Coordinates	23°33′″N46°38′″N
name	Sir Ian Kershaw
birth date	April 29, 1943
birth place	Oldham, United Kingdom
known for	For his studies in German social history, especially ''Alltagsgeschichte'' and for advancing the "Working Towards the Führer" concept.
occupation	Historian
nationality	British }}

Sir Ian Kershaw (born 29 April 1943, Oldham, Lancashire, England) is a British historian of 20th-century Germany whose work has chiefly focused on the period of the Third Reich. He is regarded by many as one of the world's leading experts on Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany and is particularly noted for his monumental biography of Hitler, which has been called "soberly objective."

He was the leading disciple of the late West German historian Martin Broszat, and (until his retirement) professor at the University of Sheffield. Kershaw has called Broszat an "inspirational mentor" who did much to shape his understanding of National Socialist Germany. Kershaw served as historical adviser on numerous BBC documentaries, notably ''The Nazis: A Warning From History'' and ''War of the Century''. He taught a module entitled 'Germans against Hitler'.

His wife Dame Betty Kershaw was a Dean at Sheffield.

Background

Kershaw was born into a working-class, Catholic family in Oldham, to parents Joseph Kershaw and Alice Robinson. He was educated at the local grammar school During his youth, he became fascinated with the early modern and medieval periods when England was Catholic. Educated at St Bede's College, Manchester, the University of Liverpool (BA) and Merton College, Oxford (D.Phil), Kershaw was originally trained as a medievalist but turned to the study of modern German social history in the 1970s. At first, Kershaw was mainly concerned with the economic history of Bolton Abbey. As a Lecturer in Medieval History at Manchester, Kershaw learned German to study the German peasantry in the Middle Ages. In 1972, Kershaw visited Bavaria and was shocked to hear the views of an old man he met in a Munich cafe who told him: "You English were so foolish. If only you had sided with us. Together we could have defeated Bolshevism and ruled the earth!", adding in for good measure that "The Jew is a louse!". Kershaw became keen to learn how and why ordinary people in Germany could support National Socialism as a result of this incident.

Bavaria Project

In 1975, Kershaw joined Martin Broszat's "Bavaria Project". During his work, Broszat encouraged Kershaw to examine how ordinary people viewed Hitler. As a result of his work in the 1970s on Broszat's "Bavaria Project" , Kershaw wrote his first book on the Third Reich, ''The 'Hitler Myth': Image and Reality in the Third Reich'' which was first published in German in 1980 as ''Der Hitler-Mythos: Volksmeinung und Propaganda im Dritten Reich''. This book examined the "Hitler cult" in Germany, how it was developed by Joseph Goebbels, what social groups the Hitler Myth appealed to and how it rose and fell.

Also arising from the "Bavaria Project" and Kershaw's work in the field of ''Alltagsgeschichte'' was ''Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich''. In this 1983 book, Kershaw examined the experience of the Third Reich at the grass-roots in Bavaria. Kershaw showed how ordinary people reacted to the Nazi dictatorship, looking at how people conformed to the regime and to the extent and limits of dissent. Kershaw described his subject as ordinary Bavarians, or as he referred to:

"the muddled majority, neither full-hearted Nazis nor outright opponents, whose attitudes at one and the same time betray signs of Nazi ideological penetration and yet show the clear limits of propaganda manipulation".

Kershaw went on to write in his preface:

"I should like to think that had I been around at the time I would have been a convinced anti-Nazi engaged in the underground resistance fight. However, I know really that I would have been as confused and felt as helpless as most of the people I am writing about".

Kershaw argued that Goebbels failed to create the ''Volksgemeinschaft'' (people's community) of Nazi propaganda, and that most Bavarians were far more interested in their day to day lives than in politics during the Third Reich. Kershaw concluded that the majority of Bavarians were either anti-Semitic or more commonly simply did not care about what was happening to the Jews. Kershaw also concluded that there was a fundamental difference between the anti-Semitism of the majority of ordinary people, who disliked Jews and were much colored by traditional Catholic prejudices, and the ideological and far more radical ''völkische'' anti-Semitism of the Nazi Party, who hated Jews. Kershaw found that the majority of Bavarians disapproved of the violence of ''Kristallnacht'' pogrom, and that despite the efforts of the Nazis, continued to maintain social relations with the members of the Bavarian Jewish community. Kershaw documented numerous campaigns on the part of the Nazi Party to increase anti-Semitic hatred, and noted that the overwhelming majority of anti-Semitic activities in Bavaria were the work of a small number of committed Nazi Party members. Overall, Kershaw noted that the popular mood towards Jews was indifference to their fate. Kershaw argued that during World War II, most Bavarians were vaguely aware of the Holocaust, but were vastly more concerned about and interested in the war than about the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question". Kershaw made the notable claim that:

"the road to Auschwitz was built by hate, but paved with indifference".

By this, Kershaw meant the progress leading up to Auschwitz was motivated by anti-Semitism of the most vicious kind held by the Nazi elite, but it took place in a context where the majority of German public opinion was completely indifferent to what was happening.

Kershaw’s assessment that most Bavarians, and by implication Germans were “indifferent” to the ''Shoah'' faced criticism from the Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka and the Canadian historian Michael Kater. Kater contended that Kershaw downplayed the extent of popular anti-Semitism, and that though admitting that most of the “spontaneous” anti-Semitic actions of Nazi Germany were staged, argued that because these actions involved substantial numbers of Germans, it is wrong to see the extreme anti-Semitism of the Nazis as coming solely from above. Kulka argued that most Germans were more anti-Semitic than Kershaw portrayed them in ''Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich'', and that rather than “indifference” argued that “passive complicity” would be a better term to describe the reaction of the German people to the ''Shoah''.

''The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation''

In 1985, Kershaw published a book on the historiography of Nazi Germany entitled ''The Nazi Dictatorship'', in which Kershaw reflected on the problems in historiography of the Nazi era. Kershaw noted the huge disparity of often incompatible views about the Third Reich such as the debate between:

those who see the Nazi period as the culmination of ''Deutschtum'' (Germanism), and Marxists who see National Socialism as the culmination of capitalism

those who argue for a ''Sonderweg'', and those who argue against the ''Sonderweg'' concept

those who see National Socialism as a type of totalitarianism, and those who see it as a type of fascism

those historians who favour a “functionalist” interpretation with the emphasis on the German bureaucracy and the Holocaust as an ''ad hoc'' process, and those who favour an “intentionist” interpretation with the focus on Hitler and the argument that the Holocaust had been something planned from early on in Hitler's political career. As Kershaw noted, these divergent interpretations such as the differences between the functionalist view of the Holocaust as caused by a process and the intentionist view of the Holocaust as caused by a plan are not easily reconciled, and that there was in his opinion the need for a guide to explain the complex historiography surrounding these issues. Likewise, if one accepts the Marxist view of National Socialism as the culmination of capitalism, then the Nazi phenomenon is universal, and fascism can come to power in any society where capitalism is the dominant economic system, whereas the view of National Socialism as the culmination of ''Deutschtum'' means that the Nazi phenomenon is local and particular only to Germany. For Kershaw, any historian writing about the period had to take account of the "historical-philosophical", "political-ideological" and moral problems associated with the period, which thus poses special challenges for the historian. In ''The Nazi Dictatorship'', Kershaw surveyed the historical literature, and offered his own assessment of the pros and cons of the various approaches. In a 2008 interview, Kershaw lists as his major intellectual influences Martin Broszat, Hans Mommsen, Alan Milward, Timothy Mason, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, William Carr and Jeremy Noakes. In the same interview, Kershaw expressed strong approval of Mason's "Primacy of Politics" concept against the orthodox Marxist "Primacy of Economics" concept, in which it was German Big Business who served the Nazi regime rather than the other way around. Despite his praise and admiration for Mason, in the 2000 edition of ''The Nazi Dictatorship'', Kershaw was highly sceptical of Mason's "Flight into War" theory of an economic crisis in 1939 forcing the Nazi regime into war.

In the ''Historikerstreit'' (Historians' Dispute) of 1986 to 1989, Kershaw followed Broszat in criticizing the work and views of Ernst Nolte, Andreas Hillgruber, Michael Stürmer, Joachim Fest and Klaus Hildebrand, all of whom Kershaw saw as German apologists attempting to white-wash the German past in various ways. In the 1989 edition of ''The Nazi Dictatorship'', Kershaw devoted an entire chapter towards rebutting the views of Nolte, Hillgruber, Fest, Hildebrand and Stürmer. In regard to the debate between those who regard National Socialism as a type of totalitarianism (and thus having more in common with the Soviet Union) versus those who regard Nazism as a type of fascism (and thus having more in common with Fascist Italy), Kershaw, though feeling that the totalitarianism approach is not without value, has argued that in essence, Nazism should be viewed as a type of fascism, albeit fascism of a very radical type. Writing of the ''Sonderweg'' debate, Kershaw finds the moderate ''Sonderweg'' approach of Jürgen Kocka the most satisfactory historical explanation for why the Third Reich occurred. In the 2000 edition of ''The Nazi Dictatorship'', Kershaw wrote he considered Gerhard Ritter's claim that one “madman” (i.e. Hitler) single-handedy caused World War II to that of a German apologist, and that he found the historical approach of Ritter’s arch-enemy Fritz Fischer to be a far better way of understanding German history. Along the same lines, Kershaw criticized as German apologetics the 1946 statement by the German historian Friedrich Meinecke that National Socialism was just a particularly unfortunate ''Betriebsunfall'' (industrial accident) of history.

In regards to the Nazi foreign policy debate between “globalists” such as Klaus Hildebrand, Andreas Hillgruber, Jochen Thies, Gunter Moltman and Gerhard Weinberg, who argue that Germany aimed at world conquest, and the "continentalists” such as Hugh Trevor-Roper, Eberhard Jäckel, and Axel Kuhn, who argue that Germany aimed only at the conquest of Europe, Kershaw tends towards the “continentalist” position. Kershaw agrees with the thesis that Hitler did formulate a programme for foreign policy centring around an alliance with Britain to achieve the destruction of the Soviet Union, but has argued that a British lack in interest doomed the project, thus leading to the situation in 1939, where Hitler went to war with Britain, the country he wanted as an ally, as an enemy, and the country he wanted as an enemy, the Soviet Union, as his ally. At the same time, Kershaw sees considerable merit in the work of such historians as Timothy Mason, Hans Mommsen, Martin Broszat and Wolfgang Schieder, who argue that Hitler had no “programme” in foreign policy, and instead contend that his foreign policy was simply a kneejerk reaction to domestic pressures in the economy and his need to maintain his popularity.

In regards to the historical debates about ''Widerstand'' (resistance) in German society, Kershaw has argued that there are two approaches to the question, one of which he calls the ''fundamentalist'' (dealing with those committed to overthrowing the Nazi regime) and the ''societal'' (dealing with forms of dissent in "everyday life"). In Kershaw's viewpoint, Broszat's ''Resistenz'' (immunity) concept works well in an ''Alltagsgeschichte'' approach, but works less well in the field of high politics, and moreover by focusing only on the "effect" of one's actions, fails to consider the crucial element of the "intention" behind one's actions. Kershaw has argued that the term ''Widerstand'' should be used only for those working for the total overthrow of the Nazi system, and those engaging in behavior which was counter to the regime's wishes without seeking to overthrow the regime should be included under the terms opposition and dissent, depending upon their motives and actions. In Kershaw's opinion, there were three bands ranging from dissent to opposition to resistance. Kershaw has used the Edelweiss Pirates as an example of whose behavior initially fell under dissent, and who advanced from there to opposition and finally to resistance. In Kershaw's view, there was much dissent and opposition within German society, but outside of the working-class, very little resistance. Though Kershaw has argued that the ''Resistenz'' concept has much merit, he concluded that the Nazi regime had a broad basis of support and it is correct to speak of "resistance without the people".

Regarding the debate in the late 1980s between Martin Broszat and Saul Friedländer over Broszat's call for the "historicization" of National Socialism, Kershaw wrote that he agreed with Friedländer that the Nazi period could not be treated as a "normal" period of history, but he felt that historians should approach the Nazi period as they would any other period of history. In support of Broszat, Kershaw wrote that an ''Alltagsgeschichte'' approach to German history, provided that it did not lose sight of Nazi crimes, had much to offer as a way of understanding how those crimes occurred. Kershaw wrote that he agreed with Eberhard Jäckel's assessment that ''Hitler's Willing Executioners'' was "simply a bad book". Through Kershaw had little positive to say about Goldhagen, he wrote that he felt that Norman Finkelstein had attacked Goldhagen in an over-the-top manner that did little to help historical understanding. However, Kershaw later went on to recommend Norman Finkelstein and Ruth Bettina Birn's extremely critical assessment of Goldhagen's book, A Nation on Trial; stating that "Finkelstein and Birn provide a devastating critique of Daniel Goldhagen's simplistic and misleading interpretation of the Holocaust. Their contribution to the debate is, in my view, indispensable."

Structuralist views

Like Broszat, Kershaw sees the structures of the Nazi state as far more important than the personality of Hitler (or any other individual for that matter) as explanation for the way Nazi Germany developed. In particular, Kershaw subscribes to the view argued by Broszat and the German historian Hans Mommsen that Nazi Germany was a chaotic collection of rival bureaucracies in perpetual power struggles with each other. In Kershaw's view, the Nazi dictatorship was not a totalitarian monolith, but rather comprised an unstable coalition of several blocs in a "power cartel" comprising the NSDAP, big business, the German state bureaucracy, the Army and SS/police agencies (and moreover, each of the “power blocs” in turn were divided into several factions). In Kershaw's opinion, the more "radical" blocs such as the SS/police and the Nazi Party gained increasing ascendency over the other blocs after the 1936 economic crisis, and then onwards increased their power at the expense of the other blocs.

left|150px|thumb|Adolf Hitler, topic of several books of KershawFor Kershaw, the real significance of Hitler lies not in the dictator himself, but rather in the German people's perception of him. In his biography of Hitler, Kershaw presented him as the ultimate “unperson”; a boring, pedestrian man devoid of even the “negative greatness” attributed to him by Joachim Fest. Kershaw has no time for the Great Man theory of history and has criticised those who seek to explain everything that happened in the Third Reich as the result of Hitler’s will and intentions. Kershaw has argued that it is absurd to seek to explain German history in the Nazi era solely through Hitler as Germany had sixty-eight million people during the Third Reich, and to seek to explain the fate of sixty-eight million people solely though the prism of one man is in Kershaw’s opinion a flawed position. Kershaw wrote about the problems of an excessive focus on Hitler that "...even the best biographies have seemed at times in danger of elevating Hitler's personal power to a level where the history of Germany between 1933 and 1945 becomes reduced to little more than an expression of the dictator's will". In his 2000 edition of ''The Nazi Dictatorship'', Kershaw quoted with approval the dismissive remarks made by the German historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler in 1980 about such theories. Wehler wrote:

"Does our understanding of National Socialist policies really depend on whether Hitler had only one testicle?...Perhaps the Führer had three, which made things difficult for him, who knows?...Even if Hitler could be regarded irrefutably as a sado-masochist, which scientific interest does that further?...Does the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" thus become more easily understandable or the "twisted road to Auschwitz" become the one-way street of a psychopath in power?".

Kershaw shares Wehler's opinion, that for besides for the problem that such theories about Hitler's medical condition were extremely difficult to prove, was that they had the effect of personalizing the phenomena of Nazi Germany by more or less attributing everything that happened in the Third Reich to one flawed individual.

Kershaw’s biography of Hitler is an examination of Hitler’s power; how he obtained it and how he maintained it. Following up on ideas that he had first introduced in a 1991 book about Hitler, Kershaw has argued that Hitler's leadership is a model example of Max Weber's theory of Charismatic leadership. Kershaw's 1991 book ''Hitler: A Profile in Power'' marked a change for Kershaw from writing about how people viewed Hitler to about Hitler himself. In his two-volume biography of Hitler published in 1998 and 2000, Kershaw stated "What I tried to do was to embed Hitler into the social and political context that I had already studied". Kershaw finds the picture of Hitler as a “mountebank” (opportunistic adventurer) in Alan Bullock's biography unsatisfactory, and Joachim Fest's quest to determine how "great" Hitler was senseless. In a wider sense, Kershaw sees the Nazi regime as part of a broader crisis which afflicted European society from 1914 to 1945. Through in disagreement with many of their claims (especially Nolte’s), Kershaw’s concept of a “Second Thirty Years’ War” reflects many similarities with Ernst Nolte, A. J. P. Taylor and Arno J. Mayer who have also advanced the concept of a “Thirty Years’ Crisis” to explain European history between 1914-1945.

In the Functionalism versus intentionalism debate, Kershaw has argued for a synthesis of the two schools, though Kershaw leans towards the functionalist school. Despite some disagreements, Kerhaw has called Mommsen a “good personal friend” and an “important further vital stimulus to my own work on Nazism". Kershaw has argued in his two-volume biography of Hitler that Hitler did play a decisive role in the development of policies of genocide, but also argued that many of the measures that led to the Holocaust were undertaken by many lower-ranking officials without direct orders from Hitler in the expectation that such steps would win them favour. Though Kershaw does not deny the radical anti-Semitism of the Nazis, he favors Mommsen’s view of the Holocaust being caused by the “culminative radicalization” of the Third Reich caused by the endless bureaucratic power struggles and a turn towards increasingly radical anti-Semitism within the Nazi elite. Despite his background in the functionalist historiography, Kershaw admits that his account of Hitler in World War II owes much to intentionalist historians like Gerhard Weinberg, Hugh Trevor-Roper, Lucy Dawidowicz and Eberhard Jäckel. Kershaw accepts the picture of Hitler drawn by intentionalist historians as a fanatical ideologue who was obsessed with Social Darwinism, ''völkisch'' anti-Semitism (in which the Jewish people were viewed as a "race" biologically different from the rest of humanity rather than a religion), militarism and the perceived need for ''Lebensraum''. However, in a 1992 essay, "'Improvised genocide?'", in which Kershaw traces how the ethnic cleansing campaign of ''Gauleiter'' Arthur Greiser in the Warthegau region annexed to Germany from Poland in 1939 led to a campaign of genocide by 1941, Kershaw argued that the process was indeed "improvised genocide" rather the fulfilment of a masterplan. Kershaw's views the Holocaust not as a plan as argued by the intentionists, but rather a process caused by the “culminative radicalization” of the Nazi state as articulated by the functionalists. Citing the work of the American historian Christopher Browning in his biography of Hitler, Kershaw argues that in the period 1939-41 the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" was a "territorial solution", that such plans as the Nisko Plan and Madagascar Plan were serious and only in the latter half of 1941 did the phrase "Final Solution" come to refer to genocide. This view of the Holocaust as a process rather than a plan is the antithesis of the extreme intentionist approach as advocated by Lucy Dawidowicz, who argue that Hitler had decided upon genocide as early as November 1918, and that everything he did from that time onwards was directed towards that goal.

In recent years Kershaw has come to form a thesis based on the ideas of both traditions of Nazi theory.

The "Working Towards the Führer" concept

Kershaw disagrees with Mommsen's "Weak Dictator" thesis: the idea that Hitler was a relatively unimportant player in the Third Reich. However, he has agreed with his idea that Hitler did not play much of a role in the day-to-day administration of Nazi Germany. Kershaw's way of explaining this paradox is his theory of "Working Towards the Führer", the phrase being taken from a 1934 speech by the Prussian civil servant Werner Willikens. Kershaw has argued that in Nazi Germany, officials of both the German state and Party bureaucracy usually took the initiative in beginning policy to meet Hitler's perceived wishes, or alternatively attempted to turn into policy Hitler’s often loosely and indistinctly phrased wishes. Though Kershaw does agree that Hitler possessed the powers that the "Master of the Third Reich" thesis championed by Norman Rich and Karl Dietrich Bracher would suggest, Kershaw has argued that Hitler was a "Lazy Dictator"; an indifferent dictator who really did not have the interest to involve himself much in the daily running of Nazi Germany. The only exceptions were the areas of foreign policy and military decisions, both areas that Hitler increasingly involved himself in from the late 1930s.

In a 1993 essay entitled "'Working Towards the Führer'", Kershaw argued that the German and Soviet dictatorships had more differences than similarities. Kershaw argued that Hitler was a very unbureaucratic leader who was highly averse to paper work in marked contrast to Stalin. Likewise, Kershaw argued that Stalin was highly involved in the running of the Soviet Union in contrast to Hitler whose involvement in the day to day decision making was limited, infrequent and capricious. Kershaw argued that the Soviet regime, despite all of its extreme brutality and utter ruthlessness was basically rational in its goal of seeking to modernize a backward country and had no equivalent of the "cumulative radicalization" towards increasing irrational goals that Kershaw sees as marking Nazi Germany. In Kershaw's opinion, Stalin's power corresponded to Weber's category of bureaucratic authority whereas Hitler's power corresponded to Weber's category of charismatic authority. In Kershaw's view, what happened in Germany after 1933 was the imposition of Hitler's charismatic authority on top of the "legal-rational" authority system that had existed prior to 1933, leading to a gradual breakdown of any system of ordered authority in Germany. Kershaw argues that by 1938, the German state had been reduced to a hopeless, polycratic shambles of rival agencies all competing with each other to win Hitler's favor, which by that time had become the only source of political legitimacy. Kershaw sees this rivalry as causing the "cumulative radicalization" of Germany, and argues that though Hitler always favored the most radical solution to any problem, it was German officials themselves in attempting to win the Führer's approval who for the most part carried out on their own initiative increasingly "radical" solutions to perceived problems like the "Jewish Question" as opposed to being ordered to do so by Hitler. In this, Kershaw largely agrees with Mommsen's portrait of Hitler as a distant and remote leader standing in many ways above his own system, whose charisma and ideas served to set the general tone of politics. As an example of how Hitler's power functioned in practice, Kershaw used Hitler's directive to the ''Gauleiters'' Albert Forster and Arthur Greiser to "Germanize" the part of north-western Poland annexed to Germany in 1939 within the next 10 years with his promise that "no questions would be asked" about how this would be done. As Kershaw notes, the completely different ways Forster and Greiser sought to "Germanize" their ''Gaue'' with Forster simply having the local Polish population in his ''Gau'' signing forms saying they had "German blood" and Greiser carrying out a program of brutal ethnic cleansing of Poles in his ''Gau'' showed both how Hitler set events in motion, and how his ''Gauleiters'' could carry out totally different policies in pursuit of what they believed to be Hitler's wishes.

The Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka has praised the concept of “working towards the Führer” as the best way of understanding how the Holocaust occurred, combining the best features, and avoiding the weaknesses of both the “functionalist” and “intentionalist” methods. Kulka argued that Kershaw demonstrated both Hitler’s central role in the “Final Solution” and why there was no need for any order from Hitler for the Holocaust, as the progress that led to the ''Shoah'' were “worked out” toward the Führer by almost everyone in Germany.

Thus, for Kershaw Nazi Germany was both a monocracy (rule of one) and polycracy (rule of many). Hitler held absolute power but did not choose to exercise it very much; the rival fiefdoms of the Nazi state fought each other and attempted to carry out Hitler's vaguely worded wishes and dimly defined orders by "Working Towards the Führer".

Honours and memberships

Fellow of the British Academy

Co-Winner of the British Academy Book Prize, 2001

Fellow of the Royal Historical Society

Member of the Historical Association

Fellow of the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin 2002, Knighthood for Services to History 2004 A collection of scholarly essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw was published.

2005 Elizabeth Longford Prize for Historical Biography for ''Making Friends with Hitler: Lord Londonderry, the Nazis, and the Road to War''

Published work

'' Bolton Priory Rentals and Ministers; Accounts, 1473–1539'', (ed.) (Leeds, 1969)

''Bolton Priory. The Economy of a Northern Monastery'', (Oxford, 1973).

"The Persecution of the Jews and German Popular Opinion in the Third Reich" pages 261-289 from ''Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute'', Volume 26, 1981.

''Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich. Bavaria, 1933–45'', (Oxford, 1983, rev. 2002), ISBN 0198219229

''The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation'', (London, 1985, 4th ed., 2000) ISBN 0-340-76028-1

''The 'Hitler Myth'. Image and Reality in the Third Reich'' (Oxford, 1987, rev. 2001). ISBN 0-19-280206-2

''Weimar. Why did German Democracy Fail?'', (ed.) (London, 1990) ISBN 0-312-04470-4

''Hitler: A Profile in Power'', (London, 1991, rev. 2001)

"'Improvised genocide?' The Emergence of the 'Final Solution' in the 'Wargenthau" pages 51–78 from ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'', Volume 2, December 1992.

"Working Towards the Führer: Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pages 103-118 from ''Contemporary European History'', Volume 2, Issue #2, 1993; reprinted on pages 231-252 from ''The Third Reich'' edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999, ISBN 0631207007.

''Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison'', (ed. with Moshe Lewin) (Cambridge, 1997) ISBN 0-521-56521-9

''Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris'', (London, 1998) ISBN 0-393-32035-9

''Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis'', (London, 2000) ISBN 0-393-32252-1

''The Bolton Priory Compotus 1286-1325'' (ed. with David Smith) (London, 2001)

''Making Friends with Hitler: Lord Londonderry and the British Road to War'', (London, 2004) ISBN 0-7139-9717-6

“Europe's Second Thirty Years War” pages 10–17 from ''History Today'', Volume 55, Issue # 9, September 2005

''Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940-1941'' (London, 2007) ISBN 1-5942-0123-4

''Hitler, The Germans, and the Final Solution'' (Yale, 2008) ISBN 0-3001-2427-9

''Hitler'' (one-volume abridgment of ''Hitler 1889–1936'' and ''Hitler 1936–1945''; London, 2008) ISBN 1846140692

''Luck of the Devil The Story of Operation Valkyrie'', (London: Penguin Books, 2009), ISBN 0141040068

''The End: Hitler's Germany'', 1944-45, (Allen Lane, 2011), ISBN 0713997168

Endnotes

References

''Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw'', edited by Anthony McElligott and Tim Kirk, Manchester University Press, 2003, ISBN 0719067324.

Lukacs, John ''The Hitler of History'', New York : Vintage Books, 1998, 1997, ISBN 0375701133.

Marrus, Michael ''The Holocaust in History'', Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1987, ISBN 0886191556.

Snowman, Daniel "Ian Kershaw" pages 18–20 from ''History Today'' Volume 51, Issue 7, July 2001.

External links

On Kershaw

Ian Kershaw's website at the University of Sheffield

The Road to Destruction, Richard Gott on ''Hitler: Nemesis''

Sir Ian Kershaw: Dissecting Hitler

Review of Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris

Review of Making Friends With Hitler Lord Londonderry and Britain’s Road to War

Haaretz">The Germans Are Coming, Haaretz

Review of Fateful Choices by Gerhard Weinberg.

Kershaw Interviewed

Interview with Ian Kershaw on the Penguin website

Interview with Ian Kershaw

Interview with Kershaw

Interview with Ian Kershaw

By Kershaw

Beware the Moral High Ground

Review of Hitler's Library

See also

List of Adolf Hitler books

Saul Friedländer

Daniel Goldhagen

Category:English historians Category:English Roman Catholics Category:Historians of Nazism Category:Academics of the University of Nottingham Category:People from Oldham Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:Academics of the University of Sheffield Category:Honorary Fellows of Merton College, Oxford Category:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford Category:Old Bedians Category:Fellows of the British Academy Category:Fellows of the Royal Historical Society Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Historians of Germany

de:Ian Kershaw el:Ίαν Κέρσοου es:Ian Kershaw fr:Ian Kershaw fy:Ian Kershaw id:Ian Kershaw it:Ian Kershaw he:איאן קרשו la:Ian Kershaw nl:Ian Kershaw ja:イアン・カーショー no:Ian Kershaw pl:Ian Kershaw pt:Ian Kershaw fi:Ian Kershaw sv:Ian Kershaw

Kenan Malik (born 1960) is an Indian-born English writer, lecturer and broadcaster, trained in neurobiology and the history of science. As a scientific author, his focus is on the philosophy of biology, and contemporary theories of multiculturalism, pluralism and race. These topics are core concerns in ''The Meaning of Race'' (1996), ''Man, Beast and Zombie'' (2000) and ''Strange Fruit: Why both sides are wrong in the race debate'' (2008).

His work contains a forthright defence of the values of the 18th-century Enlightenment, which he sees as having been distorted and misunderstood in more recent political and scientific thought.

Career

Malik was born in India and brought up in Manchester, England. He studied neurobiology at the University of Sussex and History of Science at Imperial College, London. In between, he was a research psychologist at the Centre for Research into Perception and Cognition (CRPC) at the University of Sussex.

He has given lectures or seminars at a number of universities, including University of Cambridge (Department of Biological Anthropology); University of Oxford (St. Anthony's College and the Department for Continuing Education); the Institute of Historical Research, London; Goldsmiths College, University of London (Department of Social Anthropology); University of Liverpool (Department of Politics); Nottingham Trent University; University of Newcastle (Department of Social Policy and Sociology); University of Oslo; and the European University, Florence. In 2003, he was a visiting fellow at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He is currently Senior Visiting Fellow at the University of Surrey.

As well as being a presenter of ''Analysis'' on BBC Radio 4, he has also presented ''Night Waves'', Radio 3’s Arts and Ideas magazine. Malik has written and presented a number of TV documentaries, including ''Disunited Kingdom'' (2003), ''Are Muslims Hated'' (which was shortlisted for the Index on Censorship Freedom of Expression award, in 2005), ''Let 'Em All In'' (2005) and ''Britain's Tribal Tensions'' (2006).

He has written for many newspapers and magazines, including ''The Guardian'', ''Financial Times'', ''The Independent'', ''Independent on Sunday'', ''Sunday Times'', ''Sunday Telegraph'', ''New Statesman'', ''Prospect'', ''TLS'', ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'', ''Nature'', ''Rising East'', and ''Göteborgs-Posten''. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

Politics

Malik has long campaigned for equal rights, freedom of expression, and a secular society, and in defence of rationalism and humanism in the face of what he has called "a growing culture of irrationalism, mysticism and misanthropy".

In the 1980s, he was associated with a number of Marxist organisations, including the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP), and Big Flame. He was also involved with anti-racist campaigns including the Anti-Nazi League and East London Workers Against Racism. He helped organise street patrols in East London to protect Asian families against racist attacks and was a leading member of a number of campaigns against deportations and police brutality including the Newham 7 campaign, the Afia Begum Campaign Against Deportations, and the Colin Roach Campaign.

Malik has written that the turning point in his relationship with the left came with the Salman Rushdie affair. Much of his political campaigning over the past decade has been in defence of free speech, secularism and scientific rationalism. Malik was one of the first left-wing critics of multiculturalism, has controversially opposed restrictions on hate speech, supported open door policies on immigration, opposed the notion of animal rights in a series of debates with Peter Singer and Richard Ryder, and spoken out in defence of animal experimentation.

Malik wrote for the RCP's magazine ''Living Marxism'', later ''LM''. Although the RCP has since disbanded, Malik has written for later incarnations of ''LM'', and for its on-line successor, the British web magazine ''Spiked''.

Areas of academic interest

Malik's main areas of academic interest are philosophy of biology and philosophy of mind, scientific method and epistemology, theories of human nature, science policy, bioethics, political philosophy, the history, philosophy and sociology of race, and the history of ideas.

To date, he has published four books, ''The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society'' and ''Man, Beast and Zombie: What Science Can and Cannot Tell Us About Human Nature'', ''Strange Fruit: Why Both Sides are Wrong in the Race Debate'' and ''From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and its Legacy''.

Books

''The Meaning of Race''

''The Meaning of Race'' examines the historical development, and philosophical and political roots, of the idea of race. It also explores the relationship between the idea of race and contemporary theories of multiculturalism and pluralism.

Malik argues that racial discourse and theories of racial difference arose in opposition to the universalist ideas of the Enlightenment, and gained their plausibility from "the persistence of differences of rank, class and peoples in a society that had accepted the concept of equality." (page 70) As the nineteenth century unfolded, the politically dominant classes appropriated science (particularly evolutionary theory) to support the idea of a natural order underlying social and economic inequalities, though nothing about the dynamic of science itself necessitated racial conclusions. Thus, "the discourse of race did not arise out of the categories of Enlightenment discourse but out of the relationship between Enlightenment thought and the social organisation of capitalism." (page 225)

The idea of race applied initially to class differences within European society, but was later applied to differences between Europeans and others, "and hence became marked by colour differences." (p. 8) In the twentieth century, racial theory was largely discredited by its association with Nazism, and the word "racism" entered the political vocabulary as a term of criticism, but the defeat of the Nazis led only to a recasting, not the destruction, of a belief in immutable differences among groups of human beings. This belief has been transferred to contemporary notions of culture.

As depicted by Malik, twentieth-century anthropological thought mistakenly divided humanity into integrated, holistic cultures that must be understood as static; such cultures must not be tampered with, since the nature of their harmonious functioning requires that they must "survive intact." (page 156). Malik sees this tendency in anthropology as another expression, along with the idea of race, of "a particularist, relativist, and anti-humanist philosophy" that has rejected Enlightenment universalism. (page 7) He opposes the "politics of difference" — the identification of competing social groups based on shared history and a sense of identity — believing it sets back the struggle for political and economic equality. The final chapters of ''The Meaning of Race'' contain a critique of postmodernist and poststructuralist theories, including the views of Edward Said. Here, Malik argues that such theories misinterpret the relationship between the West and other cultures, and are detrimental to the possibility of social equality. In its essence, Malik argues, postmodernism is defeatist — it is prepared to accept a place for marginalised groups within society without demanding true equality.

''Man, Beast and Zombie''

''Man, Beast and Zombie'' investigates the historical roots, philosophical assumptions and alleged methodological problems of contemporary theories of human nature, in particular evolutionary psychology and cognitive science. He argues that, "The triumph of mechanistic explanations of human nature is as much the consequence of our culture's loss of nerve as it is of scientific advance." (pages 13–14) While rejecting epistemic relativism, with its denial of an objective truth about the world, Malik insists that scientific theories of human nature are, in practice, shaped by cultural influences, as well as being responsive to data. He argues that the scientific study of human nature has been distorted by post-war cultural pessimism. In examining evolutionary psychology and related theories, Malik distinguishes between these theories, which he sees as a form of universal Darwinism (attributing explanatory power to Darwinian theory in a wide range of domains), and the work of "circumspect Darwinists" (who are cautious about its explanatory power) (197).

Though Malik sees human beings as a product of evolution, and that universal Darwinist theories have merit when applied to non-human animals — and perhaps ''some'' merit when applied to human behaviour — he is sceptical about how far they can be applied to human beings. In particular, theories of a biologically-evolved human nature cannot, alone, account for the transformations of behaviour that arose from our immersion in a symbolic world built up out of language and culturally-meaningful relationships. Thus, "the scientific tools with which we investigate animal behaviour are inadequate for understanding human behaviour" (p. 231).

In discussing cognitive science and philosophy of mind, Malik concludes that each human being possesses "an ''extended'' mind"; a brain becomes a human mind only by its immersion in social relationships together with "other brains linked by language and culture." (p. 331) Human meaning derives not from nature but from the language-linked social network of which we are part." (p. 334) If we did succeed in creating a machine capable of participating in a human society like a human being, it would be human (334-35).

In the final chapter of ''Man, Beast and Zombie'', Malik laments what he sees as an increasing reluctance to view individual people as autonomous, rational, and competent agents, and a tendency to view them as damaged, weak, incapable, and possessing limited control over their fates. All this has both encouraged and been reinforced by what Malik sees as mechanistic accounts of human nature. It has been accompanied by a shift of emphasis from negative liberty to positive liberties and paternalistic protections, and by an acceptance of limits to human possibilities and a deference to "nature" — all in marked contrast to the spirit of Enlightenment humanism.

''Strange Fruit''

''Strange Fruit: Why both sides are wrong in the race debate'' (Oneworld, 2008) is a book focusing on the anti-enlightenment dichotomy of racial science and anti-racism and critiques both. Malik argues that racial scientists should be allowed to express their views publicly and be critiqued in the public domain, while also criticizing censorship from traditional anti-racist organisations. Most of the book focuses on science and race and whether race can tell us anything about humans, he argues for a third way. He argues that 'race' may be a poor man's clue to many things like genetic disease in populations, but this does not have anything to do with 'race' by itself, he argues 'race' may be an obvious indicator of populations of genetics within multi-ethnic countries, but it is not exclusive to 'races' as a whole. The book also critiques multicultural paradigms about identity and cultural inheritance. Malik concludes that 'race' is not a biological concept and is useless as a way to separate people and he says that it is not just ignorant racial scientists that perpetuate this myth, it is anti-racists too.

''From Fatwa To Jihad: The Rushdie Affair And Its Legacy''

''From Fatwa To Jihad'' is his latest book, released to coincide with the 20th anniversary of the Fatwa place on Rushdie. In his analysis Malik documents the events surrounding the Bradford protests, the Fatwa, the riots in India and the government and media response. Malik also explores the life of immigration from the Indian subcontinent to Britain and how that has shaped modern British-Asian identity. He also documents and critiques the rise of state multiculturalism and the long term effects on cities like Birmingham. Coupled with an analysis of the culture of self-censorship and fear of today's media, the book neatly ties up a wide range of subjects into an account of how and why the shadow of the Fatwa still hangs over us.

Current affiliations

Dr. Malik is a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association and a trustee of the free-speech magazine ''Index on Censorship''.

References

Bibliography

''The Meaning of Race: Race, History and Culture in Western Society'', Palgrave / New York University Press, 1996

''Man, Beast and Zombie: What Science Can and Cannot Tell Us About Human Nature'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson 2000 / Rutgers University Press, 2002

''Strange Fruit: Why both sides are wrong in the race debate'', Oneworld, 2008.

''From Fatwa To Jihad: The Rushdie Affair And Its Legacy'', Atlantic Books, 2009.

External links

Personal website

"Bad bargain made in the mosque" by Kenan Malik, ''The Times'', July 6, 2006

"The Colour-Coded Prescription", transcript, presenter Kenan Malik, ''Analysis'', BBC, November 17, 2005

Globe of the World, transcript, presenter Kenan Malik, ''Analysis'', BBC, March 16, 2006

"What hate?, Muslims believe they are under attack from all sides. But racial abuse is being exaggerated to stifle critics of Islam" by Kenan Malik, ''The Guardian'', January 7, 2005

"Multiculturalism and the road to terror", essay by Kenan Malik, ''Handelsblatt'', January 3, 2006, published at kenanmalik.com

Islamophobia myth, essay by Kenan Malik, ''Prospect Magazine'', February 2005, published at communautarisme.net

"Too much respect: Liberals argue that a more diverse society requires less diverse opinion. Nonsense", essay by Kenan Malik, ''Prospect Magazine'', March 23, 2006, published at freethinktank.com

"What is it to be human?", Talk given as part of a debate with Susan Blackmore entitled 'Flesh not Meat: Are we more than matter?' at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, 5 December 2000

Video (and audio) of interview/discussion with Kenan Malik by Kerry Howley on Bloggingheads.tv

Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex Category:Alumni of Imperial College London Category:Academics of the University of Sussex Category:BBC radio presenters Category:British writers of Indian descent Category:English writers Category:English journalists Category:English humanists Category:English atheists Category:English people of Indian descent Category:English neuroscientists Category:English activists Category:English broadcasters Category:English philosophers Category:English radio presenters Category:Historians of science Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom Category:Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978) members Category:Science journalists

de:Kenan Malik nl:Kenan Malik

Coordinates	23°33′″N46°38′″N
birth name	Simon Rimmer
birth date	May 05, 1963
birth place	Wallasey, Merseyside
occupation	Celebrity Chef
yearsactive	1990–present }}

Simon Rimmer (born 5 May 1963) is the resident chef on BBC2's ''Something for the Weekend'', which first aired on Sunday 8 October 2006, and is also the face of cooking video website, Eat The Chef. He is married with two children.

Despite not being a vegetarian himself, Rimmer founded Greens, a vegetarian restaurant in West Didsbury (Manchester) in 1990. Two years later, ''The Guardian'' described Greens as one of the most exciting new restaurants in UK, and it has gone on to win several awards, including ''The Big Issue'''s Restaurant of the Year, and most recently North-west Restaurant of the Year.

His television career began with Granada Breeze, hosting shows such as ''Livetime'' and ''Battle of the Chefs''. However, he has also appeared regularly on programmes including ''This Morning'', ''Granada Tonight'', ''A Taste for Travel'', ''Lunchtime Live'' and ''The Afternoon Show'', Gloria’s Open House – Channel 5, ''Xchange'' for CBBC and a spot of co-presenting on UKTV's Great Food Live and BBC1's To Buy or Not to Buy. Simon presented This Little Farmer for BBC One and ''Making a Meal of It'', also for BBC Two. Simon continues to co-present Something for the Weekend.

He was the mentor on the Channel 5 programme ''Breaking Into Tesco'', a show where people competed to get their food products sold by Tesco.

His first book, ''The Accidental'' (about the Gene song of the same name), was published in October 2004. His second book, ''The Rebel Cook'', was published in October 2006. His third book came out in spring 2008, it was co-written with Tim Lovejoy entitled ''Lazy Brunch'', which is based on the feature in ''Something from the Weekend''. In spring 2009, Mitchell Beazley published his fourth book, 'The Seasoned Vegetarian'.

Simon has a degree in fashion and textile design.

Simon opened his second restaurant Earle in Hale, Cheshire in October 2006, this time for meat-eaters. It has been a success, named top celebrity restaurant to eat at in the ''Observer Food Monthly''.

Simon supports Liverpool Football Club, but also has an in depth knowledge of the history of Tranmere Rovers, which he chose as his specialist subject on the BBC quiz ''Mastermind'' in January.

References

External links

Greens Restaurant

Earle Restaurant

Eat The Chef - Video Recipes by Simon and others

Simon Rimmer recipes

Category:1963 births Category:Living people Category:British chefs Category:British television chefs

Coordinates	23°33′″N46°38′″N
Name	Lolly Pop (nee Brooke Aldridge)
Background	solo_singer
Genre	Electro Pop, Synth Pop, Electro Punk, Dance-Pop, Disco
Occupation	Vocalist, Songwriter, Producer
Instrument	Vocals, Bass, Synthesizer
Years active	2001–present
Labels	Ninthwave Records, Modo Disco, Sursumcorda
Website	Official site }}

Lolly Pop is the stage personae of U.S. vocalist/songwriter Brooke Aldridge, as directed by British composer John Matthews (aka Ricardo Autobahn) and Minneapolis songwriter/producers Monte Moir (The Time) and Doctor Fink (Prince & The Revolution).

Biography

The grand-daughter of Storz Broadcasting program director and Top 40 personality Jim "Grahame Crackers" Richards, Aldridge was born to Dr. Kimberly Richards in Springfield, Massachusetts on May 20, 1975. She was raised between the United States and Zimbabwe, Africa and was a Top of the Pops addict who scoured TM Supermarkets as well as Meikles department stores for hits. Her first 7" purchase was Big In Japan by Alphaville.

In 1994, Aldridge left Harare, Zimbabwe for Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA, where she received breaks as a backing vocalist for local acts CXR, Chuck Zwicky, Jazz-Noise-Improv group Brown Rainbow, All The Pretty Horses and fronted the band Burning Shakespeare. She designed web banners for Adam Ant bassist Chris De Niro, had a stint as a dancer with the Lords of Acid, recorded with members of The Suburbs and appeared in the Prince & NPG "Get Wild" video. Following a studio internship with NPG keyboardist Morris Hayes and IPR founder Jack Robinson , she studied music business as a Twin/Tone Records office intern. Post Twin/Tone, Pop formed TELEPHONE!- an Electro-Clash trio that caught the attention of Monte Moir and Doctor Fink. She spent 2004 working as a demo singer for Fink as well as touring the East Coast to promote the TC Electropunk compilation series TELEPHONE! appeared on .

During 2005, Lolly Pop & The Couture Club emerged. In 2006, with the help of John Matthews, Moir, Fink as well as author Matthew Chojnacki, the band pressed their first release. The Glamorous '06 tour- which featured Moir as band leader in an "Electro Pop Operetta"- opened with a warm-up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on November 14. A retro-now nod to Adam Ant and Sheila E., the tour was built around Pop's eponymous album, which consisted of a Cinderella-like story line with a cast of charectures . The tour moved to Cleveland, Ohio, Boston, Massachusetts, New York, New York, Indianapolis, Indiana, and closed in Minneapolis. In February 2007, the record was released by U.K. label Modo Disco; in the U.S., it remained on I-tunes and various digital outlets. The Elevator Operator maxi single followed, along with a video remix by Billboard reporting DJ Danny Morris, which was distributed by Rockamerica . The song infiltrated DJ decks at WMC, where Pop appeared in-person to promote. Elevator Operator also surfaced on the soundtrack of the 2007 film Loveless In Los Angeles.

In 2008, Pop/Aldridge penned Looking 4 The KLF, and assembled what would become quad-continental remix group POP INC with Matthews, vocalist Neil Schultz as well as German act Symphono. With a cameo from BBC actor Simon Jones and support from KLF Communications, POP INC released Looking 4 The KLF independently June 23, 2009. Thanks to Billboard reporting DJ Ron Slomowicz, the Ricardo Autobahn remix earned 'Song Of The Day' on DanceMusicAbout.com . An early version of the video- edited by Danny Morris- was picked up by Promo Only, Rockamerica, as well England's NME. Shortly after, Looking 4 The KLF hit #5 on the UK's WMR chart and was re-released on the Ninthwave Records compilation Synthetic Dance Music Volume Two. POP INC have teamed up with Trans-X for a second single- Video Killed The Radio Star: Radio's Revenge- while finishing up their freshman LP.

Lolly Pop last surfaced on KSTP/ABC TV Channel 5 on January 12, 2010

Charitable efforts

Pop worked extensively with the Minnesota 501-C3 Rock The Cause from 2008–2009; organized RELIEF 2: Electro Boogaloo to benefit survivors of Hurricane Katrina in 2005; founded the "Music For Charity" program, donating 30% of her 2004/05 touring profits to The Salvation Army, Second Harvest Heartland, Bridge For Runaway Youth, Amnesty International, United Way and Planned Parenthood. With the help of First Avenue night club, Pop coordinated as well as performed in "Girlfest 2004" to support the Harriet Tubman Organization.

Discography and Credits

2011

LINGERIE Maxi Single(in Production)

POP INC- LP (in Production)

POP INC- Boulevard of Broken Dreams Video and E.P. in Production

2010

POP INC vs. SYMPHONO- Looking 4 The KLF Single, Ninthwave Records, August 2010

POP INC f. TRANS-X- Video Killed The Radio Star Maxi Single, Ninthwave Records (in Production)

POP INC- L.P. (in Production)

2009

TC ELECTROPUNK VOLUME 5 (song: "Disenchanted"- November 2009)

POP INC- LOOKING 4 THE KLF (video- August 2009) Rockamerica/Promo Only

POP INC- Looking 4 The KLF (download card/maxi single- July 2009) Modo Disco (UK)

POP INC- Looking 4 The KLF (video- original edit- June 2009) Modo Disco (UK)

2007

LOLLY POP- Elevator Operator (Danny Morris remix video- June, 2007) Rockamerica LOLLY POP- Elevator Operator (promo only static package maxi-single) - March, 2007) Modo Disco (UK) LOLLY POP- Elevator Operator (digital maxi single- April, 2007) Modo Disco (UK) LOLLY POP- Elevator Operator (original video- February, 2007) Modo Disco (UK) LOLLY POP (self-titled solo debut- Feb, 2007) Modo Disco (UK)

2006

LOLLY POP

THE CUBAN BOYS- Satellite Junkyard (song: "Claudine In Blue", 2006)

THE CUBAN BOYS- BBC Radio [live] (song: "Walking In The Air", 2006)

2005

TC ELECTROPUNK VOLUME 2 (song: "Elevator Operator", 2005)

SUNNY SMACK - Mezzanine Girls (song: "Mezzanine", 2005)

2004

TC ELECTROPUNK VOLUME 1 (song: "Life on Hold")

DORY/1DJ - 8Bits (song: "Encore")

2003

TELEPHONE! - *69 EP (leads and songwriting)

CHUCK LOVE - Continuous (song: "Perfect")

2002

BURNING SHAKESPEARE- No Juliet EP (leads and songwriting)

BROWN RAINBOWS - Underground Soundtracks (various tracks)

TELEPHONE!- Love... EP (leads and songwriting)

2001

STATION9 - Chrome EP (leads and songwriting) (Sursumcorda Records)

THOUSAND VOID CRUSH f. STATION9- Radio Free (song: "Radio Free") (Sursumcorda Records)

References

01 > Time Magazine, June 4, 1956

02 > Trimont Sentinel, August 14, 2007

03 > Adam-Ant.net- November 1999 Chris De Niro Interview

04 > Synthtopia Instructional- Morris Hayes, April 4, 2009

05 > IPR Newswire, November 10, 2009

06 > Minnesota Monthly Magazine, June 2007

07 > TC Electropunk.com Archive

08 > Lavender Magazine, June 2007

09 > Modo Disco Official Site

10 > Import Sound & Vision- Danny Morris Published Biography

11 > Rockamerica Inc. Published Play list, June 2007

12 > IMDB, 2007

13 > About.com/DanceMusicAbout.com, June 10, 2009

14 > Rockamerica Inc. Published Play List, August, 2009

15 > NME.com, Videos

16 > Ninthwave Records Artist entry on POP INC

17 > KSTP/ABC Channel 5- Twin Cities Live, Body Guarding/Lolly Pop cameo.

Additional articles scanned for cross reference:

City Pages Magazine, February 14, 2007

Rift Magazine, February 2007

Star Tribune, February 9, 2007

St. Paul Pioneer Press July 27, 2006

Rift Magazine, November 2005

Star Tribune, March 18, 2005

City Pages, May 25, 2005

Stone Roller Magazine, May 2004

External links

Official site

Category:Living people Category:American pop singers Category:1975 births