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Abdus Salam
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Abdul Hameed Nayyar
Abdul Hameed Nayyar (Urdu: عبدلحمید نیّر) (born: 11 January 1945) is a Pakistani physicist and nuclear activist. He specialized in solid state physics and quantum physics, and quantum mechanics. He is a visiting research scientist at the Princeton University and works on Renewable Energy and Clean Fuel Program at the Sustainable Development Policy Institute in Islamabad. Dr. Nayyar is also a prominent peace activist, strong supporter of non-nuclear proliferation, nuclear disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear technology.
http://wn.com/Abdul_Hameed_Nayyar -
Asghar Qadir
Dr. Prof. Asghar Qadir (July 23, 1946) is a renowned Pakistani mathematician and a prominent cosmologist, specialized in mathematical physics and physical cosmology. He is considered as one of the top mathematicians in Pakistan He is serving as a director of Abdus Salam National Center for Mathematics and Chairman of the Department of Mathematics at the National University of Sciences and Technology.
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Edward Durrell Stone
http://wn.com/Edward_Durrell_Stone -
Faheem Hussain
Faheem Hussain (31 July, 1942–September 29, 2009), (D.Phil.), was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and a professor of physics at the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). A research scientist in the field of Superstring theory at the National Center for Physics, Hussain made contributions to the fields of Superstring theory and string theory. He was the first Pakistani physicist to be publish a research paper in the field of superstring theory. A prominent social activist and democratic activist, he has authored various scientific research papers in peer-reviewed journals.
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Fayyazuddin
Dr. Prof. Fayyazuddin or ( Prof. Fayyaz Uddin) (HI), (Urdu:فيا ض ا لدين), (born November 10, 1930), is a Pakistani theoretical physicist and a emeritus professor of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics at National Centre for Physics and Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad.
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Fred Hoyle
Sir Fred Hoyle FRS (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer and mathematician noted primarily for his contribution to the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and his often controversial stance on other cosmological and scientific matters—in particular his rejection of the "Big Bang" theory, a term originally coined by him as a jocular, perhaps disparaging, name for the theory which was the main rival to his own. In addition to his work as an astronomer, Hoyle was a writer of science fiction, including a number of books co-written with his son Geoffrey Hoyle. Hoyle spent most of his working life at the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge and served as its director for a number of years. He died in Bournemouth, England, after a series of strokes.
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Gerald Guralnik
Gerald Stanford Guralnik is the Chancellor’s Professor of Physics at Brown University. He is most famous for his co-discovery of the Higgs mechanism and Higgs Boson with C. R. Hagen and Tom Kibble. As part of Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration, the journal recognized this discovery as one of the milestone papers in PRL history.
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Ghulam Murtaza
Ghulam Murtaza Urdu: غلام مرتضى, (Born:January 3, 1939), (SI(C) Ph.D., DIC, D.Sc.), is a Pakistani plasma physicist and mathematician. He is the professor of mathematical and theoretical plasma physics, and the head of the Physics Department at Government College University, Lahore. He is the Director of Center of Excellence for Solid State Physics at the Government College University, Lahore from 2000 to 2006. He is also a current chairman of the Abdus Salam Chair in Physics, also at the Government College University. He specialized in the theoretical physics, thermonuclear Fusion, Particle Physics and Solid State Physics.
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Hans Bethe
Hans Albrecht Bethe (; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis. A versatile theoretical physicist, Bethe also made important contributions to quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics, solid-state physics and particle astrophysics. During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory developing the first atomic bombs. There he played a key role in calculating the critical mass of the weapons, and did theoretical work on the implosion method used in both the Trinity test and the "Fat Man" weapon dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University.
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Indian-American
http://wn.com/Indian-American -
Ishfaq Ahmad
Ishfaq Ahmad (Urdu: اشفاق احمد), D.Sc., Minister of State, Sitara-i-Imtiaz, Hilal-i-Imtiaz, Nishan-i-Imitiaz, FPAS, (born 3 November 1930) is a Pakistani nuclear physicist and well-known educationist of Pakistan. He specializes in theoretical physics, CERN's CMS, LHC, high energy physics and nuclear reactor technology. He played an important role in establishing research institutes in nuclear sciences in Pakistan. Ahmad is considered one of the top physicist in Pakistan.
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Jeffrey Goldstone
Jeffrey Goldstone (born 3 September 1933) is a British-born theoretical physicist and an emeritus physics faculty at MIT Center for Theoretical Physics.
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Jogesh Pati
Jogesh C. Pati (born 1937 in Orissa, India) is an Indian American theoretical physicist at the University of Maryland, College Park.
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John Clive Ward
John Clive Ward (1924–2000), was a British-Australian physicist. His most famous creation was the Ward-Takahashi identity, originally known as "Ward Identity" (or "Ward Identities"). This celebrated result, in quantum electrodynamics, was inspired by a brilliant conjecture of Dyson and was disclosed in a one-half page letter typical of Ward's succinct style. In their recent book entitled Quantum Electrodynamics, Greiner and Reinhardt state in their discussion of charge renormalization: "Yet the Ward Identity has a much more fundamental significance: it ensures the universality of the electromagnetic interaction."
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John Polkinghorne
John Charlton Polkinghorne KBE FRS (born 16 October 1930) was Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Cambridge from 1968 to 1979, when he resigned his chair to study for the priesthood, becoming an ordained Anglican priest in 1982. He served as the president of Queens' College, Cambridge from 1988 until 1996.
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Kamaluddin Ahmed
Kamaluddin Ahmed was union minister of state, civil supplies and public distribution and Minister of State, Commerce in Government of India from June 1991 to September 1994.
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Masud Ahmad
Mohammad Masud Ahmad or (best known as Masood Ahmad), D.Phil., Sc.D., HI, is a Pakistani theoretical physicist, specializing in quantum physics and Statistical physics; Ahmad is considered one of the top pioneer of the Pakistan's nuclear program. Ahmad has been a staunch supporter of Pakistan's atomic program. He has led Pakistan's delegation in many international and national forums and conferences in the issues of peaceful use of nuclear energy. Ahmad is also a distinguished student of famous Pakistani theoretical physicist, dr. Riazuddin. He also specialized in elementary particle physics under the supervision of dr. Abdus Salam, and Statistical physics under dr. Faheem Hussain.
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Nicholas Kemmer
Nicholas Kemmer (7 December 1911 -- 21 October 1998) was a Russian-British physicist. Born in St Petersberg, his family moved to Germany in 1922, where he was educated at Bismarckschule Hanover and then at the University of Göttingen. He did his doctorate at the University of Zurich before moving to the Beit Fellowship at Imperial College London.
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Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS ( ; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was a British theoretical physicist. Dirac made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and spent the last fourteen years of his life at Florida State University.
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Pervez Hoodbhoy
Dr. Prof. Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy (Urdu: پرویز ہودبھائی) (born 11 July 1950) is a well-known Pakistani nuclear physicist, essayist and political-defence analyst. He is the professor of nuclear and high-energy physics, and the head of the Physics Department at Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. He graduated and also received PhD from MIT and continues to do research in Particle physics. He received the Baker Award for Electronics in 1968, and the Abdus Salam Prize for Mathematics in 1984. He has authored various scientific research papers in peer-reviewed journals.
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Raziuddin Siddiqui
Prof.Dr . Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui (Urdu:رضی الدین صدیقی) (January 8, 1908 – January 8, 1998) was an eminent Pakistani theoretical physicist and a renowned mathematician who played an instrumental and an influential role in Pakistan's education system and Pakistan's nuclear detterence program. An educationist and a nuclear scientist, Siddiqui had carried out vast amount of research in his life in the atomic programs of Pakistan, France, and United Kingdom. He specialized in mathematics, nuclear energy, nuclear fission and general relativity.
http://wn.com/Raziuddin_Siddiqui -
Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (, May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American physicist known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as in particle physics (he proposed the parton model). For his contributions to the development of quantum electrodynamics, Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965. He developed a widely used pictorial representation scheme for the mathematical expressions governing the behavior of subatomic particles, which later became known as Feynman diagrams. During his lifetime, Feynman became one of the best-known scientists in the world.
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Ron Shaw
http://wn.com/Ron_Shaw -
Sabiha Sumar
Sabiha Sumar is a Pakistani film-maker.
http://wn.com/Sabiha_Sumar -
Salim Mehmud
Dr. Salim Mehmud, also known as Salim Mehmood, is a Pakistani rocket scientist and a nuclear engineer. He is the former chaiman of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO). He has served as chief scientist at the Defence Science and Technology Organization. Currently, he is the chief Scientific and Technological Advisor at the Ministry of Communications of Pakistan.
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Sheldon Glashow
http://wn.com/Sheldon_Glashow -
Srinivasa Ramanujan
Srīnivāsa Aiyangār Rāmānujan FRS, better known as Srinivasa Iyengar Ramanujan () (22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician and autodidact who, with almost no formal training in pure mathematics, made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series and continued fractions. Rāmānujan's talent was said, by the prominent English mathematician G.H. Hardy, to be in the same league as legendary mathematicians such as Euler, Gauss, Newton and Archimedes .
http://wn.com/Srinivasa_Ramanujan -
Steven Weinberg
Steven Weinberg (born May 3, 1933) is an American physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.
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Syed Qasim Mahmood
Syed Qasim Mahmood (1928–2010) Urdu writer, researcher, editor and foremost encyclopedist of Pakistan. He compiled five Encyclopedias, authored many books , Publish 220 Books and edited fifteen magazines of science, literature and knowledge.
http://wn.com/Syed_Qasim_Mahmood -
Tariq Mustafa
Tariq Mustafa (born 1935) is a Pakistani mechanical-nuclear engineer and a space technologist. He is the current chairperson of Pakistan’s National Paralympics Committee (PNPC) and the vice president of Asian Paralympics Committee. Despite of his current position, Mustafa has served chief scientist at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and a principal engineer at the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO).
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Walter Gilbert
Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate.
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Wladyslaw Turowicz
http://wn.com/Wladyslaw_Turowicz -
Wolfgang Pauli
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (April 25, 1900 – December 15, 1958) was an Austrian theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after being nominated by Albert Einstein, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle," involving spin theory, underpinning the structure of matter and the whole of chemistry.
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Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (Urdu: lang|ur|, , ) (January 5, 1928 – April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the fourth President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973 and as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan. His daughter Benazir Bhutto also served twice as prime minister. She was assassinated on December 27, 2007.
http://wn.com/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto
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Cambridge University
http://wn.com/Cambridge_University -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Cavendish Laboratory
The Cavendish Laboratory is the Department of Physics at Cambridge University, and is part of the university's School of Physical Sciences. It was opened in 1874 as a teaching laboratory.
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Imperial College
http://wn.com/Imperial_College -
Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Jhang
Jhang (Punjabi, {{lang-ur|) is the principal city of Jhang District anciently known as Sandal Bar in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is situated on the east bank of the Chenab river at a latitude of 31.15° N and longitude of 72.22°E. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 387,418
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Lahore
Lahore ({{lang-pa|, {{lang-ur|, ) is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. The city lies along the Ravi River and is situated approximately from Wagah (the only road border crossing between India and Pakistan). Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, Lahore has been a center of Muslim heritage since the Data Durbar is located here. It is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage. It successively served as provincial/regional capital of the empires of the Shahi kingdoms in the 11th century, the Ghaznavids in the 12th century, the Ghurid State in the 12th and 13th century, the Mughal Empire in the 16th century, the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, and it was the capital of the Punjab region under the British Raj in the mid 19th and early 20th century. Mughal structures such as the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort, Shalimar Gardens, and the mausolea of Jehangir and Nur Jehan are popular tourist attractions for the city. Lahore is also home to many British colonial structures built in the Mughal-Gothic style, such as the Lahore High Court, the General Post Office (GPO), the Lahore Museum, and many older universities including the University of the Punjab. Lahore is often referred to as the cultural heart of Pakistan, as it is the center of Pakistani arts, films and intelligentsia.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Multan
(Punjabi/{{lang-ur|, from ancient Sanskrit: Moolasthan) is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District. It is located in the southern part of the province. Multan District has a population of over 4.5 million— It is situated on the east bank of the Chenab River, more or less in the geographic centre of the country and about from Islamabad, from Lahore. & from Karachi.
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Oxford
Oxford () is a city, and the county town of Oxfordshire, in South East England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 151,000 living within the district boundary. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through Oxford and meet south of the city centre. For a distance of some along the river, in the vicinity of Oxford, the Thames is known as The Isis.
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Oxford, England
http://wn.com/Oxford_England -
Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Pakistanis
http://wn.com/Pakistanis -
People of Pakistan
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Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. The school is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and is one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.
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Rabwah
Rabwah (Urdu, Punjabi: ) is a city of Chiniot District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Its name means "elevated place", and it is also known as Chenab Nagar (meaning "moon light through water"). It is located near to the historic city of Chiniot by the River Chenab. The city has a population of 70,000, and has been the headquarters of the Ahmadis since September 20, 1948, after the original headquarters of Qadian went to India following the creation of Pakistan in 1947; as a result the vast majority of the inhabitants belonging to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community migrated from India to Pakistan. After the migration the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community bought this area and settled here.
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SUPARCO
http://wn.com/SUPARCO -
Trieste
Trieste (, ; ; ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south, east and north of the city. Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste and throughout history it has been influenced by its location at the crossroads of Germanic, Latin and Slavic cultures. In 2009, it had a population of about 205,000 and it is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trieste province.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States
- Abd as-Salam
- Abdul Hameed Nayyar
- Abdus Salam Award
- Abdus Salam Medal
- Academic major
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- Ahmadis
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- Air Commodore
- Asghar Qadir
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- Chiral symmetry
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- CP-violation
- Creation of Pakistan
- Critical mass
- Daily Telegraph
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- developing countries
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- electrodynamics
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- epitaph
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- Faheem Hussain
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- Film director
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- Gauge theory
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- Hans Bethe
- Higgs boson
- Higgs mechanism
- Honorary degree
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- Hydrodynamics
- I. H. Usmani
- ICTP
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- Indian Civil Service
- Indian Railways
- Indian-American
- Ishfaq Ahmad
- Italy
- Jeffrey Goldstone
- Jhang
- Jogesh Pati
- John Clive Ward
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- Kamaluddin Ahmed
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- List of particles
- literature
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- love
- Magnetic monopole
- Magnetic photon
- Manhattan Project
- Masud Ahmad
- Mathematical physics
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- mentor
- meson
- Mubashir Hassan
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- Munir Ahmad Khan
- Munir Ahmad Rashid
- Muslim
- neutral currents
- Neutrino
- neutron stars
- Nicholas Kemmer
- Nilore
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- Nobel Foundation
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- North-South divide
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- nuclear physics
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- Oxford
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- PAEC
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- Particle physics
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- Pati-Salam model
- Paul Dirac
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- performance
- Pervez Hoodbhoy
- Peter C. West
- Photon
- plasma physics
- Pokhran-I
- Preon
- Princeton University
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- Project-706
- projects
- Proton decay
- Punjab (Pakistan)
- quantum field theory
- Quantum mechanics
- Quark
- Quran
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- Raymond Streater
- Raziuddin Siddiqui
- Renormalization
- Richard Feynman
- Robert Delbourgo
- Ron Shaw
- Royal Medal
- Sabiha Sumar
- Salim Mehmud
- Science Advisor
- Science in Pakistan
- Scientific
- Sheldon Glashow
- Sitara-e-Pakistan
- Smith's Prize
- Spin (physics)
- Srinivasa Ramanujan
- Standard Model
- Steven Weinberg
- SUPARCO
- Superalgebra
- superfield
- supermanifold
- Superspace
- supersymmetry
- Syed Qasim Mahmood
- Symmetry (physics)
- Tariq Mustafa
- thank
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- Tom W. B. Kibble
- Trieste
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- unitary symmetry
- United Kingdom
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- Urdu
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- Urdu literature
- Vector meson
- W and Z bosons
- W particles
- Wah Cantonment
- Walter Gilbert
- Weak interaction
- Weak nuclear force
- Wladyslaw Turowicz
- Wolfgang Pauli
- world
- World peace
- World Scientific
- Yuval Ne'eman
- Z particles
- Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
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Abdus Salam-The Dream of Symmetry(Film Promo2011).mp4
The movie presents the extraordinary figure of Abdus Salam of Pakistan, who not only was an outstanding scientist but also a generous humanitarian and a valuable person. His rich and busy life was an endless quest for symmetry, that he pursued in the universe of physical laws and in the world of human beings.
http://wn.com/Abdus_Salam-The_Dream_of_SymmetryFilm_Promo2011mp4
Ahmadi Muslim Nobel Prize Winner in Physics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:39
- Published: 18 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 02 Dec 2011
- Author: IslamAhmadiya
A rare video of the Nobel Laureate in Physics 1979; Professor Dr. Abdus Salam (an devout Ahmadi Muslim) giving a lecture. He was a firm believer of the fact that there is no contradiction in the word of God and the work of God, and that religion has no contradiction with rationality. On the contrary true religion leads to true rationality.
http://wn.com/Ahmadi_Muslim_Nobel_Prize_Winner_in_Physics
Dr. Abdus Salam receiving Nobel Prize - Pakistan
This small clip is taken from "The elegant Universe".
http://wn.com/Dr_Abdus_Salam_receiving_Nobel_Prize__Pakistan
Dr Abdus Salam winning his Nobel Prize in 1979 (ISLAM AHMADIYYA)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:41
- Published: 24 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 01 Dec 2011
- Author: IslamAhmadiya
This video contains rare footage of an Ahmadi Muslim being awarded the nobel prize for his work in Physics in 1979. Dr. Abdus Salam is the first ever Muslim to have achieved this honour. His achievement was a fulfilment of the prophecy of the Promised Messiah (AS) that his followers will excel others in the fields of knowledge and wisdom. He indeed excelled all others by becoming the first ever Muslim nobel laureate with the grace and mercy of Allah Almighty. The whole life of this great man is a role model for everyone. He always said that he got the inspiration of his scientific work from the teachings of Holy Quran. He was true believer in the existance of God and always said there is no contradiction in the word of God and the work of God.
http://wn.com/Dr_Abdus_Salam_winning_his_Nobel_Prize_in_1979_ISLAM_AHMADIYYA
DR ABDUS SALAM PAKISTANI TV PROGRAM KAL TAK (ISLAM AHMADIYYA)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Published: 16 May 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Dec 2011
- Author: IslamAhmadiya
Urdu: Mention of the Pakistani Ahmadi Muslim Physics Nobel Prize winner; Dr Abdus Salam, in a Pakistani Television channel "Express News". The program was about a Pakistani born student who has broken the world record by achieving 21 As in A-Level exams. This video contains the clips from the program where Dr Abdus Salam's services were mentioned by the host, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, and the student.
http://wn.com/DR_ABDUS_SALAM_PAKISTANI_TV_PROGRAM_KAL_TAK_ISLAM_AHMADIYYA
Capital Talk Geo Programe About Dr Abdul Salam Sahib
Capital Talk Geo TV Programe about Dr. Abdus Salam Sahib
http://wn.com/Capital_Talk_Geo_Programe_About_Dr_Abdul_Salam_Sahib
Prof Dr Abdus Salam - Greatest mind Pakistan has produced after Jinnah
In the Geo News program 50 Minutes, Journalist and famous column writer Hassan Nisar says Pakistan has produced just one great man after JINNAH - DR ABDUS SALAM aleemkhan.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/Prof_Dr_Abdus_Salam__Greatest_mind_Pakistan_has_produced_after_Jinnah
Dr.Abdus Salam (Salam +50 Conference) Part 1/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 23 May 2009
- Uploaded: 14 Aug 2011
- Author: naveedawan
Salam +50 Conference Welcoming Address Sir Richard Sykes FRS, Rector, Imperial College
http://wn.com/DrAbdus_Salam_Salam_+50_Conference_Part_1/6
Dr.Abdus Salam (Salam +50 Conference) Part 2/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 23 May 2009
- Uploaded: 10 Feb 2011
- Author: naveedawan
Abdus Salam and Pakistan Dr. Maleeha Lodhi, Pakistan High Commissioner, UK
http://wn.com/DrAbdus_Salam_Salam_+50_Conference_Part_2/6
DR. ABDUS SALAM ICTP TRIESTE ITALY (ISLAM AHMADIYYA)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 09 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 01 Jul 2011
- Author: IslamAhmadiya
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) was founded in 1964 by Pakistani devout Ahmadi Muslim scientist Dr. Abdus Salam. Dr. Abdus Salam belonged to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community and was a strong believer in the unity of God. He used to say that his theory that won him the nobel prize was directly inspired by the teachings of Holy Quran. ICTP operates under a tripartite agreement among the Italian Government, UNESCO, and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and provides advanced studies and researches to scientists from developing countries. While the name of the Centre reflects its beginnings, its activities today encompass most areas of physical sciences and mathematics including their applications. It is located near Miramare Park, about 10 kilometres from the city of Trieste, Italy.
http://wn.com/DR_ABDUS_SALAM_ICTP_TRIESTE_ITALY_ISLAM_AHMADIYYA
Sheikh ul Islam Abdul Salam
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- Duration: 3:03
- Published: 22 Aug 2007
- Uploaded: 27 Sep 2011
- Author: ismailniaz
Scholar of Islam in Peshawar Sheikh ul Islam Abdul Salam
http://wn.com/Sheikh_ul_Islam_Abdul_Salam
50 Minutes Geo programe Dr Abdul Salam Greatest mind of Pakistan (ztbtsp)
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- Duration: 7:10
- Published: 18 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 18 Nov 2011
- Author: sabobby2003
Pakistani Qari Tilawat Qari Abdul Salam Azizi
Amazing And Beautiful Voice of Pakistani Qari. Qari Abdul Salam Azizi Recite the Verces of the Holy Quran in Lahore Pakistan. Must See this Video.
http://wn.com/Pakistani_Qari_Tilawat_Qari_Abdul_Salam_Azizi
Hasan Nisar Praising Dr.Muhammd Abdus Salam -Geo 50 Minutes
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- Duration: 10:07
- Published: 24 Aug 2010
- Uploaded: 30 Nov 2011
- Author: feverfew02
Mubashir Lucman Show April- 08- 2009 With Nazir Naji. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Biography Official Website Of Nobel Prize nobelprize.org ---------------------------------------------------------------- First Muslim and the only Pakistani Nobel Laureate[Enhlish] www.alislam.org ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- First Muslim and the only Pakistani Nobel Laureate[Urdu] www.alislam.org ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
http://wn.com/Hasan_Nisar_Praising_DrMuhammd_Abdus_Salam_-Geo_50_Minutes
Dr.Abdus Salam (Salam +50 Conference) Part 3/6
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- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 23 May 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Oct 2011
- Author: naveedawan
Obituary of Abdus Salam by Yuval Neeman, Read by Professor Kellogg Stelle, Imperial College
http://wn.com/DrAbdus_Salam_Salam_+50_Conference_Part_3/6
Dr Abdus Salam's lecture
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Published: 30 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 22 Nov 2011
- Author: ammadammad
A short lecture by the greatest scientist of Pakitan. What a legend he is. No words!!!
http://wn.com/Dr_Abdus_Salam's_lecture
Naat by Sheikh Abdul Salam
An excellent punjabi naat recited by Sheikh Abdul Salam Naqshbandi onlineshoppingtube.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Naat_by_Sheikh_Abdul_Salam
Abdus Salam Al-Hasany - naseem habat alayna
http://wn.com/Abdus_Salam_Al-Hasany__naseem_habat_alayna
AHMADIYYA; CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY HOLDS DR. ABDUS SALAM LECTURE (ISLAM AHMADIYYA AHMADIYYA)
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- Duration: 1:40
- Published: 21 Apr 2010
- Uploaded: 06 Aug 2011
- Author: IslamAhmadiya
An Inaugural Lecture on the research of Late Professor Abdus Salam was held at the world famous Cavendish Laboratories at Cambridge University, UK. The lecture, presented by Professor Yu Lu, hopes to be a regular event at the University. Professor Abdus Salam was a member of the Ahmadiyya Muslim community, and was the first Pakistani Noble Laureate. The Lecture itself was organised by Professor Peter Littlewood, Head of Physics at the University of Cambridge, in association with the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. For more information visit: www.alislam.org
http://wn.com/AHMADIYYA;_CAMBRIDGE_UNIVERSITY_HOLDS_DR_ABDUS_SALAM_LECTURE_ISLAM_AHMADIYYA_AHMADIYYA
Pro Dr Abdus Salam Nobel Laureate(1926-1996)Zahida Hina Part 1 Of 2
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- Duration: 6:11
- Published: 20 Nov 2008
- Uploaded: 03 Jul 2011
- Author: MirNRashid
Dr Abdus Salam Nobel Prize Ceremony
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:41
- Published: 20 Aug 2009
- Uploaded: 10 Aug 2011
- Author: TrueAhmadiyyat
~ This video was originally found on channel: IslamAhmadiyya ~ This video contains rare footage of an Ahmadi Muslim being awarded the nobel prize for his work in Physics in 1979. Dr. Abdus Salam is the first ever Muslim to have achieved this honour. His achievement was a fulfilment of the prophecy of the Promised Messiah (AS) that his followers will excel others in the fields of knowledge and wisdom. He indeed excelled all others by becoming the first ever Muslim nobel laureate with the grace and mercy of Allah Almighty. The whole life of this great man is a role model for everyone. He always said that he got the inspiration of his scientific work from the teachings of Holy Quran. He was true believer in the existance of God and always said there is no contradiction in the word of God and the work of God.
http://wn.com/Dr_Abdus_Salam_Nobel_Prize_Ceremony
Dr.Abdus Salam (Salam +50 Conference) Part 5/6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 23 May 2009
- Uploaded: 04 May 2011
- Author: naveedawan
The International Centre for Theoretical Physics Professor Faheem Hussain, formerly Head of External Relations, Abdus Salam ICTP Trieste, Lahore University of Management Sciences
http://wn.com/DrAbdus_Salam_Salam_+50_Conference_Part_5/6
Tilawat by Qari Abdul Salam Azizi Imam Markaz Alqadsia Lahore
www.Aslaaf.webs.com
http://wn.com/Tilawat_by_Qari_Abdul_Salam_Azizi_Imam_Markaz_Alqadsia_Lahore
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The Siasat Daily
Hyderabad, October 19: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Tuesday paid tributes to Pakistani Nobel laureate Abdus Salam and recalled his association with him at Cambridge during his student days. Inaugurating the 21st general meeting of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, formerly known as...
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Remembering Abdus Salam
24 Nov 2006
The News International
By Farhatullah Babar Tuesday November 21, 2006, was the tenth death anniversary of Pakistan's only and the Muslim world's first Noble Laureate Professor Abdus Salam. The anniversary came and passed by without any official tribute to the great scientist reflecting the bigotry that Salam was a...
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The Independent Bangladesh
The daughter of a day-labourer and a housemaid, Bina, at the age of 10, could easily have got lost in the pocket of poverty at her village in Shariatpur. Instead, she is a successful schoolteacher, wife of a sedate government official and has a close-knit happy family. Thanks to a government scheme,...
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The Independent Bangladesh
The Awami League has strongly condemned the attack on businessman and party leader Abdus Salam by the ‘terrorists belonging to the Chhatra Dal’ near Kotwali police station in the city on Saturday. In a statement yesterday, Awami League general secretary Abdul Jalil alleged that the...
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Paradise on Earth Abdus Salam Majumder, Saleem
27 Jun 2003
The Independent Bangladesh
Natural actions natural behaviour many unknown hidden truths commanded by spiritual knowledge to know truth nothing but only truth to do good work never (?) bad speak truth never (?) lies serve life never (?) kill to know oneself along with other living beings and the Creator. Reality Sumon...
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Pakistani Nobel Winner Dr. Abdus Salam
10 Dec 2002
Paknews
"Dear Abdus, On 29 January, 1996 you will celebrate your 70th birthday and I should like to send to you the best wishes in the name of your European colleagues.....I would like to remember the day when I first met you. It was in December 1956 when you gave a talk at the Rutherford Laboratory about...
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PR Newswire
GLENDALE, Calif., Dec. 9 /PRNewswire/ -- Illuminocity (http://www.illuminocity.com), a premier publisher of limited edition fine art, announced today that it is beginning the "Abdus Salam" campaign to promote an accurate image of Islam through the construction of a museum celebrating the history of...
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Abdus Salam to serve as envoy to Afghanistan
03 Sep 2002
The Daily Star
The government has appointed ABM Abdus Salam, ambassador of Bangladesh to the Republic of Uzbekistan, to serve...
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Dawn
By Our Staff Reporter KARACHI, Jan 29: Speakers at a seminar on late Prof Abdus Salam paid rich tributes to the only Nobel laureate of Pakistan, on Tuesday. The seminar, titled 'Life and Works of Prof Abdus Salam', was organized by the Science Club, University of Karachi, and held at the Arts...
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NI, SPk (Urdu: محمد عبد السلام) (January 29, 1926 November 21, 1996) was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces. Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel prize for this discovery. Salam holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani and the first Muslim Nobel Laureate to receive the prize in the sciences.
Nobel Prize in Physics (Stockholm, Sweden)(1979)
Hopkins Prize (Cambridge University) for "the most outstanding contribution to Physics during 1957-1958"
Adams Prize (Cambridge University) (1958)
Smith's Prize (Cambridge University) (1950)
Sitara-e-Pakistan for contribution to science in Pakistan (1959)
Pride of Performance Medal and Award (1959)
First recipient of Maxwell Medal and Award (Physical Society, London) (1961)
Hughes Medal (Royal Society, London) (1964)
Atoms for Peace Award (Atoms for Peace Foundation) (1968)
J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Medal and Prize (University of Miami) (1971)
Guthrie Medal and Prize (1976)
Sir Devaprasad Sarvadhikary Gold Medal (Calcutta University) (1977)
Matteuci Medal (Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome) (1978)
John Torrence Tate Medal (American Institute of Physics) (1978)
Royal Medal (Royal Society, London) (1978)
Nishan-e-Imtiaz for outstanding performance in Scientific projects in Pakistan (1979)
Einstein Medal (UNESCO, Paris) (1979)
Shri R.D. Birla Award (India Physics Association) (1979)
Order of Andres Bello (Venezuela) (1980)
Order of Istiqlal (Jordan) (1980)
Cavaliere de Gran Croce dell'Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (1980)
Josef Stefan Medal (Josef Stefan Institute, Ljublijana) (1980)
Gold Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Physics (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague) (1981)
Peace Medal (Charles University, Prague) (1981)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (USSR Academy of Sciences) (1983)
Premio Umberto Biancamano (Italy) (1986)
Dayemi International Peace Award (Bangladesh) (1986)
First Edinburgh Medal and Prize (Scotland) (1988)
"Genoa" International Development of Peoples Prize (Italy) (1988)
Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1989)
Catalunya International Prize (Spain) (1990)
Copley Medal (Royal Society, London) (1990)
two-component neutrino theory and the prediction of the inevitable parity violation in weak interaction;
gauge unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions, the unified force is called the "Electroweak" force, a name given to it by Salam, and which forms the basis of the Standard Model in particle physics;
predicted existence of weak neutral currents and W particles and Z particles before their experimental discovery;
symmetry properties of elementary particles; unitary symmetry;
renormalization of meson theories;
gravity theory and its role in particle physics; two tensor theory of gravity and strong interaction physics;
unification of electroweak with strong nuclear forces, grand unification theory;
related prediction of proton-decay;
Pati-Salam model, a grand unification theory;
Supersymmetry theory, in particular formulation of Superspace and formalism of superfields in 1974;
the theory of supermanifolds, as a geometrical framework for understanding supersymmetry, in 1974;
Supergeometry, the geometric basis for supersymmetry, in 1974;
application of the Higgs mechanism to the electroweak symmetry breaking;
prediction of the magnetic photon in 1966;
Abdus Salam National Center for Mathematics (ASNCM), Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Abdus Salam Chair in Physics (ASCP), Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan.
Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy.
Abdus Salam School for Mathematical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
The Edward Bouchet Abdus Salam Institute (EBASI)
Pati-Salam model
Unified field theory
Electroweak interaction
Preon
W and Z bosons
Standard Model
Magnetic photon
Quantum electrodynamics
International Centre for Theoretical Physics
1979 Nobel Prize Distribution Ceremony - Video
Documentary Film on the Science and Life of Dr. Abdus Salam
Pakistan’s contribution to the LHC (Large Hadron Collider)
An Interview - Part 1 of 4
An Interview - Part 2 of 4
An interview - Part 3 of 4
An Interview - Part 4 of 4
A short clip of Professor Dr. Abdus Salam delivering a scientific lecture
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Abdus Salam: Nobel Laureate Par Excellence [contains photos and hand-written notes from family archives]
Abdus Salam bio on Nobel site
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Personalia at the ICTP Library
TWAS, formerly Third World Academy of Sciences
Abdus Salam CV /
COMSATS Secretariat
COMSATS
National Centre For Physics (NCP)
Biography of Abdus Salam by Imperial College colleague
An Interesting And Detailed Article On the Life of Dr. Abdus Salam In Urdu
PBS documentary on strings, contains clip of award ceremony with Abdus Salam
Salam +50 Conference at Imperial College
CNBC Pakistan televised Interview with Dr. Salim Mehmud - Chairman SUPARCO-Available in Urdu Language
Contributions of Professor Abdus Salam as member of PAEC
A full biography: 'Cosmic Anger, Abdus Salam- the First Muslim Nobel Scientist' [ISBN 978-0-19-920846-3]
Abdus Salam Movie - The Dream of Symmetry
Salam was a science advisor to the Government of Pakistan from 1960 till 1974, a position from which he played a major and influential role in Pakistan's science infrastructure. Salam was responsible for not only major development and contribution in theoretical and particle physics, but as well as promoting scientific research at maximum level in his country. Salam was the founding director of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), and responsible for the establishment of the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) in Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). As Science Advisor, Salam played an integral role in Pakistan's development on peaceful use of nuclear energy, and directed the research on development of weapons in 1972. In 1974, Salam left Pakistan in protest when Pakistan Parliament controversially passed a parliamentary bill declaring Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as Non-Muslims. Even after his death, Salam remained one of the most influential scientists in his country. In 1998, following the country's nuclear tests, the Government of Pakistan issued a commemorative stamp, as a part of "Scientists of Pakistan", to honour the services of Salam.
Salam's major and notable achievements include the Pati-Salam model, Magnetic photon, Vector meson, Grand Unified Theory, work on supersymmetry and, most importantly, electroweak theory, for which he was awarded the most prestigious award in Physics — the Nobel Prize. Salam made a major contribution in Quantum Field Theory and advancement of Mathematics at the Imperial College. With his student, Riazuddin, Salam made important contributions to the modern theory on neutrinos, neutron stars and black holes, as well as the work on modernizing the quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. As a teacher and science promoter, Salam is remembered as a founder and scientific father of mathematical and theoretical physics in Pakistan while his stay as Science advisor. Salam heavily contributed to the rise of Pakistani physics to the Physics community in the world. Even until his death, Salam continued to contribute in physics and tirelessly advocated for the development of science in third world countries.
Biography
Youth and education
Abdus Salam was born in the small town of Jhang, in 1926. Salam's father was an education officer in the Department of Education of British Punjab State in a poor farming district. Salam's family had a long tradition of piety and passion for learning.At age fourteen, Salam scored the highest marks ever recorded for the Matriculation Examination at the Punjab University. He won a full scholarship to the Government College University of Lahore, British Punjab State. Salam was a versatile scholar, interested in Urdu and English literature in which he excelled. But, soon picked up Mathematics as his concentration. Salam's mentor and tutors wanted him to become an English teacher, but Salam decided to stick with MathematicsAs a fourth-year student there, he published his work on Srinivasa Ramanujan's problems in mathematics, and took his B.A. in Mathematics in 1944. His father wanted him to join Indian Civil Service in His Majesty's Government. In 1950, he received the Smith's Prize from Cambridge University for the most outstanding pre-doctoral contribution to Physics. After finishing his degrees, Fred Hoyle advised Salam to spend another year in Cavendish Laboratory to do the research on experimental physics, but Salam had no patience for carrying out long experiments in laboratory. His doctoral thesis contained comprehensive and fundamental work in Quantum Electrodynamics. By the time it was published in 1951, it had already gained him an international reputation and the Adams Prize.
While he was doing his doctorate, his mentors challenged him to solve an intractable problem within one year, a problem that had defied such great minds as Dirac and Feynman. This was soon reverted back by the Vice-Chancellor, and Salam decided to teach an evening course in Quantum Mechanics outside the regular curriculum. While Salam had mixed popularity in the university, he began to supervise the education of students who were particularly influenced by him. As a result, Riazuddin remained the only student of Salam who has privileged to study under Salam at the Under-graduate and Post-graduate level in Lahore, and Post-doctoral level in Cambridge University. In 1953, Salam was unable to establish a research institute in Lahore, as he faced strong opposition from his peers. In 1954, Salam took fellowship and became one of the earliest fellows of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences. As a result of 1953 riots in Lahore, Salam went back to Cambridge and joined St John's College, and took a position as a professor of mathematics in 1954. In 1957, he was invited to take a chair at Imperial College of London, and he and Paul Matthews went on to set up the Theoretical Physics Department at Imperial College. While, he kept his strong association links with Pakistan, and visited his country time by time. As time passes, this department became one of the prestigious research department that included well known physicists such as Steven Weinberg, Tom Kibble, Gerald Guralnik, C. R. Hagen, Riazuddin, and John Ward. In 1957, Punjab University conferred Salam with an Honorary doctorate for his contribution in Particle physics.
The same year with help from his mentor, Salam launched a scholarship programme for his students in Pakistan. At Cambridge and Imperial College he had formed a group of theoretical physicists, the majority of them were his Pakistani students. In 1959, he became one of the youngest to be named Fellow of the Royal Society at the age of 33. Salam took a fellowship at the Princeton University in 1959, where he met with J. Robert Oppenheimer. Salam presented his brief and research work on neutrinos to Oppenheimer. Both Oppenheimer and Salam discussed the foundation of electrodynamics, problems and their solution, in which Salam was praised by Oppenhimer. His dedicated personal assistant was Jean Bouckley. In 1980, Salam became was a foreign fellow of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences
Scientific career
Early in his career, Salam made an important and significant contribution on Quantum electrodynamics, quantum field theory, quantum chromodynamics, and including its extension into particle and nuclear physics. In his early career in Pakistan, Salam was highly interested in mathematical series in mathematics, and their possible relations with physics. Salam had played an influential role in the advancement of nuclear physics, but he maintained and dedicated himself to mathematics and theoretical physics. Salam had work on theory of the Neutrino —an elusive particle that was first postulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930s. Salam introduced Chiral symmetry in the theory of neutrinos. The introduction of Chiral symmetry played crucial role in subsequent development of the theory of electroweak interactions. Salam later passed his work to Riazuddin, who made pioneering contributions in neutrinos. In 1960, Salam carried the work on nuclear physics, where he had pioneered the work on Proton decay. Salam introduced the induction of the massive Higgs bosons in the theory of the Standard Model, where he predicted the hypothetical form of radioactive decay emitted by Protons, thus he theorized the existence of Proton decay. In 1963, Salam published his theoretical work on the Vector meson. The paper introduced the interaction of Vector meson, Photon (vector electrodynamics), and the Renormalization of vector meson's known mass after the interaction. In 1962, Salam began to work with John Clive Ward on symmetries and Electroweak unification. In 1964, Salam and Ward worked on a Gauge theory for the Weak and Electromagnetic interaction, subsequently obtaining SU(2) × U(1) model. Even though, the work in this was continued in 1959, Salam had deeply convinced that all the elementary particle interactions are actually the Gauge interactions. In 1968, together with Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow, Salam formulated the mathematical concept of their work. While in Imperial College, Salam, along with Glashow and Jeffrey Goldstone, mathematically proved the Goldstone's theorem, that a massless spin-zero object must appear in a theory as a result of spontaneous breaking of a continuous global symmetry. In 1968, together with Weinberg and Sheldon Glashow, Salam finally formulated the mathematical concept of their work.In 1966, Salam carried out the pioneering work on Magnetic photon— a Hypothetical particle. Salam showed the possible electromagnetic interaction between the Magnetic monopole and the C-violation, thus he formulated the Magnetic photon.
Following the publication of PRL Symmetry Breaking papers in 1964, Steven Weinberg and Salam were the first to apply the Higgs mechanism to electroweak symmetry breaking. Salam provided a mathematical postulation while observing the interaction between the Higgs boson and the electroweak symmetry theory.
In 1972, Salam began to work with Indian-American theoretical physicist Jogesh Pati. Pati was invited by Salam at the ICTP seminar in which Pati suggests that there should be some deep reason why the protons and electrons are so different yet to contrive or form to carry equal but opposite amount of electricity. Protons carry quarks, but the electroweak theory only worried about the electrons and neutrinos, and nothing postulated about quarks. Bringing all these nature's ingredients together in one new symmetry, it might reveal a reason for the contrariety of these particles and the forces they feel. This led to a development of Pati-Salam model in particle physics. In 1973, Salam and Jogesh Pati were the first to notice that since Quarks and Leptons have very similar SU(2) × U(1) representation content, they all may have similar entities. They simply provided the simplest realization of the quark-lepton universality by postulating that "Lepton number is the fourth colour. Physicists believed that there are four fundamental forces of nature; gravitational force, strong and weak nuclear force, and the electromagnetic force. Salam had worked on the unification of these forces from 1959 with Glashow and Weinberg at the Imperial College. Salam was highly convinced that weak nuclear forces are not really different from electromagnetic forces, and two could inter-convert. Salam provided a theory that shows the unification of two fundamental forces of nature, strong and weak nuclear forces and the electromagnetic forces, one into another. From 1959, Salam had searched for such unity that takes place in them. In 1966, Glashow had formulated the same work, and the theory was combined in 1966. In 1967, Salam proved the theory mathematically, and finally published the papers. For this achievement, Salam, Glashow, and Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979.
The Nobel Prize Foundation paid tribute to the scientists and issued a statement saying:
For their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current.
Government work
Salam immediately returned to Pakistan in 1960 to take charge of a government post that was given to him by President Field Marshal Ayub Khan. From her Independence, Pakistan has never had a coherent Science policy, and the total expenditure on research and development represent ~1.0% of Pakistan's nature product. Even the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) headquarter was located in a small room, and less than 10 scientists were working on a fundamental concepts of physics. Salam replaced Salimuzzaman Siddiqui as Science Advisor, became first Member (technical) of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. Salam expanded the web of physics research and development in Pakistan by sending more than 500 scientists abroad. On September 1961, Salam approached President Ayub Khan to set up the country's first national space agency. On 16 September 1961, through an executive order, Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission was established, which Salam served as its first director. During 1960, a little work on development on science was done, and scientific activities in Pakistan were almost diminished. Salam had called Ishfaq Ahmad, a nuclear physicist, who left the country for Switzerland where he joined CERN, to Pakistan. With the support of Salam, PAEC established PAEC Lahore Center-6, with Ishfaq Ahmad as its first director. In 1967, Salam became a central and administrative figure to lead the research in both Theoretical and Particle physics. With the establishment of Institute of Physics at Quaid-e-Azam University, the research in theoretical and particle physics was engaged. Under Salam's direction, physicists tackled the greatest outstanding problems in physics and mathematics. Another physicist, Raziuddin Siddiqui, established numerous physics research group and supervised the research activities in the academic institutions of Pakistan. Under the direction of Salam, research in physics reached its maximum point that prompted the worldwide recognition of Pakistani physicists.From 1950s, Salam had tirelessly tried establishing a high-powered research institutes in Pakistan, though he was unable to do it. Salam moved PAEC Headquarters to a bigger building, and established research laboratories all over the country. On the advice of Salam, Ishrat Hussain Usmani set up plutonium and uranium exploration committees throughout the country. In October 1961, Salam traveled to the United States and signed an space-cooperation agreement with United States. on November 1961, NASA had built a space facility — Flight Test Range — in Balochistan where Salam served as its first technical director.
Abdus played an influential and significant role in Pakistan's development in nuclear energy as well as weapons programme in 1972. In 1964, Salam was made head of Pakistan's IAEA delegation and represented Pakistan for a decade. The same year, Salam joined Munir Ahmad Khan — Salam's life-long friend and contemporary at Government College University. Khan was the first person in the IAEA that Salam had consulted about the establishment of International Centre for Theoretical Physics, a research physics institution, in Trieste, Italy. With an agreement signed with IAEA, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics was set up with Salam as its first director. At IAEA, Salam had tirelessly advocated the importance of nuclear power plants in his country. It was his efforts, in 1965, Canada and Pakistan signed a nuclear energy cooperation deal. Salam had obtained the permission from Ayub Khan — against the wishes of Ayub Khan's own government — to set up the nuclear power plant near at the Karachi. In 1965, with the efforts led by Salam, the United States and Pakistan signed an agreement in which th U.S. provided a small research reactor. Salam had a long dream to established a research institute in Pakistan, for which he had advocated on many different occasions. In 1965, Salam and Edward Durrell Stone signed a contract for the establishment of Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology at Nilore, Islamabad.
Space Programme
Salam was the founder of Pakistan's space programme as he was responsible for the establishment of the space research activities in Pakistan. On September 1961, Salam approach to President Field Marshal Ayub Khan to led the foundation of country's first executive agency to coordinate space research. On 16 September 1961, through an executive order, the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) was established of which Salam was made its first and founder director of the agency. Salam immediately traveled to United States, where he successfully signed an space cooperation agreement with United States Government. In November 1961, NASA built Flight Test Center (FTC) in Balochistan Province. During this time, Salam visited Air Force Academy where he met with Air Commodore (Brigadier-General) Wladyslaw Turowicz — a Polish military scientist and an aerospace engineer. Turowicz was made the first technical director of the space center, and a programme of rocket testing of insued. In 1964, while in the United States, Salam visited the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and met with nuclear engineers Salim Mehmud and Tariq Mustafa. Salam signed another agreement with National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in which NASA launched a programme to provide training to Pakistan's scientists and engineers. Both nuclear engineers returned to Pakistan in few months and were inducted in Suparco.
Nuclear Weapons Programme
Salam knew the importance of nuclear technology in Pakistan. From the start, Salam was a central figure in Pakistan's nuclear weapons program. In 1965, Salam led the establishing of the nuclear research institute—Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology. In 1965, the plutonium reactor Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor went critical under the leadership of Salam. In 1971, Salam had traveled to the United States and returned to Pakistan with literature about the Manhattan Project. In 1972, the Government of Pakistan learned about the development status of the first atomic bomb completed under the Indian nuclear programme. In January 20 of 1972, at the Multan meeting, Bhutto orchestrated to develop the deterrence programme. Former Prime minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, formed a group of scientists and engineers, which was headed by Salam. In 1972, Salam, as Science advisor to the President, had managed and participated in a secret meeting of nuclear scientists with Bhutto in Multan, which came to be known as the "Multan Meeting". Here, Bhutto entrusted Salam and appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as Chairman of the PAEC and head of the nuclear weapons program, as Salam had supported Khan. Few months after the meeting, Salam, along with Khan and Riazuddin, met with Bhutto in his residence where the scientists briefed Bhutto about the nuclear weapons program. After the meeting, Salam established the "Theoretical Physics Group (TPG)" in PAEC. Abdus had led groundbreaking work at the TPG and was initially headed by Salam until 1974.An office was set up for Salam in the Prime ministers' Secretariat by order of Bhutto. Salam immediately started to motivate and gravitate scientists to begin work with PAEC in the development of fission weapons. In December 1972, two theoretical physicists working at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics were asked by Salam to report to noted Pakistani nuclear engineer, Munir Ahmad Khan (late), then-PAEC chairman. This marked the beginning of the "Theoretical Physics Group (TPG)", reporting directly to Salam. The TPG, in PAEC, was assigned to conduct research in Fast neutron calculations, Hydrodynamics (how the explosion produced by a chain reaction might behave), problems of neutron diffusion, and the development of theoretical designs of Pakistan's nuclear weapon devices. Later, the Theoretical Physics Group working under the leadership of Riazuddin, who was also Salam's student, began to directly report to Salam, and the work on the theoretical design of the nuclear weapon device was completed in 1977. Hence, Salam had led the groundbreaking work in the development of the weapons programme, with Khan. In 1972, Salam had formed the Mathematical Physics Group, under Raziuddin Siddiqui, that was charged, with the Theoretical Physics Group, to carry out the research in the theory of simultaneity during the detonation process, and mathematics involved in the theory of nuclear fission Following the India's surprise nuclear test —Pokhran-I — in 1974, Munir Ahmad Khan had called for a meeting to initiate the work on atomic bomb, which was attended by Salam and where Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi was appointed head of the Directorate of Technical Development in PAEC. The DTD was set up to coordinate the work of the various specialized groups of scientists and engineers working on different aspects of the atomic bomb. Following the setting up of DTD, Salam, along with Riazuddin and Munir Ahmad Khan, visited the Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF) where they held talks and discussions with senior military engineers led by POF Chairman Lieutenant-General Qamar Ali Mirza. Thus, the Wah Group working under the DTD was charged with the material and triggering mechanism development of the weapon. Salam remained associated with the nuclear weapons programme until 1974, when he left the country after Ahmadis were declared non-Muslims by the Pakistani Parliament. Although, he had left the country, Salam did not hesitate to advise the PAEC and Theoretical and Mathematical Physics Group on important scientific matters, and kept his close association with TPG and PAEC.
Advocacy for Science
In 1964, Salam founded the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, in the North-East of Italy and served as its director until 1993. In 1974, he founded International Nathiagali Summer College (INSC) to promote science in his country. The INSC is an annual meeting of scientists from all over the world to come to Pakistan and hold discussions on different aspects of physics and science. Even today, the INSC holds an annual meetings, and Salam's pupil student Riazuddin is its director since its inception.In 1997, the scientists at ICPT commemorated Salam and renamed ICTP as "Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics". Salam had advocated for development of Science in third world countries, and attended various seminars in different countries. Throughout the years, Salam served on a number of United Nations committees concerning science and technology in developing countries. Salam also founded the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and was a leading figure in the creation of a number of international centres dedicated to the advancement of science and technology.
During his visit at the Institute of Physics of Quaid-i-Azam University in 1979, Salam had explained after receiving his award: Physicists believed there are four fundamental forces of nature; the gravitational force, the weak and strong nuclear force, and the electromagnetic force. Salam was a firm believer that "scientific thought is the common heritage of mankind," and that developing nations needed to help themselves and invest in their own scientists to boost development and reduce the gap between the Global South and the Global North, thus contributing to a more peaceful world.
Although Salam had departed from Pakistan, he did not terminate his connection to Pakistan. Salam continued inviting Pakistan's scientists to ICTP, and maintained a research programme for the Pakistani scientists. Many prominent scientists, including Ghulam Murtaza, Riazuddin, Kamaluddin Ahmed, Faheem Hussain, Raziuddin Siddiqui, Munir Ahmad Khan, Ishfaq Ahmad, and I. H. Usmani, considered him as their mentor and a teacher.
Personal life
Religion
Salam was a devout Muslim and a member of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community who saw his religion as integral part of his scientific work. He once wrote:"The Holy Quran enjoins us to reflect on the verities of Allah's created laws of nature; however, that our generation has been privileged to glimpse a part of His design is a bounty and a grace for which I render thanks with a humble heart."''
During his acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize in Physics, Salam quoted the following verses from the Quran:
He then said:
In 1974, the Pakistan Parliament made a constitutional amendment that declared Ahmadi Muslims as 'non-Muslims'. In protest, Salam left Pakistan for London. Even after his departure, Salam did not completely terminate his connection to Pakistan, and kept his close association with the Theoretical Physics Group as well as academic scientists from Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). Leaving Pakistan in protest was one of Salam's greatest regrets. At ICTP, Salam had launched series of post-research programmes for Pakistani academics with whom he had developed extremely close relations. In 1983, Riazuddin and Asghar Qadir returned to ICTP where they had joined Salam, and stayed with him until 1990.
Death
Abdus Salam died peacefully on 21 November of 1996 at the age of 70 in Oxford, England, after a long illness. His body was finally brought back to Pakistan and kept in Darul Ziafat, where some 13,000 men and women visited to pay their last respects. Approximately 30,000 people attended his funeral prayers.Salam was buried in Bahishti Maqbara, a cemetery established by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Rabwah, Pakistan next to his parents' graves. The epitaph on his tomb initially read "First Muslim Nobel Laureate" but, because of Salam's adherence to the Ahmadiyya Muslim sect, the word "Muslim" was later erased on the orders of a local magistrate, leaving the nonsensical "First Nobel Laureate". Under Ordinance XX, Ahmadis are considered non-Muslims.
Legacy
Salam's work in Pakistan has been far reaching and influential. He has made extraordinary contributions to Pakistan's development in science, including nuclear and space programme. In 1998, the Government of Pakistan issued a commemorative stamp to honour the services of Salam as part of its "Scientists of Pakistan" series. However, with Ordinance XX declaring Ahmadis non-Muslims, the government came under pressure and had it removed from circulation. Despite the immense services he had done for the Pakistan and the Government, he has been discriminated against because of his affiliation with the Ahmadiyya sect, which the Pakistan Government has denounced.However, Salam has been commemorated by Pakistan's noted and prominent scientists, who were also his students. Many scientists have recalled their college experiences. Ghulam Murtaza, a professor of plasma physics at the Government College University and student of Salam has puts it:
"When Dr. Salam was to deliver a lecture, the hall would be packed and although the subject was Particle Physics, his manner and eloquence was such as if he was talking about literature. When he finished his lectures, listeners would often burst into spontaneous applause and give him a standing ovation. People from all parts of the world would come to Imperial College and seek Dr. Salam's help. He would give a patient hearing to everyone including those who were talking nonsense. He treated everyone with respect and compassion and never belittled or offended anyone. Dr. Salam's strength was that he could "sift jewels from the sand".
Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, former chairman of the PAEC and a lifelong friend of Salam recalls:
"Dr. Abdus Salam was responsible for sending about 500 physicists, mathematicians and scientists from Pakistan, for doctorate’s to the best institutions in UK and U.S.".
In August 1996, the former chairman of PAEC and lifelong friend, Munir Ahmad Khan and met Salam in Oxford, United Kingdom. Munir Ahmad Khan (late), who headed the nuclear weapons and energy programme, said:
"My last meeting with Abdus Salam was only three months ago. His disease had taken its toll and he was unable to talk. Yet he understood what was said. I told him about the celebration held in Pakistan on his seventieth birthday. He kept staring at me. He had risen above praise. As I rose to leave he pressed my hand to express his feelings as if he wanted to thank everyone who had said kind words about him. Dr. Abdus Salam had deep love for Pakistan in spite of the fact that he was treated unfairly and indifferently by his own country. It became more and more difficult for him to come to Pakistan and this hurt him deeply. Now he has returned home finally, to rest in peace for ever in the soil that he loved so much. May be in the years to come we will rise above our prejudice and own him and give him, after his death, what we could not when he was alive. We Pakistanis may choose to ignore Dr. Salam, but the world at large will always remember him."
In Popular culture
Documentary film (Docufilm)
In 2010, Pakistani filmmaker and director Sabiha Sumar released a documentary film on the life and science of Abdus Salam. The film is subject to collection of donations valued to $500,000. In 2011, a second movie is planned by pilgrimfilms which will lighten the personal life of Abdus Salam. The film is set to schedule to be released in 2011.
Honours
In 1997, scientists at ICTP renamed the institute as The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in the honour of Salam. Salam's services have been recognized in Pakistan, as his students have openly spoken and stressed out the importance of Science and Technology in Pakistan.In 1999, per the recommendation of Ishfaq Ahmad, the Federal Government led the establishment of Salam Chair in Physics at the Government College University. On November 22 of 2009, the Director of Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics had gifted the original Nobel Prize Certificate original to his alma mater. In 2011, GCU's Salam Chair in Physics held a one day long conference that was attributed to Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam. Salam's students dr. Ghulam Murtaza, dr. Perviaz Hoodbhoy, dr. Riazuddin and dr. Tariq Zaidi discussed the life and works of the Nobel Laureate, and lightened the achievement of Salam in Pakistan and in the Physics.
In 1998, the Edward A. Bouchet-ICTP Institute was renamed as Edward Bouchet Abdus Salam Institute. In 2003, Government of Punjab created the institute of excellence for the Mathematical Sciences, Abdus Salam School of Mathematics, in Salam's Alma mater — Government College University.
In 2008, in an opinion, Daily Times called Salam as "one of the greatest scientist Pakistan has ever produced". The Dawn Newspapers published an interview with Zakir Thaver, a Pakistani film director and producer, who is set to released another documentary film. In an editorial, the Dawn Newspapers called Abdus Salam as "the greatest physicist that comes from Pakistan".
Awards
In 1979, Salam was awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Glashow and Weinberg, For their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current. Salam received high civil and science awards from all over the world. Salam is recipient of first high civil awards — Star of Pakistan (1959) and the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1979) — awarded both by President of Pakistan for his outstanding services to Pakistan. The National Center for Physics (NCP) contains a Abdus Salam Museum dedicated to the life of Salam and his work as he discovered and formulated the Electroweak Theory. Below is the list of awards that were conferred to Salam in his lifetime.
Awards named after Salam
The Abdus Salam Award (also called as Salam Prize) is an award in natural and physical sciences, established to recognized the high achievements and contributions in physical and natural sciences. In 1979, Riazuddin, Fayyazuddin and Asghar Qadir met with Salam, and presented the idea of creating an award to appreciate scientists, resident in Pakistan, in their respective fields. Salam had donated the money he had won as he felt that he had no rightly use of the prize money. It was endowed by Asghar Qadir, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin in 1983, and it was first awarded in 1984. The winners are selected by a committee (consisted of Aghar Qadir, Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin, and others) of the Center for Advanced Mathematics and Physics (CAMP), which administers the award.The Abdus Salam Medal is presented by the Third World Academy of Sciences in Trieste, Italy. First given in 1995, the award is presented to the people who have served the cause of science in the Developing World.
Contributions
Salam's primary focus was research on the physics of elementary particles. His particular contributions included:
Institutes named after Abdus Salam
See also
References
Bibliography
External links
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Category:1926 births Category:1996 deaths Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Category:Academics of Imperial College London Category:Adams Prize recipients Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Brazilian Order of Scientific Merit recipients Category:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences Category:Muslim scholars Category:Nishan-e-Imtiaz Category:Nobel laureates in Physics Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal Category:Pakistani academics Category:Pakistani theoretical physicists Category:Pakistani Nobel laureates Category:Pakistani physicists Category:Pakistani scientists Category:Pakistani scholars Category:Pakistani Muslims Category:Punjabi Nobel laureates Category:Ravians Category:Theoretical physicists Category:Pakistani Ahmadis Category:Royal Medal winners Category:Project-706 Category:University of the Punjab alumni Category:Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences Category:Atoms for Peace Award recipients Category:Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission people Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:People from Jhang Category:Fellows of Pakistan Academy of Sciences Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance award
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