• 
  Abd al-Karim Qasim
  Abd al-Karim Qasim ( ) (1914 – February 9, 1963), was a nationalist Iraqi Army officer who seized power in a 1958 coup d'état, wherein the Iraqi monarchy was eliminated. He ruled the country as Prime Minister of Iraq until his downfall and death in 1963.
  http://wn.com/Abd_al-Karim_Qasim
• 
  Abdul Rahman Arif
  Hajj Abdul Rahman Mohammed Arif Aljumaily (Arabic عبد الرحمن محمد عارف الجميلي) (1916 – August 24, 2007) was president of Iraq from April 16, 1966 to July 16, 1968.
  http://wn.com/Abdul_Rahman_Arif
• 
  Abdul Salam Arif
  Abdul Salam Mohammed Arif Aljumaily () (1921-April 13, 1966) was President of Iraq from 1963 to 1966. He played a leading role in the coup in which the Hashemite monarchy was overthrown on July 14, 1958.
  http://wn.com/Abdul_Salam_Arif
• Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr
  http://wn.com/Ahmad_Hassan_al-Bakr
• 
  Ahmed Chalabi
  Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi () (born October 30, 1944) is an Iraqi politician. He was interim oil minister in Iraq in April-May 2005 and December-January 2006 and deputy prime minister from May 2005 until May 2006. Chalabi failed to win a seat in parliament in the December 2005 elections, and when the new Iraqi cabinet was announced in May 2006, he was not awarded a post. Once dubbed the "George Washington of Iraq" he has fallen out of favor and is currently under investigation by several U.S. government sources. He was also the subject of a 2008 biography by investigative journalist Aram Roston, The Man Who Pushed America to War; The Extraordinary Life, Adventures, And Obsessions of Ahmad Chalabi.
  http://wn.com/Ahmed_Chalabi
• 
  Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
  General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr (Arabic أحمد حسن البكر ) (July 1, 1914 – October 4, 1982), was President of Iraq from 1968 to 1979.
  http://wn.com/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr
• 
  Al-Anfal Campaign
  The al-Anfal Campaign (), also known as Operation Anfal or simply Anfal, was a genocidal campaign against the Kurdish people in Iraqi Kurdistan led by the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein and headed by Ali Hassan al-Majid. The campaign takes its name from Surat al-Anfal in the Qur'an, which was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Baathist regime for a series of attacks against the peshmerga rebels and the mostly Kurdish civilian population of rural Northern Iraq, conducted between 1986 and 1989 culminating in 1988. This campaign also targeted Shabaks and Yazidis (both ethnically Kurdish), Assyrian and Turkoman people, and many villages belonging to these ethnic groups were also destroyed.
  http://wn.com/Al-Anfal_Campaign
• 
  Ali Hassan al-Majid
  Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti , , (30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010) was a Ba'athist Iraqi Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. He was also the governor of occupied Kuwait during the Gulf War.
  http://wn.com/Ali_Hassan_al-Majid
• Andrew Cockburn
  Andrew Myles Cockburn ( "co-burn"; born 7 January 1947) is an Irish journalist who has lived in the United States for many years.
  http://wn.com/Andrew_Cockburn
• Anwar Sadat
  http://wn.com/Anwar_Sadat
• 
  April Glaspie
  April Catherine Glaspie (born April 26, 1942) is an American diplomat, best-known for her role in the events leading up to the Persian Gulf War of 1991.
  http://wn.com/April_Glaspie
• 
  Assyrian people
  The Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people (frequently known as Assyrians, Syriacs, Syriac Christians, Suroye/Suryoye, Chaldeans, and other variants, see names of Syriac Christians) are an ethnic group whose origins lie in the Fertile Crescent. Today that ancient territory is part of several nations; the Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people have been minorities under other ethnic groups' rule since the early Middle Ages. They have traditionally lived in northern Iraq, Syria, northwest Iran, and Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia. Many have migrated to the Caucasus, North America and Europe during the past century. The major sub-ethnic division is between an Eastern group ("Nestorians" and "Chaldean Christians") and a Western one ("Syrian Jacobites").
  http://wn.com/Assyrian_people
• Awad Hamed al-Bandar
  Awad Hamad al-Bandar (; aka: Awad Hamad Bandar Alsa'doon) (January 2, 1945 - January 15, 2007) was an Iraqi chief judge under Saddam Hussein's presidency. He was the head of the Revolutionary Court which issued death sentences against 143 Dujail residents, in the aftermath of the failed assassination attempt on the president on July 8, 1982 (a year before the U.S. assumed diplomatic ties with Hussein to help thwart their common enemy: Iran). At the Al-Dujail trial the Iraqi Special Tribunal tried al-Bandar for crimes against humanity for issuing the death sentences. On November 5, 2006, al-Bandar was sentenced to death by hanging along with co-defendants Hussein and Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, who was beheaded as a result of the hanging.
  http://wn.com/Awad_Hamed_al-Bandar
• Ayad Rahim
  Ayad Rahim is an Iraqi-American journalist. He has written extensively on Middle Eastern affairs, including a series of articles on the Operation Iraqi Freedom Documents with co-author Laurie Mylroie. In addition, he hosts a radio show on station WJCU in Cleveland. His show features scholars and guests from the Middle East and discusses the war, terrorism and Iraq. The radio station is run by John Carroll University.
  http://wn.com/Ayad_Rahim
• Barzan Ibrahim
  http://wn.com/Barzan_Ibrahim
• 
  Bill Clinton
  William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
  http://wn.com/Bill_Clinton
• 
  Dan Rather
  Daniel Irvin "Dan" Rather, Jr. (born October 31, 1931) is an American journalist who is the former news anchor for the CBS Evening News. He is now managing editor and anchor of a television news magazine, Dan Rather Reports, on the cable channel HDNet. Rather was anchor of the CBS Evening News for 24 years, from March 9, 1981, to March 9, 2005. He also contributed to CBS' 60 Minutes. Rather became embroiled in controversy about a disputed news report involving the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election and subsequently left CBS Evening News in 2005 and left the network altogether after 43 years in 2006.
  http://wn.com/Dan_Rather
• 
  Faisal II of Iraq
  ambox
  http://wn.com/Faisal_II_of_Iraq
• Fritz Edlinger
  http://wn.com/Fritz_Edlinger
• 
  Gamal Abdel Nasser
  :''This is an Arabic patronymic name; the family name is Abdel Nasser, taken from his father's given name.''
  http://wn.com/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
• 
  George H. W. Bush
  George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts) was the 41st President of the United States (1989–1993). He was also Ronald Reagan's Vice President (1981–1989), a congressman, an ambassador, and Director of Central Intelligence.
  http://wn.com/George_H_W_Bush
• George Piro
  George Piro is an Assistant Special Agent in Charge (ASAC) at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)'s Washington Field Office (WFO). The television show 60 Minutes revealed in January 2008 that he had secretly gained the confidence of Saddam Hussein while interrogating Hussein while he was imprisoned after the second war in Iraq. During his conversations with the former dictator, Piro reported that Hussein had not expected a U.S. invasion of Iraq. Piro also confirmed through their discussions that Iraq did not have Weapons of Mass Destruction at the time of the U.S. invasion in 2003, but that Hussein would not give up attempts to obtain them in order to secure his country from the perceived threat posed by Iran and its weapons program. Further, any links to Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda were denied, as Hussein held himself as a secular ruler and did not believe in the creation of an Islamic state.
  http://wn.com/George_Piro
• 
  George W. Bush
  George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
  http://wn.com/George_W_Bush
• 
  Hafez al-Assad
  Hafez al-Assad ( ) (October 6, 1930 – June 10, 2000) was the president of Syria for three decades. Assad's rule stabilized and consolidated the power of the country's central government after decades of coups and counter-coups. He was succeeded by his son and current president Bashar al-Assad in 2000.
  http://wn.com/Hafez_al-Assad
• Hala Hussein
  Hala Saddam Hussein (, born 1972) is the third daughter of the former President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein and his first wife Sajida Talfah. Hala was said to be Saddam's favorite daughter. Very little firm information is known about her as her father never permitted any photographs or records of her to be published, and whatever records that remained of her were ordered to be destroyed when American troops were reaching Baghdad in 2003. Her father sent her to live with her maternal grandfather Khairallah Talfah for her safety, due to the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war and the Persian Gulf War. She despised her older brother Uday because he often raised his voice to his mother and frightened young Hala. Saddam arranged for her to marry General Kamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan al-Tikriti in 1998. The couple have two children.
  http://wn.com/Hala_Hussein
• 
  Hosni Mubarak
  Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak ( Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid Mubārak; commonly known as Hosni Mubarak; ; transliterated: Ḥusnī Mubārak); (b. 4 May 1928) is the fourth and current President of the Arab Republic of Egypt. He was appointed Vice President in 1975, and assumed the Presidency on 14 October 1981, following the assassination of President Anwar El-Sadat. He is the longest-serving Egyptian head of state since Muhammad Ali Pasha.
  http://wn.com/Hosni_Mubarak
• Iraqi Turkmen
  http://wn.com/Iraqi_Turkmen
• Jacques Chirac
  Jacques René Chirac (; born 29 November 1932) is a French right-wing politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He previously served as Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988 (making him the only person to hold the position of Prime Minister twice under the Fifth Republic), and as Mayor of Paris from 1977 to 1995.
  http://wn.com/Jacques_Chirac
• 
  James Baker
  James Addison Baker, III (born April 28, 1930) is an American attorney, politician, political administrator, and political advisor.
  http://wn.com/James_Baker
• 
  Jay Garner
  Jay Montgomery Garner (born April 15, 1938) is a retired United States Army lieutenant general who was appointed in 2003 as Director of the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance for Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq but was soon replaced by Ambassador Paul Bremer and the ambassador's successor organization to ORHA, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA).
  http://wn.com/Jay_Garner
• Kamel Hana Gegeo
  Kamel Hana Gegeo (died October, 1988) was a personal bodyguard of Saddam Hussein, the former president of Iraq, and served as his valet and food taster.
  http://wn.com/Kamel_Hana_Gegeo
• 
  Kenneth Kaunda
  Kenneth David Kaunda, affectionately known as KK (born April 28, 1924) served as the first President of Zambia, from 1964 to 1991.
  http://wn.com/Kenneth_Kaunda
• 
  Kingdom of Iraq
  The Kingdom of Iraq () was the sovereign state of Iraq during and after the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. The League of Nations mandate started in 1920. The kingdom began in August 1921 with the coronation of Faisal bin al-Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi as King Faisal I. The kingdom ended in 1958 when the monarchy was over thrown in a coup led by Abd al-Karim Qasim.
  http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Iraq
• 
  Kurdish people
  The Kurds () are an Iranian-speaking ethnolinguistic group mostly inhabiting a region known as Kurdistan, which includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. Substantial Kurdish communities also exist in the cities of western Turkey, and they can also be found in Armenia, Georgia, Israel, Azerbaijan, Russia, Lebanon and, in recent decades, some European countries and the United States (see Kurdish diaspora). Most speak Kurdish, an Indo-European language of the Iranian branch. The Kurds are classified as an Iranian people.Bois, Th.; Minorsky, V.; Bois, Th.; Bois, Th.; MacKenzie, D.N.; Bois, Th. "Kurds, Kurdistan." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2009. Brill Online. Excerpt 1:"The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction of more or less laicised Turkey"..Excerpt 2: "The classification of the Kurds among the Iranian nations is based mainly on linguistic and historical data and does not prejudice the fact there is a complexity of ethnical elements incorporated in them" Excerpt 3:"We thus find that about the period of the Arab conquest a single ethnic term Kurd (plur. Akrād ) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation of Iranian or iranicised tribes. Among the latter, some were autochthonous (the Ḳardū; the Tmorik̲h̲/Ṭamurāyē in the district of which Alḳī = Elk was the capital; the Χοθα̑ίται [= al-Ḵh̲uwayt̲h̲iyya] in the canton of Ḵh̲oyt of Sāsūn, the Orṭāyē [= al-Arṭān] in the bend of the Euphrates); some were Semites (cf. the popular genealogies of the Kurd tribes) and some probably Armenian (it is said that the Mamakān tribe is of Mamikonian origin). " Excerpt 4: "In the 20th century, the existence of an Iranian non-Kurdish element among the Kurds has been definitely established (the Gūrān-Zāzā group)."
  http://wn.com/Kurdish_people
• Kurds
  http://wn.com/Kurds
• 
  L. Paul Bremer
  Lewis Paul "Jerry" Bremer III (born September 30, 1941) is an American diplomat. He is most notable for being the U.S. Administrator to Iraq charged with overseeing that country's reconstruction after the 2003 invasion. In his role as head of the Coalition Provisional Authority, he reported primarily to the U.S. Secretary of Defense and exercised authority over Iraq's civil administration. He served in this capacity from May 11, 2003, until limited Iraqi sovereignty was restored on June 28, 2004.
  http://wn.com/L_Paul_Bremer
• 
  Leonid Brezhnev
  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (, 19 December 1906 – 10 November 1982) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. His eighteen year term as General Secretary was one of the lengthiest, second only to that of Joseph Stalin. During Brezhnev's rule, the global influence of the Soviet Union grew dramatically, in part because of the expansion of the Soviet Military during this time. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support the fragile Marxist government located there, a move condemned by the West. His tenure as leader has often been criticized for marking the beginning of a period of economic stagnation, overlooking serious economic problems which eventually led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
  http://wn.com/Leonid_Brezhnev
• Mandeans
  http://wn.com/Mandeans
• 
  Margaret Thatcher
  Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. Thatcher is the only woman to have held either post.
  http://wn.com/Margaret_Thatcher
• 
  Marsh Arabs
  The Marsh Arabs ( ʻArab al-Ahwār "Arabs of the Marshlands"), also known as the Maʻdān (), are inhabitants of the Tigris-Euphrates marshlands in the south and east of Iraq and along the Iranian border.
  http://wn.com/Marsh_Arabs
• 
  Mikhail Gorbachev
  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ; born 2 March 1931) was the sixth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
  http://wn.com/Mikhail_Gorbachev
• Mustapha Hussein
  http://wn.com/Mustapha_Hussein
• Patrick Cockburn
  Patrick Cockburn ( "co-burn"; born 5 March 1950) is an Irish journalist who has been a Middle East correspondent since 1979 for the Financial Times and, presently, The Independent.
  http://wn.com/Patrick_Cockburn
• 
  Qusay Hussein
  Qusay Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti () (or Qusai) (May 17, 1966 – July 22, 2003) was the second son of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. He was appointed as his father's heir apparent in 2000.
  http://wn.com/Qusay_Hussein
• Raghad Hussein
  Raghad Saddam Hussein () (born 2 September 1968) is the eldest daughter of former President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein and Sajida Talfah.
  http://wn.com/Raghad_Hussein
• Rana Hussein
  Rana Saddam Hussein (Arabic language رنا صدام حسين, born 1971) is the second-eldest daughter of the former President of Iraq,
  http://wn.com/Rana_Hussein
• 
  Ronald Reagan
  Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).
  http://wn.com/Ronald_Reagan
• 
  Ruhollah Khomeini
  Sayyed Ruhollah Moosavi Khomeini (, ; 24 September 1900 – 3 June 1989) was an Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution and a national referendum, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death.
  http://wn.com/Ruhollah_Khomeini
• 
  Sa'dun Hammadi
  '''Sa'dun Hammadi''' (June 22, 1930 - March 14, 2007) () was briefly Prime Minister of Iraq under President Saddam Hussein from March until September 1991. He succeeded Hussein, who had previously been prime minister in addition to being president, but was forced out due to his reformist views.
  http://wn.com/Sa'dun_Hammadi
• Saddam Kamel
  Saddam Kamel Hassan al-Majid (? - 1996) was the second cousin and son-in-law of deposed Iraqi President Saddam Hussein.
  http://wn.com/Saddam_Kamel
• Sajida Talfah
  Sajida Khairallah Talfah (), is the widow and cousin of former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, and mother of two sons (Uday and Qusay) and three daughters (Raghad, Rana, and Hala).
  http://wn.com/Sajida_Talfah
• Salah Omar Al-Ali
  | class="infobox biography" style="width: 21em; text-align: center;"
  http://wn.com/Salah_Omar_Al-Ali
• Samira Shahbandar
  Samira Shahbandar was allegedly Saddam Hussein's second wife. She is supposedly the mother of his third son, Ali, though members of Saddam's family claim that Ali is actually his grandson. Samira Shahbandar is of Iranian descent.
  http://wn.com/Samira_Shahbandar
• 
  Taha Yassin Ramadan
  Taha Yasin Ramadan al-Jizrawi (February 22, 1938 – March 20, 2007) () was a prominent Iraqi Kurd, serving as Vice President of Iraq from March 1991 to the fall of Saddam Hussein in April 2003.
  http://wn.com/Taha_Yassin_Ramadan
• 
  Tariq Aziz
  Mikhail Yuhanna (, later and more popularly known as Tariq Aziz or Tareq Aziz (; ;   born April 28, 1936) was the Foreign Minister (1983 – 1991) and Deputy Prime Minister (1979 – 2003) of Iraq and a close advisor of former President Saddam Hussein. Their association began in the 1950s when both were activists for the then-banned Ba'ath Party.
  http://wn.com/Tariq_Aziz
• 
  Uday Hussein
  Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti (18 June 1964 – 22 July 2003), () was the elder son of Saddam Hussein and his first wife, Sajida Talfah. He was the older brother of Qusay Hussein. Uday was for several years seen as the heir apparent of his father; however, Uday lost this after his erratic behavior and troubled relationship with his father and brother. Following the United States-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, he was killed at age 39 by a secretive combined Special Forces Task Force (Task Force 20) during a brief gunfight in Mosul.
  http://wn.com/Uday_Hussein
• 
  Vladimir Putin
  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
  http://wn.com/Vladimir_Putin
• 
  Wolf Blitzer
  Wolf Isaac Blitzer (born March 22, 1948) is an American journalist who has been a CNN reporter since 1990. Blitzer is currently the host of the newscast The Situation Room and was the host of the Sunday talk show Late Edition until it was discontinued on January 11, 2009. Blitzer previously hosted Wolf Blitzer Reports, which was replaced by The Situation Room.
  http://wn.com/Wolf_Blitzer
• 
  Yevgeny Primakov
  Yevgeny Maksimovich Primakov (Евге́ний Макси́мович Примако́в, born October 29, 1929) is a Russian politician and diplomat. During his long career, he served as the Russian Foreign Minister, Prime Minister of Russia, the last Speaker of the Soviet of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, and chief of intelligence service. Primakov is an academician and a member of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
  http://wn.com/Yevgeny_Primakov

• 
  Al-Awja
  :This article is about a town in Iraq. For the West Bank town, see al-Auja, Jericho.
  http://wn.com/Al-Awja
• 
  Amman
  Amman (; , ʿAmmān) is the capital and largest city of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. A city of about 2 million inhabitants (2008 estimate), it is the country's political, cultural and commercial centre and one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Amman is the administrative seat of the homonymous governorate.
  http://wn.com/Amman
• An Najaf
  http://wn.com/An_Najaf
• 
  Arab League
  {{Infobox Country
  http://wn.com/Arab_League
• 
  Baghdad
  Baghdad (, , ) is the capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is coterminous. Having a population estimated between 7 and 7.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq and the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt).
  http://wn.com/Baghdad
• 
  Beirut
  Beirut (, Bayrūt) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon with a population ranging from some 1 million to over 2 million as of 2007. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's coastline with the Mediterranean sea, it serves as the country's largest and main seaport, and also forms the Beirut Metropolitan Area, which consists of the city and its suburbs. The first mention of this metropolis is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters, dating to the 15th century BC, and the city has been continuously inhabited since.
  http://wn.com/Beirut
• 
  Cairo
  Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
  http://wn.com/Cairo
• Camp Cropper
  Camp Cropper is a holding facility for security detainees operated by the United States Army near Baghdad International Airport in Iraq. The facility was initially operated as a high-value detention site (HVD), but has since been expanded increasing its capacity from 163 to 2,000 detainees. Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was held there prior to his execution.
  http://wn.com/Camp_Cropper
• 
  Czechoslovakia
  Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945 the state did not have de facto existence, due to its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this period. In 1945 the eastern part of Carpathian Ruthenia was taken over by the Soviet Union. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
  http://wn.com/Czechoslovakia
• 
  Egypt
  Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
  http://wn.com/Egypt
• 
  Gaza Strip
  The Gaza Strip ( , ) lies on the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The Strip borders Egypt on the southwest and Israel on the south, east and north. It is about long, and between 6 and 12 kilometers (4–7.5 mi) wide, with a total area of . The territory takes its name from Gaza, its main city.
  http://wn.com/Gaza_Strip
• 
  Golan Heights
  The Golan Heights (, ''Haḍbatu 'l-Jawlān or مرتفعات الجولان, Murtafaʻātu l-Jawlānː , Ramat ha-Golan'' ), sometimes referred to as the Syrian Heights, form a rocky plateau of great strategic importance with an average altitude of and an area totaling . The plateau is located at the southern end of the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and straddles the borders of Syria and Israel. Elevations range from in the north, to below sea level along the Sea of Galilee and the Yarmuk River in the south. Its population numbers around 120,000 and consists mainly of Druze and Jews. A popular tourist destination attracting 3 million tourists a year, the Golan has a rich history and features numerous archeological landmarks, scenic streams, mountains and waterfalls. The Golan Heights contribute significantly to the water resources of the region, providing about 15% of Israel's water supply. The region is also the source of a large proportion of Israel's agricultural production.
  http://wn.com/Golan_Heights
• 
  Halabja
  Halabja (Kurdish: or Helepçe), is a Kurdish town in Iraqi Kurdistan, located about north-east of Baghdad and 8–10 miles from the Iranian border.
  http://wn.com/Halabja
• 
  Iran
  Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
  http://wn.com/Iran
• 
  Iraq
  Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
  http://wn.com/Iraq
• 
  Iraqi Kurdistan
  Iraqi Kurdistan or Kurdistan Region (Kurdish: Herêmî Kurdistanî, Arabic: إقليم كردستان, Iqlīm Kurdistān) is an autonomous Region of Iraq. It borders Iran to the east, Turkey to the north, Syria to the west and the rest of Iraq to the south. Its capital is the city of Arbil, known in Kurdish as Hewlêr. The Region is officially governed by the Kurdistan Regional Government.
  http://wn.com/Iraqi_Kurdistan
• 
  Israel
  Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
  http://wn.com/Israel
• 
  Jordan
  {{Infobox Country
  http://wn.com/Jordan
• 
  Kadhimiya
  al-Kāżimiyyah ( al-Kāżimiyyah; alternatively, al-Kāżimayn), is a town located in what is now a northern neighbourhood of Baghdad, Iraq about five kilometres from the city center. Al-Kāżimiyyah is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad.
  http://wn.com/Kadhimiya
• Khuzestan Province
  http://wn.com/Khuzestan_Province
• 
  Kuwait
  The State of Kuwait (, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab nation situated in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, and Iraq to the north. It lies on the northwestern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic "akwat", the plural of "kout", meaning fortress built near water. The emirate covers an area of 17,820 square kilometres (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 2.7 million.
  http://wn.com/Kuwait
• 
  Libya
  Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (  , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
  http://wn.com/Libya
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  Mecca
  Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
  http://wn.com/Mecca
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  Operation Opera
  :For the Yugoslav Wars operation see Operation Opera Orientalis.
  http://wn.com/Operation_Opera
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  Osirak
  Osirak, also spelled Osiraq, (French: Osirak; Iraqi: Tammuz 1, اوسيراك), was a French-supplied 40 MW light-water nuclear materials testing reactor (MTR) in Iraq. It was constructed by the Iraqi government at the Al Tuwaitha Nuclear Research Center, 18 km (11 miles) south-east of Baghdad in 1977. It was damaged by an Iranian air strike in 1980 during the Iran–Iraq War, then crippled by Israeli aircraft in 1981 in a surprise attack code-named Operation Opera, which was intended to prevent the regime of Saddam Hussein from using the reactor for the creation of nuclear weapons. In September 1975, then-Vice President Hussein had declared publicly that the acquisition of the French reactor was the first step in the production of an Arab atomic weapon. The facility was completely destroyed by American aircraft during the 1991 Gulf War, during the "Package Q" Airstrike.
  http://wn.com/Osirak
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  Persian Gulf
  The Persian Gulf, in Southwest Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Historically and commonly known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is also controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf (by the Arab nations on the Arab side of the gulf) or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, and Gulf of Basra by Turkey, although none of the latter three terms is recognized internationally.
  http://wn.com/Persian_Gulf
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  Saudi Arabia
  The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (), commonly known as Saudi Arabia, occasionally spelled '''Sa'udi Arabia''', is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately . The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The two mosques are Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Masjid Al-Nabawi (in Medina). The current kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State. Saudi Arabia's government takes the form of an Islamic absolute monarchy. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.
  http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia
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  Shatt al-Arab
  The Shatt al-Arab (, literally Coast/Beach of the Arabs), or the Arvand Rūd (, literally Arvand River), is a river in Southwest Asia of some 200 km (120 mi) in length, formed by the confluence of the Euphrates and the Tigris in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq. The southern end of the river constitutes the border between Iraq and Iran down to the mouth of the river as it discharges into the Persian Gulf. It varies in width from about at Basra to at its mouth. It is thought that the waterway formed relatively recently in geologic time, with the Tigris and Euphrates originally emptying into the Persian Gulf via a channel further to the west.
  http://wn.com/Shatt_al-Arab
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  Soviet Union
  The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
  http://wn.com/Soviet_Union
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  Syria
  Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
  http://wn.com/Syria
• Tehran
  Tehran (Persian: تهران Tehrān ), is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With a population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the 21st largest city in the world.
  http://wn.com/Tehran
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  Tikrit
  Tikrit (تكريت, Tikrīt also transliterated as Takrit or Tekrit) is a town in Iraq, located 140 km northwest of Baghdad on the Tigris river (at 34.61°N, 43.68°E). The town, with an estimated population in 2002 of about 260,000 is the administrative center of the Salah ad Din Governorate .
  http://wn.com/Tikrit
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  Turkey
  Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
  http://wn.com/Turkey
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  West Bank
  The West Bank (, , , ''HaGadah HaMa'aravit'') is a landlocked territory and is the eastern part of the Palestinian territories; on the west bank of the Jordan River in the Middle East. To the west, north, and south, the West Bank shares borders with the state of Israel. To the east, across the Jordan River, lies the country of Jordan. The West Bank also contains a significant coastline along the western bank of the Dead Sea. Since 1967, most of the West Bank has been under Israeli military occupation as what it calls the Judea and Samaria Area. A smaller part of the West Bank is administered by the Israeli civilian authorities as part of Jerusalem District.
  http://wn.com/West_Bank
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  West Germany
  West Germany () is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG () in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period, during which Germany and Berlin were divided, ended when communist East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the eleven states of the Federal Republic of Germany. The enlarged Federal Republic of Germany with sixteen states (known simply as "Germany") is thus the continuation of the pre-1990 Federal Republic of Germany, and not its successor.
  http://wn.com/West_Germany

• 1973 oil crisis
• Abd al-Karim Qasim
• Abdul Rahman Arif
• Abdul Salam Arif
• ad-Dawr
• Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr
• Ahmed Chalabi
• Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
• al-Anfal
• Al-Anfal Campaign
• Al-Arabiya
• Al-Awja
• al-Begat
• Al-Bu Nasir
• Ali Hassan al-Majid
• Allahu Akbar
• American forces
• Amman
• An Najaf
• Andrew Cockburn
• Anglo-Iraqi War
• anthrax
• Anwar Sadat
• April Glaspie
• Arab League
• Arab nationalism
• Arab socialism
• Arab world
• Arabic alphabet
• Arabic language
• Arabic name
• Assyrian people
• Attrition warfare
• Awad Hamed al-Bandar
• axis of evil
• Ayad Rahim
• Ba'ath Party
• Babel (newspaper)
• Baghdad
• Barzan Ibrahim
• BBC News
• Bedouin
• Beirut
• Bill Clinton
• biological warfare
• Blood Qur'an
• Cairo
• Camp Cropper
• Camp David accords
• CBS News
• Charles Pasqua
• chemical weapons
• CNN
• code name
• Crude oil
• Czechoslovakia
• Dan Rather
• death penalty
• Dujail
• economy of Iraq
• Egypt
• Eid al-Adha
• Euphrates
• European Union
• Faisal II of Iraq
• Fedayeen Saddam
• fifth column
• Fritz Edlinger
• Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Gaza Strip
• Geneva Convention
• genocide
• George H. W. Bush
• George Piro
• George W. Bush
• Golan Heights
• Governorates of Iraq
• guerrilla
• Gulf War
• Hafez al-Assad
• Hala Hussein
• Halabja
• hanging
• History of Iran
• Hosni Mubarak
• House of Saddam
• Human Rights Watch
• human wave
• iconoclasm
• imprisonment
• Iran
• Iranian Revolution
• Iran–Iraq War
• Iraq
• Iraq War
• Iraqi Airways
• Iraqi dinar
• Iraqi Government
• Iraqi Kurdistan
• Iraqi nationalism
• Iraqi Turkmen
• Iraqi TV
• Israel
• Jacques Chirac
• James Baker
• Jay Garner
• Jordan
• Kadhimiya
• Kamel Hana Gegeo
• Kenneth Kaunda
• Khairallah Talfah
• Khuzestan Province
• Kingdom of Iraq
• Kurdish clothing
• Kurdish people
• Kurds
• Kuwait
• L. Paul Bremer
• Leonid Brezhnev
• Libya
• Mandeans
• Margaret Thatcher
• Marsh Arabs
• Mecca
• Mehrabad Airport
• Mercedes-Benz
• Mikhail Gorbachev
• money laundering
• Mustapha Hussein
• mustard gas
• nerve agent
• nerve gas
• New York Times
• Nidal al-Hamdani
• northern Iraq
• nuclear weapons
• Oil for Food program
• OPEC
• Operation Opera
• Operation Red Dawn
• Operation Rockingham
• Osirak
• Palestine
• Patrick Cockburn
• patronymic
• Persian Gulf
• personality cult
• peshmerga
• playing cards
• Political faction
• President of Iraq
• progressivism
• Qur'an
• Qusai Hussein
• Qusay Hussein
• Raghad Hussein
• Rana Hussein
• regime
• Republic of Kuwait
• Riyadh Ibrahim
• Rolex
• Ronald Reagan
• Ruhollah Khomeini
• Sa'dun Hammadi
• Saddam (name)
• Saddam Beach
• Saddam Kamel
• Sajida Talfah
• Salah Omar Al-Ali
• Samira Shahbandar
• Saudi Arabia
• September 11 attacks
• Shabak people
• Shatt al-Arab
• Shi'a Islam
• Shi'a Muslim
• Shi'ite
• Sibling
• Socialist Worker
• Soviet Union
• SSO
• State of the Union
• Strongman (politics)
• Suez Crisis
• Sunni
• Sunni Islam
• Sunni Muslim
• Sura
• Suzanne Mubarak
• Syria
• Taha Yassin Ramadan
• Tariq Aziz
• Tehran
• The Boston Globe
• The Economist
• The First Post
• The New York Times
• The Sun (newspaper)
• Tikrit
• torture
• treason
• Turkey
• Uday Hussein
• United Nations
• Verso Books
• Vladimir Putin
• War rape
• West Bank
• West Germany
• Wolf Blitzer
• Yazidi
• Yevgeny Primakov

Sad, Claudio Filmography

• Wild Things: Diamonds in the Rough (2005)
• Ran Mesika (2004)
• Miss Miami (2002)
• Kill Zone (2002)
• Michael 'Mitch' Barerra (1998)
• Rave On (1998)
• The Birdcage (1996)
• Striptease (1996)
• The Substitute (1996)

• One of These Nights
• Fall From Grace
• The Black Parade
• Solitude
• Creatures Untold
• Street Spirit

• Sweet Loss
• Soul Scars
• Ignored
• Invocation of the Inner Spirit
• Destroy Them
• Dream Vortex
• Let Snow Cover the Earth
• In the End

• Forgotten Existence
• Chaos Returns
• Beyond the Great Suffering
• Afterdeath Punishment
• Silent Night, Pagan Night
• True Evil Lies in the Hearts of the Children
• Alone I Walk the Dark Paths
• Death Be My Redeemer

• Behind the Door
• Dawn
• Worthless Almighty
• Pain
• Verschlinger
• Dark
• Nothing

• Ähh!?...
• Himutruurig
• Sense (feat. Greis)
• Stand uff
• Immer no
• S'git schlimmers
• Und überhaupt! (feat. Link & Ram-C)
• Wirf dis Leba nid weg
• Spiel
• Grigor
• S'isch OK (feat. Raphi)
• Jealousy
• Dr Wärt vom Fähler
• Land im Füür
• Shrimps
• Hamsterstyle
• ...tschüss