name | Theora |
---|---|
extension | .ogv, .ogg |
mime | video/ogg |
owner | Xiph.org |
released | |
latest release version | Theora I |
latest release date | 5 August 2009 |
genre | Video compression format |
contained by | Ogg, Matroska |
extended from | VP3 |
standard | Specification |
url | }} |
name | libtheora |
---|---|
developer | Xiph.org |
released | (1.0) |
latest release version | 1.1.1 |
latest release date | |
latest preview version | 1.2.0 Alpha 1 |
latest preview date | |
programming language | C |
operating system | Unix-like (incl GNU/Linux, Mac OS X), Windows |
status | Active |
genre | Video codec, reference implementation |
license | 3-clause BSD |
website | www.theora.org }} |
Theora is a free lossy video compression format. It is developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation and distributed without licensing fees alongside their other free and open media projects, including the Vorbis audio format and the Ogg container.
libtheora is a reference implementation of the Theora video compression format being developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation.
Theora is derived from the proprietary VP3 codec, released into the public domain by On2 Technologies. It is broadly comparable in design and bitrate efficiency to MPEG-4 Part 2, early versions of Windows Media Video, and RealVideo while lacking some of the features present in some of these other codecs. It is comparable in open standards philosophy to the BBC's Dirac codec.
Theora is named after Theora Jones, Edison Carter's Controller on the ''Max Headroom'' television program.
Theora video streams can be stored in any suitable container format. Most commonly it is found in the Ogg container with Vorbis or FLAC audio streams which provides a completely open, royalty-free multimedia format. It can also be used with the Matroska container.
The Theora video-compression format is essentially compatible with the VP3 video-compression format, consisting of a backward-compatible superset. Theora is a superset of VP3, and VP3 streams (with some minor syntactic modifications) can be converted into Theora streams without recompression (but not vice versa). VP3 video compression can be decoded using Theora implementations, but Theora video compression usually cannot be decoded using old VP3 implementations.
There is no formal specification for the VP3 bitstream format beyond the VP3 source code published by On2 Technologies. In 2003, Mike Melanson created an incomplete description of the VP3 bitstream format and decoding process at a higher level than source code, with some help from On2 and Xiph.Org Foundation. The Theora specification adopted some portions of this VP3 description.
The Theora reference implementation libtheora spent several years in alpha and beta status. The last alpha version was libtheora 1.0alpha7 released on June 20, 2006. It was followed by libtheora 1.0 beta1 on September 22, 2007. The last beta version was libtheora 1.0 beta3 released on April 16, 2008. The first stable release of libtheora as version 1.0 was made in November 2008. Work then focused on improving the codec performance in the ''"Thusnelda"'' branch, which was released as version 1.1 in September 2009 as the second stable libtheora release. This release brought some technical improvements and new features, e.g. the new rate control module and the new two-pass rate control.
The codename for the next version of Theora reference implementation (libtheora) is ''Ptalarbvorm''.
Theora is well established as a video format in open source applications, and is the format used for Wikipedia's video content. However, the proposed adoption of Theora as part of the baseline video support in HTML5 resulted in controversy.
The performance characteristics of the Theora 1.0 reference implementation are dominated mostly by implementation problems inherited from the original VP3 code base. Work leading up to the 1.1 stable release was focused on improving on or eliminating these. A May 2009 review of this work shows a considerable improvement in quality, both subjectively and as measured by PSNR, just by improving the forward DCT and quantisation matrices. A flaw in the version of FFmpeg used in the test initially led to incorrect reports of Theora PSNR surpassing that of H.264. Although not achieving this goal, the improvement in the measured PSNR and the perceived quality is considerable. In any case, the differences in quality, bitrate and file size between a YouTube H.264 video and a transcoded Ogg video file are negligible. Further work on adaptive quantization, as well as overall detailed subjective tuning of the codec, is still to come.
video
element:
Mozilla Firefox 3.5 and later versions including Firefox for mobile (Fennec). Google Chrome as of version 3.0.182.2 including Chromium as of 14 July 2009. SeaMonkey as of version 2.0. Konqueror 4.4.2 Opera as of version 10.50. It was also supported in Opera 9.5 experimental video builds.
{| style="text-align: center; width: 95%" class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | Name ! rowspan="2" | Description ! colspan="3" | Operating Systems Supported |- | style="width: 10%;" | Unix-like | style="width: 10%;" | Mac OS X | style="width: 10%;" | Windows |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; Firefogg | style="text-align: left;" | A Firefox browser extension implementation of ffmpeg2theora | | | |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; ffmpeg2theora | style="text-align: left;" | A command-line program that transcodes video by decoding with FFmpeg and reencoding with libtheora to encode it | | | |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; VLC | style="text-align: left;" | Can transcode to single-pass Theora 1.0 and optionally stream it | | | |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; OggConvert | style="text-align: left;" | Transcodes supported media to Vorbis, Theora, or Dirac | | ? | |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; FreeJ | style="text-align: left;" | "Video DJing" software that can encode to and stream Theora | | | ? |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; Kdenlive''' | style="text-align: left;" | The video editor supplied with KDE | | ? | ? |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; PiTiVi | style="text-align: left;" | The video editor supplied with GNOME | | ? | ? |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; LiVES | style="text-align: left;" | Video editing software for Linux. Can edit, encode and stream theora. | | | ? |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; Thoggen | style="text-align: left;" | A GTK+ and GStreamer based DVD backup utility | | ? | ? |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; HandBrake | style="text-align: left;" | Can output to Theora only with the Matroska container | | | |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; Recordmydesktop | style="text-align: left;" | Records the screen to Ogg Theora with optional Vorbis audio | | ? | ? |}
The libtheora library contains the reference implementation of the Theora specification for encoding and decoding. libtheora is still under development by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The library is released under the terms of a BSD-style license.
Also, several media frameworks have support for Theora.
The open-source ffdshow audio/video decoder is capable of encoding Theora videos using its Video for Windows (VFW) multi-codec interface within popular AVI editing programs. It supports both encoding and decoding Theora video streams and uses Theora's alpha 4 libraries. However, many of the more refined features of Theora aren't available to the user in ffdshow's interface. The GStreamer framework has support for parsing raw Theora streams, encoding and decoding raw Theora streams to/from YUV video
{| style="text-align: center; width: 95%" class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | Name ! rowspan="2" | Description ! colspan="3" | Operating Systems Supported |- | style="width: 10%;" | Unix-like | style="width: 10%;" | Mac OS X | style="width: 10%;" | Windows |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; VLC | | | | |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; Icecast | | | ? | |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; FreeCast | style="text-align: left;" | Peer-to-peer streaming. Written in Java | | ? | |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; LiVES | style="text-align: left;" | Can stream ogg/theora/vorbis in realtime to a file or fifo. | | | ? |- | style="text-align: left;" | ; Flumotion | style="text-align: left;" | Streaming media server. | | ? | ? |}
Theora Streaming Studio is a complete client to connect to an Icecast server.
Category:Video codecs Category:Xiph.Org projects Category:Free multimedia codecs, containers, and splitters
als:Theora ar:ثيورا ca:Theora cs:Theora da:Theora de:Theora es:Theora eo:Theora fr:Theora ko:테오라 id:Theora it:Theora hu:Theora ml:തിയോറ nl:Theora (compressieformaat) ja:Theora no:Theora pl:Theora pt:Theora ru:Theora sk:Theora fi:Theora sv:Ogg Theora tr:Theora uk:Theora yo:Theora zh:TheoraThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Having learned from his grandfather, Bellini left provincial Catania in June 1819 to study at the conservatory in Naples, with a stipend from the municipal government of Catania. By 1822 he was in the class of the director Nicolò Zingarelli, studying the masters of the Neapolitan school and the orchestral works of Haydn and Mozart. It was the custom at the Conservatory to introduce a promising student to the public with a dramatic work: the result was Bellini's first opera ''Adelson e Salvini'' an ''opera semiseria'' that was presented at the Conservatory's theatre. Bellini's next opera, ''Bianca e Gernando'', met with some success at the Teatro San Carlo, leading to a commission from the impresario Barbaia for an opera at La Scala. ''Il pirata'' was a resounding immediate success and began Bellini's faithful and fruitful collaboration with the librettist and poet Felice Romani, and cemented his friendship with his favored tenor Giovanni Battista Rubini, who had sung in ''Bianca e Gernando''. Bellini spent the next years, 1827–33 in Milan, where all doors were open to him. Sparking controversy in the press for its new style and its restless harmonic shifts into remote keys, ''La straniera'' (1828) was even more successful than ''Il pirata'', and allowed Bellini to support himself solely by his opera commissions. The composer showed the taste for social life and the dandyism that Heinrich Heine emphasized in his literary portrait of Bellini (''Florentinische Nächte'', 1837). Opening a new theatre in Parma, his ''Zaira'' (1829) was a failure at the Teatro Ducale, but Venice welcomed ''I Capuleti e i Montecchi'', which was based on the same Italian source as Shakespeare's ''Romeo and Juliet''.
The next five years were triumphant, with major successes with his greatest works, ''La sonnambula'', ''Norma'' and ''I puritani'', cut short by Bellini's premature death just nine months after the premiere of ''I puritani''. Bellini left London for Paris, but never completed the journey back to Milan.
Bellini died in Puteaux, near Paris of acute inflammation of the intestine, and was buried in the cemetery of Père Lachaise, Paris; his remains were removed to the cathedral of Catania in 1876. The Museo Belliniano housed in the Gravina Cruyllas Palace, in Catania, preserves memorabilia and scores.
Title | Genre | Acts | Libretto | Première (date) | Première (place) | ||
''Adelson e Salvini'' | opera semiseria | 3 acts | Andrea Leone Tottola | 12 (?) February 1825 | |||
''Bianca e Gernando'' | melodrama | 2 acts | Domenico Gilardoni | 30 May 1826 | Naples, Teatro San Carlo | ||
''Il pirata'' | melodramma | 2 acts | Felice Romani | 27 October 1827 | Milan, Teatro alla Scala | ||
''Bianca e Fernando'' (revision of ''Bianca e Gernando'') | melodramma | 2 acts | Felice Romani | 7 April 1828 | Genoa, Teatro Carlo Felice | ||
''La straniera'' | melodramma | 2 acts | Felice Romani | 14 February 1829 | Milan, Teatro alla Scala | ||
tragedia lirica | 2 acts | Felice Romani | 16 May 1829 | Parma, Teatro Ducale | |||
''I Capuleti e i Montecchi'' | tragedia lirica | 2 acts | Felice Romani | 11 March 1830 | Venice, Teatro La Fenice | ||
''La sonnambula'' | opera semiseria | 2 acts | Felice Romani | 6 March 1831 | Milan, Teatro Carcano | ||
tragedia lirica | 2 acts | Felice Romani | 26 December 1831 | Milan, Teatro alla Scala | |||
''Beatrice di Tenda'' | tragedia lirica | 2 acts | Felice Romani | 16 March 1833 | Venice, Teatro La Fenice | ||
''I puritani'' | melodramma serio | 3 acts | Carlo Pepoli | 24 January 1836 |
|
Paris, Théâtre-Italien | |
Category:1801 births Category:1835 deaths Category:People from Catania Category:Italian composers Category:Opera composers Category:Romantic composers Category:Sicilian composers Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
an:Vincenzo Bellini ar:فينشينسو بيليني be:Вінчэнца Беліні bg:Винченцо Белини ca:Vincenzo Bellini cs:Vincenzo Bellini da:Vincenzo Bellini de:Vincenzo Bellini et:Vincenzo Bellini el:Βιντσέντζο Μπελίνι es:Vincenzo Bellini eo:Vincenzo Bellini eu:Vincenzo Bellini fa:وینچنتزو بلینی fr:Vincenzo Bellini ko:빈첸초 벨리니 hy:Վինչենցո Բելլինի hr:Vincenzo Bellini id:Vincenzo Bellini it:Vincenzo Bellini he:וינצ'נצו בליני ka:ვინჩენცო ბელინი sw:Vincenzo Bellini la:Vincentius Bellini hu:Vincenzo Bellini arz:فينسينزو بيليني nl:Vincenzo Bellini ja:ヴィンチェンツォ・ベッリーニ no:Vincenzo Bellini pms:Vincenzo Bellini pl:Vincenzo Bellini pt:Vincenzo Bellini ro:Vincenzo Bellini ru:Беллини, Винченцо scn:Vicenzu Bellini simple:Vincenzo Bellini sk:Vincenzo Bellini sl:Vincenzo Bellini sr:Винченцо Белини sh:Vincenzo Bellini fi:Vincenzo Bellini sv:Vincenzo Bellini tr:Vincenzo Bellini uk:Вінченцо Белліні zh:温琴佐·贝利尼
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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