- go to the top
- About WN
- Contact
- Feedback
- Privacy Policy
- © 2012 World News Inc., all Rights Reserved
Federation
Loading suggestions ...
-
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (; 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a Chinese politician, statesman, theorist, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. While Deng never held office as the head of state, head of government or General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (historically the highest position in Communist China), he nonetheless served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from 1978 to the early 1990s.
http://wn.com/Deng_Xiaoping -
Federalism in China
Chinese federalism refers to political theories which argue that China's central government either does or should devolve large amounts of power to local entities. (See federalism). Such proposals were made in the early twentieth century, in connection with the end of the Qing dynasty; as well as recently, with a view to providing checks against the power of the central government, as well as settling the relationship between the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and other potential political entities. A few scholars argue that political power in China is already decentralized, albeit on an informal basis. The question has also been raised: In a world of almost 200 countries, is it likely that a quarter of humanity (1.3 billion people), will remain of just one nation-state - China?
http://wn.com/Federalism_in_China -
Foederati
Foederatus (pl. foederati) is a Latin term whose definition and usage drifted in the time between the early Roman Republic and the end of the Western Roman Empire. Early in the history of the Roman Republic, a foederatus identified one of the tribes bound by treaty (foedus), who were neither Roman colonies nor had they been granted Roman citizenship (civitas) but were expected to provide a contingent of fighting men when trouble arose, thus were allies. The Latini tribe were considered blood allies, but the rest were federates or socii.
http://wn.com/Foederati -
Inca Empire
The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire, (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru.
http://wn.com/Inca_Empire -
Joseph H. H. Weiler
Joseph Halevi Horowitz Weiler (b. 1951 in Johannesburg, South Africa) is Joseph Straus Professor of Law and European Union Jean Monnet Chair at New York University Law School. He holds a diploma from the Hague Academy of International Law, Weiler is the author of works relating to the sui generis character of the European Union. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
http://wn.com/Joseph_H_H_Weiler -
Lord of Mann
:"Lady of Mann" redirects here. For the wives of the Lords of Mann, see List of Manx consorts; or for the ship, see MS Lady of Mann.
http://wn.com/Lord_of_Mann -
Robert Schuman
Robert Schuman (; 29 June 1886 4 September 1963) was a noted Luxembourgish-born French statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat (M.R.P.) and an independent political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions and is regarded as one of the founders of the European Union, the Council of Europe and NATO.
http://wn.com/Robert_Schuman
-
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium -
Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
http://wn.com/Brazil -
Cameroon
The Republic of Cameroon () is a country of central and western Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. The highest point is Mount Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities are Douala, Yaoundé, and Garoua. Cameroon is home to over 200 different linguistic groups. The country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. English and French are the official languages.
http://wn.com/Cameroon -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Catalonia
Catalonia ( ; , , ) is one of the Kingdom of Spain's seventeen autonomous communities, the administrative divisions that represent the country's historical nationalities and regions. Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida and Tarragona. Its capital city is Barcelona. Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km² and has an official population of 7,504,881. It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east (580 km coastline). The official languages are Spanish, Catalan and Aranese.
http://wn.com/Catalonia -
Comoros
this is an island with to people on it
http://wn.com/Comoros -
Cook Islands
The Cook Islands (Cook Islands Māori: ''Kūki 'Āirani'') is a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. The fifteen small islands in this South Pacific Ocean country have a total land area of 240 square kilometres (92.7 sq mi), but the Cook Islands Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers 1.8 million square kilometres (0.7 million sq mi) of ocean.
http://wn.com/Cook_Islands -
Crown dependency
http://wn.com/Crown_dependency -
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. From 1939 to 1945 the state did not have de facto existence, due to its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, but the Czechoslovak government-in-exile nevertheless continued to exist during this period. In 1945 the eastern part of Carpathian Ruthenia was taken over by the Soviet Union. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
http://wn.com/Czechoslovakia -
Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Ethiopia -
Federation of Malaya
The Federation of Malaya (), is the name given to a federation of 11 states that existed from 31 January 1948 until 16 September 1963. Comprising the nine Malay states and the British settlements of Penang and Malacca, it was eventually superseded by Malaysia.
http://wn.com/Federation_of_Malaya -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Galicia (Spain)
:This article is about the nation in Spain. For the Polish-Ukrainian region, see Galicia (Eastern Europe).
http://wn.com/Galicia_(Spain) -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Guernsey
The Bailiwick of Guernsey ( ; , ) is a British Crown Dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
http://wn.com/Guernsey -
Imperial Germany
http://wn.com/Imperial_Germany -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India -
Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq -
Isle of Man
The Isle of Man (; , ), otherwise known simply as Mann (, ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although it does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is the ultimate responsibility of the Crown (i.e., in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
http://wn.com/Isle_of_Man -
Jersey
The Bailiwick of Jersey (, ; Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick includes two groups of small islands which are no longer permanently inhabited, the Minquiers and Écréhous, and the Pierres de Lecq and other rocks and reefs. Together with the Bailiwick of Guernsey, it forms the grouping known as the Channel Islands. Like the Isle of Man, Jersey is a separate possession of the Crown and is not part of the United Kingdom. Jersey has an international identity different from that of the UK, although it belongs to the Common Travel Area and the definition of "United Kingdom" in the British Nationality Act 1981 is interpreted as including the UK and the Islands together. The United Kingdom is constitutionally responsible for the defence of Jersey. Jersey is not a part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, being treated as part of the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods.
http://wn.com/Jersey -
Kingdom of Spain
http://wn.com/Kingdom_of_Spain -
Kurdistan
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 250px; font-size: 95%; float: right;" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0"
http://wn.com/Kurdistan -
Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
http://wn.com/Malaysia -
Mali Federation
{|align="right"
http://wn.com/Mali_Federation -
Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
http://wn.com/Mexico -
Mogadishu
Mogadishu (; , popularly Xamar; ; , literally "The Seat of the Shah") is the largest city in Somalia and the nation's capital.
http://wn.com/Mogadishu -
Moscow
Moscow ( or ; ; see also ) is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. Moscow is the most populous city on the continent of Europe and the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,563,038.
http://wn.com/Moscow -
Navarre
Navarre (, ; ) is a region in northern Spain, constituting one of its autonomous communities - the "Chartered Community of Navarre" (; ). Its principal city is Pamplona.
http://wn.com/Navarre -
Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
http://wn.com/Nigeria -
Niue
Niue ( in English, Niuean: Niuē) is an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean. It is commonly known as the "Rock of Polynesia", and natives of the island call it "the Rock" for short. Niue is northeast of New Zealand in a triangle between Tonga to the southwest, the Samoas to the northwest, and the Cook Islands to the southeast. The land area is with about 1,400 people who are predominantly Polynesian.
http://wn.com/Niue -
Ottawa
Ottawa ( or ) is the capital of Canada, a municipality and the second largest city within the province of Ontario. Located in the Ottawa Valley, in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario, the city lies on the Ottawa River, a major waterway forming the local boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
http://wn.com/Ottawa -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Peninsular Malaysia
Peninsular Malaysia (), also known as West Malaysia (formerly Malaya), is the part of Malaysia which lies on the Malay Peninsula. Its area is 131,598 square kilometers (50,810 square miles). It shares a land border with Thailand in the north. To the south is the island of Singapore. Across the Strait of Malacca to the west lies the island of Sumatra. East Malaysia (on the island of Borneo) is to the east across the South China Sea. With an estimated population of 21 million, it accounts for the majority (roughly 80%) of Malaysia's population and economy.
http://wn.com/Peninsular_Malaysia -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Sabah
Sabah is one of 13 member states of Malaysia. It is located on the northern portion of the island of Borneo. It is the second largest state in the country after Sarawak, which it borders on its south-west. It also shares a border with the province of East Kalimantan of Indonesia in the south. In spite of its status as a Malaysian state, Sabah remains a disputed territory; the Philippines has a dormant claim over much of the eastern part of the territory. The capital of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu, formerly known as Jesselton. Sabah is known as "Sabah, negeri di bawah bayu", which means "Sabah, the land below the wind", because of its location just south of the typhoon-prone region around the Philippines.
http://wn.com/Sabah -
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg () is a city and a federal subject (a federal city) of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city's other names were Petrograd (, 1914–1924) and Leningrad (, 1924–1991). It is often called just Petersburg () and is informally known as Piter ().
http://wn.com/Saint_Petersburg -
Sakha Republic
The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (, Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya); , Sakha Respublikata) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). The population of Yakutia mainly consists of ethnic Yakuts and Russians.
http://wn.com/Sakha_Republic -
Sarawak
Sarawak () is one of two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Known as Bumi Kenyalang ("Land of the Hornbills"), it is situated on the north-west of the island. It is the largest state in Malaysia; the second largest, Sabah, lies to the northeast.
http://wn.com/Sarawak -
Scottish Parliament
{{Infobox Legislature
http://wn.com/Scottish_Parliament -
Singapore
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/Singapore -
Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
http://wn.com/Somalia -
Somaliland
Somaliland (, Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl) is an unrecognized state located in the Horn of Africa. It is regarded internationally as being an autonomous region of Somalia. The government of Somaliland, however, regards itself as the successor state to British Somaliland which was independent for a few days in 1960 as the State of Somaliland.
http://wn.com/Somaliland -
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
http://wn.com/Soviet_Union -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Sudan
Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
http://wn.com/Sudan -
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
http://wn.com/Switzerland -
Tocantins (state)
http://wn.com/Tocantins_(state) -
Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
http://wn.com/Uganda -
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) (, , short name: The Emirates, local short name: Al Emarat الامارات) is a federation situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman and Saudi Arabia and sharing sea borders with Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and Iran. The UAE consists of seven states, termed emirates, (because they are ruled by Emirs) which are Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah and Fujairah. The capital and second largest city of the United Arab Emirates is Abu Dhabi. It is also the country's center of political, industrial, and cultural activities.
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its roughly northern coastline includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population of 26,414,816. Venezuela is considered a country with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
http://wn.com/Venezuela
- Anti-Federalist
- Argentina
- associated state
- Australia
- Austria
- autonomous area
- Belgium
- best practice
- Brazil
- British Dominions
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Catalonia
- Channel Islands
- civil war
- coercion
- Commonwealth
- Comoros
- confederation
- Cook Islands
- Crown dependency
- Czechoslovakia
- de facto
- Deng Xiaoping
- devolution
- emirate
- empire
- Ethiopia
- Ethnic group
- Euratom
- Europe Declaration
- European Union
- ex officio
- federacy
- Federal monarchy
- Federal republic
- federalism
- Federalism in China
- Federalist
- Federated state
- Federation of Malaya
- Foederati
- form of government
- Forum of Federations
- France
- French West Africa
- Galicia (Spain)
- Germany
- Governorates of Iraq
- Guernsey
- high king
- Imperial Germany
- Inca Empire
- Independent city
- India
- Indian Union
- intergovernmentalism
- international law
- Iraq
- Isle of Man
- Jersey
- Joseph H. H. Weiler
- Kingdom of Spain
- krai
- Krais of Russia
- Kurdistan
- Latin
- Lord of Mann
- Malaysia
- Mali Federation
- member state
- Mexico
- Międzymorze
- Mogadishu
- monarchy
- Moscow
- Multinational state
- Namur (city)
- nation state
- Navarre
- Neofunctionalism
- Nepal
- New federalism
- Nigeria
- Niue
- Oblasts of Russia
- Ottawa
- Overseas territories
- Pakistan
- Peninsular Malaysia
- Political economy
- political union
- President of Russia
- Realm of New Zealand
- Regional state
- Regions of Ethiopia
- Republic
- Republics of Russia
- Robert Schuman
- Roman Empire
- Russia
- Sabah
- Saint Petersburg
- Sakha Republic
- Sarawak
- Scottish Parliament
- Singapore
- Somalia
- Somaliland
- sovereign state
- sovereignty
- Soviet Union
- Spain
- States of Austria
- States of Brazil
- States of Germany
- States of Malaysia
- States of Mexico
- States of Nigeria
- States of Sudan
- States of Venezuela
- Statute of Autonomy
- Sudan
- supranational
- Supranational union
- Supranationalism
- Switzerland
- Tocantins (state)
- Treaties of Rome
- Treaty of Lisbon
- U.S. state
- Uganda
- Unilateralism
- unitary state
- United Arab Emirates
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Venezuela
- Zones of Nepal
RELEASE
ALBUMS
Headspinz
(Released 1998)
- Intro
- Headspinz
- See Through
- It Could Happen
- Lo-Fi Lullaby
- Sea of Green
- Twisted
- Dr. Umlaut Plays Uptempo
- The Antidote
- The Less Y'Know
- Ordinary Day
- Could Be Mine
- Mr. Cyphiere
Earthloop
(Released 1996)
- Paradise
- Only Words
- You & I
- Nocturne
- Time
- As One
- Find Your Way
- Paradise (Fed's extended)
- Pressure
- Show Me
- Ain't What U Say
- You & I (More Rockers remix)
Flower to the Sun
(Released 1994)
- Like I Feel
- Can U Feel It
- Hold On
- Realise
- Rusty James
- A Night in Chew Magna
- Life So Free
- Keep Pushing
- Shine
- If We Had It All
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
The Federation - Stunna Shades OFFICIAL VIDEO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Published: 06 Aug 2008
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: dimepieceproductions
Bay Area's own "The Federation" in their official music video for Stunna Shades. Produced by DimePiece Productions... www.myspace.com/dimepiece_productions... Editor RyanIsbell...
http://wn.com/The_Federation__Stunna_Shades_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
The Federation - Get naked you beezy Lyrics @ Description
The Federation - Get naked you beezy * Exclusive * Hiphop at its best! www.youtube.com Hiphop at its best! www.youtube.com Hiphop at its best! www.youtube.com Subscribe now for Real Underground Hiphop at My Channel!! Lyrics: (old tune plays and woman sings) I must take a trip to...
http://wn.com/The_Federation__Get_naked_you_beezy_Lyrics_@_Description
Hoes In Here (With Intro) - The Federation
Only a couple of ppl had this song... but no one had the sick intro, so yea....
http://wn.com/Hoes_In_Here_With_Intro__The_Federation
The Federation - Go Dumb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Published: 12 May 2007
- Uploaded: 06 Jan 2012
- Author: terrizille
This is a song to get hyphy with and go dumb to
http://wn.com/The_Federation__Go_Dumb
The Federation - I Only Wear My White Tees Once
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 24 Apr 2008
- Uploaded: 09 Jan 2012
- Author: DaFuture510
I Only Wear My White Tees Once by The Federation
http://wn.com/The_Federation__I_Only_Wear_My_White_Tees_Once
The Federation - 18 Dummy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Published: 19 Jul 2006
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: topnotchproductions
"18 Dummy" - Getting dumb by drinking Jose Cuervo 1800 Tequila, also known as "Dummy Juice." also, yellow (or "short") busses popularized by hyphy music (specifically Oakland artist Mistah FAB) most commonly are equipped with 18 seats. YAY AREA HYPHY MOVEMENT '06. 18 DUMMY.
http://wn.com/The_Federation__18_Dummy
John Butler Trio - Ocean (Live at Federation Square)
Track 9 from the Live at Federation Square DVD Live at Federation Square on 5th April 2007 Melbourne locals witnessed John Butler Trio Live At The Wireless in Federation Square. Performing songs from their hit new album Grand National as well as some old favourites, the John Butler Trio rocked Fed Square before heading off on their world tour. The John Butler Trio is primarily an eclectic roots/jam band led by guitarist and vocalist John Butler. Two of the band's albums Three (2001) and Living 2001-2002 (2003) have gone platinum in Australia and reached the top ten of the Australian album charts in those years. The 2004 album Sunrise Over Sea debuted at number one on the Australian charts on March 15, 2004 reaching gold record status in its first week on sale. Their most recent album,Grand National was released in March 07.
http://wn.com/John_Butler_Trio__Ocean_Live_at_Federation_Square
Part 1 Of 2 Galactic Federation Of Light Archangel Michael December 24 2011
lightworkers.org web.me.com Beloved masters, you must expand your capacity for Love/Light so that it includes all Creation: Love of nature, Love of animals, Love for humanity, Love for your perceived enemies and, most important, Love of Self. For in Essence, all of Creation is a part of you and you are a facet of the Supreme Creator. The expansion of God-Consciousness results in an expansion of your auric field--your Light Radiance. Over time, more and more of you will develop a radiance so powerful and expansive that it will begin to have a positive effect on those around you -- and eventually on the Earth and all humanity. Quite a large number of the more advanced Souls have already gained this ability. However, you must remember, you cannot convey that which you have not claimed as your own. Also, remember this: an important part of your mission on Earth is to intensify the Light of the lower dimensions. Expansion of Soul-consciousness results in an expansion of the auric field, both in intensity and scope of influence. www.RonnaStar.com
http://wn.com/Part_1_Of_2_Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Archangel_Michael_December_24_2011
Galactic Federation Of Light Sheldan Nidle December 28 2011
galacticchannelings.com www.paoweb.com Dratzo! We return! The process that began in earnest nine months ago continues to progress toward its inevitable resolution, and our Earth allies are close to obtaining the final funding orders for Count St. Germaine's World Trust. As you know, the fund closes annually on Christmas Eve (December 24th) and reopens the day after Christmas (December 26th), unless this date falls on a Sunday. So this year, the fund opens the next day! Europe's Earth allies are ecstatic that the preliminary approvals to go forward have been issued. The next step involves obtaining the actual funding certificate. Once this is gained, the trustees can sign off on it and those responsible for the disbursement can begin their detailed procedures. We are monitoring these activities closely and intend to see that they proceed without a hitch. Our liaisons have already contacted those involved in the coming government transitions and have told them to firm up the final versions of their respective broadcasts. We, too, are preparing the personnel whose job it will be to safeguard the various new governments. The new-government tasks, in order of priority, are: the disbursement of the new monies, simultaneous with the setting-up of the new caretaker governments, including the new financial system; and the administration of numerous programs that will lead in a few weeks to disclosure. We are confident that all this will not take long to manifest. We are also busy <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Sheldan_Nidle_December_28_2011
Galactic Federation Of Light Melchizedek January 08 2012
lightworkers.org We begin with a warm, heartfelt greeting that is filled to overflowing with unconditional love from my heart unto each of yours. Within each of you is a powerhouse of Infinite Power and the source is LOVE. Yes, dear ones LOVE. How very plain and simple, yet so true. When you work love into every action, every word and every thought you have the POWER to make wonderful changes. Not only changes for yourself and those whom are close to you, but also changes that will effect the world. This all narrows down to thought and what is the basis of those thoughts. Are your thoughts derived from Love? When you begin each day, you are given a new day of HOPE, rekindled Faith and a chance to share the world of your endless supply of love. Having the right attitude and thought pattern will assist in your efforts to form any creation that is to serve everyone for the greatest of good. Within each of you is the ability to carry out many tasks many have thought not possible or out of their reach. But by using the Power of Positive Thinking and Love, you can heal yourself of many illnesses. Manifestations on the Violet Flame will not only heal the disharmonies many of you pick up along your journey from clearing passed negative situations, but will also help heal you of many ailments. It is time to change your way of thinking. It is time to come forward with a much more positive and loving way. There are many layers of thought forms that are cause of many diseases and <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Melchizedek_January_08_2012
Gerald Celente: 'IMF - International Mafia Federation'
The Greek Parliament has just passed a plan for new austerity measures, but tensions remain high on the streets, showing that frustration levels are only growing. Meanwhile in the UK half a million public sector workers took to the streets to protest governmental plans to change their pensions and freeze pay. In Washington the debt ceiling talks seem to be leading nowhere either - and all of this is backed by some more bad news: the latest jobless numbers are in and last week jobless claims were at about 428000. That means for the last 12 weeks jobless claims have remained over 400000. Gerard Celente, the director of the Trends Research Institute, shares his thoughts. Follow Kristine on Twitter at twitter.com
http://wn.com/Gerald_Celente_'IMF__International_Mafia_Federation'
Galactic Federation Of Light Melchizedek January 01 2012
lightworkers.org Blessings dear sweet children of God on this new born day of the New Year - 2012. And what a year it will be. As all things beginning with 'New', there is much to look forward to and so much to anticipate. All around you holds many wonderful possibilities for change that is for the greatest of good that will serve not only you, but mankind as a whole. Taking the first step towards the change, filled with love from the highest order that is forever linked with God and your Heart Center is where you begin. Linking your heart energy with the source of God allows you to draw the love giving energies of God onto the Earth to encourage and grow a higher frequency of love healing energy that will assist mankind to reach newer levels of their love potential as Divine Beings. You must access positive thought form and emotion and maintain equal balance in all the many aspects that make the wonderful you that you are. Once these are activated and awakened then the ability to self-heal will begin from past traumas or negative insecurities. You will be able to bring yourself out of the darkness from your own positive thoughts and new way of thinking. There are many techniques that will assist igniting your Love Frequency to higher octaves and one method is Merkaba. Many of you already know of this method. There are many meditations that will assist in the activation of your Merkaba field and of its maintenance. Like all things, balance is required dear ones. Your <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Melchizedek_January_01_2012
Galactic Federation Of Light SaLuSa January 09 2012
lightworkers.org www.treeofthegoldenlight.com The energies around the world continue to build up, and are carried by the grid that is lifting up the Earth. All is preparing for the final thrust of energy, that will propel it into the new level of expression and out of duality. It will also fulfill the promises of a new Age that will be unlike anything you have experienced previously. and truly bring about a heaven upon Earth. Only those of you who have lifted your vibrations sufficiently, will be able to join those energies. Thereby lies the outworking of a truth, that only those of the Light can exist in the new dimension. The choice has always been yours, but with it comes the responsibility to carve out your own pathway to Ascension. You can have all of the help and encouragement in the world, but only you can take the necessary steps that will bring it about for you. It matters little whether you ascend or not, inasmuch that all souls will continue to make progress. All happens in its own good time, and you have no need to feel pressurized to do other than what you personally desire. You have an infinite amount of time to make your way back through the higher dimensions, and at all times help will always be there for the asking. In fact your Higher Self is always with you, although when you drop your vibrations it cannot always penetrate them to reach you. However, once you have the intent to rise up the link becomes stronger and more open. You can work together if <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_SaLuSa_January_09_2012
Galactic Federation Of Light Melchizedek January 3 2012
lightworkers.org www.therainbowscribe.com Beloved Ones, Life on Earth will take on a more intense experience within the hearts of All. Each Human Spiritual Being is at a crossroads at this time. There is a choice to be made by each Soul. To stay in status quo or to bravely choose the unknown and move forward. We know that all Lightworkers and Starseeds everywhere upon this Planet have chosen to move forward. This does not mean leaving all your Loved Ones behind you and moving forward alone, Dear Ones. Your Loved Ones are those Souls who have chosen to move forward with you, even though it may appear otherwise at this present moment. Trust that all is unfolding in your lives in Divine order and that all is well. Upon the waves of incoming energies come many Beings from throughout the Galaxy who are here to witness and offer assistance to any who call upon their service. These Beings have many gifts of knowledge to offer Humanity in these times and are exceedingly eager to commence work with those of you who call upon them. You may call upon them thus, "I call upon the Galactic Masters of Light to work with me and make their Presence known to me through my own I AM Presence. I desire to know more about my own Galactic heritage and ask that you work with me to help me to remember and reconnect in complete alignment with Prime Creator's Divine Plan, for my highest good and the highest good of All here upon the now Ascending Earth. So be it and so it is! Thank you!"
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Melchizedek_January_3_2012
Galactic Federation Of Light Ascended Master El Morya January 3 2012
lightworkers.org Welcome dear children to a wonderful day and a wonderful new year. A New Year will bring to each of you many wondrous sights and your spiritual development and growth will soar as high as you are willing to reach. Your power and ability is limitless, so reach high dear children and never stop because you are getting closer to your divine destiny all the time. Many of you yet desire to learn of your life/soul purpose. And there are even fewer that aspire to learn what that purpose is within the connectedness of the Will of God. And you know what, there are even less dear children that are able to let go of the human will entirely in order to be immersed into the heart of God's will through the holy skill of surrender. Surrender your will fully and completely to God. Be of full service to God and what God has to offer for all of you. Accept your role not only a child of God but also one to speak of the love of God and how this love effects your life regardless in personal or spiritual capacity.
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Ascended_Master_El_Morya_January_3_2012
Galactic Federation Of Light Council Of Twelve January 08 2012
lightworkers.org www.shiftfrequency.com The year 2012 will be full of opportunities and options you didn't have before. After all, you are living during the planet's most radical paradigm shift to date. This means that changes you and others began seeding long ago are now beginning to take form, one right after the other. Portions of the birthing process will be messy. Some dreams that you hold dear will stir anger in others holding different views. You will sometimes doubt that you can keep up with the dance of change; other times it will feel like what you want is taking an eternity to materialize. The following are some tips for moving through this year in the highest possible way, benefiting fully from the opportunities. Five Tips to Make the Most of 2012′s Opportunities Timing -- If ever there was a year to get in sync with divine timing, this is it. Don't doubt your ability to connect with divine timing. After all, this is a natural ability anyone can learn to master. Besides, your being alive now is proof that you as a soul timed things just right! To benefit most from this auspicious year, invite your higher wisdom to guide the timing of your actions and to highlight things needing quick action. Example: you learn about a social gathering and feel tired the evening you are to attend. Your intuition nudges you to go anyway, and in doing so, you meet someone visiting from out of town. This person, who you likely would not have met otherwise, becomes a great friend <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Council_Of_Twelve_January_08_2012
Federation - Synchronized (Protoculture Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:38
- Published: 16 May 2011
- Uploaded: 10 Jan 2012
- Author: perfectorecords
Download on iTunes: bit.ly Download on Beatport: bit.ly Federation is a new band featuring the perfectly matched writing skills of Ben Lost (Young Parisians, Ashtrax, The Remote) and Rich Mowatt (Solarstone). Both have a plethora of individual successes to their respective names and come together here to create a fresh sound and style -- fusing cutting edge electronic music with the inspiration drawn from key influences - including The Cocteau Twins, The Cure and The Sisters of Mercy. Their debut single "Synchronized" sets the tone for what is to come, balancing impeccable melodies, hypnotic grooves and provocative vocals which all come together to seduce the listener in. Protoculture reworks the track in his unique style fusing the finest elements of prog and psy to create an energetic and luscious soundscape. A perfect complement to the original. Federation is a lethal injection into the limp arm of a stagnant dance scene, which for too long has been sedated by commerciality. FEDERATION Its time to wake up and take a hit!
http://wn.com/Federation__Synchronized_Protoculture_Remix
Hyphy - Federation
I put this video together back in 2004. This was around the birth of "The Hyphy Movement". Never seen before! The full version will be released on THE HIPNOTIK SHOW DVD. www.myspace.com/thehipshow for more info. Directed and Edited By: A-1 SWAY www.myspace.com/stilopro
http://wn.com/Hyphy__Federation
Galactic Federation Of Light The Arcturian Group January 08 2012
lightworkers.org www.onenessofall.com Greetings dear ones. We wish you all a very happy 2012 — the year so many have been waiting for for so long. Be aware that not all is going to suddenly appear different on December 21, 2012. This is an ongoing process of light which is dependent upon you, dear ones, dependent upon the activity of light flowing onto the planet though the awakening of souls to their divine nature. These times are about awakening to your divinity, not simply about making the world a more pleasant place to live. It is time for rejoicing, for you are close to the goal line, but it is not time to drop the ball. Every individual choosing to be a part of this most important time, must continue their inner journey beyond simple intellectual understanding. When recognized, truth must then move into a conscious realization--this is the journey of evolution. Depending upon soul contracts, lessons chosen, etc., some awakenings seem take longer than others but there can be no comparisons for if an individual's intent is to awaken, the process will proceed perfectly, directed by Higher Self.
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_The_Arcturian_Group_January_08_2012
Galactic Federation Of Light Sheldan Nidle January 3 2012
jhaines6.wordpress.com Dratzo! We return! Much continues to happen across your world. The global movement toward freedom is strengthening each day, and even the military challenges experienced by many in their pursuit of justice can only temporarily delay the inevitable. A huge upwelling of consciousness has swept across your globe and is ready to advance in earnest upon the forces of the dark. We have watched this Light-energy gather strength throughout the past Gregorian year and remain steadfast in the face of the deplorable militarism resorted to by the dark. This freedom rally has presented each of you with the opportunity to show your deep disapproval of the dark's agenda, with their determination to escape accountability for their illegal and pernicious schemes. Several governments and wealthy, interested parties joined with your Ascended Masters to drive the dark from your world, and now, many organizations, both private and public, have convened to work out the scope of this movement. Together with Agarthan and our support you are most assuredly approaching a grand success! While all this is going on, the foundations for new governance and a new economic system have been laid. A grand coalition is forming out of its beginnings on your Internet and is now using its newfound abilities to structure an across-the-board solution to your myriad difficulties. It is paramount that you maintain your powerful focus, thus demonstrating to the dark that even its most <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Sheldan_Nidle_January_3_2012
Galactic Federation Of Light Hilarion January 8 2012
lightworkers.org eloved Ones, You may have noticed that as your bodies - mental, emotional and physical, transform as you daily walk upon your Planet, that even though you still experience challenges of the opposing forces within you, that there exists also, a lightening of your spirit, a lifting of the denseness that has kept you chained to the old paradigm patterns. It will seem much easier to step around the pothole of repeating thoughts and patterns rather than falling into it again, and you will realize that you are gaining in Mastery of these. Life will seem more joyful and good humor will surface and want to be expressed in many delightful ways. Allow this, Dear Ones, for it is time to feel the release of the heaviness of Being and to seize the joyful moment as they spontaneously rise up from within you. This is the lightness of your Soul, newly cleansed and purified that now comes forth to lead you into a new adventure into uncharted realms. You have done the work and are now aligning with your highest aspects and this will become more clear to you as you move into the year of 2012.
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Hilarion_January_8_2012
Galactic Federation Of Light SaLuSa January 06 2012
lightworkers.org www.treeofthegoldenlight.com Nothing will be able to stand in the way of the changes that are about to commence, as they are essential to bring the end-times into being. It is all change as you step up into the higher vibrations, and quickly move through the Ascension process. The thought that you will never have to return to Earth on the Wheel of Rebirth, must be one that makes all of the effort you have put in well worthwhile. More so as you get a good idea of what it means in reality, by leaving behind the drudgery, harshness and strength sapping energies of the lower dimension. Even now as so many lift up out of it the aggression, antagonism and hatred still wreaks havoc on Earth, but will soon play itself out as the energies of peace settle upon it. One day very soon the futility of confrontation and war, will make way for loving relationships and co-operation amongst all people. Even now the young ones amongst you see the pointless waste of life and energy in the pursuit of conquest, and want an immediate end to it. Peace is coming and this time it will not be temporary, but be permanent and carry you forward to a blissful and ecstatic state. However you are in the midst of so many different energies that are creating turmoil at present. The old guard cling onto their paradigm that kept them in power, but the new one is all powerful and will brush aside all that remains of it until Love and Light permeate the Earth. In just a few months the changes <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_SaLuSa_January_06_2012
Galactic Federation Of Light Master Sanat Kumara January 09 2012
lightworkers.org Blessings to One and to All. It is grand to be speaking through our dear vessel once again after only speaking through her a few precious days ago. Needless to say, I have much to say. Being that I AM the Lord of Love, today I would like to speak of Love of the purest sense - Unconditional Love. It has come to my attention from careful observation there are great many dear souls who love, but still with expectations and conditions. Dear ones, it is imperative to understand, loving another person in the purest way possible is give of yourself with NO expectations and of NO conditions. When you love unconditionally for the pure sake of loving, great satisfaction and fulfillment will be reached. Waiting for a response, or a reaction from who you are expressing to may only lead to disappointment because you have added an expectation. Remember, it is always better to give than receive. Knowing in your heart you made someone's day a little brighter as a result of your thoughtfulness should be enough. Look hard within yourself dear ones if you are upset when you don't receive some kind of gratification from whom you are expressing yourself to. In this day in age of such great change, it is important to think outside of yourself and to note not all will be openly responsive and this is by no means a reflection on you or on them. Accepting everyone whom you associate with, regardless if they are family, friend, co-worker, etc., is important and a valuable asset to <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Galactic_Federation_Of_Light_Master_Sanat_Kumara_January_09_2012
![Chocolate La Tradición, the city is the commercial and political center of the Tlacolula Valley, which is named after it.[12] This valley is home to over 60,000 people, many of whom are Zapotec speakers.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120112053257/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/51/36/b68a6b0081275bfde19107793819_medium.jpg "Chocolate La Tradición, the city is the commercial and political center of the Tlacolula Valley, which is named after it.[12] This valley is home to over 60,000 people, many of whom are Zapotec speakers.")
photo: AP / Chris Pizzello
11 Jan 2012
Lindsay Lohan owes nearly $$100,000 (£64,700) in unpaid federal taxes, it has been...
size: 0.6Kb
size: 0.6Kb
photo: AP / Mike Groll
05 Jan 2012
BY BONG PEDRALVEZ--> DOHA. – Rafael Nadal struggled past Philipp Kohlschreiber while defending Qatar Open champion Roger Federer routed Nikolay Davydenko in their season openers on Tuesday. The...
size: 3.2Kb
size: 3.2Kb
Most Popular
RELATED LINKS
- Anti-Federalist
- Argentina
- associated state
- Australia
- Austria
- autonomous area
- Belgium
- best practice
- Brazil
- British Dominions
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Catalonia
- Channel Islands
- civil war
- coercion
- Commonwealth
- Comoros
- confederation
- Cook Islands
- Crown dependency
- Czechoslovakia
- de facto
- Deng Xiaoping
- devolution
- emirate
- empire
- Ethiopia
- Ethnic group
- Euratom
- Europe Declaration
- European Union
- ex officio
- federacy
- Federal monarchy
- Federal republic
- federalism
- Federalism in China
- Federalist
- Federated state
- Federation of Malaya
- Foederati
- form of government
- Forum of Federations
- France
- French West Africa
- Galicia (Spain)
- Germany
- Governorates of Iraq
- Guernsey
- high king
- Imperial Germany
- Inca Empire
- Independent city
- India
- Indian Union
- intergovernmentalism
- international law
- Iraq
The Business Review
Pacific Business News Date: Wednesday, January 11, 2012, 11:53am HST Related: Related News...
size: 11.6Kb
size: 11.6Kb
Manhattan federal judge dismisses six lawsuits against Bin Laden family construction business
12 Jan 2012
New York Daily News
A construction company founded by Osama Bin Laden’s father is not liable for the sins of his son, a Manhattan judge ruled Wednesday. A half-dozen lawsuits filed by 9/11 survivors and relatives of victims from the terrorist attacks were dismissed despite claims that the Saudi Binladen Group long...
size: 1.9Kb
size: 1.9Kb
Syracuse
morpheus918 January 11, 2012 at 6:31PM Follow Pumper Inappropriate? Alert us. Reply Post new Slingblade January 11, 2012 at 7:33PM Follow...
size: 1.9Kb
size: 1.9Kb
A Whale policing bill from the Green's is unlikely to gain backing from the Federal Opposition
12 Jan 2012
The Daily Telegraph Australia
THE federal opposition is unlikely to support a Greens bill that would force the Federal Government to send a ship to Australias whale sanctuaries to monitor whaling activity. Senator...
size: 1.2Kb
size: 1.2Kb
Federal court orders RI to remove prayer mural
12 Jan 2012
The Boston Globe
PROVIDENCE, R.I.-A federal judge has ordered Cranston city officials to immediately remove a prayer mural displayed in the auditorium of...
size: 0.9Kb
size: 0.9Kb
Ohio
COLUMBUS: A federal judge on Wednesday delayed next week’s scheduled execution of a man who stabbed to death an elderly couple, saying Ohio’s corrections department once again had failed to follow its own rules for executions. The state immediately appealed. U.S. District Judge Gregory...
size: 4.1Kb
size: 4.1Kb
Chicago Tribune
(Reuters) - Federated Investors Inc objected to hundreds of executive pay packages in last year's corporate proxy voting, a rarity in the don't-rock-the-boat mutual funds industry. A review shows ambiguities in Federated's record as a shareholder activist, however. For one thing, at the same time...
size: 4.7Kb
size: 4.7Kb
Star Tribune
BILLINGS, Mont. - Attorneys for Credit Suisse are due in federal court Thursday over accusations that the international banking giant arranged hundreds of millions of dollars in predatory loans with the goal of taking over luxury resorts in Montana, Idaho, Nevada and the Bahamas. Plaintiffs backed...
size: 5.0Kb
size: 5.0Kb
A federation (Latin: foedus, foederis, 'covenant'), also known as a federal state, is a type of sovereign state characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of the central government.
The form of government or constitutional structure found in a federation is known as federalism (see also federalism as a political philosophy). It can be considered the opposite of another system, the unitary state. The government of Germany with sixteen federated Länder is an example of a federation, whereas neighboring Austria and its Bundesländer was a unitary state with administrative divisions that became federated, and neighboring France by contrast has always been unitary.
Federations may be multi-ethnic and cover a large area of territory (like extreme diversity in India), although neither is necessarily the case. Federations are most often founded on an original agreement between a number of sovereign states based on mutual concerns or interests. The initial agreements create a stability that encourages other common interests, brings the disparate territories closer, and gives them all even more common ground. At some time this is recognized and a movement is organized to merge more closely. Other times, especially when common cultural factors are at play such as ethnicity and language, some of these steps in this pattern are expedited and compressed.
The international council for federal countries, the Forum of Federations, is based in Ottawa, Canada. It helps share best practices among countries with federal systems of government, and currently includes nine countries as partner governments.
Federations and other forms of state
Federations
In a federation the component states are known as in some sense sovereign, in so far as certain powers are reserved to them that may not be exercised by the central government. However, a federation is more than a mere loose alliance of independent states. The component states of a federation usually possess no powers in relation to foreign policy and so they enjoy no independent status under international law.Some federations are called asymmetric because some states have more autonomy than others. An example of such a federation is Malaysia, in which Sarawak and Sabah entered the federation on different terms and conditions from the states of Peninsular Malaysia.
A federation often emerges from an initial agreement between a number of separate states. The purpose can be the will to solve mutual problems or to provide for mutual defense, or to create a nation state for an ethnicity spread over several states. The former was the case with the United States and Switzerland, the latter with Germany. However, as the history of countries and nations varies, the federalism system of a state can be quite different from these models. Australia, for instance, is unique in that it came into existence as a nation by the democratic vote of the citizens of each State who voted "yes" in referendums to adopt the Australian Constitution. Brazil on the other hand, has experienced both the federal and the unitary state through its history; some present day States of the Federation retain the borders set during Portuguese colonization (i.e. previous to the very existence of Brazilian state), whereas the latest State (Tocantins) was created by the 1988 Constitution, chiefly for administrative reasons.
Eight of ten of the world's largest countries by area are governed as federations.
Unitary states
A unitary state is sometimes one with only a single, centralised, national tier of government. However, unitary states often also include one or more self-governing regions. The difference between a federation and this kind of unitary state is that in a unitary state the autonomous status of self-governing regions exists by the sufferance of the central government, and may be unilaterally revoked. While it is common for a federation to be brought into being by agreement between a number of formally independent states, in a unitary state self-governing regions are often created through a process of devolution, where a formerly centralised state agrees to grant autonomy to a region that was previously entirely subordinate. Thus federations are often established voluntarily from 'below' whereas devolution grants self-government from 'above'.It is often part of the philosophy of a unitary state that, regardless of the actual status of any of its parts, its entire territory constitutes a single sovereign entity or nation-state, and that by virtue of this the central government exercises sovereignty over the whole territory as of right. In a federation, on the other hand, sovereignty is often regarded as residing notionally in the component states, or as being shared between these states and the central government.
Other forms of governance
Confederation
A confederation, in modern political terms, is usually limited to a permanent union of sovereign states for common action in relation to other states.In Belgium, however, the opposite movement is under way. Belgium was founded as a centralised state, after the French model, but has gradually been reformed into a federal state by consecutive constitutional reforms since the 1970s. Moreover, although nominally called a federal state, the country's structure already has a number of confederational traits (ex. competences are exclusive for either the federal or the state level, the treaty-making power of the Federating units without almost any possible veto of the Federal Government). At present, there is a growing movement to transform the existing federal state into a looser confederation with two or three constitutive states and/or two special regions.
By definition, the difference between a confederation and a federation is that the membership of the member states in a confederation is voluntary, while the membership in a federation is not. A confederation is most likely to feature these differences over a federation: (1) No real direct powers: many confederal decisions are externalised by member-state legislation. (2) Decisions on day-to-day-matters are not taken by simple majority but by special majorities or even by consensus or unanimity (veto for every member). (3) Changes of the constitution, usually a treaty, require unanimity.
Over time these terms acquired distinct connotations leading to the present difference in definition. An example of this is the United States under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles established a national government under what today would be defined as a federal system (albeit with a comparatively weaker federal government). However, Canada, designed with a stronger central government than the U.S. in the wake of the Civil War of the latter, has always been called a Confederation by Canadians. Legal reforms, court rulings, and political compromises have greatly decentralised Canada in practice since its formation in 1867.
Empire
An empire is a multi-ethnic state or group of nations with a central government established usually through coercion (on the model of the Roman Empire). An empire will often include self-governing regions but these will possess autonomy only at the sufferance of the central government. On the other hand, an empire may simply consist of multiple kingdoms organised together in a federation with a high king designated as an emperor. One example of this was Imperial Germany.
Comparison to other systems of autonomy
Federacy
A federacy is essentially an extreme case of an asymmetric federation, either due to large differences in the level of autonomy, or the rigidity of the constitutional arrangements. The use of the term federacy is more often use to the relation between the sovereign state and its autonomous areas.
Devolution
A federation differs from a devolved state, such as the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Spain, because, in a devolved state, the central government can revoke the independence of the subunits (Scottish Parliament, Welsh National Assembly, Northern Ireland Assembly in the case of the UK) without changing the constitution.
Associated States
A federation also differs from an associated state, such as the Federated States of Micronesia (in free association with the United States) and Cook Islands and Niue (which form part of the Realm of New Zealand). There are two kinds of associated states: in case of Micronesia, association is concluded by treaty between two sovereign states; in case of Cook Islands and Niue, association is concluded by domestic legal arrangements.
Crown dependencies
The relation between the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey in the Channel Islands and the United Kingdom is very similar to a federate relation: the Islands enjoy independence from the United Kingdom, which, via The Crown, takes care of their foreign relations and defence – although the UK Parliament does have overall power to legislate for the dependencies. However, the islands are neither an incorporated part of the United Kingdom, nor are they considered to be independent or associated states. The Isle of Man does not have a monarch, per se; rather, the British Monarch is, ex officio, Lord of Mann (irrespective of the incumbent's sex).
Overseas territories
Overseas territories, such as the British overseas territories, are vested with varying degrees of power; some enjoy considerable independence from the sovereign state, which only takes care of their foreign relations and defence. However, they are neither considered to be part of it, nor recognised as sovereign or associated states.
Alleged de facto federations
The distinction between a federation and a unitary state is often quite ambiguous. A unitary state may closely resemble a federation in structure and, while a central government may possess the theoretical right to revoke the autonomy of a self-governing region, it may be politically difficult for it to do so in practice. The self-governing regions of some unitary states also often enjoy greater autonomy than those of some federations. For these reasons, it is sometimes argued that some modern unitary states are de facto federations.
Spain
Spain is suggested as one possible de facto federation as it grants more self-government to its autonomous communities than most federations allow their constituent parts. For the Spanish parliament to revoke the autonomy of regions such as Galicia, Catalonia or the Basque Country would be a political near-impossibility, though nothing bars it legally. Additionally, some regions such as Navarre or the Basque Country have full control over taxation and spending, transferring a small payment to the central government for the common services (army, foreign relations, macroeconomic policy). For example, one scholar discusses the "federal nature of Spain's government (a trend that almost no one denies)." Each autonomous community is governed by a Statute of Autonomy (Estatuto de Autonomía) under the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
People's Republic of China
In the People's Republic of China, a form of de facto federation has evolved without formal legislation. This has occurred as largely informal grants of power to the provinces, to handle economic affairs and implement national policies. This has resulted in a system some have termed "de facto federalism with Chinese characteristics" (in reference to Deng Xiaoping's policy of socialism with Chinese characteristics). Constitutionally, the power vested in the special administrative regions of the People's Republic is granted from the Central People's Government, through decision by the National People's Congress. A Federal Republic of China, in effect the third Chinese Republic, has been proposed as a future replacement for the PRC.
European Union
The European Union (EU) is based on supranational principles which are neither confederal nor federal. Robert Schuman, the initiator of the European Community system, wrote that a supranational Community like the Europe's founding European Coal and Steel Community lay midway between an association of States where they retained complete independence and a federation leading to a fusion of States in a super-state. The European Founding Fathers made a Europe Declaration at the time of the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 18 April 1951 saying that Europe should be organized on a supranational foundation. They envisaged a structure quite different from a federation called the European Political Community.The EU is a three pillar structure of the original supranational European Economic Community and the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, Euratom, plus two largely intergovernmental pillars dealing with External Affairs and Justice and Home Affairs. The EU is therefore not a de jure federation, although some academic observers conclude that after 50 years of institutional evolution since the Treaties of Rome it is becoming one. The European Union possesses attributes of a federal state. However, its central government is far weaker than that of most federations and the individual members are sovereign states under international law, so it is usually characterized as an unprecedented form of supra-national union. The EU has responsibility for important areas such as trade, monetary union, agriculture, fisheries. Nonetheless, EU member states retain the right to act independently in matters of foreign policy and defense, and also enjoy a near monopoly over other major policy areas such as criminal justice and taxation. Since the Treaty of Lisbon, Member States' right to leave the Union is codified, and the Union operates with more qualified majority voting (rather than unanimity) in many areas.
(See for instance, Bednar, Filippov et al., McKay, Kelemen, Defigueido and Weingast)|R. Daniel Kelemen}}
A more nuanced view has been given by the German Constitutional Court. Here the EU is defined as 'an association of sovereign national states (Staatenverbund)'. With this view, the European Union resembles more of a confederation.
Russian Federation
The Russian Federation has inherited its structure from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) that was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union and itself was considered a federation of national territories. The RSFSR consisted of autonomous republics, which had a certain degree of autonomy, at least de jure, and of other types of administrative units (oblasts and krais), whose status was the same as that of oblasts in other – mostly unitary – Soviet Socialist Republics. Today's Russia is defined as a federation in its Constitution (Article 5), and Russia's federal subjects, i.e., the constituent republics, oblasts, krais, the federal-level cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, as well as one autonomous oblast and four autonomous (national) okrugs, are equal in legal terms, save for some symbolic features allowed to republics (constitution, president, national language). Some regions (Yakutia) have concluded agreements with the Federation so as to modify the degree of their autonomy.According to an amendment passed in December 2004, governors and presidents of Russia's constituent regions, who were previously elected by popular vote, are now proposed by the President of Russia for the approval of the local parliament Local parliaments theoretically have the authority to reject the candidate, but if this occurs three times, the parliament may be dissolved by the President and new parliamentary elections held. This lets some argue that the Russian Federation is not a federation in the strictest sense and that it has centralized features similar to a unitary system.
Internal controversy and conflict
Certain forms of political and constitutional dispute are common to federations. One issue is that the exact division of power and responsibility between federal and regional governments is often a source of controversy. Often, as is the case with the United States, such conflicts are resolved through the judicial system, which delimits the powers of federal and local governments. The relationship between federal and local courts varies from nation to nation and can be a controversial and complex issue in itself.
Another common issue in federal systems is the conflict between regional and national interests, or between the interests and aspirations of different ethnic groups. In some federations the entire jurisdiction is relatively homogeneous and each constituent state resembles a miniature version of the whole; this is known as 'congruent federalism'. On the other hand, incongruent federalism exists where different states or regions possess distinct ethnic groups.
The ability of a federal government to create national institutions that can mediate differences that arise because of linguistic, ethnic, religious, or other regional differences is an important challenge. The inability to meet this challenge may lead to the secession of parts of a federation or to civil war, as occurred in United States and Switzerland. In the case of Malaysia, Singapore was expelled from the federation because of rising racial tension. In some cases internal conflict may lead a federation to collapse entirely, as occurred in Nigeria, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the United Provinces of Central America and the West Indies Federation. Somalia, despite its Transitional Federal Charter, Transitional Federal Parliament, and Transitional Federal Government, has a weak central government: since 1992, federal institutions have rarely controlled territory outside of parts of Mogadishu (though this is changing) and the Somaliland region in the northwestern part of the country is autonomous.
List of federations
For a detailed list of federated units, see Federated state#List of constituents by federation. There are 27 federations as of July 2011.
Contemporary
| ! Federation !! Federating Units !! Major Federating Units!!Minor Federating Units | |||
| Provinces of Argentina | 23 provinces | 1 autonomous city | |
| States and territories of Australia | 6 states | 10 territories | |
| States of Austria | 9 Länder or Bundesländer | ||
| 3 Communities, 3 Regions | |||
| 1 district | |||
| States of Brazil | 26 states | 1 federal district and 5,561 municipalities | |
| Provinces and territories of Canada | 10 provinces | 3 territories | |
| 3 islands | |||
| Regions of Ethiopia | 9 regions | 2 chartered cities | |
| States of Germany | 16 Länder or Bundesländer | ||
| India | States and territories of India | 28 States | 7 Union Territories, including a National Capital Territory |
| Governorates of Iraq | 18 governorates, including the autonomous region of Kurdistan. | ||
| States of Malaysia | 13 states | 3 federal territories | |
| States of Mexico | 31 states | 1 federal district | |
| 4 states | |||
| Zones of Nepal | 14 zones | 75 districts | |
| States of Nigeria | 36 states | 1 territory | |
| Provinces and territories of Pakistan | 4 provinces | 4 federal territories including a federal capital territory | |
| Federal subjects of Russia | 21 republics, 46 oblasts, 9 krais, 1 autonomous oblast, 4 autonomous okrugs, 2 federal-level cities | ||
| Islands/parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2 islands/14 parishes | ||
| Provinces of South Africa | 9 provinces | ||
| 10 states | |||
| Autonomous communities of Spain | 17 autonomous communities | 2 autonomous cities | |
| States of Sudan | 15 states | ||
| Cantons of Switzerland | |||
| 7 emirates | |||
| 50 states | 1 federal district; 1 incorporated territory, 13 unincorporated territories | ||
| States of Venezuela | 23 states | 1 federal district, 1 federal dependency |
Long form titles
Defunct
Some of the proclaimed Arab federations were confederations de facto.
See also
Footnotes
Category:Lists of country subdivisions
af:Federasie als:Bundesstaat ar:فيدرالية an:Federación az:Federasiya be:Федэрацыя be-x-old:Фэдэрацыя bs:Federacija bg:Федерация ca:Federació cs:Federace co:Federazione da:Føderation de:Bundesstaat et:Föderatsioon el:Ομοσπονδιακό κράτος es:Federación eo:Federacio eu:Federazio fa:فدراسیون fr:État fédéral gl:Federación ko:연방제 hi:संघ (प्रशासन) hr:Federacija id:Federasi is:Sambandsríki it:Federazione he:פדרציה ka:ფედერაციული სახელმწიფო kk:Федерация sw:Shirikisho ku:Federasyon la:Foederatio lv:Federācija (valsts) lt:Federacija hu:Föderáció arz:دوله فيدراليه ms:Persekutuan ja:連邦 no:Føderasjon nn:Føderasjon nrm:Fédéthâtion oc:Federacion pl:Federacja pt:Federação ro:Federație ru:Федерация sq:Federata scn:Fidirazzioni si:ෆෙඩරල් රාජ්යය simple:Federation sk:Federácia sl:Federacija sr:Федерација sh:Federacija fi:Liittovaltio sv:Federation tl:Pederasyon ta:கூட்டாட்சி th:สหพันธรัฐ tr:Federasyon uk:Федеративна держава vi:Liên bang yo:Àjọṣepọ̀ zh:联邦制This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Affiliated Video Suggestions
