadpipe and through the slide. Some small bore jazz trombones, though, have two different diameters of tubing in the slide section to simulate a conical bore. Without this innovation, the trombone would sound extremely sharp and piercing. The bore expands through the backbore to the bell which is typically between 7" and 8½". A number of common variations on trombone construction are noted below.
History
Renaissance and Baroque periods
When the "sackbut" returned to common use again in England in the 18th century, Italian music was so influential that rather than being known by its original name the instrument was known as the "trombone", although other countries used the same name throughout the instrument's history, viz. Italian trombone and German Posaune''. The 17th century trombone was built in slightly smaller dimensions than modern trombones, and had a bell that was more conical and less flared.The instrument was used extensively across Europe from its appearance in the 15th century to a fading out in most places across the mid-late 17th century. It was used in outdoor events, in concert and in liturgical settings. The groups varied from alta capella, wind ensembles, with voices, and in the first 'orchestra'-type ensembles in religious settings such as St. Mark's Venice in the early 17th century. Famous composers writing for the trombone in this period include Giovanni Gabrieli and his uncle Andrea Gabrieli, Claudio Monteverdi and Heinrich Schütz. There are also some solo pieces written specifically for trombone in the early 17th century.
During the later Baroque period, Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel used the trombone on a few occasions; Bach used it in combination with the cornett to evoke the stile antico in some of his many cantatas and Handel used it in the Dead March from Saul, Samson, and Israel in Egypt, all of which were examples of a new oratorio style, popular during the early 18th century.
Classical period
The use of the trombone in this period was mostly limited to Austria.The repertoire of trombone solo and chamber literature has its beginnings in Austria in the Classical Era where composers such as Leopold Mozart, Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Johann Albrechtsberger and Johann Ernst Eberlin were featuring the instrument, often in partnership with a voice.
Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart used the trombones in a number of their sacred works, including two extended duets with voice from Mozart, the best known being in the Tuba Mirum of his Requiem. Mozart also used trombones in several of his operas. The inspiration for many of these works is thought to be due to the virtuosic players in the courts at Vienna and Salzburg, including Thomas Gschladt and several members of a family named Christian.
The trombone retained its traditional associations with the opera house and the Church during the 18th century and was usually employed in the usual alto/tenor/bass trio to support the lower voices of the chorus, though Viennese court orchestra Kapellmeister Johann Joseph Fux rejected an application from a bass trombonist in 1726 and restricted the use of trombones to alto and tenor only, which remained the case almost until the turn of the 19th century in Vienna, after which time a second tenor trombone was added when necessary.
The construction of the trombone changed relatively little between the Baroque period and Classical period with the most obvious feature being the slightly more flared bell than was previously the custom.
The first use of the trombone in a symphony was in 1807 in the Symphony in E♭ by the Swedish composer Joachim Nicolas Eggert 1, although the composer usually credited with its introduction into the symphony orchestra was Ludwig van Beethoven, who used it in the last movement of his Symphony No. 5 in C minor (1808). Beethoven also used trombones in his Symphony No. 6 in F major ("Pastoral") and Symphony No. 9 ("Choral").
Romantic period
19th century orchestras
Many composers were directly influenced by Beethoven's use of trombones, and the 19th century saw the trombones become fully integrated in the orchestra, particularly by the 1840s, as composers such as Franz Schubert, Franz Berwald, Johannes Brahms, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Richard Wagner, Hector Berlioz, Gioacchino Rossini, Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini, Franz Liszt, Richard Strauss, Anton Bruckner, Gustav Mahler, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin, Bedřich Smetana, Antonín Dvořák, Charles Gounod, César Franck, Claude Debussy, Camille Saint-Saëns and many others included trombones in their operas, symphonies and other orchestral compositions.The 19th century also saw the erosion of the traditional alto/tenor/bass trombone trio in the orchestra. While the alto/tenor/bass trombone trio had been paired with one or two cornetts during the Renaissance and early Baroque periods, the disappearance of the cornett as a partner and eventual replacement by oboe and clarinet did not fundamentally alter the raison d'être for the trombones, which was to support the alto, tenor and bass voices of the chorus (typically in an ecclesiastical setting), whose harmonic moving lines were more difficult to pick out than the melodic soprano line. The introduction of the trombones into the orchestra, however, allied them more closely with the trumpets and it did not take long for the alto and bass trombones to be replaced by tenor trombones, although the Germans and Austrians held on to the alto trombone and F or E bass trombone somewhat longer than the French, who came to prefer a section of three tenor trombones until after the Second World War.
By the time the trombone gained a regular footing in the orchestra and opera, players of the instrument were no longer usually employed by a cathedral or court orchestra and were therefore expected to provide their own instrument. Military musicians were provided with instruments by the army and instruments like the long F or E bass trombone remained in use there until about the time of the First World War, but the orchestral musician understandably adopted the instrument with the widest range which could be most easily applied to play any of the three trombone parts usually scored in any given work - the tenor trombone. The appearance of the valve trombone during the mid-19th century did little to alter the make-up of the trombone section in the orchestra and though it remained popular almost entirely to the exclusion of the slide instrument in countries such as Italy and Bohemia, the valve trombone was ousted from orchestras in Germany and France. The valve trombone continued to enjoy an extended period of popularity in Italy and Bohemia and composers such as Giuseppe Verdi, Giacomo Puccini, Bedřich Smetana and Antonín Dvořák scored for a section of valve trombones.
Especially with the ophicleide or later the tuba subjoined to the trombone trio during the 19th century, parts scored for the bass trombone rarely descended as low as the parts scored before the addition of either of these new low brass instruments; only in the early 20th century did it regain a degree of independence. Experiments with different constitutions of the trombone section during the 19th and early 20th centuries, including Richard Wagner's addition of a contrabass trombone in Der Ring des Nibelungen and Gustav Mahler's and Richard Strauss' occasional augmentation by adding a second bass trombone to the usual trio of two tenor trombones and one bass trombone, have not had any lasting effect; the majority of orchestral works are still scored for the usual mid- to late-19th-century low brass section of two tenor trombones, one bass trombone and one tuba.
19th century wind bands
Trombones have been a part of the large wind band since its inception as an ensemble during the French Revolution of 1791. Over the course of the 19th century, various wind band traditions were established in Europe and the United States, including military bands, brass bands (primarily in the UK), town bands (primarily in the US), and circus bands. Some of these groups, especially military bands in Europe, made use of rear-facing trombones, where the bell section pointed behind the player's left shoulder.These different wind bands all played a limited repertoire with few original compositions that consisted mainly of orchestral transcriptions, arrangements of popular and patriotic tunes, and feature pieces for soloists (usually cornetists, singers, and violinists). A notable work originally for wind band is Hector Berlioz's 1840 Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale, which uses a trombone solo for the entire second movement.
Toward the end of the 19th century, trombone virtuosi began appearing as soloists in American wind bands. The most notable was Arthur Pryor, who played with the Sousa Band and later formed his own.
19th century pedagogy
In the Romantic era, Leipzig became a centre of trombone pedagogy; the trombone began to be taught at the new Musikhochschule founded by Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy. Later, the Paris Conservatory and its yearly concours would also contribute to trombone education. At the Leipzig academy, Mendelssohn's bass trombonist, Karl Traugott Queisser, was the first in a long line of distinguished professors of trombone. Several composers penned works for Quiesser, including Ferdinand David (Mendelssohn's concertmaster), Ernst Sachse and Friedrich August Belcke, whose solo works all remain popular today in Germany. Queisser almost single-handedly helped to reestablish the reputation of the trombone in Germany and began a tradition in trombone playing that is still practised there today. He championed and popularised Christian Friedrich Sattler's new tenorbass trombone during the 1840s, leading to its widespread use in orchestras throughout Germany and Austria.
19th century construction
Sattler's influence on trombone design is not to be underestimated; he introduced a significant widening of the bore (the most important since the Renaissance), the innovations of Schlangenverzierungen (snake decorations), the bell garland and the wide bell flare, all of which are features that are still to be found on German-made trombones today and were widely copied during the 19th century.The trombone was further improved in the 19th century with the addition of "stockings" at the end of the inner slide to reduce friction, the development of the water key to expel condensation from the horn, and the occasional addition of a valve to increase the range of the tenor and bass trombones. Additionally, the valve trombone came around shortly after the invention of valves in the 1830s, and was in common use in Italy and Austria in the second half of the century.
Twentieth century
20th century orchestras
In the 20th century the trombone maintained its important place in the orchestra with prominent parts in works by Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, Maurice Ravel, Darius Milhaud, Olivier Messiaen, Igor Stravinsky, Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Rachmaninov, Sergei Prokofiev, Ottorino Respighi, Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten, William Walton, Jean Sibelius, Carl Nielsen, Leoš Janáček, George Gershwin, Aaron Copland, Leonard Bernstein and Béla Bartók.With the rise of recorded music and music schools in the 20th century, orchestral trombone sections around the world began to have a more consistent idea of a standard trombone sound. British orchestras abandoned the use of small bore tenors and G basses in favor of an American/German approach of large bore tenors and B basses in the 1940s. French orchestras did the same in the 1960s.
20th century wind bands
During the first half of the century, touring and community concert bands lost their popularity in the United States and greatly reduced in number. However, with the development of music education in the public school system, high school and university marching bands and concert bands became ubiquitous in the US.A typical concert band trombone section consists of three tenor trombones and one bass trombone, but using multiple players per part is common practice, especially in public school settings.
20th century solo and chamber music
In the second half of the century, new composers began giving back to the trombone a level of importance in solo and chamber music. Pieces such as Edgard Varèse's Octandre, Paul Hindemith's Sonata, Charles Wuorinen's Trombone Trio and Luciano Berio's Sequenza V led the way for lesser-known composers to build a wider repertoire. Popular choices for recital music today include Stjepan Sulek's Vox Gabrieli, Jacques Casterède's Sonatine and Jean Michel Defaye's Deux Danses. Some well known trombone concertos from this period include works by Nino Rota, Derek Bourgeois, Lars-Erik Larsson, Launy Grøndahl, Jan Sandström, Christopher Rouse and Henri Tomasi.
Popular music
Despite the public's waning interest in classical, then jazz music, the trombone has remained a relevant instrument, though not always a prominent one. Nearly all flavors of jazz have used one or more trombones throughout the century. Originating in the Caribbean, salsa and ska music almost always incorporates a horn section including trombones. Rock bands with horn sections are relatively less common, but make for a distinctive sound in groups such as Chicago, Blood, Sweat & Tears, and Tower of Power. In the 1970s and 1980s, groups in the New Orleans brass band tradition began adding elements of funk, hip hop, and bop to their repertoires, but kept the instrumentation of sousaphone, trombones, and trumpets.
20th century construction
Numerous changes in construction have occurred during the 20th century, including the use of different materials, increases in mouthpiece, bore and bell dimensions, new valve types and different mute types. The use of computer modeling in trombone manufacturing has allowed for better sonic construction and more consistency between individually produced instruments of the same model.
Contemporary use
Today, the trombone can be found in wind ensembles/concert bands, symphony orchestras, marching bands, military bands, brass bands, and brass choirs. In chamber music, it is used in brass quintets, quartets, or trios, or trombone trios, quartets, or choirs. The size of a trombone choir can vary greatly from five or six to twenty or more members.Trombones are also common in swing, jazz, merengue, salsa (Jimmy Bosch and Willie Colón serving as two prominent examples), rock (prominent examples: Bill Reichenbach and James Pankow), R&B;, ska (prominent example: Don Drummond), and New Orleans brass bands (prominent example: Trombone Shorty).
Types
The most frequently encountered trombones today are the tenor and bass, though as with many other Renaissance instruments, the trombone has been built in sizes from piccolo to contrabass.Trombones are usually constructed with a slide that is used to change the pitch. Valve trombones use three valves (singly or in combination) instead of the slide. The valves follow the same schema as other valved instruments-the first valve lowers the pitch by 1 step, the second valve by 1/2 step, and the third valve by 1-1/2 steps.
Some slide trombones have one or (less frequently) two rotary valves operated by a left-hand thumb trigger. The single rotary valve is part of the "F attachment" which adds a length of tubing to lower the instrument's fundamental pitch from B to F. Some bass trombones have a second trigger with a different length of tubing. One advantage of the second trigger is to facilitate the playing of the otherwise problematic low B.
Technique
The pedal tone on B is frequently seen in commercial scoring but much less often in symphonic music while notes below that are called for only rarely as they, "become increasingly difficult to produce and insecure in quality" with A or G being the bottom limit for most trombonists.As with all brass instruments, progressive tightening of the lips and increased air pressure allow the player to move to a different partial in the harmonic series. In the first or closed position on a B trombone, the notes in the harmonic series begin with B2 (one octave higher than the pedal B1), F3 (a perfect fifth higher than the previous partial), B3 (a perfect fourth higher), D4 (a major third higher), F4 (a minor third higher), A4 (a minor third higher than the previous partial; this tone (the "seventh partial (sixth overtone)") is always 31 cents, about one sixth of a tone, flat of the twelve-tone equal temperament minor seventh, "however it can be brought into tune by an adjustment of the slide," it may be avoided and played in an alternate position, though it has been the practice in Germany and Austria to play the note in position, see harmonic seventh and just intonation), B4 (a major second higher), C5 (a major second higher), D5 (a major second higher), E♭ (a minor second higher, but almost exactly a quarter tone higher than it would be in twelve-tone equal temperament), F5 (a major second higher). Very skilled players with a highly developed facial musculature can go even higher than this, to G5, A5, B5 and beyond.
In the lower range, significant movement of the slide is required between positions, which becomes more exaggerated on lower pitched trombones, but for higher notes the player need only use the first four positions of the slide since the partials are closer together, allowing higher notes to be played in alternate positions. As an example, F4 (at the bottom of the treble clef) may be played in first, fourth or sixth position on a B trombone. The note E1 (or the lowest E on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is the lowest attainable note on a 9' B tenor trombone, requiring a full 2.24 m of tubing. On trombones without an F attachment, there is a gap between B1 (the fundamental in first position) and E2 (the first harmonic in seventh position). Skilled players can produce "falset" notes between these, but the sound is relatively weak and not usually used in performance.
Joseph Fröhlich, in 1811, described the modern system of seven chromatic slide positions rather than four diatonic ones, and a tenor trombone in B rather than A. For ease of comparison (for example, in the old system contemporary 1st-position was considered "drawn past" then current 1st), the following chart may be helpful:
| ! New system !! Old system | |
| 1 | - |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | - |
| 4 | 2 |
| 5 | - |
| 6 | 3 |
| 7 | 4 |
Glissando
The trombone is one of the few wind instruments that can produce a true glissando, by moving the slide without interrupting the airflow. During a trombone glissando the slide direction must not change or the sound will break, every pitch in a glissando must have the same harmonic number, and a tritone is the largest interval that can be performed as a glissando.'Harmonic', 'inverted', 'broken' or 'false' glissandos are those which cross one or more harmonic series, requiring a simulated or faked glissando effect.
Trills
Trills, though effortless with valves, are difficult on the slide trombone and are easiest between a second or third found on the same or between adjacent harmonic series and most convincing above the first octave and a half of the tenor's range.
Notation
Unlike most other brass instruments in an orchestral setting, the trombone is not usually considered a transposing instrument. Prior to the invention of valve systems, most brass instruments were limited to playing one overtone series at a time; altering the pitch of the instrument required manually replacing a section of tubing (called a "crook") or picking up an instrument of different length. Their parts were transposed according to which crook or length-of-instrument they used at any given time, so that a particular note on the staff always corresponded to a particular partial on the instrument. Trombones, on the other hand, have used slides since their inception. As such, they have always been fully chromatic, so no such tradition took hold, and trombone parts have always been notated at concert pitch (with one exception, discussed below). Also, it was quite common for trombones to double choir parts; reading in concert pitch meant there was no need for dedicated trombone parts.Trombone parts are typically notated in bass clef, though sometimes also written in tenor clef or alto clef. The use of alto clef is usually confined to orchestral first trombone parts intended for the alto trombone, with the second (tenor) trombone part written in tenor clef and the third (bass) part in bass clef. As the alto trombone declined in popularity during the 19th century, this practice was gradually abandoned and first trombone parts came to be notated in the tenor or bass clef. Some Russian and Eastern European composers wrote first and second tenor trombone parts on one alto clef staff (the German Robert Schumann was the first to do this). Examples of this practice are evident in scores by Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich. Trombone parts may contain both bass and tenor clef or bass and alto clef sections.
An accomplished performer today is expected to be proficient in reading parts notated in bass clef, tenor clef, alto clef, and (more rarely) treble clef in C, with the British brass band performer expected to handle treble clef in B♭ as well.
Brass bands
In brass band music, the tenor trombone is treated as a transposing instrument in B♭ and reads the treble clef (while the bass trombone uses the bass clef in concert pitch, as in orchestral music). This puts the notes in exactly the same staff position as they would be if the music were written in a (non-transposing) tenor clef, although the key signature and some accidentals must be adjusted. This is no mere coincidence, for brass bands used to employ a section of alto, tenor and bass trombones in the early to mid-19th century, later replacing the alto with a tenor trombone, all the while notated in the corresponding clefs. Eventually a decision was taken in the early 20th century to replace the tenor clef with the transposing B treble clef in order to aid new starters to integrate more quickly and effectively into the brass band, though the bass trombone, then in G, remained (and is still) notated in concert pitch bass clef. (Company bands used B and E treble clef notation for many instruments in the band to allow players to more easily switch instruments when personnel changed.)
Mutes
See also Brass instrument mutesA variety of mutes can be used with the trombone to alter its timbre. Many are held in place with the use of cork grips, including the straight, cup, harmon and pixie mutes. Some fit over the bell, like the bucket mute. In addition to this, mutes can be held in front of the bell and moved to cover more or less area for a wah-wah effect. Mutes used in this way include the "hat" (a metal mute shaped like a bowler) and plunger (which looks like, and often is, the rubber suction cup from a sink or toilet plunger), a sound featured as the voices of adults in the Peanuts cartoons.
Variations in construction
Bells
Trombone bells (and sometimes slides) may be constructed of different brass mixtures. Some believe that materials affect tone quality and timbre. The most common material is yellow brass (70% copper, 30% zinc), but other materials include rose brass (85% copper, 15% zinc) and red brass (90% copper, 10% zinc). Some manufacturers offer interchangeable bells. Tenor trombone bells are usually between 7 and 9 inches in diameter, the most common being sizes from 7½ to 8½ inches. The smallest sizes are found in small jazz trombones and older narrow-bore instruments, while the larger sizes are common in orchestral models. Bass trombone bells can be as large as 10½" or more, though usually either 9½ in or 10 in diameter. The bell may be constructed out of two separate brass sheets or out of one single piece of metal and hammered on a mandrel until the part is shaped correctly. The edge of the bell may be finished with or without a piece of bell wire to secure it, which also affects the tone quality; most bells are built with bell wire. Occasionally, trombone bells are made from solid sterling silver.
Valve attachments
Valves
Some trombones have valves instead of a slide (see valve trombone). These may be rotary valves, piston valves, or disc valves. Disc valves are modern versions of a valve invented in the 1820s which was discarded in favour of the rotary and the Périnet (piston) valve.
Tubing
More often than not, tenor trombones with an F attachment, or trigger, have a larger bore through the attachment than through the 'straight' section (the portion of the trombone through which the air flows when the attachment is not engaged). Typically, for orchestral instruments, the slide bore is 0.547" and the attachment tubing bore is 0.562". A wide variety of valve attachments and combinations are available. Valve attachment tubing usually incorporates a small tuning slide so that the attachment tubing is able to be tuned separately from the rest of the instrument. Most B♭/F tenor and bass trombones include a tuning slide long enough to lower the pitch to E with the valve tubing engaged, enabling the production of B2. Whereas older instruments fitted with valve attachments usually had the tubing coiled rather tightly in the bell section (closed wrap or traditional wrap), modern instruments usually have the tubing kept as free as possible of tight bends in the tubing (open wrap), resulting in a freer response with the valve attachment tubing engaged.
Tuning
Some trombones are tuned through a mechanism in the slide section rather than via a separate tuning slide in the bell section. This method preserves a smoother expansion from the start of the bell section to the bell flare. The tuning slide in the bell section requires two portions of cylindrical tubing in an otherwise conical part of the instrument, which affects the tone quality.
Slides
Common and popular bore sizes for trombone slides are 0.500", 0.508", 0.525" and 0.547" for tenor trombones, and 0.562" for bass trombones. The slide may also be built with a dual bore configuration, in which the bore of the second leg of the slide is slightly larger than the bore of the first leg, producing a step-wise conical effect. The most common dual bore combinations are 0.481"-0.491", 0.500"-0.508", 0.508"-0.525", 0.525"-0.547", 0.547"-0.562" for tenor trombones, and 0.562"-0.578" for bass trombones.
Mouthpiece
The mouthpiece is a separate part of the trombone and can be interchanged with similarly sized trombones from different manufacturers. Available mouthpieces for trombone (as with all brass instruments) vary in material composition, length, diameter, rim shape, cup depth, throat entrance, venturi aperture, venturi profile, outside design and other factors. Variations in mouthpiece construction affect the individual player's ability to make a lip seal and produce a reliable tone, the timbre of that tone, its volume, the player's subjective level of comfort, and the instrument's playability in a given pitch range.Mouthpiece selection is a highly personal decision. Thus, a symphonic trombonist might prefer a mouthpiece with a deeper cup and sharper inner rim shape in order to produce a rich symphonic tone quality, while a jazz trombonist might choose a shallower cup in order to achieve brighter tone and easier production of higher notes. Further, for certain compositions, these choices between two such performers could easily be reversed.
Regional variations
Germany and Austria
German trombones have been built in a wide variety of bore and bell sizes. The traditional German Konzertposaune can differ substantially from American designs in many aspects. The mouthpiece is typically rather small and is placed into a slide section with a very long leadpipe of at least 12"-24". The whole instrument is often made of gold brass, and its sound is usually rather dull compared with British, French or American designs. While their bore sizes were considered large in the 19th century, German trombones have altered very little over the last 150 years and are now typically somewhat smaller than their American counterparts. Bell sizes remain very large in all sizes of German trombone and a bass trombone bell may exceed 10" in diameter. Valve attachments in tenor and bass trombones were traditionally engaged via a thumb-operated rotary valve, using a leather thong rather than a metal lever. While older models with this feature are still found, modern variants use the metal lever. As with other German and Austrian brass instruments, rotary valves are used to the exclusion of almost all other types of valve, even in valve trombones. Other features often found on German trombones include long water keys and snake decorations on the slide and bell U-bows.Most trombones played in Germany today, especially by amateurs, are built in the American fashion, as those are much more widely available and thus far cheaper.
France
French trombones were built in the very smallest bore sizes up to the end of the Second World War and whilst other sizes were made there, the French usually preferred the tenor trombone to any other size. French music, therefore, usually employed a section of three tenor trombones up to the mid-20th century. Tenor trombones produced in France during the 19th and early 20th centuries featured bore sizes of around 0.450", small bells of not more than 6" in diameter, as well as a funnel-shaped mouthpiece slightly larger than that of the cornet or horn. French tenor trombones were built in both C and B♭, altos in D♭, sopranos in F, piccolos in high B♭, basses in G and E♭, contrabasses in B♭.
Didactics
In recent years, several makers have begun to market compact B♭/C trombones that are especially well suited for young children learning to play the trombone who cannot reach the outer slide positions of full-length instruments. The fundamental note of the unenhanced length is C, but the short valved attachment that puts the instrument in B♭ is open when the trigger is not depressed. While such instruments have no seventh slide position, C and B natural may be comfortably accessed on the first and second positions by using the trigger. A similar design ("Preacher model") was marketed by C.G. Conn in the 1920s, also under the Wurlitzer label. Currently, B♭/C trombones are available from many manufacturers, including German makers Günter Frost, Thein and Helmut Voigt, as well as the Yamaha Corporation.
Manufacturers
Trombones in slide and valve configuration have been made by a vast array of musical instrument manufacturers. For the brass bands of the late 19th and early 20th century, prominent American manufacturers included Graves and Sons, E.G. Wright and Company, The Boston Musical Instrument Company, E.A. Couturier Co., Ltd., H.N. White Company, J.W. York, and C.G. Conn, Ltd.. In the 20th century, leading manufacturers of trombones included F.E. Olds, Vincent Bach, King Musical Instruments, Conn, F.A. Reynolds, Yamaha Musical Instruments, and recently Jupiter Band Instruments.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Slide Positions
Category:Brass instruments Category:Continuous pitch instruments Category:Trombonists Category:B-flat instruments Category:Bass (sound)
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