A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a specific arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the dietary fat cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone.

The core of steroids is composed of twenty carbon atoms bonded together that take the form of four fused rings: three cyclohexane rings (designated as rings A, B, and C in the figure to the right) and one cyclopentane ring (the D ring). The steroids vary by the functional groups attached to this four ring core and by the oxidation state of the rings. Sterols are special forms of steroids, with a hydroxyl group at position-3 and a skeleton derived from cholestane.

Hundreds of distinct steroids are found in plants, animals, and fungi. All steroids are made in cells either from the sterols lanosterol (animals and fungi) or from cycloartenol (plants). Both lanosterol and cycloartenol are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene.

Structure

Steroids are a class of organic compounds with a chemical structure that contains the core of gonane or a skeleton derived therefrom. Usually, methyl groups are present at the carbons C-10 and C-13. At carbon C-17 an alkyl side chain may also be present.

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Gonane is the simplest possible steroid and is composed of seventeen carbon atoms, bonded together to form four fused rings. The three cyclohexane rings (designated as rings A, B, and C in the figure above right) form the skeleton of phenanthrene; ring D has a cyclopentane structure. Hence, together they are called cyclopentaphenanthrene.

Commonly, steroids have a methyl group at the carbons C-10 and C-13 and an alkyl side chain at carbon C-17. Further, they vary by the configuration of the side chain, the number of additional methyl groups and the functional groups attached to the rings. For example the hydroxyl group at position C-3 in sterols.

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Classification

Taxonomical/Functional

Some of the common categories of steroids:

Animal steroids

*Insect steroids

**Ecdysteroids such as ecdysterone

*Vertebrate steroids

**Steroid hormones

***Sex steroids are a subset of sex hormones that produce sex differences or support reproduction. They include androgens, estrogens, and progestagens.

***Corticosteroids include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids regulate many aspects of metabolism and immune function, whereas mineralocorticoids help maintain blood volume and control renal excretion of electrolytes. Most medical 'steroid' drugs are corticosteroids.

***Anabolic steroids are a class of steroids that interact with androgen receptors to increase muscle and bone synthesis. There are natural and synthetic anabolic steroids. In popular language, the word "steroids" usually refers to anabolic steroids.

**Cholesterol, which modulates the fluidity of cell membranes and is the principal constituent of the plaques implicated in atherosclerosis.

Plant steroids

*Phytosterols

*Brassinosteroids

Fungus steroids

*Ergosterols

Structural

It is also possible to classify steroids based upon their chemical composition. One example of how MeSH performs this classification is available at the Wikipedia MeSH catalog. Examples from this classification include:

Class	Examples	Number of carbon atoms

''Gonane'' (or steroid nucleus) is the parent (17-carbon tetracyclic) hydrocarbon molecule without any alkyl sidechains.

Metabolism

Steroids include estrogen, cortisol, progesterone, and testosterone. Estrogen and progesterone are made primarily in the ovary and in the placenta during pregnancy, and testosterone in the testes. Testosterone is also converted into estrogen to regulate the supply of each, in the bodies of both females and males. Certain neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) express the enzymes that are required for the local synthesis of pregnane neurosteroids, either ''de novo'' or from peripherally-derived sources. The rate-limiting step of steroid synthesis is the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, which occurs inside the mitochondrion. Steroid metabolism is the complete set of chemical reactions in organisms that produce, modify, and consume steroids. These metabolic pathways include:

steroid synthesis – the manufacture of steroids from simpler precursors

steroidogenesis – the interconversion of different types of steroids

steroid degradation.

===A. Steroid biosynthesis===

Steroid biosynthesis is an anabolic metabolic pathway that produces steroids from simple precursors. This pathway is carried out in different ways in animals than in many other organisms, making the pathway a common target for antibiotics and other anti-infective drugs. In addition, steroid metabolism in humans is the target of cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins.

It starts in the mevalonate pathway in humans, with Acetyl-CoA as building blocks, which form DMAPP and IPP. In following steps, DMAPP and IPP form lanosterol, the first steroid. Further modification belongs to the succeeding steroidogenesis.

''Mevalonate pathway''

The mevalonate pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway starts with and ends with dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP).

Regulation and feedback

Several key enzymes can be activated through DNA transcriptional regulation on activation of SREBP (Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1 and -2). This intracellular sensor detects low cholesterol levels and stimulates endogenous production by the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, as well as increasing lipoprotein uptake by up-regulating the LDL receptor. Regulation of this pathway is also achieved by controlling the rate of translation of the mRNA, degradation of reductase and phosphorylation.

Pharmacology

A number of drugs target the ''mevalonate pathway'':

Statins (used for elevated cholesterol levels)

Bisphosphonates (used in treatment of various bone-degenerative diseases)

Plants and bacteria

In plants and bacteria, the non-mevalonate pathway uses pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as substrates.

''DMAPP to lanosterol''

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate donate isoprene units, which are assembled and modified to form terpenes and isoprenoids, which are a large class of lipids that include the carotenoids, and form the largest class of plant natural products.

Here, the isoprene units are joined together to make squalene and then folded up and formed into a set of rings to make lanosterol. Lanosterol can then be converted into other steroids such as cholesterol and ergosterol.

===B. Steroidogenesis=== Steroidogenesis is the biological process by which steroids are generated from cholesterol and transformed into other steroids. The pathways of steroidogenesis differ between different species, but the pathways of human steroidogenesis are shown in the figure.

Products of steroidogenesis include:

androgens

*testosterone

estrogens and progesterone

corticoids

*cortisol

*aldosterone

C. Elimination

Steroids are oxidized mainly by cytochrome P450 oxidase enzymes, such as CYP3A4. These reactions introduce oxygen into the steroid ring and allows the structure to be broken up by other enzymes, to form bile acids as final products. These bile acids can then be eliminated through secretion from the liver in the bile. The expression of this oxidase gene can be upregulated by the steroid sensor PXR when there is a high blood concentration of steroids.

See also

Batrachotoxin

List of steroid abbreviations

External links

Nomenclature of Steroids Home Page at Queen Mary University of London.

Steroidogenesis

References

Category:Metabolic pathways *

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"The Man" is a slang phrase that may refer to the government or to some other authority in a position of power. In addition to this derogatory connotation, it may also serve as a term of respect and praise. Also, " The Man is coming" is a term used to frighten small children who are misbehaving.

The phrase "the Man is keeping me down" is commonly used to describe oppression. The phrase "stick it to the Man" encourages resistance to authority, and essentially means "fight back" or "resist", either openly or via sabotage.

History

The term "the Man" in the American sense dates back to the late 19th Century. In the Southern U.S. states, the phrase came to be applied to any man or any group in a position of authority, or to authority in the abstract. From about the 1950s the phrase was also an underworld code word for police, the warden of a prison or other law enforcement or penal authorities.

It was also used as a term for a drug dealer in the 1950s and 1960s and can be seen in such media as Curtis Mayfield's "No Thing On Me"; Jonathan Larson's ''Rent'', William Burroughs's novel ''Naked Lunch'', and in the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man", in which Lou Reed sings about going to Uptown Manhattan, specifically Lexington Avenue and 125th Street, to buy heroin.

The use of this term was expanded to counterculture groups and their battles against authority, such as the Yippies, which, according to a May 19, 1969 article in ''U.S. News and World Report'', had the "avowed aim ... to destroy 'The Man', their term for the present system of government". The term eventually found its way into humorous usage, such as in a December 1979 motorcycle ad from the magazine ''Easyriders'' which featured the tagline, "California residents: Add 6% sales tax for The Man."

In present day, the phrase has been popularized in commercials and cinema.

Use as praise

The term has also been used as an approbation or form of praise. This may refer to the recipient's status as the leader or authority within a particular context, or it might be assumed to be a shortened form of a phrase like "He is the man (who is in charge)." One example of this usage dates to 1879 when Otto von Bismarck commented, referring to Benjamin Disraeli's pre-eminent position at the Congress of Berlin, "The old Jew, he is the man."

In more modern usage, it can be a superlative compliment ("you da man!") indicating that the subject is currently standing out amongst his peers even though they have no special designation or rank, such as a basketball player who is performing better than the other players on the court. It can also be used as a genuine compliment with an implied, slightly exaggerated or sarcastic tone, usually indicating that the person has indeed impressed the speaker but by doing something relatively trivial.

See also

Absentee landlord

Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)

New World Order (conspiracy theory)

Ruling class

The Establishment

Power elite

Corrections officer

YTMND

Notes

References

Lighter, J.E. (Ed.). (1997). ''Random House Dictionary of American Slang''. New York: Random House.

Category:Slang expressions Category:Stock characters Category:English idioms Category:Pejorative terms for people Category:Military-industrial complex

birth name	Micah S. Katt Williams
birth date	September 02, 1971
birth place	Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
othername	Katt Williams />Money Mike
medium	Stand-up, Television, Film, Music
nationality	American
active	1991–present
genre	Black comedy, Blue comedy, Satire, Observational comedy, Physical comedy
subject	African-American culture, Race relations, Racism, Recreational drug use, Human sexualityLife
notable work	Various in ''Wild 'n Out''Bobby Shaw in ''My Wife and Kids''Money Mike in ''Friday After Next''''It's Pimpin' Pimpin'''
website	http://www.kattwilliams.com/ }}

Micah S. Katt Williams (born September 2, 1971) is a U.S. comedian, rapper, and actor. He is best known for his role as Money Mike in ''Friday After Next''. He is also known for his stint on Nick Cannon’s MTV improv show, ''Wild 'n Out'', and for playing the fictional character Bobby Shaw on the program ''My Wife and Kids''.

Early life

Williams was born September 2, 1971 in Cincinnati, Ohio and raised in Dayton, the son of a former member of the Black Panther Party. He attended Chaminade Julienne Catholic High School but was asked to leave and then attended Colonel White High School. On the ''Howard Stern Show'', he stated that after he left Ohio, at the age of 13, he was homeless for four years in Coconut Grove, Miami, where he lived in a park. He sold magazines and books door-to-door and robbed cars for radios.

As a means to get into a nightclub while underage, he noticed that they weren’t checking ID’s in the line for comics and proceeded to enter the club through that entrance. He was called on stage where he did a five-minute improv to an enthusiastic crowd. “I was so nervous but everyone laughed and thought I was funny. After that, I was opened up to the wonderful world of comedy... Improv is where a comic really gets to shine, if he is good. That’s as close as a comedian can get to the playoffs."

Career

Williams started being a comedian in his neighborhood, Avondale, most notably appearing on BET's ''Comic View''. He has also played supporting characters in movies such as ''First Sunday'' and ''Norbit'', but is probably more widely recognized for his character Money Mike in the movie ''Friday After Next''. He has also used the Money Mike stage name when rapping for songs by such artists as Baby Bash, The Game, and Suga Free.

Williams has provided numerous skits and video appearances for artists such as Nick Cannon, DJ Drama, E-40, The Game, Lyfe Jennings, Lil Jon, Lil’ Kim, Lil' Scrappy, Ludacris, Outkast, T.I., Cyrano Williams, Oprah Winfrey, and others. He was a cast member on ''Wild 'n Out'' for several seasons; he voices "A Pimp Named Slickback" on the Adult Swim's ''The Boondocks''; he plays himself as an onstage comedian in ''Grand Theft Auto IV''; and Williams has appeared in several episodes of ''My Wife and Kids'' as character Bobby Shaw.

Anti-Mexican rant

On August 27, 2011, at a standup performance in Phoenix, Arizona, Katt Williams arguably crossed the line of decency when he got into an argument with a member of the studio audience Once he found out that the offending audience member was of Mexican descent, he started insulting Mexico and Mexicans, arguing (in a combative manner) that the country should have fought to maintain California and that U.S. citizens of Mexican descent should "get back over there" if they are more patriotic to Mexico than the USA, and then chanted "USA." He then went on to say, that he has love for his Mexican American homies and seemed to win the crowd over. The member of the studio audience was later ejected from the venue by security staff for defending himself from the Verbal attacks.

Personal life

Williams has 8 children, 7 adopted and 1 from a previous relationship.

Arrests and Accusations

In November 2009, Williams was arrested by police while working on a film in Coweta County, Georgia. He was accused of stealing $3,500 worth of coins and jewelry. Police charged Williams with burglary and criminal trespass.

The following month, Williams was questioned and detained by police again in Coweta County, Georgia after an altercation in a Walmart parking lot. Police issued a warrant to search Williams' semi-truck for evidence, but found nothing. Williams maintains that police destroyed thousands of dollars worth of filming equipment for no reason. A mother and son who were involved in the altercation with Williams were charged with disorderly conduct, but Williams himself was not charged.

Williams maintains his innocence in both cases and said, after being detained, that he has begun to feel he is being persecuted by police.

GTA4

On the video game Grand Theft Auto 4 he is in the video game as a comedian in the Comedy Club and in CNT

Filmography

''Friday After Next'' (2002)

''Repos'' (2006) (V)

''Katt Williams: Live: Let a Playa Play'' (2006)

''Pimp Chronicles, Pt. 1'' (2006)

''Norbit'' (2007)

''The Perfect Holiday'' (2007)

''American Hustle: The Movie'' (2007)

''Epic Movie'' (2007)

''Internet Dating'' (2008)

''First Sunday'' (2008)

''It's Pimpin' Pimpin''' (2008)

''Lonely Street'' (2009)

''Katt Williams Presents: Katthouse'' (2009)

''Katt Williams Pimpadelic'' (2009)

''Katt Williams 9 lives'' (2010)

''Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore'' (2010)

References

External links

Official website

VIBE Profile

Katt Williams as Host of Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav

Category:1971 births Category:Actors from Ohio Category:African American comedians Category:African American film actors Category:African American rappers Category:Living people Category:People from Cincinnati, Ohio Category:People from Dayton, Ohio Category:The Diplomats members Category:Rappers from Ohio

de:Katt Williams it:Katt Williams nl:Katt Williams pt:Katt Williams sv:Katt Williams bat-smg:Katt Williams

John Witherspoon (February 15, 1723 – November 15, 1794) was a signatory of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Jersey. As president of the College of New Jersey (1768–94; now Princeton University), he trained many leaders of the early nation and was the only active clergyman and the only college president to sign the Declaration. John Witherspoon is an ancestor of actress Reese Witherspoon.

Early life and ministry in Scotland

John Witherspoon was born at Gifford, a parish of Yester, at East Lothian, Scotland, as the eldest child of the Reverend James Alexander Witherspoon and Anne Walker, a descendant of John Welsh of Ayr and John Knox. This latter claim of Knox descent though ancient in origin is long disputed and without primary documentation. He attended the Haddington Grammar School, and obtained a Master of Arts from the University of Edinburgh in 1739. He remained at the University to study divinity.

Witherspoon was a staunch Protestant, nationalist, and supporter of republicanism. Consequently, he was opposed to the Roman Catholic Legitimist Jacobite rising of 1745-1746. Following the Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk (1746), he was briefly imprisoned at Doune Castle, which had a long-term affect on his health.

He became a Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) minister at Beith, Ayrshire (1745–1758), where he married Elizabeth Montgomery of Craighouse. They had ten children, with five surviving to adulthood.

From 1758-1768, he was minister of the Laigh kirk, Paisley (Low Kirk). Witherspoon became prominent within the Church as an Evangelical opponent of the Moderate Party. During his two pastorates he wrote three well-known works on theology, notably the satire "Ecclesiastical Characteristics" (1753), which opposed the philosophical influence of Francis Hutcheson. He was awarded a Master of Arts, Bachelor of Divinity, and Doctorate of Divinity from the University of St Andrews, Fife.

Princeton

At the urging of Benjamin Rush and Richard Stockton, whom he met in Paisley, Witherspoon finally accepted another invitation (he had earlier turned one down in 1766) to become President and head professor of the small Presbyterian College of New Jersey in Princeton. To fulfill this, he and his family emigrated to New Jersey in 1768 at the age of 45. He became the sixth President of the college, later known as Princeton University.

Some of the courses he taught personally were Eloquence or Belles Lettres, Chronology (history), and Divinity. Of his courses, none was more important than Moral Philosophy (a required course). An advocate of Natural Law within a Christian and republican Cosmology, which Witherspoon considered Moral Philosophy vital for ministers, lawyers, and those holding positions in government (magistrates). He was firm but good-humored in his leadership. Witherspoon instituted a number of reforms, including modeling the syllabus and university structure after that used at the University of St Andrews and other Scottish universities. Witherspoon was very popular among both faculty and students, among them James Madison and Aaron Burr.

Upon his arrival at then ''College of New Jersey at Princeton'', Witherspoon found the school in debt, instruction had become weak, and the library collection did not meet current student needs. At once he began fund-raising locally and back home in Scotland, added three hundred of his own books to the library, and began the purchase of scientific equipment: the Rittenhouse orrery, many maps and a "terrestial" globe. He also firmed up entrance requirements. These things helped the school be more on par with Harvard and Yale. According to Herbert Hovenkamp, his most lasting contribution was the initiation of the Scottish Common-Sense Realism, which he had learned by reading Thomas Reid and two of his expounders Dugald Stewart and James Beattie.

As the College's primary occupation at the time was training ministers, Witherspoon was a major leader of the early Presbyterian church in America. Witherspoon also helped to organize Nassau Presbyterian Church in Princeton, N.J.

Philosophy

Witherspoon was a prominent evangelical Presbyterian minister in Scotland before becoming the sixth president of Princeton in 1768. Upon his arrival, he transformed a college designed predominantly to train clergymen into a school that would equip the leaders of a new Protestant national generation. Witherspoon made fundamental changes to the moral philosophy curriculum, strengthened the college's commitment to natural philosophy an early form of science tempered with Christian principles, and positioned Princeton in the larger transatlantic world of the republic of letters. Although a proponent of Christian values, Witherspoon's common sense approach to the Public morality of civil magistrates was more influenced by the Enlightenment ethics of Scottish philosophers Francis Hutcheson and Thomas Reid than the Christian virtue of Jonathan Edwards. In regards to civil magistrates, Witherspoon thus believed moral judgement should pursued as a science. In this regard, he held to old Roman Republic concepts of virtue in determining moral leadership in civil magistrates. It could be cultivated in his students or deduced through the development of the moral sense—an ethical compass instilled by God in all human beings and developed through religious education (Reid) or civil sociability (Hutcheson). Contrary to modern distinctions of morality, Witherspoon saw morality as having two distinct components: Spiritual and Temporal. Civil government owed more to the latter than the former in Witherspoon's Presbyterian doctrine. Thus, public morality owed more to the natural moral laws of the Enlightenment than traditional sources of Christian ethics. However, as a Christian, Witherspoon saw the impossibility of maintaining public morality or virtue in the citizenry without an effective religion. In this sense, the temporal principles of morality required a religious component which derived its authority from the spiritual. Therefore, public religion was a vital necessity in maintaining the public morals. Thus, while "public morals" were derived from natural virtue, its ultimate source lay in the public religion of Christianity. However, in this framework, it was not incongruent for non-Christian societies to have virtue, which by his definition, could be found in natural law. Witherspoon, in accordance with the Scottish moral sense philosophy, taught that all human beings—Christian or otherwise—could be virtuous. Nonetheless, in keeping with the direction of destiny taught by the English Reformation, Scottish Reformation, and Irish Reformation colonial founders, he saw the new American national leaders, guided by their Christian religion, natural virtues, and republican sense of government, would be the most Protestant, Christian, Free, and therefore noble nation, a light to the world. Many of his students, including James Madison, Aaron Burr, Philip Freneau, William Bradford, and Hugh Henry Brackenridge, played prominent roles in the development of the new nation.

Revolutionary War

As a native Scotsman, long wary of the power of the power British Crown, Witherspoon saw the growing centralization of government, progressive ideology of colonial authorities, and establishment of Episcopacy authority as a threat to the Liberties of the colonies. Of particular interest to Witherspoon was the crown's growing interference in the local and colonial affairs which previously had been the perogatives and rights of the American authorities. When the crown began to give additional authority to its appointed Episcopacy over Church affairs, British authorities hit a nerve in the Presbyterian Scot, who saw such events in the same lense as his Scottish Covenanters. Soon, Witherspoon came to support the Revolution, joining the Committee of Correspondence and Safety in early 1774. His 1776 sermon "The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men" was published in many editions and he was elected to the Continental Congress as part of the New Jersey delegation, appointed Congressional Chaplain by President Hancock, and in July 1776, voted to adopt the Virginia Resolution for Independence. In answer to an objection that the country was not yet ready for independence, according to tradition he replied that it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it."

Witherspoon served in Congress from June 1776 until November 1782 and became one of its most influential members and a workhorse of prodigious energy. He served on over 100 committees, most notably the powerful standing committees, the board of war and the committee on secret correspondence or foreign affairs. He spoke often in debate; helped draft the Articles of Confederation; helped organize the executive departments; played a major role in shaping foreign policy; and drew up the instructions for the peace commissioners. He fought against the flood of paper money, and opposed the issuance of bonds without provision for their amortization. "No business can be done, some say, because money is scarce," he wrote. He also served twice in the New Jersey Legislature, and strongly supported the adoption of the United States Constitution during the New Jersey ratification debates.

In November 1778, as British forces neared, Witherspoon closed and evacuated the College of New Jersey. The main building, Nassau Hall, was badly damaged and his papers and personal notes were lost. Witherspoon was responsible for its rebuilding after the war, which caused him great personal and financial difficulty.

In 1780 he was elected to a one-year term in the New Jersey Legislative Council representing Somerset County.

Death and burial

thumb|right|200 px|John Witherspoon Statue, Princetonthumb|right|200 px|John Witherspoon Statue, Paisley, ScotlandWitherspoon had suffered eye injuries and was blind by 1792. He died in 1794 on his farm Tusculum, just outside of Princeton, and is buried in the Princeton Cemetery.

Legacy and memory

Witherspoon has been viewed as being "not a profound scholar" but "an able college president".

From among his students came 37 judges, three of whom made it to the U.S. Supreme Court; 10 Cabinet officers; 12 members of the Continental Congress, 28 U.S. senators, and 49 United States congressmen. His most prominent students were Aaron Burr and James Madison. When the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in America met in 1789, 52 of the 188 delegates had studied under Witherspoon.

The President's House in Princeton, New Jersey, his home from 1768 to 1779 is a U.S. National Historic Landmark. A bronze statue at Princeton University by Scottish sculptor Alexander Stoddart is the twin of one outside The University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland. In Princeton today, a University dormitory built in 1877, the street running north from the University's main gate, and the local public middle school all bear his name. Another statue stands near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C., at the intersections of Connecticut Avenue, N and 18th Streets.

Paisley, Scotland honored Witherspoon's memory by naming a newly constructed street in the town center after him, in honor of his having lived in Paisley for a portion of his adult life.

A son-in-law was Congressman David Ramsay, who married Frances Witherspoon on 18 March 1783. Another daughter, Ann, married Samuel Stanhope Smith, who succeeded Witherspoon as president of Princeton in 1795.

The Witherspoon Society is a body of laypeople within the Presbyterian Church (USA) in existence since 1979 that is activist in liberal and progressive causes that takes its name from John Witherspoon.

A merchant ship, the SS John Witherspoon, saw service during the second world war. It was part of convoy PQ-17, and was sunk by a German U-boat in the North Atlantic on July 6, 1942

The Witherspoon Institute is an independent research center that works to enhance public understanding of the moral foundations of free and democratic societies. Located in Princeton, it promotes the application of fundamental principles of republican government and ordered liberty to contemporary problems through a variety of centers, research programs, seminars, consultations, and publications.

Witherspoon was portrayed in the musical ''1776'' by Edmund Lyndeck in the 1969 stage play and by James Noble in the 1972 film.

Notes

References

*

Collins, Varnum L. ''President Witherspoon: A Biography,'' 2 vols. (1925, repr. 1969)

Ashbel Green, ed. ''The Works of the Rev. John Witherspoon,'' 4 vols. (1802, repr. with a new introduction by L. Gordon Tait, 2003)

Morrison, Jeffrey H. ''John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic'' (2005)

Pomfret, John E.. '"Witherspoon, John" in ''Dictionary of American Biography'' (1934)

Tait, L. Gordon. ''The Piety of John Witherspoon: Pew, Pulpit, and Public Forum'' (2001)

Moses Coit Tyler "President Witherspoon in the American Revolution" The American Historical Review Volume 1, Issue 1, July 1896. Pp. 671-679.

Woods, David W.. ''John Witherspoon'' (1906)

External links

Princeton Companion entry

Photographic tour of John Witherspoon's grave at Princeton Cemetery.

Biography by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich, 1856

Who Is That Man, Anyway? Witherspoon's statue, near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C.

Category:Presidents of Princeton University Category:Continental Congressmen from New Jersey Category:Signers of the Articles of Confederation Category:Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence Category:Members of the New Jersey Legislative Council Category:Clergy in the American Revolution Category:Ministers of the Church of Scotland Category:American Presbyterians Category:Scottish scholars and academics Category:Scottish theologians Category:Scottish non-fiction writers Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Category:People from East Lothian Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States Category:1723 births Category:1794 deaths Category:Presbyterian ministers Category:Burials at Princeton Cemetery Category:Blind people

de:John Witherspoon fr:John Witherspoon (représentant) it:John Witherspoo la:Ioannes Witherspoon ja:ジョン・ウィザースプーン pl:John Witherspoon