Name	Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
Birth date	September 29, 106 BC
Birth place	Picenum, Roman Republic
Death date	September 29, 48 BC (aged 58)
Death place	Ptolemaic Kingdom
Occupation	Politician and military commander
Spouses	AntistiaAemilia ScauraMucia TertiaJuliaCornelia Metella }}

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, also known as Pompey () or Pompey the Great (Classical Latin abbreviation: CN·POMPEIVS·CN·F·SEX·N·MAGNVS) (September 29, 106 BC – September 29, 48 BC), was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. He came from a wealthy Italian provincial background, and established himself in the ranks of Roman nobility by successful leadership in several campaigns. Sulla addressed him by the cognomen ''Magnus'' (the Great), and he was awarded three ''triumphs''.

Pompey joined his rival Marcus Licinius Crassus and his ally Julius Caesar in the unofficial military-political alliance known as the First Triumvirate. The first triumvirate was validated by the marriage between Julia Caesaris (daughter of Julius Caesar) and Pompey. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus, Pompey sided with the ''optimates'', the conservative and aristocratic faction of the Roman Senate. Pompey and Caesar contended for the leadership of the Roman state, leading to a civil war. When Caesar defeated him at the Battle of Pharsalus, he sought refuge in Egypt, where he was assassinated. His career and defeat are significant in Rome's subsequent transformation from Republic to Principate and Empire.

Early life and political debut

Pompey's father, Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, was a wealthy landed Italian provincial from Picenum, one of the ''homines novi'' (new men). Pompeius Strabo ascended the traditional ''cursus honorum'', becoming ''quaestor'' in 104 BC, ''praetor'' in 92 BC and ''consul'' in 89 BC, and acquired a reputation for greed, political double-dealing and military ruthlessness. He supported Sulla's traditionalist ''optimates'' against the popularist general Marius in the first Marian-Sullan war. He died during the Marian siege against Rome in 87 BC, either as a casualty of pandemic plague, or struck by lightning, or possibly both. In Plutarch's account, his body was dragged from its bier by the mob. His nineteen-year-old son Pompey inherited his estates, his political leanings and the loyalty of his legions.

Pompey had served two years under his father's command, and was involved in the final acts of the Marsic Social War against the Italians. He returned to Rome and was prosecuted for misappropriation of plunder: his betrothal to the judge's daughter, Antistia, secured a rapid acquittal.

For the next few years, the Marians had possession of Italy. When Sulla returned from campaign against Mithridates in 83 BC, Pompey raised three Picenean legions to support him against the Marian regime of Gnaeus Papirius Carbo.

Sulla and his allies displaced the Marians in Italy and Rome: Sulla, now Dictator of Rome, was impressed by the young Pompey's self-confident performance. He addressed him as ''imperator'' and offered his stepdaughter, Aemilia Scaura, in marriage. Aemilia – already married and pregnant – divorced her husband and Pompey divorced Antistia. Though Aemilia died in childbirth soon after, the marriage confirmed Pompey's loyalty and greatly boosted his career.

Sicily and Africa

With the war in Italy over, Sulla sent Pompey against the Marians in Sicily and Africa. In 82 BC, Pompey secured Sicily, guaranteeing Rome's grain supply. He executed Gnaeus Papirius Carbo and his supporters out of hand, which may have led to his dubbing as the ''adulescens carnifex'' (adolescent butcher). In 81 BC, he moved on to the Roman province of Africa, where he defeated Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and the Numidian king Hiarbas, after a hard-fought battle.

After this string of victories, Pompey was proclaimed ''Imperator'' by his troops on the field in Africa; once back in Rome, he was given an enthusiastic popular reception and hailed by Sulla as ''Magnus'' (the Great) – probably in recognition of Pompey's undoubted victories and popularity, but also with some degree of sarcasm. The young general was still officially a mere ''privatus'' (private citizen) who had held no offices in the ''cursus honorum''. The title may have been meant to cut Pompey down to size; he himself used it only later in his career.

When Pompey demanded a triumph for his African victories, Sulla refused; it would be an unprecedented, even illegal, honour for a young privatus – he must disband his legions. Pompey refused, and presented himself expectantly at the gates of Rome. Sulla gave in. However, Sulla had his own triumph first, then allowed Metellus Pius his triumph, relegating Pompey to an extra-legal third place in a quick succession of triumphs. On the day, Pompey attempted to upstage both his seniors in a triumphal chariot towed by an elephant, representing his exotic African conquests. The elephant would not fit through the city gate. Some hasty replanning was needed, much to the embarrassment of Pompey and amusement of those present. His refusal to give in to his troops' near-mutinous demands for cash probably impressed his mentor and Rome's conservatives.

Quintus Sertorius and Spartacus

Pompey's career seems to have been driven by desire for military glory and disregard for traditional political constraints. In the consular elections of 78 BC, he supported Lepidus against Sulla's wishes. In 78, Sulla died; when Lepidus revolted, Pompey suppressed him on behalf of the Senate. Then he asked for proconsular ''imperium'' in Hispania to deal with the ''populares'' general Quintus Sertorius, who had held out for the past three years against Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, one of Sulla's most able generals. The Roman aristocracy turned him down – they were beginning to fear the young, popular and successful general. Pompey resorted to his tried and tested persuasion; he refused to disband his legions until his request was granted. The senate acceded, reluctantly granted him the title of proconsul and powers equal to those of Metellus, and sent him to Hispania.

Pompey remained there from 76 – 71 BC; he was for long unable to bring the war to an end due to Sertorius' guerrilla tactics. Though he was never able to decisively beat Sertorius (and he nearly met disaster at the battle of Sucro), he won several campaigns against his junior officers. His war of attrition did significantly weaken Sertorius, and by 74 BC, Metellus and Pompey were winning cities after cities. Finally, Pompey managed to crush the ''populares'' when Sertorius was murdered by his own officer, Marcus Perperna Vento, who was defeated in 72 by the young general, at their first battle. By early 71, the whole of Hispania was subdued. Pompey showed a talent for efficient organisation and fair administration in the conquered province; this extended his patronage throughout Hispania and into southern Gaul. Some time in 71 BC, he set off for Italy, along with his army.

Meanwhile, Crassus was facing Spartacus to end Rome's Third Servile War. Crassus defeated Spartacus, but in his march towards Rome, Pompey encountered the remnants of Spartacus' army; he captured five thousand of them and claimed the credit for finishing the revolt, which infuriated Crassus.

Back in Rome, Pompey was wildly popular. On December 31, 71 BC, he was given a triumph for his victories in Hispania – like his first, it was granted extralegally. To his admirers, he was the most brilliant general of the age, evidently favoured by the gods and a possible champion of the people's rights. He had successfully faced down Sulla and his Senate; he or his influence might restore the traditional plebian rights and privileges lost under Sulla's dictatorship. So Pompey was allowed to bypass another ancient Roman tradition; at only 35 years of age and while not even a senator, he was elected ''Consul'' by an overwhelming majority vote, and served in 70 BC with Crassus as partner. Pompey's leap from mere ''eques'' to ''Consul'' was not simply unprecedented; his tactics offended the traditionalist nobility whose values he claimed to share and defend. He had left them no option but to allow his consulship.

Campaign against the pirates

Two years after his consulship, Pompey was offered command of a naval task force to deal with piracy in the Mediterranean Sea. The conservative faction of the Senate remained suspicious and wary of him; this seemed yet another illegal or at least extraordinary appointment. Pompey's supporters for this command – including Caesar – were in the minority, but support was whipped up through his nomination by the Tribune of the Plebs Aulus Gabinius who proposed a ''Lex Gabinia''; Pompey should have control over the sea and the coasts for 50 miles inland. This would set him above every military leader in the East – it was passed despite vehement opposition.

According to Rome's historians, pirates had freely plundered the coastal cities of Greece, Asia and Italy itself. The extent and nature of their threat is questionable; anything that threatened Rome's grain supply was cause for panic. Roman public opinion and Pompey's supporters may have exaggerated the problem. Various settlements, peoples and city-states around the Mediterranean had coexisted several centuries and most had operated small fleets for war, or trade in commodities, including slaves. Their alliances might be loose and temporary or more-or-less permanent; some regarded themselves as nations. With Rome's increasing hegemony, the independent maritime economies of the Mediterranean would have been further marginalised; an increasing number would have resorted to piracy. As long as they met Rome's increasing requirement for slaves, left her allies and territories untouched and offered her enemies no support, they were tolerated. Some were subsidised. But fear of piracy was potent – and these same pirates, it was later alleged, had assisted Sertorius.

By the end of that winter, the preparations were complete. Pompey allocated one of thirteen areas to each of his ''legates'', and sent out their fleets. In forty days, the western Mediterranean was cleared. and that Pompey then attended to the largest of these alliances, centered on the coast of "Rough Cilicia". After "defeating" its fleet, he induced its surrender with promises of pardon, and settled many of its people at Soli, which was henceforward called Pompeiopolis. De Souza (2002) finds that Pompey had officially returned the Cilicians to their own cities, which were ideal bases for piracy and not – as Dio would have it – for the dignified reformation of pirates as farmers. Pompey's entire campaign is therefore in question; its description as "war" is hyperbole – some form of treaty or payoff is likely, with Pompey as chief negotiator. This was standard practice, but undignified and seldom acknowledged; Rome's generals were supposed to wage and win wars. A decade on, in the 50's BC, the Cilicians and pirates in general remained a nuisance to Rome's sea trade.

In Rome, however, Pompey was hero; once again, he had guaranteed the grain supply. According to Plutarch, by the end of the summer of 66 BC, his forces had swept the Mediterranean clear of opposition. Pompey was hailed as the first man in Rome, ''Primus inter pares'' (the first among equals). Cicero could not resist a panegyric:

"Pompey made his preparations for the war at the end of the winter, entered upon it at the commencement of spring, and finished it in the middle of the summer."

The expedience of his campaign probably guaranteed Pompey his next and even more impressive command, this time in Rome's long-running war against Mithridates. By the 40's BC, Cicero could comment less favourably on the pirate campaign, and especially the funded "resettlement" at Soli/Pompeiopolis; "we give immunity to pirates and make our allies pay tribute."

Pompey in the east

Pompey spent the rest of that year and the beginning of the next visiting the cities of Cilicia and Pamphylia, and providing for the government of newly-conquered territories. In his absence from Rome (66 BC), he was nominated to succeed Lucius Licinius Lucullus as commander in the Third Mithridatic War against Mithridates VI of Pontus in the east. Pompey's command was proposed by the tribune Gaius Manilius, supported by Caesar and justified by Cicero in ''pro Lege Manilia''. Like the Gabinian law, it was opposed by the aristocracy, but was carried nonetheless.

Lucullus, a plebeian noble, was incensed at the prospect of his replacement by a "new man" such as Pompey. The outgoing commander and his replacements traded insults. Lucullus called Pompey a "vulture" who fed from the work of others. Lucullus was referring not merely to Pompey's new command against Mithridates, but also his claim to have finished the war against Spartacus.

At Pompey's approach, Mithridates strategically withdrew his forces. Tigranes the Great refused him refuge, so he made his way to his own dominions in the Cimmerian Bosporus. Pompey secured a treaty with Tigranes, and in 65 BC set out in pursuit of Mithridates, but met resistance from the Caucasian Iberians and Albanians. He advanced to Phasis in Colchis and liaised with his legate Servilius, admiral of his Euxine fleet, before decisively defeating Mithridates. Pompey then retraced his steps, wintered at Pontus, and made it into a Roman province. In 64 BC, he marched into Syria, deposed its king, Antiochus XIII Asiaticus, and reconstituted this, too, as a Roman province. In 63 BC, he moved south, and established Roman supremacy in Phoenicia and Coele-Syria.

In Judea, Pompey intervened in civil war between Hyrcanus II, who supported the Pharisee faction against Aristobulus II and the Sadducees in Judaea's civil war. The armies of Pompey and Hyrcanus II laid siege to Jerusalem. After three months, the city fell.

"Of the Jews there fell twelve thousand, but of the Romans very few.... and no small enormities were committed about the temple itself, which, in former ages, had been inaccessible, and seen by none; for Pompey went into it, and not a few of those that were with him also, and saw all that which it was unlawful for any other men to see but only for the high priests. There were in that temple the golden table, the holy candlestick, and the pouring vessels, and a great quantity of spices; and besides these there were among the treasures two thousand talents of sacred money: yet did Pompey touch nothing of all this, on account of his regard to religion; and in this point also he acted in a manner that was worthy of his virtue. The next day he gave order to those that had the charge of the temple to cleanse it, and to bring what offerings the law required to God; and restored the high priesthood to Hyrcanus, both because he had been useful to him in other respects, and because he hindered the Jews in the country from giving Aristobulus any assistance in his war against him." (Josephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'', book 14, chapter 4; tr. by William Whiston, available at Project Gutenberg.)

During the war in Judea, Pompey heard of Mithridates' suicide; his army had deserted him for his son Pharnaces.

In Pompey's absence, his old supporter Cicero had risen to the consulship. His old enemy and colleague Crassus supported Caesar. In the Senate and behind its scenes, Pompey was probably equally admired, feared and excluded; on the streets he was as popular as ever. His eastern victories earned him his third triumph. On his 45th birthday, in 61 BC, he rode the triumphal chariot, a magnificent god-king, but one of Republican form, ritualistically reminded of his impermanence and mortality. Even so, he was accompanied by a gigantic portrait head of himself, studded with pearls. His third triumph exceeded all others; an unprecedented two days were scheduled for its procession and games (''ludi''). Spoils, prisoners, army and banners depicting battle scenes wended the triumphal route between the Campus Martius and the Capitoline temple of Jupiter. To conclude, he gave an immense triumphal banquet and money to the people of Rome, and promised them a new theatre. Plutarch claimed this triumph represented Pompey's – and therefore Rome's – domination over the entire world, an achievement to outshine even Alexander's. In the meantime, Pompey promised his retiring veterans public lands to farm, then dismissed his armies. It was a reassuringly traditional gesture, but the Senate remained suspicious. They debated and delayed his eastern political settlements and the promised gifts of public land. From now on, Pompey seems to have toed a cautious line between his enthusiastic popular supporters and the conservatives who seemed so reluctant to acknowledge his solid achievements. It would lead him into unexpected political alliances.

Caesar and the First Triumvirate

Although Pompey and Crassus distrusted each other, Crassus' tax farming clients were being rebuffed at the same time Pompey's veterans were being ignored, and by 61 BC, their grievances had pushed them both into an alliance with Caesar, six years younger than Pompey, returning from service in Hispania, and ready to seek the consulship for 59 BC. Their political alliance, known as the First Triumvirate, operated to the benefit of each. Pompey and Crassus would make Caesar Consul, and Caesar would use his consular power to promote their claims.

Caesar's consulship of 59 BC brought Pompey land for his veterans, confirmation of his Asian political settlements and a new wife. She was Caesar's daughter, Julia; Pompey was said to be besotted by her. In the same year, Clodius renounced his patrician status, was adopted into a plebian ''gens'' and was elected a Tribune of the plebs. At the end of his consulship, Caesar secured proconsular command in Gaul. Pompey was given the governorship of Hispania Ulterior, but remained in Rome to oversee the grain supply as ''curator annonae''.

Despite his preoccupation with his new wife, Pompey handled the grain issue well. His political acumen was less sure. When Clodius turned on him in turn, Pompey defended himself by supporting Cicero's recall from exile (57 BC). Once back in Rome, Cicero stepped back into his role as Pompey's defender and Clodius' antagonist, but Pompey himself retreated to his lovely young wife and his theatre plans; such behaviour was not expected of the once dazzling young general. Pompey might equally have been obsessed, exhausted and frustrated. His own party had not forgiven him for allowing Cicero's expulsion. Some tried to persuade him that Crassus was plotting his assassination. Meanwhile, Caesar seemed set on outstripping both his colleagues in generalship and popularity. By 56 BC, the bonds between the three men were fraying. Pompey's new theatre was inaugurated in the same year. It was Rome's first permanent theatre, a gigantic, architecturally daring, self-contained complex on the Campus Martius, complete with shops, multi-service buildings, gardens and a temple to Venus Victrix. The latter connected its donor to Aeneas, a son of Venus and ancestor of Rome itself. In its portico, the statuary, paintings and personal wealth of foreign kings could be admired at leisure; Pompey's triumph lived on. His theatre made an ideal meetingplace for his supporters.

From confrontation to war

In 54 BC, Julia, Caesar's only child and Pompey's wife, died in childbirth along with her baby. Pompey and Caesar shared their grief and condolences, but Julia's death broke their family bonds. The following year, Crassus, his son Publius and most of his army were annihilated by the Parthians at Carrhae. Caesar, not Pompey, was now Rome's great new general and the fragile balance of power between them was under threat. Public anxiety spilled over: rumours circulated that Pompey would be offered dictatorship for the sake of law and order. Caesar sought a second matrimonial alliance with Pompey, offering his grandniece Octavia (the sister of the future emperor Augustus). This time, though, Pompey refused. In 52 BC, he married Cornelia Metella, the very young widow of Crassus's son Publius, and the daughter of Caecilius Metellus Scipio, one of Caesar’s greatest enemies. Pompey was drifting back toward the ''optimates''. It can be presumed that they thought him the lesser of two evils.

In the same year, Publius Clodius was murdered. When his supporters burned down the Senate House in retaliation, the Senate appealed to Pompey. He reacted with ruthless efficiency. Cicero, defending the accused murderer Titus Annius Milo, was so shaken by a Forum seething with armed soldiers, he was unable to complete his defense. Once order was restored, the Senate and Cato avoided granting Pompey dictatorship – it recalled Sulla and his bloody proscriptions. Instead they made him sole Consul; this gave him sweeping, but limited, powers. A Dictator could not be lawfully punished for measures taken during his office. As sole Consul, Pompey would be answerable for his actions once out of office.

While Caesar was fighting against Vercingetorix in Gaul, Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome. Its details suggested covert alliance with Caesar's enemies: among his various legal and military reforms was a law allowing retrospective prosecution for electoral bribery. Caesar's allies correctly interpreted this as a threat to Caesar once his ''imperium'' ended. Pompey also prohibited Caesar from standing for the consulship ''in absentia'', though this had been permitted under past laws. This seemed to put paid to Caesar's plans after his term in Gaul expired. Finally, in 51 BC, Pompey was more forthright; Caesar would not be permitted to stand for Consul unless he relinquished his armies. This would, of course, leave Caesar defenseless before his enemies. As Cicero sadly noted, Pompey had been diminished by age, uncertainty, his fear of Caesar and the strain of being the chosen tool of a quarreling oligarchy of ''optimates''. The coming conflict seemed inevitable.

Civil war and assassination

In the beginning, Pompey claimed he could defeat Caesar and raise armies merely by stamping his foot on the soil of Italy, but by the spring of 49 BC, with Caesar crossing the Rubicon and his invading legions sweeping down the peninsula, Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome. His legions retreated south towards Brundisium, where Pompey intended to find renewed strength by waging war against Caesar in the east. In the process, neither Pompey nor the Senate thought of taking the vast treasury with them, probably thinking Caesar would not dare take it for himself. It was left conveniently in the Temple of Saturn when Caesar and his forces entered Rome.

Barely eluding Caesar in Brundisium, Pompey crossed over into Epirus, where, during Caesar's Spanish campaign, Pompey had gathered a large force in Macedonia, comprising nine legions reinforced by contingents from the Roman allies in the east. His fleet, recruited from the maritime cities in the east, controlled the Adriatic. Nevertheless, Caesar managed to cross over into Epirus in November 49 BC, and proceeded to capture Apollonia. Cassius Dio describes Caesar's reactions with scepticism, and considers Pompey's own political misjudgements, rather than treachery, as instrumental in his downfall. In Appian's account of the civil war, Caesar has Pompey's severed head interred in Alexandria, in ground reserved for a new temple to the goddess Nemesis, whose divine functions included the punishment of hubris. For Pliny, the humiliation of Pompey's end is anticipated by the vaunting pride of his oversized portrait-head, studded entirely with pearls, and carried in procession during his greatest Triumph.

Later portrayals and reputation

To the historians of his own and later Roman periods, Pompey fulfilled the trope of the great man who achieved extraordinary triumphs through his own efforts, yet fell from power and was, in the end, murdered through treachery.

He was a hero of the Republic, who seemed once to hold the Roman world in his palm, only to be brought low by his own poor judgment and Caesar. Pompey was idealized as a tragic hero almost immediately after Pharsalus and his murder. Plutarch portrayed him as a Roman Alexander the Great, pure of heart and mind, destroyed by the cynical ambitions of those around him. This portrayal of him survived into the Renaissance and Baroque periods, for example in Corneille's play ''The Death of Pompey'' (1642).

Pompey has appeared as a character in several modern novels, plays, motion pictures, and other media. A theatrical portrayal was John Masefield's play ''The Tragedy of Pompey the Great'' (1910). Chris Noth portrays Pompey in the 2002 miniseries ''Julius Caesar''. He appears as a major character in the first season of the HBO series ''Rome'', in which he is portrayed by Kenneth Cranham. In television series ''Xena Warrior Princess'', he is portrayed by the actor Jeremy Callaghan.

Marriages and offspring

First wife, Antistia

Second wife, Aemilia Scaura (Sulla's stepdaughter)

Third wife, Mucia Tertia (whom he divorced for adultery, according to Cicero's letters)

* Gnaeus Pompeius, executed in 45 BC, after the Battle of Munda

* Pompeia Magna, married to Faustus Cornelius Sulla; ancestor of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Claudia Antonia's first husband)

* Sextus Pompey, who would rebel in Sicily against Augustus

Fourth wife Julia (daughter of Caesar)

Fifth wife, Cornelia Metella (daughter of Metellus Scipio)

Chronology of Pompey's life and career

106 BC September 29– Born in Picenum

83 BC– Aligns with Sulla, after his return from the Mithridatic War against King Mithridates IV of Pontus; Marriage to Aemilia Scaura

82–81 BC– Defeats Gaius Marius's allies in Sicily and Africa

81 BC– Returns to Rome and celebrates First triumph

76–71 BC– Campaign in Hispania against Sertorius

71 BC– Returns to Italy and participates in the suppression of a slave rebellion led by Spartacus; Second triumph

70 BC– First consulship (with M. Licinius Crassus)

67 BC– Defeats the pirates and goes to Asia province

66–61 BC– Defeats King Mithridates of Pontus; end of the Third Mithridatic War

64–63 BC– Pompey's March through Syria, the Levant, and Judea

61 BC September 29– Third triumph

59 BC April– The first triumvirate is constituted; Pompey allies to Julius Caesar and Licinius Crassus; marriage to Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)

58–55 BC– Governs Hispania Ulterior by proxy, construction of Pompey's Theater

55 BC– Second consulship (with M. Licinius Crassus), Dedication of the Theatre of Pompey

54 BC– Julia, dies; the first triumvirate ends

52 BC– Serves as sole consul for intercalary month, third ordinary consulship with Metellus Scipio for the rest of the year; marriage to Cornelia Metella

51 BC– Forbids Caesar (in Gaul) to stand for consulship in absentia

50 BC– Falls dangerously ill with fever in Campania, but is saved 'by public prayers'

49 BC– Caesar crosses the Rubicon River and invades Italy; Pompey retreats to Greece with the conservatives

48 BC– Caesar defeats Pompey's army near Pharsalus, Greece. Pompey retreats to Egypt and is killed there.

Notes

References

Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). ''A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions''. Elibron Classics (ISBN 0-543-92749-0).

Boak, Arthur E.R. ''A History of Rome to 565 A.D.'' (MacMillan, New York, 1922)

De Souza, P., ''Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World'', Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 9780521012409

Cassius Dio, ''Roman History, Volume 3'' (Loeb Classical Library, 1914)

Goldsworthy, Adrian. ''In the name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 (hardcopy, ISBN 0-297-84666-3); New York: Phoenix Press, (paperback, ISBN 0-7538-1789-6).

Greenhalgh, Peter. ''Pompey The Republican Prince'', George Weidenfield and Nicolson Ltd, 1981, ISBN 0297778811

Hillman, Thomas P. ''The Reputation of Cn. Pompeius Magnus among His Contemporaries from 83 to 59 B.C.'', Diss. New York 1989.

Holland, Tom. ''Rubicon – The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic'', Abacus, London, 2004, ISBN 0-349-11563-X

Nicols, Marianne Schoenlin. ''Appearance and Reality. A Study of the Clientele of Pompey the Great'', Diss. Berkeley/Cal. 1992.

Plutarch, ''Parallel Lives, Life of Pompey'' (Loeb Classical Library, 1917)

Seager, Robin. ''Pompey the Great: A Political Biography''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2002 (hardcover, ISBN 0-631-22720-2; paperback, ISBN 0-631-22721-0).

Southern, Pat. ''Pompey the Great: Caesar's Friend and Foe''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2002 (paperback, ISBN 0-7524-2521-8).

Stockton, David. ''The First Consulship of Pompey'', ''Historia'' 22 (1973), 205-218.

Tröster, Manuel. ''Roman Hegemony and Non-State Violence. A Fresh Look at Pompey’s Campaign against the Pirates'', ''Greece & Rome'' 56 (2009), 14-33.

Van Ooteghem, J. ''Pompée le Grand. Bâtisseur d’Empire''. Brussels 1954.

Wylie, Graham J. ''Pompey Megalopsychos'', ''Klio'' 72 (1990), 445-456.

External links

Pompey's War Jona Lendering details Pompey's conquest of Judea

Category:106 BC births Category:48 BC deaths Category:Ancient Roman senators Category:Ancient Roman generals Category:Assassinated Roman politicians Category:1st-century BC Romans Category:Correspondents of Cicero Category:Pompeii (gens) Category:People from Marche Category:Roman Republican consuls Category:Piracy Category:Roman governors of Hispania

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name	Jeff Stelling
birth name	Robert Jeffrey Stelling
birth date	March 18, 1955
birth place	Hartlepool, County Durham, England
occupation	Journalist,Radio/Television presenter
spouse	Liz Stelling (m. 1998–present)
children	3 (two sons and one daughter) }}

Robert Jeffrey "Jeff" Stelling (born 18 March 1955, Hartlepool, County Durham) is an English sports journalist and sport television presenter, of ''Gillette Soccer Saturday'' for Sky Sports and other programming for the satellite broadcaster. In January 2009 he took over as host of the Channel 4 quiz show ''Countdown''. In May 2011 it was announced that he would leave the show at the end of the year, but he is now reportedly in negotiations with Channel 4 about remaining with the show, fitting it in around his SKY work. But on the 30th August, Channel 4 announced that he does not work for them anymore.

Early life

Stelling was brought up in the north-east of England in Hartlepool. He attended Rift House Primary School and West Hartlepool Grammar School for Boys (which became Hartlepool Sixth Form College in the 1980s) on ''Blakelock Road''.

Career

Radio

His first broadcasting position was as a reporter on Southampton F.C. on Radio Tees. He was a sports presenter on London's LBC Radio ''Sportswatch'' programme in the early 1980s before moving to BBC Radio 2's weekend sports programme ''Sport On 2'', covering the Los Angeles and Seoul Olympic games.

Television

He later spent time as a sports newsreader at TV-am, Channel 4, Eurosport and British Satellite Broadcasting before moving to Sky in 1992 to present coverage of horse racing, snooker and darts. In 2003 he won a sports presenter special edition of ''The Weakest Link''. In 2004, Stelling was offered but rejected an offer from the BBC to front ''Score''--their new Saturday results service. Stelling rejected the offer and the job was given to Ray Stubbs.

''Sports Saturday''

In 1994 Stelling became presenter of ''Sports Saturday'', which became ''Gillette Soccer Saturday'' in 1998, hosting a programme lasting up to six hours of football discussion and live reports on the afternoon's games with a panel of pundits including Frank McLintock, Chris Kamara, Rodney Marsh and the late George Best. Much of the programme's popularity is put down to Stelling, ''The Guardian'' praising him for "exceptional professionalism and élan" and ''When Saturday Comes'' describing him as "perhaps the best sports presenter on British TV".

At the start of the 2005-06 Premiership football season, Stelling replaced Ian Payne as the host of Sky Sports' ''Ford Monday Night Football'' programme. However, Stelling's appointment coincided with a new, shorter format of the programme, with Stelling presenting the show live from the ground of that evening's game. Previously, the show had been presented from a studio, and had featured some coverage of the prior weekend's games. Moreover, in previous years on Monday nights without a live game, a ''Monday Night Football Special'' would be broadcast, which included only the analysis from the weekend's games. This appears to have been dropped from the 2005-06 season, indicating that Stelling's appointment is to a smaller role than that held by his predecessors.

Stelling made a brief appearance in an episode of ''Mike Bassett: Manager'' where he played as himself in the episode "Abide with me".

In 2011, when presenting Gillette Soccer Saturday, Stelling unbeknowingly got tongue-tied when saying the name of Scottish First Division football team "Raith Rovers". He mispronounced it as "Roath Ravers". The gaffe was subsequently mocked by Sky One's satirical live football-based show, Soccer AM. Two of its crew dressed up and danced like night club 'ravers'. Stelling's mistake was turned into a soundbite and remixed to make the music that they danced to. The gaffe also helped inspire a new football club to be set up in the Roath area of Cardiff called Roath Ravers FC.

In 2011 he replaced the departed Richard Keys as the main presenter of Sky's live Champions League coverage.

''Countdown''

On 21 November 2008, it was reported that Stelling had been confirmed as the new host of the Channel 4 game show ''Countdown'' following the departure of Des O'Connor. He had reportedly also been approached for the role following the death of long-time host Richard Whiteley, but the role was given to Des Lynam instead. Stelling began recording ''Countdown'' in December 2008, with the show's new assistant Rachel Riley, and started broadcasting in January 2009. He also appears during an episode of ''The IT Crowd'' in the same role. However, it was announced on May 25th 2011 that Stelling would be stepping down as presenter of ''Countdown'' at the end of the year, after three years at the helm, to concentrate on football, including his new Champions League role.

Recognition

On 23 November 2007 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Professional Studies by the University of Teesside.

Stelling has been named as Sports Broadcaster of the Year for five successive years by the Sports Journalists' Association of Great Britain, based on a poll of its members. He has so far been the only broadcaster to win the award.

On 12 March 2010 he was granted the title of honorary freeman of his hometown of Hartlepool, along with the town's former MP Lord Mandelson.

Personal life

Stelling lives in Bishop's Waltham in south Hampshire with his wife Liz and two sons Robbie (born September 1998) and Matthew (born December 1999) and a daughter Olivia (born July 2003). They were married in November 1998 in Richmond upon Thames. He has completed the London Marathon on eight occasions and his best time is 3 hours and 28 minutes. He is a well-known supporter of Hartlepool United F.C., in which during the 2008-09 season, he would use a singing toy figure of the singer James Brown singing "I Feel Good" every time the player of the same name would score.

References

External links

University of Teesside

''Hartlepool Mail'' June 2008

Interviewed by Ron Aitken, ''Independent on Sunday''

''Guardian'' interview

Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:British television presenters Category:British association football commentators Category:Sky Sports presenters and reporters Category:People from Hartlepool Category:Countdown (game show) Category:People from County Durham

playername	Steve Cotterill
fullname	Stephen John Cotterill
dateofbirth	July 20, 1964
cityofbirth	Cheltenham
countryofbirth	England
height
currentclub	Portsmouth
position	Striker
years1	1988–1989 | clubs1Burton Albion | caps142 | goals1 30
years2	1989–1993 | clubs2Wimbledon | caps244 | goals2 19
years3	1992 | clubs3→ Brighton & Hove Albion (loan)| caps311 | goals3 5
years4	1993–1996 | clubs4Bournemouth| caps445 | goals4 15
totalcaps	142
totalgoals	69
manageryears1	1995–1996
managerclubs1	Sligo Rovers
manageryears2	1997–2002
managerclubs2	Cheltenham Town
manageryears3	2002
managerclubs3	Stoke City
manageryears4	2004–2007
managerclubs4	Burnley
manageryears5	2010
managerclubs5	Notts County
manageryears6	2010–
managerclubs6	Portsmouth }}

Stephen John Cotterill (born 20 July 1964) is an English former footballer who is the current manager of Portsmouth.

Playing career

Cotterill started his playing career in the non-leagues as a forward who could play centrally or in wide positions, playing semi-professionally at clubs like Cheltenham Town, Alvechurch and Burton Albion. He then signed his first professional contract, with Wimbledon, after a £120,000 deal was done with Burton. He made 44 appearances in four years at Wimbledon and went out on loan to Brighton & Hove Albion to recapture his fitness following a serious cruciate knee-ligament injury. This led to further games at the Dons and he turned down a £500,000 bid from Southampton before finally moving on again to Bournemouth.

Cotterill signed for Bournemouth in the summer of 1993 for the fee of £120,000. He was out of contract and this fee was set by the then Transfer Tribunal. In three years at Bournemouth he got his career back in good shape scoring 15 goals in 45 league starts for the club. While at the club he picked up three player of the season awards but had to finish his career in 1995 after another bad knee injury from which he was unable to fully recover.

Management

Sligo Rovers

Following on from Lawrie Sanchez, Sligo Rovers appointed Cotterill in 1995. He led the club to third place in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland and his side also reached the League of Ireland Cup final, where they lost on penalties to Shelbourne. Cotterill also led them into Europe, playing against teams such as Nantes where they earned a 3–3 draw and another creditable 0–0 draw against Dutch outfit, Heerenveen.

Cheltenham Town

Cotterill joined Cheltenham when they were still a non-league club and he built up a successful side which won promotion from the Southern Football League Premier Division to the Football Conference in his first full year at the club. He won the FA Trophy in 1998, beating Southport 1–0 in the final, and Cheltenham finished second in the Conference the same year, their first season in that league. Cheltenham won the Conference and with it promotion to the Football League the following year. His first two seasons in the Third Division saw them finish in the top half. In 2001–02, the club reached the fifth round of the FA Cup for the first time in its history, ended only by a 1–0 away defeat to West Bromwich Albion and including the defeat of Cotterill's future club Burnley. He twice won the prestigious award of Manager of the Year during his tenure. Cotterill took Cheltenham into the Second Division that season, following a play-off victory over Rushden & Diamonds at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. He was awarded his UEFA Pro Licence in 2002.

Stoke City and Sunderland

Cotterill left Cheltenham to join Stoke City in the summer of 2002. He only managed 13 games for the club before being asked to join Sunderland as their assistant manager. As Howard Wilkinson's assistant, they were tasked with keeping Sunderland in the Premiership. However, Sunderland recorded just two league victories under the new management team and both Wilkinson and Cotterill were sacked after just 20 games in charge.

Burnley

In the summer of 2004 a decision by Burnley not to renew the contract of their manager, Stan Ternent, led to Cotterill being named as the new manager of the club. In his first season at the club they reached the third round of the Football League Cup, beating Aston Villa 3–1 on the way. They also reached the fifth round of the FA Cup, beating Premier League side Liverpool 1–0. After losing striker and captain Robbie Blake and young midfielder Richard Chaplow they finished 13th in the Championship. In 2005–06 he led Burnley to a 17th-place finish, again having to sell his star striker, the club's leading goal scorer Ade Akinbiyi to Sheffield United for £1.75 million.

The 2006–07 season began well, with a series of wins. Cotterill also won the Championship Manager of the Month for October. However Burnley were dealt a blow in November when leading goalscorer Andy Gray was sidelined until February. Akinbiyi was re-signed in the January transfer window, but the striker was unfit and failed to make an impact.

Cotterill eventually left the club on 8 November 2007 by mutual consent, after earning the title of longest serving manager in the league with three years seven months service. He left the club in a poor position having won just one game in ten.

Minnesota Thunder

In August 2008, Steve Cotterill was offered the chance to become the Head Coach and Technical Director of USL First Division Minnesota Thunder after Amos Magee stepped down. Cotterill was offered a temporary seven-week contract with a view to a longer deal when the season ended. But because it would take two weeks to obtain a work permit, leaving only five weeks with Minnesota, Cotterill decided to turn this opportunity down.

Notts County

On 23 February 2010, it was announced that Cotterill would be manager of Notts County until the end of the season. On 3 April 2010, Cotterill was named March Football League Two Manager of the Month for six wins and two draws in the month. Cotterill also received this accolade for April 2010. On 27 April 2010, Notts County were crowned champions of Football League Two after defeating Darlington 5–0. Cotterill now holds the record for being the only Notts County manager to have won his first four games in charge.

After the 2009–10 season, Cotterill was linked with the vacant Coventry City post but had said that Coventry did not try to contact him. Two weeks later Cotterill publicly turned down the job. On 25 May, another Championship club, Portsmouth confirmed interest in the Notts County boss.

On 27 May 2010, Notts County announced that Cotterill had left after failing to commit his future to the club.

Portsmouth

Cotterill was appointed as manager of Portsmouth on 18 June 2010. The fans took to Cotterill very well after bringing in top stars such as Liam Lawrence, Dave Kitson,Carl Dickinson, Ibrahima Sonko and Greg Halford in the 2010 summer transfer window. this was done with limited resources. That season he also bought in Jonothan Hogg and Ritchie De Laet on loan,Pompey finished 16th that season. In the Summer of 2011 Portsmouth signed David Norris, Luke Varney, Stephen Henderson, Erik Huseklepp, Jason Pearce, Greg Halford (permanent) and brought former Pompey star Benjani back to Fratton Park.

Honours

As a manager

;Sligo Rovers

League of Ireland Cup runners-up: 1998

;Cheltenham Town

FA Trophy champions: 1998

Football Conference champions 1999; runner up 1998

Third Division play-off winner: 2002

;Notts County

Football League Championship Manager of the Month: March 2010

Football League Championship Manager of the Month: April 2010

League Two champions: 2009–10

;Portsmouth

Edmonton Cup Winners 2010

Kappa Cup Winners 2010

Managerial statistics

Team	Nat	From	To	Record
!G!!W!!L!!D!!Win %
align=left
align=left
align=left
align=left
align=left
align=left
Total

27 August 2011

References

External links

Category:English footballers Category:A.F.C. Bournemouth players Category:Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players Category:Burton Albion F.C. players Category:Cheltenham Town F.C. players Category:Wimbledon F.C. players Category:Premier League players Category:The Football League players Category:English football managers Category:Burnley F.C. managers Category:Cheltenham Town F.C. managers Category:Sligo Rovers F.C. managers Category:Stoke City F.C. managers Category:Notts County F.C. managers Category:Portsmouth F.C. managers Category:League of Ireland managers Category:UEFA Pro Licence holders Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:Alvechurch F.C. players Category:The Football League managers Category:Sunderland A.F.C. non-playing staff

pt:Steve Cotterill

playername	Paul Walsh
fullname	Paul Anthony Walsh
dateofbirth	October 01, 1962
cityofbirth	Plumstead
countryofbirth	England
position	Striker
years1	1979–1982
years2	1982–1984
years3	1984–1988
years4	1988–1992
years5	1991
years6	1992–1994
years7	1994–1995
years8	1995–1996
clubs1	Charlton Athletic
clubs2	Luton Town
clubs3	Liverpool
clubs4	Tottenham Hotspur
clubs5	→ Queens Park Rangers (loan)
clubs6	Portsmouth
clubs7	Manchester City
clubs8	Portsmouth
caps1	87
caps2	80
caps3	77
caps4	128
caps5	2
caps6	73
caps7	53
caps8	21
goals1	24
goals2	24
goals3	25
goals4	19
goals5	0
goals6	14
goals7	16
goals8	5
nationalyears1	1982–1984
nationalyears2	1983–1984
nationalteam1	England U-21
nationalteam2	England
nationalcaps1	7
nationalcaps2	5
nationalgoals1	4
nationalgoals2	1 }}

Paul Anthony Walsh (born 1 October 1962 in Plumstead, London) is a retired English footballer.

Walsh was a diminutive and pacy centre forward who shot to fame in the 1980s during spells with Charlton, Luton, Liverpool and Tottenham.

Playing career

Charlton Athletic

Walsh began his career at Charlton where he quickly established himself in the team, he made his debut as a 16 year-old substitute in a Second Division fixture with Shrewsbury Town during the 1979–80 season and went on to appear in nine league games as Charlton failed to hold to their Second Division status. Walsh was given a chance in Division Three and struck up a brilliant front line with Addicks great Derek Hales. Walsh notably scored a hat-trick against Brentford, Charlton won the League Cup tie 5–0. Charlton went on to gain promotion as well as reach the 5th round of the FA Cup. Walsh enjoyed himself in the higher division bagging a respectable 13 goals as the Addicks finished mid table.

Luton Town

Still only a 19 year-old and after just 87 league appearances Luton signed Walsh for £400,000 on 26 July 1982. Luton had just gained promotion to English football's top flight and were hoping that Walsh's ability to make something out of nothing would help them stay there. He was an immediate hit as Luton scored goals seemingly at will, winning 5–0 and 5–3 in their first two home games, with Walsh himself scoring an impressive hat-trick in the 5–3 victory over Notts County, and drawing 4–4 away at Stoke City.

Luton then secured a highly creditable 3–3 draw away to Liverpool, with Walsh setting up the first goal for Brian Stein after turning Liverpool and Éire defender Mark Lawrenson inside out. Although free-scoring, Luton struggled to contain the quality of the First Division attacks but they managed to survive the drop by winning their final game of the season against Manchester City at Maine Road. His impish, natural predatory instincts around the penalty area earned him the first of five caps for England and in 1983, Bobby Robson gave Walsh his debut on 12 June in a friendly with Australia at Sydney, the first of the three match tour ended in a 0–0 draw, Walsh scored his only goal for his country in the following match against the Aussies, the match was played in Brisbane on 16 June and Walsh's goal was the only goal of the game. Walsh's performances and ability were recognised by his fellow professionals as he won the PFA Young Player of the Year award in 1984. That year he also helped England win the 1984 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.

Liverpool

Unsurprisingly given his impressive performance at Anfield, he was purchased by Joe Fagan for Liverpool on 21 May 1984 for £700,000. He made his debut on 18 August 1984 in the 1–0 Charity Shield defeat to derby rivals Everton. With Ian Rush injured at the start of his first season, Walsh was expected to slot in alongside Liverpool legend Kenny Dalglish straight away, which he did with aplomb, skill and trickery, leading the line with confidence. It didn't take him long to open his goal scoring account either, it came mere seconds into his third game for the Reds, his Anfield debut, against West Ham United on 27 August; the Reds went on to win 3–0.

He scored the equaliser for Liverpool against Manchester United in the league on 22 September, but with Rush's return to fitness soon afterwards, Walsh did not score in the league again until 20 April, in a 3–1 home win over Newcastle United. On 6 May, he scored both of Liverpool's goals in their 2–0 win at Coventry City, and managed another brace in the season's penultimate game, a 3–0 win at West Ham United. He managed a last minute equaliser in extra time against Manchester United in the FA Cup semi-final that season, though Liverpool lost the replay 2–1 to their great north west rivals.

Despite playing alongside Dalglish as a stand-in for Rush, Walsh had been signed for the Reds as a possible eventual long-term successor to Dalglish, who was now 33 and became player-manager after Fagan's retirement at the end of the 1984–85 season.

As Liverpool's campaign to defend the European Cup gathered pace, Walsh scored crucial goals in the latter stages of the competition, including two in the quarter-finals against Austria Vienna, missing out on a hat-trick when the opposing goalkeeper saved his penalty. Liverpool made the final and Walsh was selected by manager Joe Fagan to start the game, but the Heysel Stadium disaster put his joy into perspective, and Liverpool ultimately lost the match.

Walsh was cursed with poor luck the following season, suffering niggling injuries and thereby necessitating Dalglish's appearance in the side more than the new player-manager would have possibly preferred. An ankle injury suffered in February 1986 put paid to Walsh's season as Liverpool won the League championship and FA Cup "double". Walsh played enough games for a title medal but missed the FA Cup final victory over fierce Merseyside rivals Everton.

Dalglish scaled down his playing career the following year, and Walsh got more of a look-in after recovering from another injury which had ruled him out of the opening dozen games. He played in the 1987 League Cup Final but Liverpool lost 2–1 to Arsenal and Walsh was dropped afterwards following the arrival of John Aldridge and then Peter Beardsley. Earlier in the 1986-87 season, Walsh had scored a hat-trick in a 6-2 home win over a Norwich City side who had just returned to the First Division following for promotion but were already looking like title contenders and ultimately finished fifth.

A trophyless season meant that Dalglish spent big on new players to revive Liverpool's fortunes and Walsh suffered as a result as John Aldridge was bought to replace Rush as the natural finisher of the team with Peter Beardsley coming in at huge expense to provide the craft. This new strike partnership was an instant success as Liverpool went unbeaten for a record-equalling first 29 games of the season while Walsh, having unwisely questioned Dalglish's offer of a role in midfield, was relegated to a few cursory appearances as a substitute. Whilst Liverpool waltzed to the League title Walsh was on the move having not made enough appearances to qualify for a medal.

His days at Anfield were up. Ironically, Kenny Dalglish was still registered as a player (though he only played four competitives games after the 1986–87 season before he finally retired in August 1990) at Anfield when Walsh (the player who had been signed with a view to being his eventual long-term successor) was on his way out of the club.

Tottenham Hotspur

After 112 games and 37 goals, a goal every 3.03 games for Liverpool, Walsh joined Tottenham for half a million pounds on 16 February 1988, beginning a spell of productive but short-lived spells at a number of different clubs. Walsh made his league debut seven days later on 23 February in the 1–1 draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford. After forming a productive partnership with Paul Stewart, Walsh helped Spurs to a respectable sixth place, however, he suffered the following season as the White Hart Lane club brought Gary Lineker back to England from Spain. Walsh made way for Lineker, making most of his 25 appearances from the bench as Spurs finished third. He did enjoy one particular game that season however, when he opened the scoring in the North London derby win over Arsenal at home. His only medal at Spurs came when they won the FA Cup in 1991, coming on as a substitute at Wembley.

Walsh spent one more season at Spurs, helping them to the semi-final of the League Cup where they lost to Nottingham Forest. The addition of Gordon Durie to the squad made it increasingly difficult for Walsh to gain a starting role; he also played twice on loan at Queens Park Rangers, and when Spurs showed an interest in Darren Anderton Walsh was used as a bargaining tool.

Portsmouth (first spell)

Walsh had played 158 times for Spurs, scoring 21 goals, before he moved to the South Coast in a deal worth around £400,000 on the 3 June 1992. Walsh was the makeweight in a "plus cash" player exchange for Darren Anderton. Walsh made his Pompey debut on 15 August 1992 in the 3–3 league draw with Bristol City at Ashton Gate.

Walsh became a cult hero at Portsmouth. In the 1992–93 season, Portsmouth placed third in the First Division, missing out on automatic promotion to the Premier League on goal difference to West Ham United, and Guy Whittingham broke goalscoring records for Portsmouth, who were the strongest side in the division in the second half of the season following a lukewarm start. Despite Whittingham's goalscoring exploits, the Pompey fans voted Walsh their player of the year, recognising that it was his guile and craft that made the Portsmouth attack so effective. Whittingham was sold to Aston Villa in the summer of 1993, and Walsh subsequently formed a solid partnership with another former Liverpool player, John Durnin, but the potency of the Portsmouth side had faded. However, it was in the post-Whittingham era that Walsh had what was arguably his best game in the blue of Portsmouth, on 12 January 1994 in a Coca-Cola Cup fifth round tie against Manchester United at Old Trafford. Going into the game as huge underdogs, Portsmouth shocked the Premier League champions by earning a replay at Fratton Park with a 2–2 draw. Walsh had a fantastic game and scored both goals, and United were lucky to survive a late penalty appeal. Unfortunately for Portsmouth fans, United won the replay at Fratton Park by a goal to nil.

After 73 league appearances for Portsmouth, Walsh was on the move once more, much to the distress of the Portsmouth fans.

Manchester City

Walsh's career took him to Manchester City, when Brian Horton paid Portsmouth £750,000 for the striker's services on 10 March 1994. He made his City bow two days later on 12 March, in the 1–0 league defeat to Wimbledon at Maine Road. He scored six times in the remaining ten fixtures, helping push City away from the relegation zone and up into a safe 16th position in the table, forming an exciting partnership with fellow City newcomer Uwe Rösler. He began the following campaign in stunning form, scoring twice in games against Southampton, Everton and his former club Spurs. City failed to maintain their good start to the season, however, and finished the campaign in 17th position. However, Walsh had endeared himself to the City faithful, who appreciated his energetic, all-action performances. The famous Spurs match in particular demonstrated Walsh's skill, tenacity and determination, orchestrating the destruction of Spurs in an unforgettable afternoon.

When new manager Alan Ball sold Walsh back to Portsmouth for £500,000 in exchange for Gerry Creaney in September 1995, fans were shocked and questioned the deal, just as the Portsmouth fans had when he was sold to City the previous year.

Portsmouth (second spell)

Walsh managed 21 more league appearances before suffering a cruciate ligament injury to the knee in 1996 which brought his career to an end.

Retirement

After ending his career, Walsh has worked in the media, providing studio-based match analysis for both ITV and Sky Sports appearing regularly on Soccer Saturday and Football First.

Walsh appears regularly for the Liverpool veterans side who have dominated the Sky Sports Masters series in recent years, usually linking up with former Portsmouth teammate John Durnin.

Walsh has since taken his coaching badges. He has stated that he is currently happy in his pundit role on Sky Sports' Soccer Saturday. He has admitted several times he was an Arsenal fan as a child.

Career Honours

Honours As Player

Liverpool

Winner

1985–86 League Championship (Level 1)

1985–86 Screen Sports Super Cup

Runner Up

1984–85 Charity Shield

1984–85 European Super Cup

1984–85 League Championship (Level 1)

1984–85 European Cup

1986–87 League Cup

1986–87 League Championship (Level 1)

Tottenham Hotspur

Winner

1990–91 FA Cup

References

External links

Official past players at liverpoolfc.net

Player profile at LFChistory.net

Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:English footballers Category:England international footballers Category:England under-21 international footballers Category:Charlton Athletic F.C. players Category:Luton Town F.C. players Category:Liverpool F.C. players Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players Category:Portsmouth F.C. players Category:Manchester City F.C. players Category:Premier League players Category:People from Plumstead

fr:Paul Walsh it:Paul Walsh no:Paul Walsh pl:Paul Walsh

This is a list of people whose names in English are commonly appended with the phrase "''the Great''", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as ''e Bozorg'' and ''e azam'' in Persian and Urdu respectively.

In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.

The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus) assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "''the Great''".

The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).

Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.

As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.

Rulers

Abbas I of Persia (1571-1629), Shah of Iran

Akbar (1542-1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India

Alain I of Albret (1440-1522), French aristocrat

Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia

Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia

Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias

Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex

Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire

Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty

Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),

Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire

Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand

Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)

Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736-1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)

Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden

Casimir III the Great (1310-1370), King of Poland

Catherine the Great (1729-1796), Empress of Russian

Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India

Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans

Chulalongkorn (1853-1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)

Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks

Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen

Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman Emperor

Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire

Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire

Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent

Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse

Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile

Frederick the Great (1712-1786), King of Prussia

Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594-1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader

Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea

Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC

Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)

Henry IV of France (1553-1610), King of France and King of Navarre

Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea

Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris

Hugh Magnus of France (1007-1025), co-King of France

Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057-1101)

Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat

Ivan III of Russia (1440-1505), Tsar of Russia

John I of Portugal (1358-1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve

John II of Aragon (1398-1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre

Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor

Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i

Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India

Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010-1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia

Kublai Khan (1215-1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty

Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales

Louis I of Hungary (1326-1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland

Mangrai the Great (1238-1317), Lanna, northern Thailand

Emperor Meiji (1852-1912), Emperor of Japan

Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)

Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)

Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom

Mstislav I of Kiev (1076-1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus

Narai (1633-1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)

Naresuan (1555-1605), King of Ayutthaya

Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)

K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque

Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka

Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia

Peter the Great (1672-1725), Tsar of Russia

Peter III of Aragon (1239-1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily

Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar

Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar

Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.

Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014-1044), Tamil King of India

Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt

Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)

Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082-1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties

Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)

Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev

Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent

Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre

Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire

Sejong the Great (1397-1450), Korean king

Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia

Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire

Stephen III of Moldavia (1433-1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)

Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks

Taksin (1734-1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)

Timur (1336-1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty

Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie

Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire

Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor

Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia

Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia

Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire

Valdemar I of Denmark (1131-1182), King of Denmark

Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor

Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus

Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy

William I, Count of Burgundy (1020-1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon

William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou

Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)

Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China

Religious figures

Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East

Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia

Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian

Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt

Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader

Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)

Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint

Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint

Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)

Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine

Pope John Paul II (1920-2005)

Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)

Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit

Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)

Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople

William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites

Other

Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies

Emmy the Great, folk singer

Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III

Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia

See also

Epithet

List of monarchs by nickname

List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I

James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus

Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater

Notes

Category:Monarchs Great, List of people known as The Category:Greatest Nationals Category:Epithets

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