Name | Standard Hindi |
---|---|
Nativename | Mānak Hindī |
Imagecaption | The word "Hindi" in Devanagari script |
Familycolor | Indo-European |
States | India, Mauritius and significant communities in USA, UK, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Singapore, United Arab Emirates, Australia, Myanmar, Canada, Nepal, Afghanistan, South Africa, Uganda, New Zealand |
Speakers | 180 million native in 1991 |
Fam2 | Indo-Iranian |
Fam3 | Indo-Aryan |
Fam4 | Central zone |
Fam5 | Western Hindi |
Fam6 | Khariboli |
Fam7 | Hindustani |
Script | Devanagari |
Nation | |
Agency | Central Hindi Directorate (India) |
Iso1 | hi |
Iso2 | hin |
Linglist | hin-hin |
Lingua | 59-AAF-q (with Urdu,including 58 varieties: 59-AAF-qaa to 59-AAF-qil) |
Notice | Indic}} |
Modern Hindi is mutually intelligible with the alternative register of the Hindustani language called Urdu. Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts which rely on educated vocabulary. Because of religious nationalism since the partition of British India and continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert them to be completely distinct languages, despite the fact that they generally cannot tell the colloquial languages apart. The combined population of Hindi and Urdu speakers is the fourth largest in the world. However, the number of native speakers of Standard Hindi is still ambiguous. According to the 2001 Indian census, 258 million people in India regarded their native language to be "Hindi". However, this includes large numbers of speakers of Hindi dialects besides Standard Hindi; as of 2009, the best figure Ethnologue could find for Khariboli Hindi was a dated 1991 figure of 180 million. Hindi is also enumerated as one of the twenty-two languages of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, which entitles it to representation on the Official Language Commission. The Constitution of India has stipulated the usage of Hindi and English to be the two languages of communication for the Central Government. Most of government documentation is prepared in three languages English, Hindi and the local state language.
It was envisioned that Hindi would become the sole working language of the central government by 1965 (per directives in Article 344 (2) and Article 351), with state governments being free to function in languages of their own choice. However, widespread resistance movements to the imposition of Hindi on non-native speakers, of especially the people living in south India (such as the Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu) led to the passage of the Official Languages Act (1963), which provided for the continued use of English, indefinitely, for all official purposes. Therefore, English is still used in official documents, in courts, etc. However, the constitutional directive to the central government to champion the spread of Hindi was retained and has strongly influenced the policies of the Union government.
At the state level, Hindi is the official language of the following states in India: Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh. Each of these states may also designate a "co-official language"; in Uttar Pradesh for instance, depending on the political formation in power, sometimes this language is Urdu. Similarly, Hindi is accorded the status of co-official language in several states.
Standard Hindi derives much of its formal and technical vocabulary from Sanskrit. Standard or shuddh ("pure") Hindi is used only in public addresses and radio or TV news, while the everyday spoken language in most areas is one of several varieties of Hindustani, whose vocabulary contains many words drawn from Persian and Arabic. In addition, spoken Hindi includes words from English and other languages as well. Actual Hindi (Devanagari) is spoken in the state of UP, Bihar, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, MP, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand etc. Other states like Punjab, WestBengal, Orissa speak/use Hindi beside of their regional/state language. All over North, Central, East & West Indians use Hindi vastly. However, the literary registers differ substantially in borrowed vocabulary; in highly formal situations, the languages are barely intelligible to speakers of the other. Hindi has looked to Sanskrit for borrowings from at least the 19th century, and Urdu has looked to Persian and Arabic for borrowings from the eighteenth century. On another dimension, Hindi is associated with the Hindu community and Urdu with the Muslim community though this is much more a twentieth century phenomenon when the political impetus to actively distinguish Hindi from Urdu gathered pace amongst the educated Hindus driving this change. Prior to this it was the norm for both educated Hindu and Muslim Indians to be fluent in Urdu.
There are five principal categories of words in Standard Hindi: Tatsam (तत्सम् / same as that) words: These are words which are spelled the same in Hindi as in Sanskrit (except for the absence of final case inflections). They include words inherited from Sanskrit via Prakrit which have survived without modification (e.g. Hindustani nām/Sanskrit nāma, "name"), as well as forms borrowed directly from Sanskrit in more modern times (e.g. prārthanā, "prayer"). Pronunciation, however, conforms to Hindi norms and may differ from that of classical Sanskrit. Among nouns, the tatsam word could be the Sanskrit uninflected word-stem, or it could be the nominative singular form in the Sanskrit nominal declension. Ardhātatsam (अर्धातात्सम्) words: These are words that were borrowed from Sanskrit in the middle Indo-Aryan or early New Indo-Aryan stages. Such words typically have undergone sound changes subsequent to being borrowed. Tadbhav (तद्भव / born of that) words: These are words which are spelled differently from Sanskrit but are derivable from a Sanskrit prototype by phonological rules (e.g. Sanskrit karma, "deed" becomes Pali kamma, and eventually Hindi kām, "work").
Similarly, Urdu treats its own vocabulary, borrowed directly from Persian and Arabic, as a separate category for morphological purposes.
Hindi from which most of the Persian, Arabic and English words have been ousted and replaced by tatsam words is called Shuddha Hindi (pure Hindi). Chiefly, the proponents of Hindutva ideology ("Hindu-ness") are vociferous supporters of Shuddha Hindi.
Excessive use of tatsam words sometimes creates problems for most native speakers. Strictly speaking, the tatsam words are words of Sanskrit and not of Hindi—thus they have complicated consonantal clusters which are not linguistically valid in Hindi. The educated middle class population of India can pronounce these words with ease, but people of rural backgrounds have much difficulty in pronouncing them. Similarly, vocabulary borrowed from Persian and Arabic also brings in its own consonantal clusters and "foreign" sounds, which may again cause difficulty in speaking them.
Hindi literature, is broadly divided into four prominent forms or styles, being Bhakti (devotional – Kabir, Raskhan); Shringar (beauty – Keshav, Bihari); Veer-Gatha (extolling brave warriors); and Adhunik (modern).
Medieval Hindi literature is marked by the influence of Bhakti movement and the composition of long, epic poems. It was not written in the current dialect but in other Hindi languages, particularly in Avadhi and Braj Bhasha, but later also in Khariboli. During the British Raj, Hindustani became the prestige dialect. Hindustani with heavily Sanskritized vocabulary or Sahityik Hindi (Literary Hindi) was popularized by the writings of Swami Dayananda Saraswati, Bhartendu Harishchandra and others. The rising numbers of newspapers and magazines made Hindustani popular among the educated people. Chandrakanta, written by Devaki Nandan Khatri, is considered the first authentic work of prose in modern Hindi. The person who brought realism in the Hindi prose literature was Munshi Premchand, who is considered as the most revered figure in the world of Hindi fiction and progressive movement......
The Dwivedi Yug ("Age of Dwivedi") in Hindi literature lasted from 1900 to 1918. It is named after Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, who played a major role in establishing the Modern Hindi language in poetry and broadening the acceptable subjects of Hindi poetry from the traditional ones of religion and romantic love.
In the 20th century, Hindi literature saw a romantic upsurge. This is known as Chhayavaad (shadowism) and the literary figures belonging to this school are known as Chhayavaadi. Jaishankar Prasad, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Mahadevi Varma and Sumitranandan Pant, are the four major Chhayavaadi poets.
Uttar Adhunik is the post-modernist period of Hindi literature, marked by a questioning of early trends that copied the West as well as the excessive ornamentation of the Chhayavaadi movement, and by a return to simple language and natural themes.
The following is a sample text in High Hindi, of the Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (by the United Nations): : 1 —
Transliteration (IAST): :
Transcription (IPA): :.
Gloss (word-to-word): :Article 1 — All human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom and equality acquired is. Them to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do should.
Translation (grammatical): :Article 1 — All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
In its non-Sanskritized form, the Khariboli-based dialect is the normal and principal dialect used in the Hindi cinema. It is almost exclusively used in contemporary Hindi television serials, songs, education, and of course, in normal daily speech in almost all the urban regions of north India, wherever Hindi is also the state language. The rural dialect varies from region to region.
ఘబబభయ
* Category:Hindustani Category:Indo-Aryan languages Category:Languages of India Hindi
af:Hindi als:Hindi ar:لغة هندية an:Hindi as:হিন্দী ast:Hindi az:Hind dili bn:হিন্দি ভাষা zh-min-nan:Hindi-gí be:Хіндзі be-x-old:Гіндзі bh:हिन्दी bcl:Hindi bi:Hindi bo:རྒྱ་གར་སྐད། bs:Hindi br:Hindeg bg:Хинди ca:Hindi cv:Хинди ceb:Pinulongang Indi cs:Hindština cbk-zam:Hindi cy:Hindi da:Hindi de:Hindi dv:ހިންދީ et:Hindi keel el:Χίντι es:Hindi eo:Hindia lingvo eu:Hindi fa:زبان هندی hif:Hindi fr:Hindi fy:Hindy ga:An Hiondúis gv:Hindish gd:Hindi gl:Lingua hindi gan:印地語 gu:હિંદી ભાષા ko:힌디어 hi:हिन्दी hsb:Hindišćina hr:Hindski jezik io:Hindi linguo bpy:হিন্দী ঠার id:Bahasa Hindi ie:Hindi iu:ᐦᐃᓐᑏ/hintii is:Hindí it:Lingua hindi he:הינדי jv:Basa Hindi kn:ಹಿಂದಿ ka:ჰინდი ენა kbd:Хиндубзэ sw:Kihindi kg:Kihindi ku:Zimanê hindî lad:Lingua indiana la:Lingua Hindi lv:Hindi lt:Hindi lij:Lengua hindi li:Hindi hu:Hindi nyelv mk:Хиндиски јазик mg:Fiteny hindi ml:ഹിന്ദി mr:हिंदी भाषा arz:هندى ms:Bahasa Hindi nah:Inditlahtōlli nl:Hindi ne:हिन्दी new:हिन्दी भाषा ja:ヒンディー語 nap:Hindjan no:Hindi nn:Hindi oc:Indi (lenga) or:ହିନ୍ଦୀ ଭାଷା pa:ਹਿੰਦੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ pnb:ہندی pms:Lenga hindi nds:Hindi pl:Język hindi pt:Língua hindi ksh:Hinndi (Shprooch) ro:Limba hindi rmy:हिन्दीकानी छीब qu:Hindi simi rue:Гінді ru:Хинди se:Hindigiella sa:हिन्दी sco:Hindi sq:Hindi simple:Hindi language sk:Hindčina sl:Hindijščina sr:Хинди sh:Hindi fi:Hindi sv:Hindi tl:Wikang Hindi ta:இந்தி tt:Һинд теле te:హిందీ భాష th:ภาษาฮินดี tg:Забони ҳиндӣ tr:Hintçe uk:Гінді ur:ہندی ug:ھىندى تىلى za:Vah Yindi vi:Tiếng Hindi war:Hindi wuu:印地语 bat-smg:Hindi zh:印地语This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Name | Amir Khan |
---|---|
Background | solo_singer |
Birth name | Amir Khan |
Alias | Sur Rang |
Born | August 15, 1912, Indore, India |
Died | February 13, 1974, Calcutta, India |
Genre | Indian classical music(Khyal, Tarana) |
Occupation | Hindustani Classical Vocalist |
Years active | 1934–1974 |
Award | Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Presidential AwardPadma Bhushan |
Website | }} |
He was initially trained in the sarangi by his father. However, seeing his interest in vocal music, his father gradually devoted more time to vocal training, focusing on the Merukhand technique. Amir Ali was exposed at an early age to many different styles, since just about every musician who visited Indore would come to their house, and there would be mehfils at their place on a regular basis. Also, he learnt the basics of tabla playing from one of his maternal uncles, who was a tabla player.
Amir Khan moved to Bombay in 1934, and there he gave a few concerts and cut about half a dozen 78-rpm records. Following his father's advice, in 1936 he joined the services of Maharaj Chakradhar Singh of Raigadh Sansthan in Madhya Pradesh, but he stayed only about a year. Amir Ali's father died in 1937. Later, Khansahib lived for some time in Delhi and Calcutta, but after the partition of India he moved back to Bombay.
He helped popularize the tarana, as well as khyalnuma compositions in Persian. He often used the Jhoomra and Ektaal taals, and generally preferred a simple 'theka' from the tabla accompanist. As in the case of Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Amir Khan's initial sarangi training was important in establishing him as a great singer. Even though he had been trained in the sarangi, he generally performed khayals and taranas with only a tanpura and tabla for accompaniment. Sometimes he had a subdued harmonium accompaniment, but he almost never used the sarangi.
Characteristics of his style include:
Besides singing in concerts, Amir Khan also sang film songs in ragas, most notably for the films Baiju Bawra, Kshudhita Pashan, Shabaab, and Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje. He also sang a ghazal Rahiye Ab Aisi Jagah for a documentary on Ghalib.
His disciples include Pandit Amarnath, A. Kanan, Srikant Bakre, Singh Brothers, Mukund Goswami, Gajendra Bakshi, Kankana Banerjee, Pradyumna Kumud Mukherjee and Poorabi Mukherjee, Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Akhtar Sadmani, Amarjeet Kaur, Ajit Singh Paintal, Bhimsen Sharma, Munir Khan, and Kamal Bose. His style has also influenced many other singers and instrumentalists, including Prabha Atre, Rashid Khan, Mahendra Toke, Shanti Sharma, Gokulotsavji Maharaj, Nikhil Banerjee and the Imdadkhani gharana. Although he referred to his style as the Indore Gharana, he was a firm believer of absorbing elements from various gharanas.
Amir Khan was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1967 and the Padma Bhushan in 1971.
Khansahib died a premature death in a car accident in Calcutta.
Category:1912 births Category:1974 deaths Category:Hindustani singers Category:Indian Muslims Category:People from Indore Category:Persian music Category:Road accident deaths in India Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan
bn:আমির খাঁ fr:Amir Khan (chanteur) hi:उस्ताद अमीर खान kn:ಉಸ್ತಾದ್ ಅಮೀರ ಖಾನ್ ml:അമീർഖാൻ mr:आमिर खान (गायक)This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
name | Sam Milby |
---|---|
birth date | May 23, 1984 |
origin | Troy, Ohio, United States |
birth name | Samuel Lloyd Lacia Milby |
occupation | Actor, Host, Singer, Model |
yearsactive | 2005–present }} |
! Year | ! Film | ! Role | ! Notes |
Lance Miller | |||
Will Derby / Vernard Garcia | |||
2007 | Lt. Kevin Robles | ||
My Big Love | Chef Macky Cordova | ||
Cul De Sac | Hero | Indie film | |
Chris Panillio | |||
Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry Go Round | Prince Price | ||
Babe, I Love You | Nicolas "Nico" Veneracion | ||
Third World Happy | West / Wesley | Indie film | |
2011 | Eugene Silvero |
Category:American pop singers Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Filipino male singers Category:Filipino television personalities Category:Filipino television actors Category:Filipino film actors Category:American people of Filipino descent Category:Filipino people of American descent Category:Pinoy Big Brother Category:American expatriates in the Philippines Category:Filipino male models Category:Star Magic Category:People from Miami County, Ohio Category:American actors of Asian descent
es:Sam Milby tl:Sam MilbyThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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