-
Bosnians
Not to be confused with : Bosniak
http://wn.com/Bosnians -
Carolingian Empire
Carolingian Empire is a historiographical term which has been used to refer to the realm of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty. This dynasty is seen as the founders of France and Germany. Depending on one's perspective, this Empire can be seen as the later history of the Frankish Realm or the early history of France and of the Holy Roman Empire.
http://wn.com/Carolingian_Empire -
Croats
Croats () are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 4 million Croats living inside Croatia, and an estimated 4.5 million throughout the rest of the world. Responding to political, social and economic pressure, many Croats have since migrated throughout the world, and established a notable Croatian diaspora. Large Croat communities exists in The United States, Chile, Argentina, Germany, Austria, Australia, Canada, Serbia, New Zealand and South Africa. Croats are noted for their culture, which throughout the ages, has been variously influenced by different cultural circles. The strongest influences came from Central Europe and the Mediterranean, where, at the same time, Croats gave their contribution. The Croats are predominantly Catholic and their language is Croatian.
http://wn.com/Croats -
Dante Alighieri
Dante Alighieri (May/June c.1265September 14, 1321), commonly known as Dante, was an Italian poet of the Middle Ages. He was born in Florence; he died and is buried in Ravenna.
http://wn.com/Dante_Alighieri -
Eurasian Avars
The European Avars, or Ancient Avars, were a highly organized nomadic confederacy of mixed origins. They were ruled by a khagan, who was surrounded by a tight-knit retinue of nomad warriors, an organization characteristic of Turkic groups. Although the name Avar first appeared in the mid fifth century, the Avars of Europe enter the historical scene in the mid sixth century A.D., when they established a pax spanning considerable areas of Central and Eastern Europe. Avar rule persisted over much of the Pannonian Plain up to the early 9th century. Their ultimate fate is believed to have been assimilation by the invading Magyars (Hungarians).
http://wn.com/Eurasian_Avars -
Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gutans) were a heterogeneous East Germanic tribe, who played an important role in the history of the Roman Empire after they appeared on its lower Danube frontier in the third century.
http://wn.com/Goths -
Iapodes
http://wn.com/Iapodes -
Istrian Italians
Istrian Italians are the ethnic group of Istria related to the Italian people of Italy. Historically they are descendants from the original romanized population of Roman Istria and from the Venetian-speaking population of Istria under the Republic of Venice.
http://wn.com/Istrian_Italians -
Italians
http://wn.com/Italians -
Liburnians
The Liburnians (or Liburni, Greek: Λιβυρνοί) were an ancient people inhabiting the district called Liburnia, a coastal region of the northeastern Adriatic between the rivers Arsia (Raša) and Titius (Krka) in what is now Croatia.
http://wn.com/Liburnians -
Morlachs
Morlachs (Mauro-Vlachs or Mavrovlachi, also Nigri Latini in Latin sources, meaning "Black Vlachs"; in Greek: Μαυροβλάχοι, in Serbian and Croatian Morlaci [mor-latsi] or Морлаци) were a population of Vlachs. In another version their name comes from the slavic terms of "morski-Vlasi" or Sea Vlachs. The morlachs were shepherds that lived in the Dinaric Alps (western Balkans in modern use), seasonally migrating in search for better pastures for their sheep flocks (between mountains, in the summertime, and the sea shores, in the wintertime). They were a blend of previously Romanized indigenous peoples and new settled Roman army veterans and Roman colonists.
http://wn.com/Morlachs -
Ottoman Empire
The Sublime Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish, Persian: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Yüce Osmanlı Devleti or Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was an empire that lasted from 1299 to 1923.
http://wn.com/Ottoman_Empire -
Serbs
Serbs (, Romanization: Srbi ) are a native Balkan South Slavic ethnic group. Majority of Serbs live in their ancestral lands in Central Europe and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe), between the Balkan and Carpathian mountains, in the east, and the Adriatic sea, in the west. Significant percentage of Serb people live in diaspora. The total world Serbian population, however, is difficult to measure. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbs are also a significant minority in other republics of the Former Yugoslavia- primarily Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Serbs are an officially recognized minority in both Romania and Hungary, as well as Albania and Slovakia. There is a large Serbian diaspora in Western Europe especially in Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria, as well as in France and Italy (which also contains a historical Serb community). More than a million people of Serbian origin live in German speaking countries: Luxembourg (1%), Austria (1,8%), Switzerland (1%), and Germany (~1%).
http://wn.com/Serbs -
Slovenes
Slovenes (Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki, singular Slovenka) are a South Slavic people primarily associated with Slovenia and the Slovene language.
http://wn.com/Slovenes -
Strabo
Strabo (; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.
http://wn.com/Strabo -
Vlachs
Vlach ( or ) or Wallachian is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. English variations on the name include: Walla, Vallachians, Walachians, Wlachs, Wallachs, Vlahs, Olahs or Ulahs; Groups that have historically been called Vlachs include: modern-day Romanians or Daco-Romanians, Aromanians or Macedo-Romanians, Morlachs, Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians. Since the creation of the Romanian state, the term in English has mostly been used for those living outside Romania.
http://wn.com/Vlachs -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I
-
The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. The Adriatic Sea is a part of the Mediterranean Sea.
http://wn.com/Adriatic_Sea -
The Austrian Empire () was a modern era successor empire founded on a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire, which was centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867. It was followed by the Empire of Austria–Hungary, which was proclaimed after declaring the Emperor of Austria also King of Hungary, a diplomatic move that elevated Hungary's status within the Austrian Empire as a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 to 1918) was itself dissolved by the victors at the end of World War I and broken into separate new states.
http://wn.com/Austrian_Empire -
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria (, ; ; ), is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of the country. With an area of , it is by far the largest German state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany. Bavaria is Germany's second most populous state (after North Rhine Westphalia) with almost 12.5 million inhabitants, more than any of the three sovereign states on its borders. Bavaria's capital is Munich.
http://wn.com/Bavaria -
http://wn.com/Bay_of_Kvarner -
http://wn.com/Bay_of_Piran -
Buje () is a town situated in Istria, Croatia's westernmost peninsula, population 2,979 (2001).
http://wn.com/Buje -
Buzet (the name Buzet is of Celtic origin: see Buzet-sur-Baïse; Italian: Pinguente from the Latin "Piquentum") is a town in Istria, Croatia, population 6,059 (2001).
http://wn.com/Buzet -
Croatia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska ), is a country in Central Europe and Southeastern Europe at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Adriatic Sea. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. Croatia borders Slovenia to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the southeast, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast.
http://wn.com/Croatia -
Dalmatia (, see names in other languages) is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It spreads between the island of Rab in the northwest and the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south. Dalmatia today lies mostly in Croatia, also with smaller parts in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Neum Municipality) and Montenegro (around the Bay of Kotor). The Dalmatian dog received its name from Dalmatia.
http://wn.com/Dalmatia -
Gorizia (, , ) is a town and comune in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia. It is located at the foot of the Julian Alps, bordering Slovenia. It is the capital of the Province of Gorizia, and it is a local center of tourism, industry, and commerce. Since 1947, a twin town of Nova Gorica has developed on the other side of the Italian-Slovenian border. Both towns constitute a conurbation, which also includes the Slovenian municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba.
http://wn.com/Gorizia -
The Gulf of Trieste (, , , ) is a shallow bay of the Adriatic Sea, in the extreme northern part of the Mediterranean Sea. It is part of the Gulf of Venice and is shared by Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. It is closed to the south by the peninsula of Istria, the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, shared between Croatia and Slovenia.
http://wn.com/Gulf_of_Trieste -
Hrpelje-Kozina is a municipality in the Littoral region of Slovenia. Its main settlements are Hrpelje and Kozina.
http://wn.com/Hrpelje-Kozina -
Hum (; ) is a town in the central part of Istria, northwest Croatia, 7 km from Roč, 14 km southeast of Buzet on a hill above the Mirna valley. The elevation of the town is 349 m. This small fortified habitation has maintained all the features of medieval urban architecture and organization.
http://wn.com/Hum_Croatia -
Ilirska Bistrica ( (before 1927 Bisterza), ) is a town and a municipality in Slovenia. It belongs to the traditional region of Primorska.
http://wn.com/Ilirska_Bistrica -
Istria County (; ) is the westernmost county of Croatia which includes the biggest part of the Istrian peninsula ( out of , 89%). The area of the county is called Istra in Croatian and Slovene. The county administrative center is Pazin and the regional anthem is "Krasna zemljo".
http://wn.com/Istria_County -
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
http://wn.com/Italy -
* Katun River, a tributary of the Ob River in Siberia;
http://wn.com/Katun -
Koper () (; ) is a coastal town and municipality and the largest commercial port in Slovenia, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The town has a population of 23,726 and is officially bilingual, with both Slovene and Italian as official languages. Sights in Koper include the 15th-century Praetorian Palace and Loggia in Venetian Gothic style, the 12th century Carmine Rotunda church, and the Cathedral of St Nazarius with its 14th century tower.
http://wn.com/Koper -
Kras (; ), also known as the Karst or the Karst Plateau, is a limestone borderline plateau region in southwestern Slovenia extending into northeastern Italy. It lies between the Vipava Valley, the low hills surrounding the valley, the westernmost part of the Brkini Hills, northern Istria, and the Gulf of Trieste. The western edge of the plateau also marks the traditional ethnic border between Italians and Slovenes.
http://wn.com/Kras -
http://wn.com/Kras_Plateau -
http://wn.com/Küstenland -
Labin () is a town in Istria, Croatia, population 7,904 (2001) with 12,426 in the municipality (which also includes small towns of Rabac and Vinež, as well as a number of smaller villages, such as Crni).
http://wn.com/Labin -
Motovun ( or ''Montona d'Istria'') is a village in central Istria, Croatia. The population of the village itself is 531, with a total of 983 residents in the municipality (2001); 442 of the residents have Italian as their mother language. The Parenzaner Bahn, which was a railway that ran from Trieste to Poreč between 1902-1935 passed through the town.
http://wn.com/Motovun -
Muggia () is a small Italian comune in the extreme south-east of Trieste lying on the border with Slovenia.
http://wn.com/Muggia -
Pazin (, ) is the administrative seat of Istria County in Croatia. The town has a population of 4,986 (2001), the total Pazin municipality population is 9,227 (2001). In 1991 it was made the capital of the županija for its location in the geographical center of the Istria peninsula and in order to boost the development of its interior territories.
http://wn.com/Pazin -
Peroj is a village in the Vodnjan municipality on the south-western coast of Istria, currently inhabited by ~400 inhabitants, dating back to the Copper age of prehistory, as testified by a necropolis within the old walls of the town. The town has been settled with families from a variety of origins throughout its history. During the occupation of the Romans, the town was named Pedrolo, and was a popular holiday destination.
http://wn.com/Peroj -
Poreč (; Latin: Parens or Parentium; archaic German: Parenz; Ancient Greek: Pàrenthos, Παρενθος) is a town and municipality on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula, in Istria County, Croatia. Its major landmark is the 6th century Euphrasian Basilica, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
http://wn.com/Poreč -
Postojna (, ) is a town and a municipality in the traditional region of Inner Carniola, 35 kilometers (22 miles) from Trieste, in southwestern Slovenia. Population 14,581 (2002).
http://wn.com/Postojna -
The Praetorian Palace (, ) is a 14th-century Venetian Gothic palace in the city of Koper, in southwest Slovenia. Located on the southern side of the city's central Tito Square (at Titov trg 3), it houses the Koper city government and a wedding hall. It is considered one of the city's architectural landmarks.
http://wn.com/Praetorian_Palace -
Primorsko () is a town and seaside resort in southeastern Bulgaria, part of Burgas Province. A well-known resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast, it is located on a gore 52 km south of Burgas and has a beach strip of about 1 km². The average temperature is 27°C in July, often reaching 30-33°C and making Primorsko a favourable place for tourism. The rivers Ropotamo and Dyavolska reka run close to the town, and the Snake Island reserve is also nearby.
http://wn.com/Primorsko -
Pula (; ; , ) is the largest city in Istria County, Croatia, situated at the southern tip of the Istria peninsula, with a population of 62,080 (2006).
http://wn.com/Pula -
Raša () is a town known as the "youngest city in Croatia" and the administrative centre of the same-named municipality in the inner part of the Raška Inlet in the south-eastern part of Istria, Croatia. Raša lies 4.5 km southwest of Labin at an elevation of .
http://wn.com/Raša -
The river Raša, (, Latin/Italian: ) in Croatian Istria is a major river of Croatia's Istria County. Its mouth is in the long ria of Raški zaljev/Porto d'Arsia, which is a drowned river valley scoured out when world sea levels were lowered, then drowned by the rising waters of the post glacial era. The Raša rises in springs near Pićan and flows south through a steep-sided valley before opening into the head of the Adriatic Sea. The river, although less than 30 kilometres in length, has an ancient history as a border.
http://wn.com/Raša_(river) -
Rovinj (Istriot: Ruvèigno or Ruveîgno; Italian: Rovigno) is a city in Croatia situated on the north Adriatic Sea with a population of 13,562 (2007). It is located on the western coast of the Istrian peninsula and is a popular tourist resort and an active fishing port. Istriot, a Romance language once widely spoken in this part of Istria, is still spoken by part of the residents (also called Rovignese by those who speak it here). There is a centre of History Research which is an institution of the Council of Europe.
http://wn.com/Rovinj -
Slovenia ( ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (, ), is a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy on the west, the Adriatic Sea on the southwest, Croatia on the south and east, Hungary on the northeast, and Austria on the north. The capital and largest city of Slovenia is Ljubljana.
http://wn.com/Slovenia -
Trieste (, ; ; ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south, east and north of the city. Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste and throughout history it has been influenced by its location at the crossroads of Germanic, Latin and Slavic cultures. In 2009, it had a population of about 205,000 and it is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trieste province.
http://wn.com/Trieste -
Umag () is a coastal city in Istria, Croatia.
http://wn.com/Umag -
The Učka is a mountain range (; ) that rises behind Opatija riviera, on the Istrian peninsula, in northwestern Croatia. It forms a single morphological unit together with the Čičarija range which streches from the bay of Trieste to Rijeka. Učka is a limestone massif with numerous areas of karst, streching for 20 km from the Poklon Pass (920 m) to Plomin Bay, and is between 4 and 9 km wide.
http://wn.com/Učka -
Vipava Valley (, , ) is a valley located in the Slovenian Littoral, between the towns of Nova Gorica and Vipava. It is a narrow valley, serving as the main passage between Friulian lowland and central Slovenia, and thus also an important corridor connecting Northern Italy to Central Europe. It is closed to the north by the high Trnovo Forest, and to the south by the Kras Plateau and the narrow Branica Valley, a geographical sub-unit of the Vipava Valley. It is named by the omonimous river. Its main urban center is Ajdovščina. Administratively, it is subdivided into the municipalities of Ajdovščina, Vipava, Nova Gorica, Renče-Vogrsko, and Miren-Kostanjevica. Part of the municipality of Savogna d'Isonzo in the Province of Gorizia (Italy) is also included in the region.
http://wn.com/Vipava_Valley -
Višnjan () is a village and municipality in Istria, Croatia. Višnjan is the site of Višnjan Observatory (an astronomical observatory). The observatory is home of several long-running international summer programs for youth in astronomy, archeology, marine biology and other disciplines.
http://wn.com/Višnjan -
Zagreb () is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is situated in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately above sea level. In 2008, Zagreb's population was 804,200.
http://wn.com/Zagreb
- Adriatic Sea
- Ancient Rome
- antifascist
- Austria-Hungary
- Austrian Empire
- Autonomous entity
- Bavaria
- Bay of Kvarner
- Bay of Piran
- Black Sea
- Bosnia Eyalet
- Bosnians
- Brijuni
- Buje
- Buzet
- Carantania
- Carolingian Empire
- Chakavian dialect
- comune
- Continental climate
- Croatia
- Croatian language
- Croats
- cultural suppression
- Dalmatia
- Dante Alighieri
- Danube
- de facto
- Dragonja
- Eastern Roman Empire
- Eric of Friuli
- Eurasian Avars
- European Union
- Fascism
- First French Empire
- German language
- Gorizia
- Goths
- Gulf of Trieste
- Habsburg
- Holy Roman Empire
- Hrpelje-Kozina
- Hum, Croatia
- Hungarian language
- Iapodes
- ideology
- Ilirska Bistrica
- Illyria
- Illyrian provinces
- Inner Carniola
- irredentism
- Istria County
- Istrian exodus
- Istrian Italians
- Istriot language
- Istro-Romanians
- Italian culture
- Italian language
- Italianization
- Italians
- Italy
- Izola
- Katun
- Koper
- Kras
- Kras Plateau
- Küstenland
- Labin
- Liburnia
- Liburnians
- Lim (Croatia)
- March of Istria
- Merania
- Mirna
- Mirna (Croatia)
- Montenegrins
- Morlachs
- Motovun
- Muggia
- Napoleonic
- nationalism
- Nationalities Papers
- Oceanic climate
- Ottoman Empire
- Pazin
- Pazinčica
- Peace of Pressburg
- peninsula
- Peroj
- Pippin III
- Piran
- Poreč
- Postojna
- Praetorian Palace
- Primorsko
- Province of Trieste
- Pula
- Raša
- Raša (river)
- region
- Republic of Venice
- Romanian language
- Rovinj
- Roč
- Schengen Agreement
- Serbian language
- Serbs
- Shtokavian dialect
- Siege of Trsat
- Slovene language
- Slovenes
- Slovenia
- Slovenian Istria
- Strabo
- TIGR
- Trieste
- Umag
- UNESCO
- Učka
- Venetian language
- Venetian Republic
- Vipava Valley
- Višnjan
- Vlachs
- Western Roman Empire
- World War I
- World War II
- Zagreb
- Ćićarija
Philippe Istria
Releases by album:
Album releases

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:57
- Published: 15 Dec 2009
- Uploaded: 19 Oct 2011
- Author: adriaholidays

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Published: 15 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 03 Nov 2011
- Author: RickSteves

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Published: 21 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 31 Aug 2011
- Author: THEWORLDOFTRAVEL

- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:42
- Published: 27 Feb 2011
- Uploaded: 07 Nov 2011
- Author: SouthISTRIA


- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Published: 02 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 16 Oct 2011
- Author: croatiaproperty


- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Published: 14 May 2011
- Uploaded: 30 Aug 2011
- Author: ColoursofIstria



- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:48
- Published: 23 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 08 Jul 2011
- Author: arenaturist


- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:42
- Published: 08 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 15 Oct 2011
- Author: arenaturist


- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:48
- Published: 23 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 16 Sep 2011
- Author: arenaturist


- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:39
- Published: 23 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 13 Jul 2011
- Author: arenaturist


- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Published: 10 Nov 2008
- Uploaded: 08 Nov 2011
- Author: ValamarHotelsCroatia



- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:02
- Published: 05 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 08 Nov 2011
- Author: DiveDanceDaydream














- 1922
- Adriatic Sea
- Ancient Rome
- antifascist
- Austria-Hungary
- Austrian Empire
- Autonomous entity
- Bavaria
- Bay of Kvarner
- Bay of Piran
- Black Sea
- Bosnia Eyalet
- Bosnians
- Brijuni
- Buje
- Buzet
- Carantania
- Carolingian Empire
- Chakavian dialect
- comune
- Continental climate
- Croatia
- Croatian language
- Croats
- cultural suppression
- Dalmatia
- Dante Alighieri
- Danube
- de facto
- Dragonja
- Eastern Roman Empire
- Eric of Friuli
- Eurasian Avars
- European Union
- Fascism
- First French Empire
- German language
- Gorizia
- Goths
- Gulf of Trieste
- Habsburg
- Holy Roman Empire
- Hrpelje-Kozina
- Hum, Croatia
- Hungarian language
- Iapodes
- ideology
- Ilirska Bistrica
- Illyria
- Illyrian provinces
- Inner Carniola
- irredentism
- Istria County
- Istrian exodus
- Istrian Italians
- Istriot language
- Istro-Romanians
- Italian culture
- Italian language
- Italianization
size: 4.0Kb
size: 11.4Kb
size: 5.6Kb
size: 1.2Kb
size: 5.4Kb
size: 7.7Kb
size: 2.4Kb
size: 9.4Kb
size: 5.7Kb
Geography
The geographical features of Istria include the Učka mountain ridge, which is the highest portion of the Ćićarija mountain range; the rivers Dragonja, Mirna, Pazinčica, and Raša; and the Lim bay and valley. Istria lies in three countries: Croatia, Slovenia and Italy. By far the largest portion (89%) lies in Croatia. "Croatian Istria" is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia. Important towns in Istria County include Pula, Poreč, Rovinj, Pazin, Labin, Umag, Motovun, Buzet, and Buje. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan, Roč, and Hum.The northwestern part of Istria lies in Slovenia: it is known as Slovenian Istria, and includes the coastal municipalities of Piran, Izola and Koper, and the Karstic municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina. Northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the comunes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle.
The ancient region of Histria extended over a much wider area, including the whole Kras plateau until the southern edges of the Vipava Valley, the southwestern portions of modern Inner Carniola with Postojna and Ilirska Bistrica, and the modern Italian Province of Trieste, but not the Liburnian coast which was already part of Illyricum.
Climate
History
Early history
The name is derived from the Illyrian tribe of the Histri (), which Strabo refers to as living in the region. The Histri are classified in some sources as a "Venetic" Illyrian tribe, with certain linguistic differences from other Illyrians. The Romans described the Histri as a fierce tribe of pirates, protected by the difficult navigation of their rocky coasts. It took two military campaigns for the Romans to finally subdue them in 177 BCE. The region was then called together with the Venetian part the X. Roman Region of "Venetia et Histria", the ancient definition of the northeastern border of Italy. Dante Alighieri refers to it as well, the eastern border of Italy per ancient definition is the river Arsia (Raša). The eastern side of this river was settled by people whose culture was different than Histrians. Earlier influence of the Iapodes was attested there, while at some time between the 4th and 1st century BC, the Liburnians extended their territory and it became a part of Liburnia. On the northern side, Histria went much further north and included the Italian city of Trieste and the region of Venezia-Julia. Today, Trieste and Venezia-Julia are not included in Istria for political reasons.Some scholars speculate that the names Histri and Istria are related to the Latin name Hister, or Danube. Ancient folktales reported—inaccurately—that the Danube split in two or "bifurcated" and came to the sea near Trieste as well as at the Black Sea. The story of the "Bifurcation of the Danube" is part of the Argonaut legend. There is also a suspected link (but no historical documentation is available) to the commune of Istria in Constanţa, Romania.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was pillaged by the Goths, the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Avars. It was subsequently annexed to the Lombard Kingdom in 751, and then annexed to the Frankish kingdom by Pippin III in 789. In 799, on the border between Littoral Croatia and Carolingian Empire, there was a Siege of Trsat, where in a Croatian victory, Frankish commander Eric of Friuli was killed. Afterwards it was successively controlled by the dukes of Carantania, Merania, Bavaria and by the patriarch of Aquileia, before it became the territory of the Republic of Venice in 1267. The medieval Croatian kingdom held only the far eastern part of Istria (the border was near the river Raša), but they lost it to the Holy Roman Empire in the late 11th century.
Venetian Republic and the Holy Roman Empire
The coastal areas and cities of Istria came under Venetian Influence in the 9th century. On 15 February 1267, Parenzo was formally incorporated with the Venetian state. Other coastal towns followed shortly thereafter.
Austrian Empire (1797-1805)
The Inner Istrian part around Mitterburg (Pazin), had been held for centuries by the Holy Roman Empire. In 1797, with the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Venetian parts of the peninsula also passed to the Holy Roman Empire.
Napoleonic Era 1806-1813
The Holy Roman Empire ended with the period of Napoleonic rule from 1806 to 1813, when Istria became part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (1806–1810) after the Peace of Pressburg, and then part of the Illyrian provinces of the French Empire (1810–1813) after the Treaty of Paris.
Austrian Empire (1814-1918)
After this short period, the newly established Austrian Empire ruled Istria as the so-called "Küstenland", which included the city of Trieste and Gorizia in Friuli until 1918. At that time the borders of Istria included a part of what is now Italian Venezia-Giulia and parts of modern-day Slovenia and Croatia, but not the city of Trieste.
Italy 1919-1947
After World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, Istria was given to Italy. After the advent of Fascism, the portions of the Istrian population that were Croatian and Slovene were exposed to a policy of forced Italianization and cultural suppression. They lost their right to education and religious practice in their mother tongue. The organization TIGR, founded in 1927 by Slovenian patriots from the western region of Primorsko and regarded as the first armed antifascist resistance group in Europe, soon penetrated into Slovene and Croatian-speaking parts of Istria.
SFR Yugoslavia 1945-1991
After the end of World War II, Istria was included into Yugoslavia, except for a small part in the northwest corner that formed Zone B of the provisionally independent Free Territory of Trieste; Zone B was under Yugoslav administration and after the de facto dissolution of the Free Territory in 1954 it was also incorporated into Yugoslavia. Only the small town of Muggia, near Trieste, being part of Zone A remained with Italy.The events of that period are visible in Pula. The city had an Italian majority, and is located on the southernmost tip of the Istrian peninsula. Between December 1946 and September 1947, a large proportion of the city's inhabitants emigrated to Italy. Most of them left in the immediate aftermath of the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty on February 10, 1947, which granted Pula to Yugoslavia. After 1954, the border between the Slovenia and Croatia ran along the river Mirna. According to the Croatian historiographer Stjepan Srkulj, this is the first time in Croatian history that Istria has been fully under Croatian jurisdiction.
After the breakup of Yugoslavia - after 1991
The division of Istria between Croatia and Slovenia runs on the former republic borders, which were not precisely defined in the former Yugoslavia. Various points of contention remain unresolved between the two countries regarding the precise line of the border. It became an international boundary with the independence of both countries from Yugoslavia in 1991. Since Croatia's first multi-party elections in 1990, the regional party Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS-DDI, Istarski demokratski sabor or Dieta democratica istriana) has consistently received a majority of the vote and maintained through the 1990s a position often contrary to the government in Zagreb, led by the then nationalistic party Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ, Hrvatska demokratska zajednica), with regards to decentralization in Croatia and certain regional autonomy. However, that changed in 2000, when the IDS formed with five other parties a left-centre coalition government, led by the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP, Socijaldemokratska Partija Hrvatske). After the reformed HDZ won the Croatian parliamentary elections in late 2003 and formed a minority government, the IDS has cooperated with the state government on many projects, both local (in Istria County) and national. Since Slovenia's accession to the European Union and the Schengen area, customs and immigration checks have been abolished at the Italian-Slovenian border.
Demographic history
The region has traditionally been ethnically mixed. Under Austrian rule in the 19th century, it included a large population of Italians, Croats, Slovenes and some Vlachs/Istro-Romanians, Serbs and Montenegrins; however, official statistics in those times did not show those nationalities as they do today.In 1910, the ethnic and linguistic composition was completely mixed. According to the Austrian census results (Istria included here parts of the Karst and Liburnia which are not really part of Istria and excluded ancient Istrian parts, like Trieste), out of 404,309 inhabitants in Istria, 168,116 (41.6%) spoke Croatian, 147,416 (36.5%) spoke Italian, 55,365 (13.7%) spoke Slovene, 13,279 (3.3%) spoke German, 882 (0.2%) spoke Romanian, 2,116 (0.5%) spoke other languages and 17,135 (4.2%) were non-citizens, which had not been asked for their language of communication. During the last decades of the Habsburg dynasty the coast of Istria profited from tourism within the Empire. Generally speaking, Italians lived on the coast and in the inland cities of northern Istria, while Croats and Slovenes lived in the eastern and southeastern inland parts of the countryside. [[File:Austria Hungary ethnic.svg|thumb|220px| {| |- |valign="top"| || |valign="top"| || |valign="top"| |} |Ethnic map of Austria–Hungary, 1910 census]]
In the second half of the 19th century a clash of new ideological movements, Italian irredentism (which claimed Trieste and Istria) and Slovene and Croatian nationalism (developing individual identities in some quarters while seeking to unite in a Southern Slav identity in others), resulted in growing ethnic conflict between Italians on one side and Slovenes and Croats on the other side. This was intertwined with class conflict, as inhabitants of Istrian towns were mostly Italian, while Croats and Slovenes largely lived out in the eastern countryside.
There is a long tradition of tolerance between the people who live in Istria, regardless of their nationality, and although many Istrians today are ethnic Croats, a strong regional identity has existed over the years. The Croatian word for the Istrians is Istrani, or Istrijani, the latter being in the local Chakavian dialect. The term Istrani is also used in Slovenia. Today the Italian minority is organized in many towns and consists officially of around 45.000 inhabitants. The Istrian county in Croatia is bilingual, as are large parts of Slovenian Istria. Every citizen has the right to speak either Italian or Croatian (Slovene in Slovenian Istria) in public administration or in court. Furthemore, Istria is a supranational European Region that includes Italian, Slovenian and Croatian Istria.
Ethnicity
As with many other regions in former Yugoslavia, common concepts about ethnicity and nationality fail when applied to Istria. Discussions about Istrian ethnicity often use the words "Italian," "Croatian" and "Slovene" to describe the character of Istrian people. However, these terms are best understood as "national affiliations" that may exist in combination with or independently of linguistic, cultural and historical attributes.In the Istrian context, for example, the word "Italian" can just as easily refer to autochthonous speakers of the Venetian language whose antecedents in the region extends before the inception of the Venetian Republic or to the Istriot language the oldest spoken language in Istria, dated back to the Romans, today spoken in the southwest of Istria. It can also refer to Istrian Croats who adopted the veneer of Italian culture as they moved from rural to urban areas, or from the farms into the bourgeoisie. In fact most of the families in Inner Istria are of Croatian or Morlak origin.
Similarly, national powers claim Istrian Croats according to local language, so that speakers of Čakavian and Štokavian dialects of the Croatian language are considered to be Croatians, while speakers of other dialects may be considered to be Slovene. Those Croatian dialect speakers are descendants of the refugees of the Turkish invasion and Ottoman Empire of Bosnia and Dalmatia in the 16 century. Often they were Croatianized Vlachs and Morlachs. The government of the Republic of Venice had settled them in Inner Istria, which had been devastated by wars and plague. Many villages have the Morlachian name like Katun. Like with other regions, the local dialects of the Croatian communities vary slightly across close distances. The Istrian Croatian and Italian vernaculars had both developed for many generations before being divided as they are today. This meant that Croats/Slovenes on the one side and Venetians/other Italians on the other side yielded to each other culturally while simultaneously distancing themselves from members of their ethnic groups living farther away. Another important Istrian community are the Istro-Romanians in the east and north of Istria (Ćićarija) and parts of neighbouring Liburnia (the east coast of the peninsula, called Liburnia, is part of historic Istria).
Census
According to the 2001 Croatian census data for the Istria County, 71.88% of the inhabitants were Croats, 6.92% were Italians, 3.20% were Serbs, 1.49% were Bosnians, and 10.65% did not want to state their nationality. Those declaring themselves regionally as Istrians made up 4.3%. Other nationalities had less than 1% each. (Population according to ethnicity by towns/municipalities)The data for Slovenian Istria is not as neatly organized, but the 2002 Slovenian census indicates that the three Istrian municipalities (Izola, Piran, Koper) had a total of 56,482 Slovenes, 6,426 Croats and 1,840 Italians.
The small town of Peroj has had a unique history which exemplifies the multi-ethnic complexity of the history of the region, as do some towns on both sides of the Cicarija mountains that are still identified with the Istro-Romanian people which the UNESCO Redbook of Endangered Languages calls "the smallest ethnic group in Europe".
Gallery
See also
References
;Notes
Further reading
External links
Category:Peninsulas of Croatia Category:Geography of Italy Category:Peninsulas of Slovenia Category:Austrian Littoral Category:Ancient peoples Category:Kingdoms and countries of Austria-Hungary
ar:إستريا an:Peninsula d'Istria be:Істрыя be-x-old:Істрыя bs:Istra br:Istria bg:Истрия ca:Regió d'Ístria cs:Istrie da:Istrien de:Istrien es:Istria eo:Istrio eu:Istria fa:ایستریا fr:Istrie ko:이스트라 반도 hr:Istra id:Istria it:Istria he:איסטריה la:Histria lb:Istrien lt:Istrija lmo:Istria hu:Isztriai-félsziget mk:Истра nl:Istrië (schiereiland) ja:イストリア半島 no:Istria nn:Istria pl:Istria pt:Ístria ro:Peninsula Istria ru:Истрия sq:Istria simple:Istria sk:Istria sl:Istra szl:Istryjo sr:Истра sh:Istra fi:Istria sv:Istrien uk:Істрія vec:Istria zh:伊斯特拉半島This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.