Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
name	Paul Newman
birth name	Paul Leonard Newman
birth date	January 26, 1925
birth place	Shaker Heights, Ohio, U.S.
death date	September 26, 2008
death place	Westport, Connecticut, U.S.
death cause	Lung cancer
nationality	American
occupation	Actor, director, entrepreneur
education	Shaker Heights High School
alma mater	Ohio University
party	Democrat
years active	1952–2008
spouse	(divorced) (his death)
children	Scott (1950-78) (deceased)Susan (1953)StephanieNell (1959)Melissa (1961)Claire (1965)
parents	Theresa (nee Fetzer or Fetsko),Arthur Samuel Newman }}

Paul Leonard Newman (January 26, 1925 – September 26, 2008) was an American actor, film director, entrepreneur, humanitarian, professional racing driver and auto racing enthusiast. He won numerous awards, including an Academy Award for best actor for his performance in the 1986 Martin Scorsese film ''The Color of Money'' and eight other nominations, three Golden Globe Awards, a BAFTA Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Cannes Film Festival Award, an Emmy award, and many honorary awards. He also won several national championships as a driver in Sports Car Club of America road racing, and his race teams won several championships in open wheel IndyCar racing.

Newman was a co-founder of Newman's Own, a food company from which Newman donated all post-tax profits and royalties to charity. As of July 2011, these donations exceeded $300 million.

Early life

Newman was born in Shaker Heights, Ohio (a suburb of Cleveland). He was the son of Theresa (née Fetzer or Fetsko; ) and Arthur Sigmund Newman, who ran a profitable sporting goods store. His father was Jewish (Paul's paternal grandparents, Simon Newman and Hannah Cohn, were immigrants from Hungary and Poland). His mother, who practiced Christian Science, was born to a Slovak Roman Catholic family at Homonna, Ptičie (formerly Pticsie) in the former Kingdom of Hungary, Austria–Hungary (now in Slovakia). Newman had no religion as an adult, but described himself as a Jew, stating that "it's more of a challenge". Newman's mother worked in his father's store, while raising Paul and his brother, Arthur, who later became a producer and production manager.

Newman showed an early interest in the theater, which his mother encouraged. At the age of seven, he made his acting debut, playing the court jester in a school production of ''Robin Hood''. Graduating from Shaker Heights High School in 1943, he briefly attended Ohio University in Athens, Ohio, where he was initiated into the Phi Kappa Tau fraternity.

Military service

Newman served in the United States Navy in World War II in the Pacific theater. Newman enrolled in the Navy V-12 program at Ohio University, hoping to be accepted for pilot training, but was dropped when it was discovered he was color blind. He was sent instead to boot camp and then received further training as a radioman and gunner. Qualifying as a rear-seat radioman and gunner in torpedo bombers, in 1944, Aviation Radioman Third Class Newman was sent to Barber's Point, Hawaii. He was subsequently assigned to Pacific-based replacement torpedo squadrons (VT-98, VT-99, and VT-100). These torpedo squadrons were responsible primarily for training replacement pilots and combat air crewmen, placing particular importance on carrier landings.

He later flew from aircraft carriers as a turret gunner in an Avenger torpedo bomber. As a radioman-gunner, he served aboard the ''USS Bunker Hill'' during the Battle of Okinawa in the spring of 1945. He was ordered to the ship with a draft of replacements shortly before the Okinawa campaign, but his life was spared because he was held back after his pilot developed an ear infection. The men who remained in his detail were killed in action.

After the war, he completed his degree in English and Speech (which encompassed the drama department) at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, graduating in 1949. Newman later studied Drama at Yale University, graduating in 1954, and later studying under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio in New York City.

Oscar Levant wrote that Newman initially was hesitant to leave New York for Hollywood: "Too close to the cake," he reported him saying, "Also, no place to study."

Career

Early work and mainstream success

Newman arrived in New York City in 1951 with his first wife Jackie Witte, taking up residence in the St. George section of Staten Island. He made his Broadway theater debut in the original production of William Inge's ''Picnic'' with Kim Stanley in 1953 and appeared in the original Broadway production of ''The Desperate Hours'' in 1955. In 1959, he was in the original Broadway production of ''Sweet Bird of Youth'' with Geraldine Page and three years later starred with Page in the film version.

During this time Newman started acting in television. He had his first credited TV or film appearance with a small but notable part in a 1952 episode of the science fiction TV series ''Tales of Tomorrow'' entitled "Ice from Space". In the mid-1950s, he appeared twice on CBS's ''Appointment with Adventure'' anthology series.

In February 1954, Newman appeared in a screen test with James Dean, directed by Gjon Mili, for ''East of Eden'' (1955). Newman was testing for the role of Aron Trask, Dean for the role of Aron's fraternal twin brother Cal. Dean won his part, but Newman lost out to Richard Davalos. In the same year, Newman co-starred with Eva Marie Saint and Frank Sinatra in a live —and color —television broadcast of ''Our Town'', a musical adaptation of Thornton Wilder's stage play. Newman was a last-minute replacement for James Dean. In 2003, Newman acted in a remake of ''Our Town'', this time in the role of the stage manager.

His first movie for Hollywood was ''The Silver Chalice'' (1954). The film was a box office failure and the actor would later acknowledge his disdain for it. In 1956, Newman garnered much attention and acclaim with ''Somebody Up There Likes Me'' as boxer Rocky Graziano. By 1958, he was one of the hottest new stars in Hollywood. Later that year, he starred in ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'' (1958), opposite Elizabeth Taylor. The film was a box office smash and Newman garnered his first Academy Award nomination. Also in 1958, Newman starred in ''The Long, Hot Summer'' with Joanne Woodward, whom he met on the set. He won best actor at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival for this film.

Major films

Newman was one of the few actors who successfully made the transition from 1950s cinema to that of the 1960s and 1970s. His rebellious persona translated well to a subsequent generation. Newman starred in ''Exodus'' (1960), ''The Hustler'' (1961), ''Hud'' (1963), ''Harper'' (1966), ''Hombre'' (1967), ''Cool Hand Luke'' (1967), ''The Towering Inferno'' (1974), ''Slap Shot'' (1977), and ''The Verdict'' (1982). He teamed with fellow actor Robert Redford and director George Roy Hill for ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid'' (1969) and ''The Sting'' (1973).

He appeared with his wife, Joanne Woodward, in the feature films ''The Long, Hot Summer'' (1958), ''Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!'', (1958), ''From the Terrace'' (1960), ''Paris Blues'' (1961), ''A New Kind of Love'' (1963), ''Winning'' (1969), ''WUSA'' (1970), ''The Drowning Pool'' (1975), ''Harry & Son'' (1984), and ''Mr. and Mrs. Bridge'' (1990). They both also starred in the HBO miniseries ''Empire Falls'', but did not have any scenes together.

In addition to starring in and directing ''Harry & Son'', Newman also directed four feature films (in which he did not act) starring Woodward. They were ''Rachel, Rachel'' (1968), based on Margaret Laurence's ''A Jest of God'', the screen version of the Pulitzer Prize-winning play ''The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds'' (1972), the television screen version of the Pulitzer Prize-winning play ''The Shadow Box'' (1980), and a screen version of Tennessee Williams' ''The Glass Menagerie'' (1987).

Twenty-five years after ''The Hustler'', Newman reprised his role of "Fast" Eddie Felson in the Martin Scorsese-directed ''The Color of Money'' (1986), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. He told a television interviewer that winning an Oscar at the age of 62 deprived him of his fantasy of formally being presented with it in extreme old age.

Last works

In 2003, he appeared in a Broadway revival of Wilder's ''Our Town'', receiving his first Tony Award nomination for his performance. PBS and the cable network Showtime aired a taping of the production, and Newman was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie.

His last screen appearance was as a conflicted mob boss in the 2002 film ''Road to Perdition'' opposite Tom Hanks, although he continued to provide voice work for films.

In 2005 at age 80, Newman was profiled alongside Robert Redford as part of the Sundance Channel's TV series ''Iconoclasts''.

In keeping with his strong interest in car racing, he provided the voice of Doc Hudson, a retired race car in Disney/Pixar's ''Cars''. Similarly, he served as narrator for the 2007 film ''Dale'', about the life of the legendary NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt, which turned out to be Newman's final film performance in any form. Newman also provided the narration for the film documentary ''The Meerkats'', which was released in 2008.

Retirement from acting

Newman announced that he would entirely retire from acting on May 25, 2007. He stated that he did not feel he could continue acting at the level he wanted to. "You start to lose your memory, you start to lose your confidence, you start to lose your invention. So I think that's pretty much a closed book for me."

Philanthropy

With writer A.E. Hotchner, Newman founded Newman's Own, a line of food products, in 1982. The brand started with salad dressing, and has expanded to include pasta sauce, lemonade, popcorn, salsa, and wine, among other things. Newman established a policy that all proceeds, after taxes, would be donated to charity. As of 2010, the franchise has donated in excess of $300 million. He co-wrote a memoir about the subject with Hotchner, ''Shameless Exploitation in Pursuit of the Common Good''. Among other awards, Newman's Own co-sponsors the PEN/Newman's Own First Amendment Award, a $25,000 reward designed to recognize those who protect the First Amendment as it applies to the written word.

One beneficiary of his philanthropy is the Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, a residential summer camp for seriously ill children, which is located in Ashford, Connecticut. Newman co-founded the camp in 1988; it was named after the gang in his film ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid'' (1969). Newman's college fraternity, Phi Kappa Tau, adopted Hole in the Wall as their "national philanthropy" in 1995. One camp has expanded to become several Hole in the Wall Camps in the U.S., Ireland, France, and Israel. The camps serve 13,000 children every year, free of charge.

In June 1999, Newman donated $250,000 to Catholic Relief Services to aid refugees in Kosovo.

On June 1, 2007, Kenyon College announced that Newman had donated $10 million to the school to establish a scholarship fund as part of the college's current $230 million fund-raising campaign. Newman and Woodward were honorary co-chairs of a previous campaign.

Newman was one of the founders of the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy (CECP), a membership organization of CEOs and corporate chairpersons committed to raising the level and quality of global corporate philanthropy. Founded in 1999 by Newman and a few leading CEOs, CECP has grown to include more than 175 members and, through annual executive convenings, extensive benchmarking research, and best practice publications, leads the business community in developing sustainable and strategic community partnerships through philanthropy.

Newman was named the Most Generous Celebrity of 2008 by Givingback.org. He contributed $20,857,000 for the year of 2008 to the Newman's Own Foundation, which distributes funds to a variety of charities.

Upon Newman's death, the Italian newspaper (a "semi-official" paper of the Holy See) ''L'Osservatore Romano'' published a notice lauding Newman's philanthropy. It also commented that "Newman was a generous heart, an actor of a dignity and style rare in Hollywood quarters."

Marriages and family

Newman was married to Jackie Witte from 1949 to 1958. They had a son, Scott (1950–1978), and two daughters, Susan Kendall (1953) and Stephanie . Scott, who died in November 1978 from a drug overdose, appeared in the films ''Breakheart Pass'', ''The Towering Inferno'', and the 1977 film ''Fraternity Row''. Paul Newman started the Scott Newman Center for drug abuse prevention in memory of his son. Susan is a documentary filmmaker and philanthropist and has Broadway and screen credits, including a starring role as one of four Beatles fans in ''I Wanna Hold Your Hand'' (1978), and also a small role opposite her father in ''Slap Shot''. She also received an Emmy nomination as co-producer of his telefilm, ''The Shadow Box''.

Newman met actress Joanne Woodward in 1953, shortly after filming ''The Long, Hot Summer'' in 1957. He divorced Witte and married Woodward early in 1958. They remained married for fifty years until his death in 2008. They had three daughters: Elinor "Nell" Teresa (b. 1959), Melissa "Lissy" Stewart (b. 1961), and Claire "Clea" Olivia (b. 1965). Newman directed Nell (using the stage name Nell Potts) alongside her mother in the films ''Rachel Rachel'' and ''The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds''.

The Newmans lived away from the Hollywood environment, making their home in Westport, Connecticut. Newman was well known for his devotion to his wife and family. When asked once about infidelity, he famously quipped, "Why go out for a hamburger when you have steak at home?"

Political activism

For his support of Eugene McCarthy in 1968 (and effective use of television commercials in California) and his opposition to the War in Vietnam, Newman was placed nineteenth on Richard Nixon's enemies list, which he claimed was his greatest accomplishment.

Consistent with his work for liberal causes, Newman publicly supported Ned Lamont's candidacy in the 2006 Connecticut Democratic Primary against Senator Joe Lieberman, and was even rumored as a candidate himself, until Lamont emerged as a credible alternative. He donated to Chris Dodd's presidential campaign.

He attended the first Earth Day event in Manhattan on April 22, 1970. Newman was also a vocal supporter of gay rights, including same-sex marriage.

Newman was concerned over global warming and supported nuclear energy development as a solution.

Auto racing

Newman was an avid auto racing enthusiast, and first became interested in motorsports ("the first thing that I ever found I had any grace in") while training at the Watkins Glen Racing School for the filming of ''Winning'', a 1969 film. Because of his love and passion for racing, Newman agreed in 1971 to star in and to host his first television special, ''Once Upon a Wheel,'' on the history of auto racing. It was produced and directed by David Winters, who co-owned a number of racing cars with Newman. Newman's first professional event as a racer was in 1972, in Thompson, Connecticut, and he was a frequent competitor in Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) events for the rest of the decade, eventually winning four national championships. He later drove in the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans in Dick Barbour's Porsche 935 and finished in second place. Newman reunited with Barbour in 2000 to compete in the Petit Le Mans.

{{infobox le mans driver | name	| Image | Nationality | Years 1979| Team(s) Dick Barbour Racing | Best Finish 2nd (1979) | Class Wins 1 (1979) | }}

From the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, he drove for the Bob Sharp Racing team, racing mainly Datsuns (later rebranded as Nissans) in the Trans-Am Series. He became closely associated with the brand during the 1980s, even appearing in commercials for them. At the age of 70 years and 8 days, he became the oldest driver to be part of a winning team in a major sanctioned race, winning in his class at the 1995 24 Hours of Daytona. Among his last races were the Baja 1000 in 2004 and the 24 Hours of Daytona once again in 2005.

Newman initially owned his own racing team, which competed in the Can-Am series, but later co-founded Newman/Haas Racing with Carl Haas, a Champ Car team, in 1983. The 1996 racing season was chronicled in the IMAX film ''Super Speedway'', which Newman narrated. He was also a partner in the Atlantic Championship team Newman Wachs Racing. Newman owned a NASCAR Winston Cup car, before selling it to Penske Racing, where it now serves as the #12 car.

Newman was posthumously inducted into the SCCA Hall of Fame at the national convention in Las Vegas, Nevada on February 21, 2009.

Illness and death

Newman was scheduled to make his professional stage directing debut with the Westport Country Playhouse's 2008 production of John Steinbeck's ''Of Mice and Men'', but he stepped down on May 23, 2008, citing health issues.

In June 2008, it was widely reported that Newman, a former chain smoker, had been diagnosed with lung cancer and was receiving treatment at Sloan-Kettering hospital in New York City. Photographs taken of Newman in May and June showed him looking gaunt. Writer A.E. Hotchner, who partnered with Newman to start the Newman's Own company in the 1980s, told the Associated Press that Newman told him about the disease about eighteen months prior to the interview. Newman's spokesman told the press that the star was "doing nicely," but neither confirmed nor denied that he had cancer. In August, after reportedly finishing chemotherapy, Newman told his family he wished to die at home.

Newman died on September 26, 2008, aged 83, surrounded by his family and close friends. His remains were cremated after a private funeral service near his home in Westport.

Filmography, awards, and nominations

As actor

Year	Film	Role	Notes
1954		Basil
1955		George Gibbs
		Rocky Graziano
	Capt. Edward W. Hall Jr.
	''The Helen Morgan Story''	Larry Maddux
''Until They Sail''	Capt. Jack Harding
	''The Long, Hot Summer''	Ben Quick	Best Actor Award (Cannes Film Festival)
''The Left Handed Gun''	Billy the Kid
	Brick Pollitt	Nominated — Academy Award for Best ActorNominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
	Harry Bannerman
1959	''The Young Philadelphians''	Anthony Judson Lawrence
	''From the Terrace''	David Alfred Eaton
	Ari Ben Canaan
		Eddie Felson
''Paris Blues''	Ram Bowen
	''Sweet Bird of Youth''	Chance Wayne	Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
''Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man''	Ad Francis, 'The Battler'	Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture
		Hud Bannon	Nominated — Academy Award for Best ActorNominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading RoleNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
''A New Kind of Love''	Steve Sherman
	Andrew Craig
	''What a Way to Go!''	Larry Flint
''The Outrage''	Juan Carrasco
1965	''Lady L''	Armand Denis
		Lew Harper
''Torn Curtain''	Prof. Michael Armstrong	directed by Alfred Hitchcock
		John Russell
''Cool Hand Luke''	Luke Jackson	Nominated — Academy Award for Best ActorNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
1968	''The Secret War of Harry Frigg''	Pvt. Harry Frigg
	''Winning''	Frank Capua
''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid''	Butch Cassidy	Nominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
1970		Rheinhardt
		Hank Stamper
''Once Upon a Wheel (1971 TV program)''	Himself	Winner: World Television Festival Award,	Winner: Best International Sports Documentary
	''Pocket Money''	Jim Kane
''The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean''
	''The Mackintosh Man''	Joseph Rearden
''The Sting''	Henry Gondorff
1974	''The Towering Inferno''	Doug Roberts
1975		Lew Harper
	''Silent Movie''	Himself
''Buffalo Bill and the Indians''
1977		Reggie "Reg" Dunlop
1979		Essex
1980	''When Time Ran Out...''	Hank Anderson
	''Fort Apache, The Bronx''	Murphy
''Absence of Malice''	Michael Colin Gallagher	Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actor
	''Come Along with Me''		TV
''The Verdict''	Frank Galvin
1984	''Harry & Son''	Harry Keach
1986	''The Color of Money''	Fast Eddie Felson	Academy Award for Best ActorNational Board of Review Award for Best ActorNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
	''Fat Man and Little Boy''
1990	''Mr. and Mrs. Bridge''	Walter Bridge
1993	''La Classe américaine''	Dave	in redubbed archive footage only
	''The Hudsucker Proxy''	Sidney J. Mussburger
	Donald J. "Sully" Sullivan
1998		Harry Ross
1999		Dodge Blake
2000	''Where the Money Is''	Henry Manning
2001	''The Blunder Years'' (''The Simpsons'' episode)	Himself	voice
2002	''Road to Perdition''	John Rooney	Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Academy Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting RoleNominated — Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion PictureNominated — Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting ActorNominated — Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture
2003		Stage Manager	Nominated — Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor - Miniseries or a MovieNominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
		Max Roby	Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor - Miniseries or a MovieGolden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television
''Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D''	Dave Scott	voice
2006		Doc Hudson/Hudson Hornet	voice
2007		Narrator	voice
2008	''The Meerkats''	Narrator	voice

As director or producer

Year	Film	Notes
1968	''Rachel, Rachel''	Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion PictureNominated – Academy Award for Best PictureNew York Film Critics Circle Award (best director)
	''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid''	Co-executive producer (uncredited)
''Winning''	Co-executive producer (uncredited)
1970		Co-producer
		Director and co-executive producer
	producer
		Director and producer
''The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean''	Co-executive producer (uncredited)
1980	''The Shadow Box''
1984	''Harry & Son''	Director and producer
1987
2005		Producer, Nominated: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries

Additional awards and honors

In addition to the awards Newman won for specific roles, he received an honorary Academy Award in 1986 for his "many and memorable and compelling screen performances" and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award for his charity work in 1994.

He received the Golden Globe ''New Star of the Year — Actor'' award for ''The Silver Chalice (1957), the Henrietta Award World Film Favorite — Male in 1964 and 1966 and the Cecil B. DeMille Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1984.

Newman won Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival for ''The Long, Hot Summer'' and the Silver Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for ''Nobody's Fool''.

In 1968, Newman was named "Man of the Year" by Harvard University's performance group, the Hasty Pudding Theatricals.

Newman Day has been celebrated at Kenyon College, Bates College, Princeton University, and other American colleges since the 1970s. In 2004, Newman requested that Princeton University disassociate the event from his name, due to the fact that he did not endorse the behaviors, citing his creation of the Scott Newman Centre in 1980, which is "dedicated to the prevention of substance abuse through education".

Posthumously, Newman was inducted into the Connecticut Hall of Fame, and was honored with a nature preserve in Westport named in his honor. He was also honored by the United States House of Representatives following his death.

Published work

Newman, Paul; Hotchner, A.E. ''Newman's Own Cookbook''. Simon & Schuster, 1998. ISBN 0684848325.

Newman, Paul; Hotchner, A.E. ''Shameless Exploitation in Pursuit of the Common Good''. Doubleday Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0385508026.

See also

List of select Jewish racing drivers

Notes

References

Demers, Jenifer. ''Paul Newman: the Dream has Ended!''. Createspace, 2008. ISBN 1440433232

Lax, Eric. ''Paul Newman: a Biography''. Turner Publishing, Incorporated, 1999. ISBN 1-57036-286-6.

Morella, Joe; Epstein, Edward Z. ''Paul and Joanne: A Biography of Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward''. Delacorte Press, 1988. ISBN 0440500044.

O'Brien, Daniel. ''Paul Newman''. Faber & Faber, Limited, 2005. ISBN 057121987X.

Oumano, Elena. ''Paul Newman''. St. Martin's Press, 1990. ISBN 0-517-05934-7.

Quirk, Lawrence J. ''The Films of Paul Newman''. Taylor Pub., 1986. ISBN 0-8065-0385-8.

Thomson, Kenneth. ''The Films of Paul Newman''. 1978. ISBN 0-912616-87-3.

Further reading

External links

Newman's Own

Newman's Own Foundation

Paul Newman bio at h2g2

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Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
birth name
birth date	February 27, 1930
birth place	Thomasville, Georgia, U.S.
occupation	Actress
years active	1955–present
spouse	(his death) }}

Joanne Gignilliat Trimmier Woodward (born February 27, 1930) is an American actress, television and theatrical producer, and widow of Paul Newman. She is perhaps best known for her Academy Award winning role in ''The Three Faces of Eve'' (1957).

Early life

Woodward was born in Thomasville, Georgia, daughter of Elinor Gignilliat (née Trimmier) and Wade Woodward, Jr., who at one point was vice president of publisher Charles Scribner's Sons. Her middle name, "Gignilliat", originates from distant Huguenot ancestry. She was influenced to become an actress by her mother's love of movies. Her mother named her after Joan Crawford, using the Southern pronunciation of the name - "Joanne". Attending the premiere of ''Gone with the Wind'' in Atlanta, nine-year-old Woodward rushed out into the parade of stars and sat on the lap of Laurence Olivier, star Vivien Leigh's partner and future husband. She eventually worked with Olivier in 1977, in a television production of ''Come Back, Little Sheba''. During rehearsals, she mentioned this incident to him and he told her he remembered her doing it.

Woodward lived in Thomasville until she was in the second grade. Her family relocated to Marietta, Georgia. They moved once again when she was a junior in high school, after her parents divorced. She graduated from Greenville High School in 1947, in Greenville, South Carolina. Woodward won many beauty contests as a teenager. She appeared in theatrical productions at Greenville High and in Greenville's Little Theatre, playing Laura Wingfield in their staging of ''The Glass Menagerie'' directed by Robert Hemphill McLane. She returned to Greenville in 1976 to play Amanda Wingfield in another Little Theatre production of ''The Glass Menagerie''. She had also returned in 1955 for the premiere of her debut movie, ''Count Three And Pray'', at the Paris Theatre on North Main Street.

Woodward majored in drama at Louisiana State University, where she was an initiate of Chi Omega sorority, then headed to New York City to perform on the stage.

Career

Early career

Woodward's first film was a post-Civil War Western, ''Count Three and Pray'', in 1955. She continued to move between Hollywood and Broadway, eventually understudying in the New York production of ''Picnic'', which featured Paul Newman. The two were married in 1958 after their work together in the film ''The Long, Hot Summer''. By that time, Woodward had starred in ''The Three Faces of Eve'' (1957), for which she won the 1957 Academy Award for Best Actress.

Films with Paul Newman

She appeared with husband Paul Newman in ten featured films:

''The Long, Hot Summer'' (1958)

''Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!'' (1958)

''From the Terrace'' (1960)

''Paris Blues'' (1961)

''A New Kind of Love'' (1963)

''Winning'' (1969)

''WUSA'' (1970)

''The Drowning Pool'' (1975)

''Harry & Son'' (1984) - (directed by Newman)

''Mr. and Mrs. Bridge'' (1990)

Both appeared in the HBO miniseries ''Empire Falls'' but had no scenes together.

She starred in five films that Newman directed or produced but in which he did not star:

''Rachel, Rachel'' (1968)

''They Might Be Giants'' (1971)

''The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds'' - which featured their daughter, Nell Potts (1972)

''The Shadow Box'' (1980) - (television movie)

''The Glass Menagerie'' (1987)

Later career

Woodward has continued to act, in such films as ''Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams'' and ''Philadelphia'' (1993) in which she played the mother to Tom Hanks' character, and in television. She appeared in the television films ''Sybil'', opposite Sally Field, and ''Crisis at Central High''. She was the narrator for Martin Scorsese's screen version of ''The Age of Innocence''.

Woodward was a co-producer and starred in a 1993 broadcast of the play ''Blind Spot'', for which she was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie. She was executive producer of the 2003 television production of ''Our Town'', featuring Newman as the stage manager (for which he was nominated for an Emmy Award.) She wrote the teleplay and directed a 1982 production of Shirley Jackson's story ''Come Along with Me'', for which husband Newman provided the voice of the character Hughie under the screen name of P. L. Neuman.

Woodward is the artistic director of the Westport Country Playhouse.

She recorded a reading of singer John Mellencamp's song "The Real Life" for his box set ''On the Rural Route 7609''.

Personal life

Woodward was rumored to have been engaged to author Gore Vidal prior to marrying Paul Newman. Apparently, however, there was no real engagement: Vidal later claimed it was a stunt to attract Newman's attention. Woodward shared a house with Vidal in Los Angeles for a short time and remained friends. Woodward married Paul Newman in 1958. The couple chose to share few details of their personal life throughout their 50 years of marriage.

Woodward and Newman had three daughters - Elinor Teresa (1959) known on screen as Nell Potts and generally as Nell Newman; Melissa "Lissy" Stewart (1961); and Claire "Clea" Olivia Newman (1965) - and two grandsons (Lissy's children).

In 1990, Woodward graduated from Sarah Lawrence College with her daughter Clea. Newman delivered the commencement address, during which he said he dreamed that a woman had asked, "How dare you accept this invitation to give the commencement address when you are merely hanging on to the coattails of the accomplishments of your wife?"

In 1988, Newman and Woodward established the Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, named for the outlaws in ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid''. The eleven camps permit seriously ill youngsters to enjoy the great outdoors, at no cost to them or their families.

Paul Newman died of cancer on September 26, 2008, age 83. Woodward continues to live in Westport, Connecticut.

Filmography

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- |1955 |''Momentum - Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' |Leola Boone | |- |1955 |''Count Three and Pray'' |Lissy | |- |1956 |''A Kiss Before Dying'' |Dorothy ('Dorie') Kingship | |- |rowspan=2|1957 |''The Three Faces of Eve'' |Eve White / Eve Black / Jane |Academy Award for Best ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNational Board of Review Award for Best ActressNominated — BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress |- |''No Down Payment'' |Leola Boone |Nominated — BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress |- |rowspan=2|1958 |''The Long, Hot Summer'' |Clara Varner | |- |''Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!'' |Grace Oglethorpe Bannerman | |- |rowspan=2|1959 |''The Sound and the Fury'' |Quentin Compson/Narrator | |- |''The Fugitive Kind'' |Carol Cutrere |San Sebastián International Film Festival Zulueta Prize for Best Actress |- |1960 |''From the Terrace'' |Mary St. John/Mrs. Alfred Eaton | |- |1961 |''Paris Blues'' |Lillian Corning | |- |rowspan=2|1963 |''The Stripper'' |Lila Green | |- |''A New Kind of Love'' |Samantha (Sam) Blake/Mimi |Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy |- |1964 |''Signpost to Murder'' |Molly Thomas | |- |rowspan=2|1966 |''A Big Hand for the Little Lady'' |Mary | |- |''A Fine Madness'' |Rhoda Shillitoe | |- |1968 |''Rachel, Rachel'' |Rachel Cameron |Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated — Academy Award for Best ActressNominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role |- |1969 |''Winning'' |Elora Capua | |- |1970 |''WUSA'' |Geraldine | |- |rowspan=2|1971 |''They Might Be Giants'' |Dr. Mildred Watson | |- |''All the Way Home'' |Mary Follet |TV |- |1972 |''The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds'' |Beatrice |Cannes Film Festival Best Actress AwardKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama |- |1973 |''Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams'' |Rita Walden |BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated — Academy Award for Best ActressNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama |- |1975 |''The Drowning Pool'' |Iris Devereaux | |- |1976 |''Sybil'' |Dr. Cornelia B. Wilbur |TVNominated — Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie |- |1977 |''Come Back, Little Sheba'' |Lola Delaney |TV |- |rowspan=3|1978 |''See How She Runs'' |Betty Quinn |TVEmmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie |- |''The End'' |Jessica Lawson | |- |''A Christmas to Remember'' |Mildred McCloud |TV |- |1979 |''The Streets of L.A.'' |Carol Schramm |TV |- |1980 |''The Shadow Box'' |Beverly |TV |- |1981 |''Crisis at Central High'' |Elizabeth Huckaby |TVNominated — Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a MovieNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film |- |1982 |''Candida'' |Candida |TV |- |rowspan=2|1984 |''Harry & Son'' |Lilly | |- |''Passions'' |Catherine Kennerly |TV |- |1985 |''Do You Remember Love'' |Barbara Wyatt-Hollis |TVEmmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a MovieNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film |- |1986 |''Women - for America, for the World'' | |Short documentary |- |1987 |''The Glass Menagerie'' |Amanda Wingfield |Nominated — Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female |- |1990 |''Mr. and Mrs. Bridge'' |India Bridge |Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated — Academy Award for Best ActressNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaNominated — Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female |- |rowspan=4|1993 |''Foreign Affairs'' |Vinnie Miner |TV |- |''Blind Spot'' |Nell Harrington |TVNominated — Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie |- |''The Age of Innocence'' |Narrator (voice) | |- |''Philadelphia'' |Sarah Beckett | |- |1994 |''Breathing Lessons'' |Maggie Moran |TVGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television FilmScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television MovieNominated — Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie |- |1996 |''Even If a Hundred Ogres...'' |Narrator (voice) | |- |2005 |''Empire Falls'' |Francine Whiting |TVNominated — Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a MovieNominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television FilmNominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie |}

Awards

In 1958, Woodward won the Academy Award for Best Actress for ''The Three Faces of Eve''. She was nominated for Best Actress in 1969 for ''Rachel, Rachel'', in 1974 for ''Summer Wishes, Winter Dreams'', and in 1991 for ''Mr. and Mrs. Bridge''. She was named Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival in 1974 for her performance in ''The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds''.

Woodward won two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie, for ''See How She Runs'' (1978) as a divorced teacher who trains for a marathon, and in ''Do You Remember Love?'' (1985) as a professor who begins to suffer from Alzheimer's disease. She has been nominated an additional five times for her roles on television.

A popular (but untrue) bit of Hollywood lore is that Woodward was the first celebrity to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In fact, the original 1,550 stars were created and installed as a unit in 1960; no one star was officially "first." (The first star actually completed was director Stanley Kramer's. The origin of this legend is not known with certainty; but according to Johnny Grant, the long-time Honorary Mayor of Hollywood, Woodward was the first celebrity to agree to pose with her star for photographers, and therefore was singled out in the collective public imagination as the first awardee.

References

Further reading

External links

Joanne Woodward at Allmovie

Joanne Woodward's thoughts on Earth Day 2006

Category:1930 births Category:Living people Category:Actors Studio alumni Category:American film actors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Actors from Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:Louisiana State University alumni Category:People from Staten Island Category:People from Westport, Connecticut Category:Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre alumni

an:Joanne Woodward bg:Джоан Удуърд ca:Joanne Woodward cs:Joanne Woodwardová da:Joanne Woodward de:Joanne Woodward es:Joanne Woodward fr:Joanne Woodward gl:Joanne Woodward hr:Joanne Woodward id:Joanne Woodward it:Joanne Woodward he:ג'ואן וודוורד nl:Joanne Woodward ja:ジョアン・ウッドワード no:Joanne Woodward nn:Joanne Woodward pl:Joanne Woodward pt:Joanne Woodward ro:Joanne Woodward ru:Вудвард, Джоан simple:Joanne Woodward sk:Joanne Woodwardová sl:Joanne Woodward sr:Џоана Вудвард fi:Joanne Woodward sv:Joanne Woodward tl:Joanne Woodward tg:Ҷоанне Уоодуард tr:Joanne Woodward yo:Joanne Woodward

Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
Name	Joan Woodward
Birth date	1916
Death date	1971
Nationality	British
Title	Prof.
Known for	Research in Organization Sociology
Employer	Imperial College, London
Occupation	Professor
Parents	}}

Joan Woodward (September 27, 1916 – 1971) was a British professor in organization sociology

Background

Joan Woodward undertook her early research at South East Essex College of Technology, before joining Imperial College in 1957 as a part time lecturer in Industrial Sociology and was appointed to a Senior Lectureship in the Production Engineering Section in 1962.

Pursuits

Woodward was a leading academic and commentator in the field of Organization Theory. Woodward was a pioneer for empirical research in organizational structures and author of analytical frameworks that establish the link between technology and production systems and their role in shaping effective organizational structures.

In 1964, she was invited to work part time for the Ministry of Labour. This was followed, in 1969, by an appointment as Professor of Industrial Sociology and Director of the Industrial Sociology Unit.

Her work received international recognition, leading to an invitation to join a group of the top seven organisation theorists that was called the Magnificent Seven. Such international acclaim was rare for a woman at this period.

Legacy

Woodward died in 1971, aged 54 - having followed treatment for breast cancer. As the second woman to receive a chair at Imperial College. Woodward is a role-model for women in science, engineering and technology.

In 1970, Prof. Woodward published a book "Industrial Organisation: Behaviour and Control". This text described the complete work of her research group since 1962.

The bi-annual Joan Woodward Memorial Lecture takes place at Imperial College Business School. The Joan Woodward Prize is bestowed annually on an undergraduate or post-graduate undertaking a thesis in a topic that matches the research interests of Joan Woodward. Both the lecture series and student prizes are supported by an endowment fund that has been established in her name.

References

Category:British sociologists Category:1916 births Category:1971 deaths

de:Joan Woodward

Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
name	Natalie Wood
birth name	Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko
birth date	July 20, 1938
birth place	San Francisco, California
death date	November 29, 1981
death place	Santa Catalina Island, California
other namess	Natasha GurdinNatalie Wood Wagner
occupation	Actress
years active	1943–81
spouse	}}

Natalie Wood (born Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko (); July 20, 1938 – November 29, 1981) was an American actress.

Wood began acting in movies at the age of four and became a successful child actor in such films as ''Miracle on 34th Street'' (1947). A well received performance opposite James Dean in ''Rebel Without a Cause'' (1955) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and helped her to make the transition from a child performer. She then starred in the musicals ''West Side Story'' (1961) and ''Gypsy'' (1962). She also received Academy Award for Best Actress nominations for her performances in ''Splendor in the Grass'' (1961) and ''Love with the Proper Stranger'' (1963).

Her career continued successfully with films such as ''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice'' (1969). After this she took a break from acting and had two children, appearing in only two theatrical films during the 1970s. She was married to actor Robert Wagner twice, and to producer Richard Gregson. She had one daughter by each: Natasha Gregson and Courtney Wagner. Her younger sister, Lana Wood, is also an actress. Wood starred in several television productions, including a remake of the film ''From Here to Eternity'' (1979) for which she won a Golden Globe Award.

Wood drowned near Santa Catalina Island, California at age 43. She had not yet completed her final film, the science fiction drama ''Brainstorm'' (1983) with Christopher Walken, which was released posthumously.

Early life and childhood stardom

Wood was born Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko in San Francisco, to Russian immigrant parents Maria Stepanovna (née Zudilova) (1912–1998) and Nikolai Stepanovich Zacharenko. As an adult, she stated, "I'm very Russian, you know." She spoke in Russian and English. Her father was born in Vladivostok and he, his mother, and two brothers, immigrated to Montreal, Quebec and later to San Francisco. There, he worked as a day laborer and carpenter. Her paternal grandfather Stepan worked in a chocolate factory in Russia and was killed in street fighting between Red and White Russian soldiers in 1918. After doing another film directed by Pichel, her mother signed her to a role with 20th Century Fox studio for her first major role, the Christmas classic ''Miracle on 34th Street'' (1947), which made her one of the top child stars in Hollywood. Within a few months after the film's release she was so popular that Macy's invited her to appear in the store's annual Thanksgiving Day parade.

She would eventually appear in over 20 films as a child, appearing opposite such stars as Gene Tierney, James Stewart, Maureen O'Hara, Bette Davis and Bing Crosby. As a child actor, her formal education took place on the studio lots wherever she was acting. California law required that until age 18, actors had to spend at least three hours per day in the classroom, notes Harris. "She was a straight A student," and one of the few child actors to excel at arithmetic. Director Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who directed her in ''The Ghost and Mrs. Muir'' (1947), said that "In all my years in the business, I never met a smarter moppet." Wood remembers that period in her life:

I always felt guilty when I knew the crew was sitting around waiting for me to finish my three hours. As soon as the teacher let us go, I ran to the set as fast as I could.

Teen stardom

Wood successfully made the transition from child star to ingenue at age 16 when she co-starred with James Dean and Sal Mineo in ''Rebel Without a Cause'', Nicholas Ray's film about teenage rebellion. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She followed this with a small but crucial role in John Ford's western ''The Searchers'' which starred John Wayne and also featured Wood's sister, Lana, who played a younger version of her character in the film's earlier scenes.

In the 1953-1954 television season, Wood played Ann Morrison, the teenaged daughter in the ABC situation comedy, ''The Pride of the Family'', with Paul Hartman cast her father, Albie Morrison; Fay Wray, as her mother, Catherine, and Robert Hyatt, as her brother, Junior Morrison.

Wood graduated in 1956 from Van Nuys High School.

Signed to Warner Brothers, Wood was kept busy during the remainder of the decade in many 'girlfriend' roles that she found unsatisfying. The studio cast her in two films opposite Tab Hunter, hoping to turn the duo into a box office draw that never materialized. Among the other films made at this time were 1958's ''Kings Go Forth'' and ''Marjorie Morningstar''. As Marjorie Morningstar, she played the role of a young Jewish girl in New York City who has to deal with the social and religious expectations of her family, as she tries to forge her own path and separate identity.

Adult career

After appearing in the box office flop ''All the Fine Young Cannibals'', Wood's career was salvaged by her casting in director Elia Kazan's ''Splendor in the Grass'' (1961) opposite Warren Beatty, which earned Wood Best Actress Nominations at the Academy Awards, Golden Globes and BAFTA Awards. Also in 1961 Wood played Maria in the Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise musical ''West Side Story'' which was a major box office and critical success, however, the singing parts were sung by Marni Nixon. Wood did sing when she starred in the 1962 film, ''Gypsy.'' She co-starred in the slapstick comedy ''The Great Race'' (1965), with Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, and Peter Falk. Wood then received her third Academy Award nomination and another Golden Globe award in 1964 for ''Love with the Proper Stranger'', opposite Steve McQueen.

Although many of Wood's films were commercially profitable, her acting was criticized at times. In 1966 she won the Harvard Lampoon Worst Actress of the Year Award. She was the first performer in the award's history to accept it in person and the ''Harvard Crimson'' wrote she was "quite a good sport." Conversely, director Sydney Pollack said "When she was right for the part, there was no one better. She was a damn good actress." Other notable films she starred in were ''Inside Daisy Clover'' (1965) and ''This Property Is Condemned'' (1966), both of which co-starred Robert Redford and brought subsequent Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress. In both films, which were set during the Great Depression, Wood played small-town teens with big dreams. After the release of the films, Wood suffered an emotional breakdown and sought professional therapy. During this time, she turned down the Faye Dunaway role in ''Bonnie and Clyde'' because she didn't want to be separated from her analyst.

After three years away from acting, Wood played a swinger in ''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice'' (1969), a comedy about sexual liberation. The film was one of the top ten box office hits of the year, and Wood received ten percent of the film's profits. After becoming pregnant with her first child, Natasha Gregson, in 1970, she went into semi-retirement and only acted in four more theatrical films during the remainder of her life. She made a very brief cameo appearance as herself in ''The Candidate'' (1972), reuniting her for a third time with Robert Redford. She also reunited on the screen with Robert Wagner in the television movie of the week ''The Affair'' (1973) and in an adaptation of ''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof'' (1976) broadcast as a special by NBC in which she also worked with Sir Laurence Olivier. She made cameo appearances on Wagner's prime-time detective series ''Switch'' in 1978 as "Bubble Bath Girl" and ''Hart to Hart'' in 1979 as "Movie Star." During the last two years of her life, Wood began to work more frequently as her daughters reached school age.

Film roles Wood turned down during her career hiatus went to Ali MacGraw in ''Goodbye, Columbus'', Mia Farrow in ''The Great Gatsby'' and Faye Dunaway in ''The Towering Inferno''. Later, Wood chose to star in misfires like the disaster film ''Meteor'' (1979) with Sean Connery and the sex comedy ''The Last Married Couple in America'' (1980). She found more success in television, receiving high ratings and critical acclaim in 1979 for ''The Cracker Factory'' and especially the miniseries film ''From Here to Eternity'' with Kim Basinger and William Devane. Wood's performance in the latter won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in 1980. Later that year, she starred in ''The Memory of Eva Ryker'' which proved to be her last completed production.

At the time of her death, Wood was filming the sci-fi film ''Brainstorm'' (1983), co-starring Christopher Walken and directed by Douglas Trumbull. She was also scheduled to star in a theatrical production of ''Anastasia'' with Wendy Hiller and in a film called ''Country of the Heart'', playing a terminally ill writer who has an affair with a teenager, to be played by Timothy Hutton. Due to her untimely death, both of the latter projects were canceled and the ending of ''Brainstorm'' had to be re-written. A stand-in and sound-alikes were used to replace Wood for some of her critical scenes. The film was released posthumously on September 30, 1983, and was dedicated to her in the closing credits.

She appeared in 56 films for cinema and television. Following her death, ''Time'' magazine noted that although critical praise for Wood had been sparse throughout her career, "she always had work."

Personal life

Marriages

Natalie Wood's two marriages to actor Robert Wagner were highly publicized. Wood said she had a crush on Wagner since she was a child and on her 18th birthday she went on a studio-arranged date with the 26-year old actor. They married a year later on December 28, 1957, which met with great protest from Wood's mother. In an article in February 2009, Wagner recalled their early romance:

I saw Natalie around town but she never seemed interested. She was making ''Rebel Without a Cause'' and hanging out with James Dean; I was with an older crowd. The first time I remember really talking to her was at a fashion show in 1956. She was beautiful, but still gave no hint about the mad crush she had on me. I later found out she had signed with my agent simply because he was my agent. A month later, I invited Natalie to a premiere on what turned out to be her 18th birthday. At dinner, we both sensed things were different. I sent her flowers and the dates continued. I remember the instant I fell in love with her. One night on board a small boat I owned, she looked at me with love, her dark brown eyes lit by a table lantern. That moment changed my life.

A year after their wedding, Wood expressed her feelings in a letter to her new husband:

: "You are my husband, my child, my strength, my weakness, my lover, my life."

Wood and Wagner separated in June 1961 and divorced in April 1962.

On May 30, 1969, Wood married British producer Richard Gregson. The couple dated for two and a half years prior to their marriage, while Gregson waited for his divorce to be finalized. They had a daughter, Natasha Gregson (born September 29, 1970). They separated in August 1971 after Wood overheard an inappropriate telephone conversation between her secretary and Gregson. The split also marked a brief estrangement between Wood and her family, when mother Maria and sister Lana told her to reconcile with Gregson for the sake of her newborn child. She filed for divorce, and it was finalized in April 1972.

In early 1972, Wood resumed her relationship with Wagner. The couple remarried on July 16, 1972, just five months after reconciling and only three months after she divorced Gregson. Their daughter, Courtney Wagner, was born on March 9, 1974. They remained married until Wood's death nine years later on November 29, 1981.

Other relationships

Biographer Suzanne Finstad writes that Wood had a relationship with director Nicholas Ray, director of ''Rebel Without a Cause'', when she was 16 and he was 43. During her teens, Wood went on studio-arranged dates with older men, including actors Tab Hunter and Nick Adams, and dated actor Raymond Burr, when she was 17 and he was 38. Wood also dated actors Michael Caine, Steve McQueen, Warren Beatty and Dennis Hopper, singer Elvis Presley, director Henry Jaglom, and politician Jerry Brown.

Among her celebrity friends were fellow child performers Margaret O'Brien, Carol Lynley and Stefanie Powers, .

Death

In September and October 1981, Wood stayed in Raleigh, North Carolina where she, Christopher Walken, Louise Fletcher and other cast members did location work for the science-fiction film ''Brainstorm''. Although her husband Robert Wagner had a commitment to his series ''Hart to Hart'' in Los Angeles, he visited Wood in Raleigh once. Wood spent most of November in California shooting interior scenes, many of them utilizing special effects, with other cast members on the MGM lot in Culver City.

Wood spent Thanksgiving at her Beverly Hills home with her husband, parents, sister Lana and secretary Mart Crowley. The next day, the Wagners and Christopher Walken went to Catalina Island for the weekend. On Saturday night, November 28, the Wagners' yacht (''Splendour'') was anchored in Isthmus Cove. Also on board was the boat's skipper, Dennis Davern, who had worked for the couple for many years. The official theory is that Wood either tried to leave the yacht or to secure a dinghy from banging against the hull when she accidentally slipped and fell overboard. When her body was found, she was wearing a down jacket, nightgown, and socks. A woman on a nearby yacht said she heard calls for help at around midnight. The cries lasted for about 15 minutes and were answered by someone else who said, "Take it easy. We'll be over to get you." "It was laid back," the witness recalled. "There was no urgency or immediacy in their shouts." There was much partying going on in the waters of Isthmus Cove, though, and while it has never been proven that the woman calling for help was, indeed, Natalie Wood, no other person has ever been identified or come forward as having called out for help on that night. An investigation by Los Angeles County coroner Thomas Noguchi resulted in an official verdict of accidental drowning. Noguchi concluded Wood had drunk "seven or eight" glasses of wine and was intoxicated when she died. Noguchi also wrote that he found Wood's fingernail scratches on the side of the rubber dinghy indicating she was trying to get in. Wood was 43 at the time of her death and is buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. On March 11, 2010 Wood's sister Lana stated that she is going to ask that the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department reopen the case of her death.

Scores of international media and photographers and thousands of ordinary spectators tried to attend Wood's funeral at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery. All were required to remain outside the cemetery walls. Among the notable attendees were Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, Fred Astaire, Rock Hudson, David Niven, Gregory Peck, Gene Kelly, Elia Kazan and Sir Laurence Olivier. Olivier flew from London to Los Angeles to attend.

Filmography

Film

Notes
1943		Little girl who drops ice cream cone	uncredited
1946	''The Bride Wore Boots''	Carol Warren
1946	''Tomorrow Is Forever''	Margaret Ludwig
1947	''Driftwood''	Jenny Hollingsworth
1947	''The Ghost and Mrs. Muir''	Anna Muir as a child
1947	''Miracle on 34th Street''	Susan Walker
1948	''Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay!''	Bean McGill
1949	''Father Was a Fullback''	Ellen Cooper
1949	''The Green Promise''	Susan Anastasia Matthews
1949	''Chicken Every Sunday''	Ruth Hefferan
1950		Nancy 'Nan' Howard
1950	''The Jackpot''	Phyllis Lawrence
1950		Penny Macaulay
1950	''No Sad Songs for Me''	Polly Scott
1951	''The Blue Veil''	Stephanie Rawlins
1951	''Dear Brat''	Pauline Jones
1952		Gretchen Drew
1952	''Just for You'	Barbara Blake
1952	''The Rose Bowl Story''	Sally Burke
1954		Helena as a child
1955	''Rebel Without a Cause''	Judy	Nominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
1955	''One Desire''	Seely Dowder
1956	''The Girl He Left Behind''	Susan Daniels
1956	''The Burning Hills''	Maria Christina Colton
1956	''A Cry in the Night''	Liz Taggert
1956		Debbie Edwards (older)
1957	''Bombers B-52''	Lois Brennan
1958	''Kings Go Forth''	Monique Blair
1958		Marjorie Morgenstern
1960	''All the Fine Young Cannibals''	Sarah 'Salome' Davis
1960	''Cash McCall''	Lory Austen
1961		Maria
1961	''Splendor in the Grass''	Wilma Dean Loomis
1962		Louise	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
1963	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Angie Rossini	Nominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1964		Helen Gurley Brown
1965	''Inside Daisy Clover''	Daisy Clover	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated—World Film Favorite – Female
1965	''The Great Race''	Maggie DuBois
1966		Penelope Elcott
1966	''This Property Is Condemned''	Alva Starr	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1969	''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice''	Carol Sanders
1972		Herself	cameo
1973	''The Affair''	Courtney Patterson	TV movie
1975	''Peeper''	Ellen Prendergast
1976	''Cat on a Hot Tin Roof''	Maggie	TV movie
1979		Karen Holmes	Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama
1979	''The Cracker Factory''	Cassie Barrett	TV movie
1979		Tatiana Nikolaevna Donskaya
1980	''The Last Married Couple in America''	Mari Thompson
1980	''The Memory of Eva Ryker''	Eva/Claire Ryker	TV movie
1980	''Willie & Phil''	Herself	(cameo)
1983		Karen Brace	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress

Television

Notes
1953	''Jukebox Jury''	as Herself	Guest appearance
1953	''Pride of the Family''	Ann Morrison	One season
1954		Rene Marchand	One episode, "Return of the Dead"
1969	''Bracken's World''	Cameo	Guest appearance
1978		Girl in the Bubble Bath	Guest Appearance
1979	''Hart to Hart''	Movie Star	Pilot episode, as Natasha Gurdin

Other awards

Most Talented Young Actress of 1946 National Association of Theatre OwnersGolden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Grauman's Chinese Theatre Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Mar del Plata Film FestivalNew York Film Critics Circle Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Globe Award Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Golden Laurel Awards Hollywood Chamber of Commerce

Year !! Organization !! Award !! Film !! Result
1946	Box Office Magazine	|	''Tomorrow Is Forever''	Won
1956	|	Star of Tomorrow Award		Won
1957	Golden Globe Award ||	New Star Of The Year – Actress	''Rebel Without a Cause''	Won
1958	|	Top Female Dramatic Performance	Marjorie Morningstar (film)>Marjorie Morningstar''	Nominated
1958	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (13th place)
1959	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (7th place)
1960	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (9th place)
1961	|	Handprint Ceremony		Inducted
1961	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (14th place)
1962	|	Top Female Dramatic Performance	''Splendor in the Grass''	Nominated
1962	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (5th place)
1963	|	Top Female Musical Performance	Gypsy (1962 film)>Gypsy''	Nominated
1963	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (2nd place)
1964	|	Best Actress	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Won
1964	|	Best Actress	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Nominated
1964	|	Top Female Dramatic Performance	''Love with the Proper Stranger''	Nominated
1964	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (3rd place)
1965	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (6th place)
1966	|	World Film Favorite		Won
1966	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (8th place)
1967	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (3rd place)
1968	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (12th place)
1970	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (9th place)
1971	|	Top Female Star		Nominated (9th place)
1987	|	Hollywood Walk of Fame		Inducted

Bibliography

Frascella, Lawrence and Al Weisel. ''Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause''. Touchstone, 2005. ISBN 0-7432-6082-1.

Nickens, Christopher. ''Natalie Wood: A Biography in Photographs''. Doubleday, 1986. ISBN 0-385-23307-8.

Noguchi, Thomas T. ''Coroner''. Simon & Schuster (October 1983). ISBN 0671467727.

Rulli, Marti and Dennis Davern. ''Goodbye Natalie Goodbye Splendour''. Medallion, 2009. ISBN 1597776394.

Wood, Lana. ''Natalie: A Memoir by Her Sister''. Putnam Pub Group, 1984. ISBN 0-399-12903-0.

References

External links

'Natalie Wood Style and Beauty Page'

Natalie Wood at Who2

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Coordinates	12°2′36″N77°1′42″N
birth date	December 21, 1937
birth name	Lady Jayne Seymour Fonda
birth place	New York City, New York, U.S.
occupation	Actress, writer, activist
years active	1959–present
spouse	Roger Vadim(1965–1973, divorced)Tom Hayden(1973–1989, divorced)Ted Turner(1991–2001, divorced)
children	Vanessa VadimTroy Garity
parents	Henry FondaFrances Ford Seymour
relatives	Peter Fonda (brother)Bridget Fonda (niece)}}

Jane Fonda (born Lady Jayne Seymour Fonda; December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist, former fashion model, and fitness guru. She rose to fame in the 1960s with films such as ''Barbarella'' and ''Cat Ballou''. She has won two Academy Awards and received several other movie awards and nominations during more than 50 years as an actress. After 15 years of retirement, she returned to film in 2005 with ''Monster in Law'', followed by ''Georgia Rule'' two years later. She also produced and starred in over 20 exercise videos released between 1982 and 1995, and once again in 2010.

Fonda has been an activist for many political causes; her opposition to the Vietnam War and associated activities were controversial. She has also protested the Iraq War and violence against women. She describes herself as a liberal and a feminist. In 2005 Fonda worked alongside Robin Morgan and Gloria Steinem to co-found the Women's Media Center, an organization that works to amplify the voices of women in the media through advocacy, media and leadership training, and the creation of original content. Fonda currently serves on the board of the organization. Since 2001, Fonda has been a Christian. She published an autobiography in 2005, and in 2011, she published a second memoir, ''Prime Time''.

Family background

Lady Jayne Seymour Fonda was born in New York City, the daughter of actor Henry Fonda and the Canadian-born socialite Frances Ford Seymour Brokaw. Fonda's surname originates from her patrilineal Dutch ancestry; she is also of English descent. She was named after the third wife of English king Henry VIII, Lady Jane Seymour, to whom she is distantly related on her mother's side. Her brother, Peter Fonda (born 1940), and his daughter Bridget Fonda, also are actors. Fonda had a maternal half-sister, Frances, who died in 2008. In 1950, when Fonda was 12, her mother committed suicide while under treatment at a psychiatric hospital. Later that year Fonda's father married socialite Susan Blanchard (born 1928), only nine years his daughter's senior; this marriage would end in divorce.

At age 15, Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York. She attended the Emma Willard School in Troy, New York, and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, but dropped out to become a fashion model. She was twice featured on the cover of ''Vogue''.

Acting career

Fonda became interested in acting in 1954, while appearing with her father in a charity performance of ''The Country Girl'', at the Omaha Community Playhouse. When she was five, she and her brother, Peter, used to act out Western stories similar to those their father played in the movies. While at Vassar, she went to Paris for two years to study art. Upon returning to the states, in 1958 she met Lee Strasberg, and started studying acting with him. Fonda said, "I went to the Actors Studio and Lee Strasberg told me I had talent. Real talent. It was the first time that anyone, except my father—who had to say so—told me I was good. At anything. It was a turning point in my life. I went to bed thinking about acting. I woke up thinking about acting. It was like the roof had come off my life!"

1960s

Her stage work in the late 1950s laid the foundation for her film career in the 1960s. She averaged almost two movies a year throughout the decade, starting in 1960 with ''Tall Story'', in which she recreated one of her Broadway roles as a college cheerleader pursuing a basketball star, played by Anthony Perkins. ''Period of Adjustment'' and ''Walk on the Wild Side'' followed in 1962. In ''Walk on the Wild Side'' Fonda played a prostitute, and earned a Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer.

In 1963, she appeared in ''Sunday in New York''. ''Newsday'' called her "the loveliest and most gifted of all our new young actresses". However, she also had her detractors—in the same year, the ''Harvard Lampoon'' named her the "Year's Worst Actress". Fonda's career breakthrough came with ''Cat Ballou'' (1965), in which she played a schoolmarm turned outlaw. This comedy Western received five Oscar nominations and was one of the year's top ten films at the box office. It was considered by many to have been the film that brought Fonda to stardom at the age of twenty-eight. After this came the comedies ''Any Wednesday'' (1966) and ''Barefoot in the Park'' (1967), the latter co-starring Robert Redford.

In 1968, she played the lead role in the science fiction spoof ''Barbarella'', directed by her French film director husband Roger Vadim, which established her status as a sex symbol. In contrast, the tragedy ''They Shoot Horses, Don't They?'' (1969) won her critical acclaim, and she earned her first Oscar nomination for the role. Fonda was very selective by the end of the 1960s, turning down lead roles in ''Rosemary's Baby'' and ''Bonnie and Clyde''.

1970s

Fonda won her first Academy Award for Best Actress in 1971, playing a high-class call girl, Bree Daniels, in the murder mystery ''Klute''. She won her second Oscar in 1978 for ''Coming Home'', as a Marine officer's wife who volunteers at a veterans' hospital and becomes involved with a disabled Vietnam War veteran (played by Jon Voight).

Between ''Klute'' in 1971 and ''Fun With Dick and Jane'' in 1977, Fonda did not have a major film success. She appeared in ''A Doll's House'' (1973), ''Steelyard Blues'' and ''The Blue Bird'' (1976). At one point, she suggested her politics had worked against her: "I can't say I was blacklisted, but I was greylisted." However, in her 2005 autobiography, ''My Life So Far'', she rejected such simplification. "The suggestion is that because of my actions against the war my career had been destroyed ... But the truth is that my career, far from being destroyed after the war, flourished with a vigor it had not previously enjoyed." She reduced acting because of her political activism providing a new focus in her life. Her return to acting in a series of 'issue-driven' films reflected this new focus.

In 1972, Fonda starred as a reporter alongside Yves Montand in Jean-Luc Godard's and Jean-Pierre Gorin's film ''Tout va bien''. The film's directors made ''Letter to Jane'', in which the two spent nearly an hour discussing a news photograph of Fonda.

Through her production company, IPC Films, she produced films that helped return her to star status. The 1977 comedy film ''Fun With Dick and Jane'' is generally considered her "comeback" picture. She also received positive reviews, BAFTA and Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress, and an Oscar nomination for her portrayal of the playwright Lillian Hellman in the 1977 film ''Julia''. During this period, Fonda announced that she would make only films that focused on important issues, and she generally stuck to her word. She turned down ''An Unmarried Woman'' because she felt the part was not relevant. She followed with popular and successful films such as ''The China Syndrome'' (1979), about a cover-up of an accident in a nuclear power plant; and ''The Electric Horseman'' (1979) with her previous co-star, Robert Redford.

1980s

In 1980, Fonda starred in ''Nine to Five'' with Lily Tomlin and Dolly Parton. The film was a critical and box office success. Fonda had long wanted to work with her father, hoping it would help their strained relationship. She achieved this goal when she purchased the screen rights to the play ''On Golden Pond,'' specifically for her father and her. ''On Golden Pond'', which also starred Katharine Hepburn, brought Henry Fonda his only Academy Award for Best Actor, which Jane accepted on his behalf, as he was ill and could not leave home. He died five months later.

Fonda continued appearing in feature films throughout the 1980s, most notably in the role of Dr. Martha Livingston in ''Agnes of God''. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of an alcoholic murder suspect in the 1986 thriller ''The Morning After''. She ended the decade by appearing in ''Old Gringo''. This was followed by the romantic drama ''Stanley & Iris'' (1990), which was her final film for 15 years.

Exercise videos

For many years Fonda took ballet class to keep fit, but after fracturing her foot while filming ''The China Syndrome'', she was no longer able to participate. To compensate, she began participating in aerobics and strengthening exercises under the direction of Leni Cazden. The ''Leni Workout'' became the ''Jane Fonda Workout,'' which began a second career for her, which continued for many years. This was considered one of the influences that started the fitness craze among baby boomers, then approaching middle age.

In 1982, Fonda released her first exercise video, titled ''Jane Fonda's Workout'', inspired by her best-selling book, ''Jane Fonda's Workout Book''. The ''Jane Fonda's Workout'' video eventually sold 17 million copies: more than any other home video. The video's release led many people to buy the then-new VCR in order to watch and perform the workout at home. Fonda subsequently released 23 workout videos, five workout books and thirteen audio programs, through 1995. After a fifteen-year hiatus, she released two new fitness videos on DVD in 2010, aiming at an older audience.

Retirement and return

In 1991 after three decades in film, Fonda announced her retirement from the film industry. In May 2005, she returned to the screen with the box office success ''Monster-in-Law''. In July 2005 the British tabloid ''The Sun'' reported that when asked if she would appear in a sequel to her 1980 hit ''Nine to Five'', Fonda replied, "I'd love to". Fonda appeared in the 2007 Garry Marshall-directed ''Georgia Rule'', starring with Felicity Huffman and Lindsay Lohan.

In 2009, Fonda returned to theater with her first Broadway performance since 1963, playing Katherine Brandt in Moisés Kaufman's ''33 Variations''. The role earned her a Tony nomination for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play.

She will star alongside Catherine Keener in the upcoming indie film, ''Peace, Love, and Misunderstanding'', to be released in 2011. She made a return to French cinema, shooting ''Et Si On Vivait Tous Ensemble'' (''And If We All Lived Together'') mid-2010.

In July 2011, Fonda's planned appearance on the QVC shopping network to promote her latest book, ''Prime Time: Making the Most of Your Life'', was cancelled on short notice. Fonda said the cancellation was a response to viewer complaints about her activities during the Vietnam War. Fonda said that she had "never done anything to hurt my country or the men and women who have fought and continue to fight for us" and blamed QVC's actions on "pressure by some well-funded and organized political extremist groups".

Political activism

During the 1960s, Fonda engaged in political activism in support of the Civil Rights Movement, and in opposition to the Vietnam War. Fonda's visits to France brought her into contact with leftist French intellectuals who were opposed to war, an experience that she later characterized as "small-c communism".

Along with other celebrities, she supported the Alcatraz Island occupation by American Indians in 1969, which was intended to call attention to failures of the government in treaty rights and the movement for greater Indian sovereignty.

She likewise supported Huey Newton and the Black Panthers in the early 1970s, stating "Revolution is an act of love; we are the children of revolution, born to be rebels. It runs in our blood." She called the Black Panthers "our revolutionary vanguard", and said "we must support them with love, money, propaganda and risk."

Fonda has also been involved in the feminist movement since the 1970s, which dovetails with her activism in support of civil rights.

Opposition to Vietnam War

In April 1970, Fred Gardner, Fonda and Donald Sutherland formed the FTA tour ("Free The Army", a play on the troop expression "Fuck The Army"), an anti-war road show designed as an answer to Bob Hope's USO tour. The tour, referred to as "political vaudeville" by Fonda, visited military towns along the West Coast, with the goal of establishing a dialogue with soldiers about their upcoming deployments to Vietnam. The dialogue was made into a movie (''F.T.A.'') that contained strong, frank criticism of the war by service men and women. It was released in 1972.

On May 4, 1970, Fonda appeared before an assembly at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque, to speak on GI rights and issues. The end of her presentation was met with a discomforting silence. The quiet was broken when Beat poet, Gregory Corso staggered onto the stage. Drunk, Corso challenged Fonda, using a four-letter expletive: Why hadn't she addressed the shooting of four students at Kent State by the Ohio National Guard, which had just taken place? Fonda in her autobiography revisited the incident: "I was shocked by the news and felt like a fool." On the same day, she then immediately joined a protest march on the home of university president Ferrel Heady. The protestors called themselves "They Shoot Students, Don't They?"—a reference to Fonda's film, ''They Shoot Horses, Don't They?'', which had just had a run in Albuquerque.

In the same year, Fonda spoke out against the war at a rally organized by Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She offered to help raise funds for VVAW, and, for her efforts, was rewarded with the title of Honorary National Coordinator. On November 3, 1970, Fonda started a tour of college campuses on which she raised funds for the organization. As noted by ''The New York Times'', Fonda was a "major patron" of the VVAW.

"Hanoi Jane" controversy

Fonda visited Hanoi in July 1972. Among other statements, she said the United States had been deliberately targeting the dike system along the Red River. The columnist Joseph Kraft, who was also touring North Vietnam, said he believed the damage to the dikes was incidental and was being used as propaganda by Hanoi, and if the U.S. Air Force were "truly going after the dikes, it would do so in a methodical, not a harum-scarum way".

In North Vietnam, Fonda was photographed seated on an anti-aircraft battery; the controversial photo outraged a number of Americans. In her 2005 autobiography, she writes that she was manipulated into sitting on the battery; she had been horrified at the implications of the pictures and regretted they were taken. In a recent entry at her official website, Fonda explained:

It happened on my last day in Hanoi. I was exhausted and an emotional wreck after the 2-week visit ... The translator told me that the soldiers wanted to sing me a song. He translated as they sung. It was a song about the day 'Uncle Ho' declared their country's independence in Hanoi's Ba Dinh Square. I heard these words: "All men are created equal; they are given certain rights; among these are life, Liberty and Happiness." These are the words Ho pronounced at the historic ceremony. I began to cry and clap. ''These young men should not be our enemy. They celebrate the same words Americans do.'' The soldiers asked me to sing for them in return ... I memorized a song called ''Day Ma Di'', written by anti-war South Vietnamese students. I knew I was slaughtering it, but everyone seemed delighted that I was making the attempt. I finished. Everyone was laughing and clapping, including me ... Here is my best, honest recollection of what happened: someone (I don't remember who) led me towards the gun, and I sat down, still laughing, still applauding. It all had nothing to do with where I was sitting. I hardly even thought about where I was sitting. The cameras flashed ... It is possible that it was a set up, that the Vietnamese had it all planned. I will never know. But if they did I can't blame them. The buck stops here. If I was used, I allowed it to happen ... a two-minute lapse of sanity that will haunt me forever ... But the photo exists, delivering its message regardless of what I was doing or feeling. I carry this heavy in my heart. I have apologized numerous times for any pain I may have caused servicemen and their families because of this photograph. It was never my intention to cause harm.

During her trip, Fonda made ten radio broadcasts in which she denounced American political and military leaders as "war criminals". Fonda has defended her decision to travel to North Vietnam and her radio broadcasts. Also during the course of her visit, Fonda visited American prisoners of war (POWs), and brought back messages from them to their families. When cases of torture began to emerge among POWs returning to the United States, Fonda called the returning POWs "hypocrites and liars". She added, "These were not men who had been tortured. These were not men who had been starved. These were not men who had been brainwashed." Later, on the subject of torture used during the Vietnam War, Fonda told ''The New York Times'' in 1973, "I'm quite sure that there were incidents of torture ... but the pilots who were saying it was the policy of the Vietnamese and that it was systematic, I believe that's a lie." Fonda said the POWs were "military careerists and professional killers" who are "trying to make themselves look self-righteous, but they are war criminals according to the law".

Her visits to the POW camp led to persistent and exaggerated rumors repeated widely in the press, and decades later have continued to circulate on the Internet. Fonda has personally denied the rumors. Interviews with two of the alleged victims specifically named in the emails found these allegations to be false as they had never met Fonda.

In 1972, Fonda helped fund and organize the Indochina Peace Campaign. It continued to mobilize antiwar activists across the nation after the 1973 Paris Peace Agreement, through 1975, when the United States withdrew from Vietnam.

Because of her time in North Vietnam, the ensuing circulated rumors regarding the visit, and statements made following her return, resentment against her among veterans and those currently serving in the U.S. military still exists. For example, at the U.S. Naval Academy, when a plebe shouts out "Goodnight, Jane Fonda!", the entire company will reply "Goodnight, bitch!" In 2005, Michael A. Smith, a U.S. Navy veteran, was arrested for disorderly conduct in Kansas City after he spit chewing tobacco in Fonda's face during a book signing event for her autobiography ''My Life So Far''. He told reporters that he "consider[s] it a debt of honor" and further stated, "she spit in our faces for 37 years. It was absolutely worth it. There are a lot of veterans who would love to do what I did."

Regrets

In a 1988 interview with Barbara Walters, Fonda expressed regret for some of her comments and actions, stating:

I would like to say something, not just to Vietnam veterans in New England, but to men who were in Vietnam, who I hurt, or whose pain I caused to deepen because of things that I said or did. I was trying to help end the killing and the war, but there were times when I was thoughtless and careless about it and I'm very sorry that I hurt them. And I want to apologize to them and their families. [...] I will go to my grave regretting the photograph of me in an anti-aircraft gun, which looks like I was trying to shoot at American planes. It hurt so many soldiers. It galvanized such hostility. It was the most horrible thing I could possibly have done. It was just thoughtless.

Critics pointed out that her apology came at a time when a group of New England Veterans had launched a campaign to disrupt a film project she was working on, leading to the charge that her apology was motivated at least partially by self-interest.

In a ''60 Minutes'' interview on March 31, 2005, Fonda reiterated that she had no regrets about her trip to North Vietnam in 1972, with the exception of the anti-aircraft gun photo. She stated that the incident was a "betrayal" of American forces and of the "country that gave me privilege". Fonda said, "The image of Jane Fonda, Barbarella, Henry Fonda's daughter ... sitting on an enemy aircraft gun was a betrayal ... the largest lapse of judgment that I can even imagine." She later distinguished between regret over the use of her image as propaganda and pride for her anti-war activism: "There are hundreds of American delegations that had met with the POWs. Both sides were using the POWs for propaganda... It's not something that I will apologize for." Fonda said she had no regrets about the broadcasts she made on Radio Hanoi, something she asked the North Vietnamese to do: "Our government was lying to us and men were dying because of it, and I felt I had to do anything that I could to expose the lies and help end the war."

Feminist causes

Fonda has been a longtime supporter of feminist causes, including V-Day, a movement to stop violence against women, inspired by the off-Broadway hit ''The Vagina Monologues'', of which she is an honorary chairperson. She was present at their first summit in 2002, bringing together founder Eve Ensler, Afghan women oppressed by the Taliban, and a Kenyan activist campaigning to save girls from genital mutilation.

In 2001, Fonda established the Jane Fonda Center for Adolescent Reproductive Health at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia; the goal of the center is to prevent adolescent pregnancy through training and program development.

On February 16, 2004, Fonda led a march through Ciudad Juárez, with Sally Field, Eve Ensler, and other women, urging Mexico to provide sufficient resources to newly appointed officials helping investigate the murders of hundreds of women in the rough border city.

In 2004, she served as a mentor to the first ever all-transsexual cast of ''The Vagina Monologues''.

In the days before the Swedish election on September 17, 2006, Fonda went to Sweden to support the new political party Feministiskt initiativ in their election campaign.

In ''My Life So Far'' Fonda says that she considers patriarchy to be harmful to men as well as women. She also states that for many years, she feared to call herself a feminist, because she believed that all feminists were "anti-male". But now, with her increased understanding of patriarchy, she feels that feminism is beneficial to both men and women, and states that she "still loves men". She states that when she divorced Ted Turner, she felt like she had also divorced the world of patriarchy, and was very happy to have done so.

Native Americans

Fonda went to Seattle, Washington, in 1970 to support a group of Native Americans who were led by Bernie Whitebear. The group had occupied part of the grounds of Fort Lawton, which was in the process of being surplussed by the United States Army and turned into a park. The group was attempting to secure a land base where they could establish services for the sizable local urban Indian population, protesting that "Indians had a right to part of the land that was originally all theirs." The endeavor succeeded and the Daybreak Star Cultural Center was constructed in the city's Discovery Park.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

In December 2002, Fonda visited Israel and the West Bank as part of a tour focusing on stopping violence against women. She demonstrated with Women in Black against Israel's occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip outside the residence of Israel's Prime Minister. She later visited Jewish and Arab doctors and patients at a Jerusalem hospital, followed by visits to Ramallah to see a physical rehabilitation center, and a Palestinian refugee camp. Fonda was criticized by right-wing Israelis, and was heckled by members of Women for Israel's Tomorrow as she arrived for a meeting with leading Israeli feminists.

In September 2009, Fonda was one of over fifty signatories to a letter protesting the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival's presentation of ten films about the Israeli city Tel Aviv. The protest letter said that the spotlight on Tel Aviv was part of "the Israeli propaganda machine" because it was supported in part by funding from the Israeli government and had been described by the Israeli Consul General Amir Gissin as being part of a Brand Israel campaign intended to draw attention away from Israel's conflict with the Palestinians. Other signers included actor Danny Glover, musician David Byrne, journalist John Pilger, and authors Alice Walker, Naomi Klein, and Howard Zinn.

Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Wiesenthal Center stated that "People who support letters like this are people who do not support a two-state solution. By calling into question the legitimacy of Tel Aviv, they are supporting a one-state solution, which means the destruction of the State of Israel." Hier continued, saying that "it is clear that the script [the protesters] are reading from might as well have been written by Hamas."

Fonda, in a posting on ''The Huffington Post'', said that she regretted some of the language used in the original protest letter and how it "was perhaps too easily misunderstood. It certainly has been wildly distorted. Contrary to the lies that have been circulated, the protest letter was not demonizing Israeli films and filmmakers." She continued, writing "the greatest 're-branding' of Israel would be to celebrate that country's long standing, courageous and robust peace movement by helping to end the blockade of Gaza through negotiations with all parties to the conflict, and by stopping the expansion of West Bank settlements. That's the way to show Israel's commitment to peace, not a PR campaign. There will be no two-state solution unless this happens." Fonda emphasized that she, "in no way, support[s] the destruction of Israel. I am for the two-state solution. I have been to Israel many times and love the country and its people." Several prominent Atlanta Jews subsequently signed a letter to ''The Huffington Post'' rejecting the vilification of Fonda, who they described as "a strong supporter and friend of Israel".

Opposition to the Iraq War

Fonda has argued that the military campaign in Iraq will turn people all over the world against America, and has asserted that a global hatred of America will result in more terrorist attacks in the aftermath of the war. In July 2005, Fonda announced plans to make an anti-war bus tour in March 2006 with her daughter and several families of military veterans, saying that some of the war veterans she had met while on her book tour had urged her to speak out against the Iraq War. She later canceled the tour, due to concerns that she would distract attention from Cindy Sheehan's activism.

In September 2005, Fonda was scheduled to join British politician and anti-war activist George Galloway at two stops on his U.S. book tour, Madison, Wisconsin and Chicago. She canceled her appearances at the last minute, citing instructions from her doctors to avoid travel following recent hip surgery

On January 27, 2007, Fonda participated in an anti-war rally and march held on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., declaring that "silence is no longer an option". Fonda also spoke at an anti-war rally earlier in the day at the Navy Memorial, where members of the organization Free Republic picketed in a counter protest.

Fonda and Kerry

In the 2004 presidential election, her name was used as a disparaging epithet against John Kerry, the former VVAW leader, who was then the Democratic Party presidential candidate. Republican National Committee Chairman Ed Gillespie called Kerry a "Jane Fonda Democrat". In addition, Kerry's opponents circulated a photograph showing Fonda and Kerry in the same large crowd at a 1970 anti-war rally, although they were sitting several rows apart. A faked composite photograph, which gave the false impression that the two had shared a speaker's platform, was also circulated.

Religion

In 2001, Fonda announced that she had become a Christian. She stated that she strongly opposed bigotry, discrimination and dogma, which she believes are promoted by a small minority of Christians. Her announcement came shortly after her divorce from Ted Turner. Fonda stated publicly on ''Charlie Rose'' in April 2006 that her Christianity may have played a part in the divorce, as Turner was known to be critical of religion.

Fonda has in the past practiced Transcendental Meditation with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and more recently has engaged in meditation at the Upaya Institute and Zen Center.

Writing

On April 5, 2005, Random House released Fonda's autobiography ''My Life So Far''. The book describes her life as a series of three acts, each thirty years long, and declares that her third "act" will be her most significant, due in part to her commitment to the Christian religion, and that it will determine the things for which she will be remembered.

Fonda's autobiography was well received by book critics, and was noted to be "as beguiling and as maddening as Jane Fonda herself" in its ''Washington Post'' review, pronouncing her a "beautiful bundle of contradictions". ''The New York Times'' called the book "achingly poignant".

In January 2009, Fonda started chronicling her Broadway return in a blog, with posts ranging from her Pilates class to her fears and excitement about her new play. She also uses Twitter and has a Facebook page.

In 2011 Fonda published a new book: ''Prime Time: Love, health, sex, fitness, friendship, spirit--making the most of all of your life''. The book offers stories from her own life as well as from the lives of others, giving her perspective on how to better live what she calls "the critical years from 45 and 50, and especially from 60 and beyond".

Honors

In 1981, she was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award.

In 1994, the United Nations Population Fund made Fonda a Goodwill Ambassador.

In 2004 Fonda was awarded the Women's eNews 21 Leaders for the 21st Century award as one of Seven Who Change Their Worlds

In 2007, Fonda was awarded an Honorary Palme d'Or by Cannes Film Festival President Gilles Jacob for career achievement. Only three others had received such an award – Jeanne Moreau, Alain Resnais, and Gerard Oury.

In December 2008, Fonda was inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.

In December 2009, Fonda was given the New York Women's Agenda Lifetime Achievement Award.

Personal life

Fonda married her first husband Roger Vadim in 1965. The couple had a daughter, Vanessa, born in 1968 and named for actress and activist Vanessa Redgrave.

In 1973, shortly after her divorce from Vadim, Fonda married activist Tom Hayden. Their son, Troy O'Donovan Garity (born 1973), was given his paternal grandmother's surname, Garity, since the names "Fonda and Hayden carried too much baggage", and "Troy", an Americanization of the Vietnamese name "Troi". Fonda and Hayden unofficially adopted an African-American teenager, Mary Luana Williams (known as Lulu), who was the daughter of members of the Black Panthers. Fonda and Hayden divorced in 1989.

Fonda married her third husband, cable-television tycoon and CNN founder Ted Turner, in 1991. The pair divorced in 2001.

Having been diagnosed with breast cancer in 2010, Fonda underwent a lumpectomy in November 2010, and has recovered.

Filmography

Year	Film	Role	Notes
1960	''Tall Story''	June Ryder
1961	''A String of Beads''		made for television
		Kitty Twist
''The Chapman Report''	Kathleen Barclay
	Isabel Haverstick	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
		Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress
	''In the Cool of the Day''	Christine Bonner
''Sunday in New York''	Eileen Tyler
	''Les Félins'' (Joy House, The Love Cage)	Melinda
	Sophie
1965	''Cat Ballou''	Catherine 'Cat' Ballou	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
		Anna Reeves
''La Curée'' (The Game Is Over)	Renee Saccard
''Any Wednesday''	Ellen Gordon	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
		Julie Ann Warren
	Corie Bratter
	''Spirits of the Dead''	Contessa Frederica
	Barbarella
1969		Gloria Beatty	Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated—Academy Award for Best ActressNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
1971	''Klute''	Bree Daniels	Academy Award for Best ActressFotogramas de Plata for Best Foreign Movie PerformerGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNational Society of Film Critics Award for Best ActressNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role
	''Tout va bien''	Suzanne
''F.T.A.''	Herself
	''Steelyard Blues''	Iris Caine
	Nora Helmer
1976		The Night
		Jane Harper
	Lillian Hellman
		Sally Hyde	Academy Award for Best ActressGolden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture DramaLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress
''Comes a Horseman''	Ella Connors
	Hannah Warren
	''The China Syndrome''	Kimberly Wells
''The Electric Horseman''	Alice 'Hallie' Martin
1980	''Nine to Five''	Judy Bernly
		Chelsea Thayer Wayne
	Lee Winters
	''The Dollmaker''	Gertie Nevels
''Terror in the Aisles''		archival footage
1985		Dr. Martha Livingston
1986		Alex Sternbergen	Nominated—Academy Award for Best Actress
1989	''Old Gringo''	Harriet Winslow
1990	''Stanley & Iris''	Iris Estelle King
2002	''Searching for Debra Winger''	Herself
2003	''V-Day: Until the Violence Stops''	Herself
2005	''Monster-in-Law''	Viola Fields
2007	''Georgia Rule''	Georgia Randall
	''Peace, Love, & Misunderstanding''	Grace
''...And If We All Lived Together''	Jeanne
2012		Leona Lansing
2012	''Oprah Presents Master Class''	Herself	Aired January 8, 2011 on OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network

Exercise videos

Starting in 1982, Fonda released a series of exercise videos: ;1980s

1982: ''Jane Fonda's Workout'' (aka ''Workout Starring Jane Fonda'')

1983: ''Jane Fonda's Pregnancy, Birth and Recovery Workout''

1983: ''Jane Fonda's Workout Challenge''

1984: ''Jane Fonda's Prime Time Workout'' (re-released as ''Jane Fonda's Easy Going Workout'')

1985: ''Jane Fonda's New Workout''

1986: ''Jane Fonda's Low Impact Aerobic Workout''

1987: ''Jane Fonda's Start Up'' (aka ''Start Up with Jane Fonda'')

1987: ''Jane Fonda's Sports Aid''

1987: ''Jane Fonda's Workout with Weights'' (re-released as ''Jane Fonda's Toning and Shaping'')

1988: ''Jane Fonda's Complete Workout''

1989: ''Jane Fonda's Light Aerobics and Stress Reduction Program'' (re-released as ''Jane Fonda's Stress Reduction Program'')

;1990s:

1990: ''Jane Fonda's Lean Routine Workout''

1990: ''Jane Fonda's Workout Presents Fun House Fitness: The Swamp Stomp''

1990: ''Jane Fonda's Workout Presents Fun House Fitness: The Fun House Funk''

1991: ''Jane Fonda's Lower Body Solution''

1992: ''Jane Fonda's Step Aerobic and Abdominal Workout''

1993: ''Jane Fonda's Favorite Fat Burners''

1993: ''Jane Fonda's Yoga Exercise Workout''

1994: ''Jane Fonda's Step and Stretch Workout''

1995: ''Jane Fonda's Personal Trainer Series: Low Impact Aerobics & Stretch''

1995: ''Jane Fonda's Personal Trainer Series: Total Body Sculpting''

1995: ''Jane Fonda's Personal Trainer Series: Abs, Buns & Thighs''

;2010s

2010: ''Jane Fonda's Prime Time: Fit and Strong''

2010: ''Jane Fonda's Prime Time: Walkout''

2011: ''Jane Fonda's Prime Time: Trim, Tone & Flex''

2011: ''Jane Fonda's Prime Time: Firm & Burn''

References

Bibliography

Andersen, Christopher. ''Citizen Jane''. 1990: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-0959-0.

Davidson, Bill. ''Jane Fonda: An Intimate Biography''. 1991: New American Library. ISBN 0-451-17028-8.

Fine, Carla and Jane Fonda. ''Strong, Smart, and Bold: Empowering Girls for Life''. 2001: Collins. ISBN 0-06-019771-4.

Fonda, Jane. ''My Life So Far''. 2005: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50710-8.

Fonda, Jane. ''Jane Fonda's Workout Book''. 1986: Random House Value Publishing. ISBN 0-517-40908-9.

Fonda, Jane, with Mignon McCarthy. ''Women Coming of Age''. 1987: Random House Value Publishing. ISBN 5-550-36643-6.

Fox, Mary Virginia and Mary Molina. ''Jane Fonda: Something to Fight for''. 1980: Dillon Press. ISBN 0-87518-189-9.

Freedland, Michael. ''Jane Fonda: The Many Lives of One of Hollywood's Greatest Stars''. 1989: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-00-637390-9.

French, Sean. ''Jane Fonda: A Biography''. 1998: Trafalgar Square Publishing. ISBN 1-85793-658-2.

Gilmore, John. ''Laid Bare: A Memoir of Wrecked Lives and the Hollywood Death Trip''. Amok Books, 1997. ISBN 1-878923-08-0.

Hershberger, Mary. Peace work, war myths: Jane Fonda and the antiwar movement. ''Peace & Change'', Vol. 29, No. 3&4, July 2004.

Hershberger, Mary. ''Jane Fonda's War: A Political Biography of an Antiwar Icon''. 2005: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-988-4.

Kiernan, Thomas. ''Jane: an intimate biography of Jane Fonda''. 1973: Putnam. ISBN 0-399-11207-3.

External links

Official Web Site

Jane Fonda Profile at Turner Classic Movies

Spotlight on Jane Fonda

About.com article about Fonda's Vietnam era activities

Jane Fonda and Gloria Steinem discuss The Women's Media Center, their non-profit media organization. (video)

Fonda Family Genealogy

Text of Jane Fonda Hanoi Radio Broadcast

Category:1937 births Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from New York Category:Actors Studio alumni Category:American anti–Iraq War activists Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists Category:American Christians Category:American exercise instructors Category:American female models Category:American film actors Category:American people of Dutch descent Category:Art Students League of New York alumni Category:BAFTA winners (people) Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Breast cancer survivors Category:California Democrats Category:Converts to Christianity from atheism or agnosticism Category:Emma Willard School alumni Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Feminist artists Category:Living people Category:People from Atlanta, Georgia Category:People from Fire Island, New York Category:Spouses of California politicians Category:Transcendental Meditation practitioners Category:Vassar College alumni Category:Women in war

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