Coordinates: 40°44′10″N 73°59′45″W / 40.735977°N 73.995904°W / 40.735977; -73.995904 The Quad Cinema is New York City's first four-screen movie theater,^[1] and, according to its founder, the "East Coast's first multiplex".^[2] Located in Greenwich Village, it was opened by entrepreneur Maurice Kanbar, along with his younger brother Elliott Kanbar,^[3] in October 1972.^[4] It has been described as "one of the oldest independent cinemas in the city" and "a vibrant center for art house films."^[5]

History[link]

In the late 1960s, Maurice Kanbar, an inventor and real estate investor, purchased a six-story loft in Manhattan with plans to create an Off Broadway theater. After those plans fell through, he found himself with a large block of unused ground floor space. Kanbar thought that it would be a good idea to build a movie theater with multiple small auditoriums rather fewer larger ones, so that the complex could be profitable even with smaller audiences at most screenings, so he opened the Quad, which he calls "the East Coast's first multiplex".^[1][2] From 1972 to 1988 the theater was operated by Bernard Goldberg, executive vice-president of Golden Theatre Management, operator of the Quad and six other New York City houses.^[6] The theater exhibited Hollywood studio films (see movie studio), independent films, and revivals of older films, but had difficulty obtaining the most attractive releases due to the exclusive licensing practices then followed by film distributors.^[1] Legal action led to substantial monetary settlements.^[1]

In 1988, Maurice's brother Elliott took over the theater's operations. Facing new competition from new theaters opening in Lower Manhattan, the Quad adopted a strategy of exhibiting foreign and independent films. This strategy proved to be financially successful, although it also led to competition between the Quad and other downtown art film exhibitors, notably the nonprofit Film Forum^[1] and the IFC Center.^[7] In a 2010 interview, Elliott Kanbar noted that in its earlier history the theater had benefited from a switch of its distributor relationship to City Cinemas, which had a positive relationship with Walt Disney Pictures and its Touchstone Pictures affiliate, and that it was regularly frequented by Andy Warhol, whose "fans would come in droves" and whose influence was a factor in the theater's "big homosexual audience for certain films."^[4] In March 2010, the Quad announced a new initiative to assist national and foreign filmmakers wishing to self-distribute low budget films via "four wall distribution" ^[8] and, most recently (May 2012), the so called ^[9] QUADflix program.

References[link]

Other art cinemas in Manhattan[link]

• IFC Center
• Film Forum
• The Paris Theater (New York)

See also[link]

	Architecture portal
	Film portal
	New York City portal

• Culture of New York City
• List of theaters in New York
• Offbeat Movie Theaters in NYC at NY.com

External links[link]

• Quad Cinema

Other art houses in Manhattan:

• Sun Shine Cinema (Land Mark Theaters)
• Cinema Village

Look up quad or quadri- in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Quad may refer to:

Architecture[link]

• Quadrangle in architecture, e.g., on a university campus
• Quad, a dormitory room or suite housing four residents
• Quad Cities, a region which includes the Iowa cities of Bettendorf and Davenport and the Illinois cities of Moline, East Moline, and Rock Island

Armaments[link]

• Quad indicates four guns in a single mounting

Beer[link]

• Quadrupel is a Belgian style ale of great strength with bolder flavor compared to its Dubbel and Tripel sister styles.

Games[link]

• Quad Damage, a Quake and Unreal Tournament power-up
• Quad, a type of combined robotic enemy in the Nintendo Gamecube game Metroid Prime 2
• Quad (more commonly Quads), four of a kind in poker
• Quad, a Harkonnen attack vehicle from the computer game Dune 2
• Quad cannon, an anti-air weapon in Command & Conquer: Generals

International trade[link]

• The Quadrilateral group of finance ministers

Music, theatre and film[link]

• Quad (play), by Samuel Beckett
• Quad (music), a musical project by Gary Ramon
• Quad (cinema), art house in New York City
• Quad Electroacoustics, a British manufacturer of electronic amplifiers, tuners and loudspeakers mainly for the high-end domestic market
• Quadraphonic, or four-channel sound
• Quadrophenia, a 1973 album by The Who
• Quad Toms, marching percussion instrument
• Quad, a film poster in the United Kingdom typically measuring 30 by 40 inches (76 × 102 cm)
• The Quads, the British new-wave band
• QuadCarbon, fictional corporation in movie Proof of Life
• John Callahan's Quads!, an animated series from Nelvana
• Quad, a unit of computer storage measurement in the fictional Star Trek universe
• Derby QUAD, an arts centre in Derby, England
• The Quad, a part of Hogwarts Castle (made only for films and games).

Universities[link]

Most major American universities, as well as many smaller colleges, have an open area of campus surrounded by buildings commonly known to the students as "The Quad". Some of these "quads" have been officially designated with formal names.

Politics[link]

• In the United Kingdom; the informal cabinet grouping of David Cameron, Nick Clegg, George Osborne, and Danny Alexander

Science and mathematics[link]

• Quadriceps, a group of muscles
• Quadruped, a creature or mechanism which moves on four legs
• Quad (energy), a unit of energy (short for quadrillion) defined as 10¹⁵ British thermal units (about 1.055 exajoule (EJ) or 1.055 × 10¹⁸ J)
• Quadrilateral, a four sided figure in plane geometry
• Quadratic, the second power in mathematics
• Quadrangle (geography), a 7.5-minute topographic map produced by the United States Geological Survey, covering in greater detail one quarter of the area of a 15-minute map
• Quadrilateralized Spherical Cube, a mapping scheme for data collected on a spherical surface, such as a planet
• QUaD, a telescope located at the South Pole that is designed to measure the cosmic microwave background radiation polarization
• Quadratic Formula, the equation used to solve quadratic equations

Society and religion[link]

• Quad, a derogatory term for a quadriplegic
• Quadrangle Club, one of the ten eating clubs at Princeton University
• BU Quad, student publication of Boston University started in 2009

Sports[link]

• Quad, a boat configuration in rowing that contains 4 people, with 2 oars each, and no coxswain
• Quad, a chairlift in skiing which carries four persons
• Quad (figure skating), a figure skating jump with four revolutions
• Quad skates, roller skates with two wheels on each of two axles
• Quad, A type of surfboard containing 4 fins
• Quad, (Wrestling) A Dual Meet consisting of 4 teams. Also called a Quadangular.
• Quad, an All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV) with four wheels.

Technology[link]

• Quad antenna, a directional antenna
• Quad-core, a multi-core processor with 4 cores
• Quadtree, a tree data structure typically used to partition a 2-dimensional space
• Quad precision, a number stored using 16 eight-bit bytes, which is four times the size of 4-byte single precision
• Quad Flat Package, a type of package for surface mounted integrated circuit
• Quad Electroacoustics, a British manufacturer of electronic amplifiers, tuners and loudspeakers mainly for the high-end domestic market
• Quad, an abbreviation for a type of videotape recorder, especially 2" Quadruplex videotape, where there are four record heads on a spinning drum which move perpendicular to the direction of tape travel
• Quad, telecommunication term referring to four conductors formation used to form two balanced pairs
  • Star quad, four conductors in square formation, in which opposite conductors are connected in parallel at both ends to form a single, magnetically-concentric balanced pair, in order to minimise magnetic induction
• Quadraphonic sound, or four-channel sound
• quad, abbreviation for Quadrupole ion trap
• Em quad, in typography, a space that is as wide as the height of the font
  • En quad, a space that is one half the width of an em quad
• QUAD (cipher), a stream cipher
• Quadruple precision floating-point format, a data type in computer programming.

Vehicles[link]

• Quadriga
• Quadruple combination fire apparatus that features a pump, tank, hose and a full complement of ground ladders
• Quad, a tandem bicycle with four seats
• Quad, a muscle car with a four-barrel carburetor
• Quad, the nickname of the Morris C8 artillery gun tractor
• Quad (rocket), an autonomous rocket by Armadillo Aerospace
• Quads refer to four exhaust pipes (usually grouped two on each end) of a vehicle
• Quad bikes, four-wheeled all-terrain vehicles.
• other term for a speeder, a motorized vehicle used for maintenance of ways on railroads

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

John Rabe (November 23, 1882 – January 5, 1950) was a German businessman who is best known for his efforts to stop the atrocities of the Japanese army during the Nanking Occupation and his work to protect and help the Chinese civilians during the event. The Nanking Safety Zone, which he helped to establish, sheltered approximately 200,000 Chinese people from slaughter during the massacre.

Early life and career[link]

Born in Hamburg, Germany, Rabe pursued a career in business and went to Africa for several years. In 1908 he left for China, and between 1910 and 1938, he worked for the Siemens AG China Corporation in Mukden (now Shenyang), Peking (now Beijing), Tientsin (now Tianjin), Shanghai and later Nanking (now Nanjing).^[1] Rabe suffered from diabetes by the time he was working in Nanking which required him to have his regular dose of insulin.^[2]

Establishment of the Nanking Safety Zone[link]

The former residence of John Rabe in Nanjing, located in the Nanking Safety Zone during Nanjing Massacre.

Many Westerners were living in the city in 1937, conducting trade or on missionary trips. As the Japanese army approached Nanking (now Nanjing) and initiated bombing raids on the city, all but 22 foreigners fled the city, with 15 American and European missionaries and businessmen forming part of the remaining group.^[3] On November 22, 1937, as the Japanese Army advanced on Nanking, Rabe, along with other foreign nationals, organized the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone and created the Nanking Safety Zone to provide Chinese refugees with food and shelter from the impending Japanese slaughter. He explained his reasons thus: "... there is a question of morality here...I cannot bring myself for now to betray the trust these people have put in me, and it is touching to see how they believe in me."^[4] The zones were located in all of the foreign embassies and at Nanking University.

Rabe was elected as its leader, in part because of his status as a member of the Nazi party and the existence of the German–Japanese bilateral Anti-Comintern Pact. This committee established the Nanking Safety Zone in the western quarter of the city. The Japanese government had agreed not to attack parts of the city that did not contain Chinese military forces, and the members of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone attempted to persuade the Chinese government to move all their troops out of the area. They were partly successful.

On December 1, 1937, Nanking Mayor Ma Chao-chun ordered all Chinese citizens remaining in Nanking to move into the Safety Zone and then fled the city.

Rabe also opened up his properties to help 650 more refugees.

The Nanking Massacre[link]

The Nanking Massacre killed hundreds of thousands of people, while Rabe and his zone administrators tried frantically to stop the atrocities. His attempts to appeal to the Japanese by using his Nazi membership credentials only delayed them; but that delay allowed hundreds of refugees to escape. The documentary Nanking credited him for saving the lives of 250,000 Chinese civilians. Other sources suggest that Rabe rescued between 200,000 and 250,000 Chinese people.^[5]

Diary entries[link]

In his diary Rabe documented Japanese atrocities committed during the assault upon and occupation of the city. On December 13, 1937, he wrote:

«It is not until we tour the city that we learn the extent of destruction. We come across corpses every 100 to 200 yards. The bodies of civilians that I examined had bullet holes in their backs. These people had been presumably fleeing and were shot from behind. The Japanese march through the city in groups of ten to twenty soldiers and loot the shops ... I watched with my own eyes as they looted the café of our German baker Herr Kiessling. Hempel's hotel was broken into as well, as almost every shop on Chung Shang and Taiping Road.» ^[6]

In his interactions with Japanese authorities, Rabe first took a conciliatory tone. On December 14, 1937, Rabe handed a letter of thanks to the Japanese army commander stating that the people in the Safety Zone were all safe and not one shot had been fired. The following is a part of his letter of thanks.

"Dec. 14, 1937, Dear commander of the Japanese army in Nanking, We appreciate that the artillerymen of your army didn't attack to the Safety Zone. And we hope to contact with you to make a plan to protect general Chinese citizens who are staying in the Safety Zone... We will be pleased to cooperate with you in anyway to protect general citizens in this city. –Chairman of the Nanking International Committee, John H. D. Rabe–"^[7]

On December 17, 1937 he wrote in a very different tone:

«Two Japanese soldiers have climbed over the garden wall and are about to break into our house. When I appear they give the excuse that they saw two Chinese soldiers climb over the wall. When I show them my party badge, they return the same way. In one of the houses in the narrow street behind my garden wall, a woman was raped, and then wounded in the neck with a bayonet. I managed to get an ambulance so we can take her to Kulou Hospital.... Last night up to 1,000 women and girls are said to have been raped, about 100 girls at Ginling Girls' College alone. You hear nothing but rape. If husbands or brothers intervene, they're shot. What you hear and see on all sides is the brutality and bestiality of the Japanese soldiers.» ^[8]

On December 17, Rabe wrote a letter as chairman to Kiyoshi Fukui, second secretary of the Japanese Embassy. The following is an excerpt:

«In other words, on the 13th when your troops entered the city, we had nearly all the civilian population gathered in a Zone in which there had been very little destruction by stray shells and no looting by Chinese soldiers even in full retreat.... All 27 Occidentals in the city at that time and our Chinese population were totally surprised by the reign of robbery, raping and killing initiated by your soldiers on the 14th. All we are asking in our protest is that you restore order among your troops and get the normal city life going as soon as possible. In the latter process we are glad to cooperate in any way we can. But even last night between 8 and 9 p.m. when five Occidental members of our staff and Committee toured the Zone to observe conditions, we did not find any single Japanese patrol either in the Zone or at the entrances! »^[9]

Having received no answer to his request, Rabe wrote again to Fukui the following day, this time in an even more desperate tone:

«We are sorry to trouble you again but the sufferings and needs of the 200 000 civilians for whom we are trying to care make it urgent that we try to secure action from your military authorities to stop the present disorder among Japanese soldiers wandering through the Safety Zone.... The second man in our Housing Commission had to see two women in his family at 23 Hankow Road raped last night at supper time by Japanese soldiers. Our associate food commissioner, Mr. Sone, has to convey trucks with rice and leave 2,500 people in families at his Nanking Theological Seminary to look after themselves. Yesterday, in broad daylight, several women at the Seminary were raped right in the middle of a large room filled with men, women, and children! We 22 Occidentals cannot feed 200,000 Chinese civilians and protect them night and day. That is the duty of the Japanese authorities ...^[10]

On the February 10, 1938, Rabe wrote in his diary:

«Fukui, whom I tried to find at the Japanese embassy to no avail all day yesterday, paid a call on me last night. He actually managed to threaten me: "If the newspapers in Shanghai report bad things, you will have the Japanese army against you", he said.... In reply to my question as to what I then could say in Shanghai, Fukui said "We leave that to your discretion. "My response: "It looks as if you expect me to say something like this to the reporters: The situation in Nanking is improving everyday. Please don't print any more atrocities stories about the vile behavior of Japanese soldiers, because then you'll only be pouring oil on fire of disagreement that already exists between the Japanese and Europeans." "Yes", he said simply beaming, "that would be splendid!" ^[11]

John Rabe gave a series of lectures in Germany after he came back to Berlin on April 15, 1938, in which he said, "We Europeans put the number [of civilian casualties] at about 50,000 to 60,000."^[12] Rabe was not the only figure to record the Japanese atrocity. By December 1937, after the defeat of the Chinese soldiers, the Japanese soldiers would often go house-to-house in Nanking, shooting any civilians they encountered. Evidence of these violent acts come from diaries kept by some Japanese soldiers and by Japanese journalists who were appalled by what was transpiring.^[13]

Return to Germany[link]

On February 28, 1938, Rabe left Nanking upon orders possibly made by Adolf Hitler^{[citation needed]} himself in order to preserve the relationship Germany had with Japan at the time. He first traveled to Shanghai and then back to Germany. He took with him a large number of source materials documenting the atrocities committed by the Japanese in Nanking.

Rabe showed films and photographs of Japanese atrocities in lecture presentations in Berlin and wrote to Hitler to use his influence to persuade the Japanese to stop any further inhumane violence. As a result, Rabe was detained and interrogated by the Gestapo and his letter was never delivered to Hitler. Due to the intervention of Siemens AG, Rabe was released. He was allowed to keep evidence of the massacre, excluding the film, but was not allowed to lecture or write on the subject. Rabe continued working for Siemens, which posted him briefly to the safety of Siemens AG of Afghanistan. Rabe subsequently worked in the Berlin headquarters of the company until the end of the war.

Postwar[link]

After the war, Rabe was arrested first by the Soviet NKVD and then by the British Army. Both, however, let him go after intense interrogation. He worked sporadically for Siemens, earning very little. He was later denounced for his Nazi Party membership by an acquaintance. He was stripped of the work permit that he had previously been given by the British Zone, and had to undergo a very lengthy de-nazification process (his first attempt was rejected and he had to appeal) in the hope of regaining the permission to work. He had to pay his own legal defense costs, which depleted his savings.^[14]

Unable to work to support his family and with the savings spent the family survived in a one room apartment by selling his Chinese art collection, but this did not provide enough to avoid malnutrition. He was formally declared "de-Nazified" by the British in June 3, 1946 but thereafter continued to live in poverty. The family lived on wild seeds that the children would eat with soup, and on dry bread until that was no longer available either.^[14]

In 1948, the citizens of Nanking learned of the very dire situation of the Rabe family in occupied Germany and they quickly raised a very large sum of money, equivalent to $US 2000 (US$ 19,000 in 2012). The city mayor himself went to Germany, via Switzerland where he bought a large amount of food for the Rabe family. From mid 1948 until the communist takeover the people of Nanking also sent a food package each month, for which Rabe in many letters expressed deep gratitude.^[14]

Death and legacy[link]

John H D Rabe tombstone in Nanjing

On January 5, 1950, Rabe died of a stroke. In 1997 his tombstone was moved from Berlin to Nanjing (as it is now) where it received a place of honor at the massacre memorial site.

In 2005, Rabe's former residence in Nanking (as it then was) was renovated and now accommodates the "John Rabe and International Safety Zone Memorial Hall", which opened in 2006. The Austrian Service Abroad has been invited to send a Peace Servant.^{[citation needed]}

War diaries[link]

His war-time diaries are published in English as The Good German of Nanking (UK title) or The Good Man of Nanking (US title) (original German title: Der gute Deutsche von Nanking).

Portrayals in film[link]

John Rabe has been portrayed in numerous films:

• In Mou Tun Fei's 1995 film Black Sun: The Nanking Massacre. Minnie Vautrin and George Ashmore Fitch are also depicted.
• In Wu Ziniu's 1995 film Don't Cry, Nanking, actor Ulrich Ottenburger played Rabe, although his name was changed to "John Robbins."
• In Bill Guttentag and Dan Sturman's 2007 documentary film Nanking, actor Jürgen Prochnow played Rabe.
• In Lu Chuan's 2009 film City of Life and Death, actor John Paisley played Rabe.
• In Florian Gallenberger's film John Rabe, also released in 2009, Ulrich Tukur played John Rabe.^[15]

See also[link]

References[link]

Sources[link]

• Erwin Wickert (editor). (1998). The Good German of Nanjing: The Diaries of John Rabe, Knopf. ISBN 0-375-40211-X
• Original German: (1997). John Rabe. Der gute Deutsche von Nanking. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart. ISBN 3-421-05098-8
• John Rabe Peace and Communication Center Heidelberg
• john-rabe.com
• Museum Recalls Hero of 'The Rape of Nanjing' Fall 2006 NPR program about Rabe
• John Rabe Communication Centre Heidelberg

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Rabe

Jack Cardiff
Jack Cardiff in the 1970s
Born	(1914-09-18)18 September 1914 Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, UK
Died	22 April 2009(2009-04-22) (aged 94) Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK
Occupation	Actor, cinematographer, director, photographer
Years active	1918–2007

Jack Cardiff, OBE, BSC (18 September 1914 – 22 April 2009)^[1] was a British cinematographer, director and photographer.

His career spanned the development of cinema, from silent film, through early experiments in Technicolor to filmmaking in the 21st century. He was best known for his influential colour cinematography for directors such as Powell and Pressburger, Huston and Hitchcock.

In 2000 he was awarded an OBE and in 2001 he was awarded an Honorary Oscar for his contribution to the cinema.

Jack Cardiff's work is reviewed in detail in the documentary film: Cameraman: The Life and Work of Jack Cardiff (2010).

Early life[link]

Cardiff was born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, the son of Florence and John Joseph Cardiff, music hall entertainers.^[2] He worked as an actor from an early age, both in the music hall and in a number of silent films: My Son, My Son (1918), Billy's Rose (1922), The Loves of Mary, Queen of Scots (1923) and Tiptoes (1927). At 15 he began working as a camera assistant, clapper boy and production runner for British International Pictures, including Hitchcock's The Skin Game (1931).

Cinematography[link]

In 1935, Cardiff graduated to camera operator and occasional cinematographer, working mostly for London Films. He was the first to shoot a film in Britain in Technicolor: Wings of the Morning (1937). When the war began he worked as a cinematographer on public information films. He did a number of films on India where the British wanted to showcase the new capital city of Delhi.

The turning point in his career was as a 2nd unit cameraman on Powell & Pressburger's The Life and Death of Colonel Blimp (1943); they were impressed enough to hire Cardiff as cinematographer on their post-war Technicolor A Matter of Life and Death (1946). Their collaboration continued with Black Narcissus (1947), which won Cardiff an Oscar and a Golden Globe, and The Red Shoes (1948). These films put Cardiff's talents in high demand, and a string of big-budget films followed.

In 1995, the British Society of Cinematographers conferred a lifetime achievement award on Cardiff.^[3]

Directorial work[link]

In the late 1950s Cardiff began to direct, with two modest successes in Intent to Kill (1958) and Web of Evidence (1959). However, his 1960 adaptation of D. H. Lawrence's novel Sons and Lovers, starring Trevor Howard, Wendy Hiller and Dean Stockwell, was a successful hit, critically and financially. It earned seven Oscar nominations (including a Best Director nomination for Cardiff) and Freddie Francis won for Best Black-and-White Cinematography. Cardiff received a Golden Globe Award for Best Director.

Later life[link]

After concentrating on direction in the 1960s, he returned to cinematography in the 1970s and 1980s, working on mainstream commercial films in the United States.

One of the last films Jack photographed was at Pinewood Studios in 2004 when he lit veteran actor Sir John Mills in a short entitled Lights 2 (dir. Marcus Dillistone). The combined age of leading actor and cinematographer was a record 186 years!

A feature-length documentary was made about Cardiff's life and career, Cameraman - The Life and Work of Jack Cardiff (2010) by Craig McCall.^[4][5] It took 17 years to make but wasn't completed or released until after his death. As well as many interviews with Jack himself, it included tributes from Martin Scorsese, Thelma Schoonmaker, Kathleen Byron, Kim Hunter, Moira Shearer, John Mills, Lauren Bacall, Charlton Heston and Kirk Douglas. It was chosen for the official selection of Cannes Classics at the Festival de Cannes in 2010, as well as four other important film festivals the same year.^[6]

Cardiff died of natural causes, aged 94, on 22 April 2009, the same day as Ken Annakin, with whom he had worked on The Fifth Musketeer (1979). He was survived by his wife and his four sons.^[7]

Filmography[link]

Cinematographer[link]

Jack Cardiff was the cinematographer for 73 films, documentaries and TV series between 1935 and 2007.^[8] These are some of the main films:

Director[link]

Further reading[link]

• Magic Hour (1996). Faber and Faber limited. ISBN 0-571-19274-2. Foreword by Martin Scorsese.
• Conversations with Jack Cardiff: Art, Light and Direction in Cinema by Justin Bowyer (ISBN 0-7134-8855-7)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jack Cardiff at the Internet Movie Database
• BFI: Jack Cardiff
• Jack Cardiff biography and credits at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
• Jack Cardiff at the Powell & Pressburger pages
• BBC Forum Interview (2001)
• BBC Radio 4's The Film Programme special edition on Jack Cardiff
• Jack Cardiff Prints
• NNDB