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1999
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Abdullah Öcalan
Abdullah "Apo" Öcalan (born April 4, 1948), also known in Kurmanji as Serok Apo (Chairman Apo), is a Kurdish leader, who founded the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in 1978. He has been leading an armed campaign inside Turkey since 1984, with the intent of creating an independent Kurdish state. Öcalan has been imprisoned by Turkey since 1999 on İmralı Island in the Turkish Sea of Marmara.
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Abraham Polonsky
Abraham Lincoln Polonsky (December 5, 1910 - October 26, 1999) was an American film director, Academy-Award-nominated screenwriter, essayist, and novelist blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios in the 1950s, in the midst of the McCarthy era.
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Adolfo Bioy Casares
Adolfo Bioy Casares (September 15, 1914 – March 8, 1999) was an Argentine fiction writer, journalist, and translator. He was a friend and collaborator with his fellow countryman Jorge Luis Borges, and wrote what many consider one of the best pieces of fantastic fiction, the novella The Invention of Morel.
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Adrian Borland
Adrian Borland (6 December 1957 – 26 April 1999) was an English singer, songwriter, guitarist and record producer, best
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
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Ahmed H. Zewail
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Akhtar Hameed Khan
Akhter Hameed Khan (lang-ur|, pronounced ; 15 July 1914 – 9 October 1999) was a Pakistani and social scientist credited for pioneering microcredit and microfinance initiatives, farmers' cooperatives, and rural training programmes in the developing world. He promoted participatory rural development in Pakistan and other developing countries, and widely advocated community participation in development. His particular contribution was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the Comilla Model (1959). It earned him the Ramon Magsaysay Award from the Philippines and an honorary Doctorate of Law from Michigan State University.
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Al Hirt
Al Hirt (November 7, 1922 – April 27, 1999) was an American trumpeter and bandleader. He is best remembered for his million selling recordings of "Java", and the accompanying album, Honey in the Horn (1963). His nicknames included 'Jumbo' and 'The Round Mound of Sound'. Al was a member of The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.
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Alfredo Kraus
Alfredo Kraus Trujillo (24 November 192710 September 1999) was a distinguished Spanish tenor of partly Austrian descent, particularly known for the artistry he brought to opera's bel canto roles. He was also considered an outstanding interpreter of the title role in Massenet's opera Werther, and especially of its famous aria, "Pourquoi me réveiller?"
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Alister Williamson
Alister Williamson (17 June 1918 - 19 May 1999) was an Australian-born character actor, who appeared in many British films and television series of the 1960s and 1970s. A big, craggy-faced man, he would usually be found playing gruff police inspectors or henchmen in adventure series and police dramas of the period. He was also notable as a supporting player in a number of classic British horror films.
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Allan Carr
Allan Carr (May 27, 1937 – June 29, 1999) was an American producer and manager of stage and screen. Carr was nominated for numerous awards, winning a Tony Award and two People's Choice Awards, and was named Producer of the Year by the National Association of Theatre Owners.
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Allen Funt
Allen Funt (September 16, 1914 – September 5, 1999) was an American television producer, director and writer, best known as the creator and host of Candid Camera from the 1940s to 1980s, as either a regular show or a series of specials. Its most notable run was from 1960 to 1967 on CBS.
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Allen Stack
Allen McIntyre Stack (January 23, 1928 in New Haven – September 12, 1999 in Honolulu, Hawaii) was a American backstroke swimmer, who won the 100m Backstroke at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.
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Amália Rodrigues
Amália da Piedade Rodrigues, GCSE, GCIH, (July 23, 1920 – October 6, 1999), also known as Amália Rodrigues () was a Portuguese singer and actress. Despite official documents which give her date of birth as July 23, Rodrigues always said her birthday was July 1, 1920. She was born in Lisbon, in the rua Martim Vaz (Martim Vaz Street), neighborhood of Pena. Her father was a trumpet player and cobbler from Fundão who returned there when Amália was just over a year old, leaving her to live in Lisbon with her maternal grandmother in a deeply Catholic environment until she was 14, when her parents returned to the capital and she moved back in with them.
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Andre Dubus
Andre Dubus (August 11, 1936 - February 24, 1999) was an American short story writer, essayist, and autobiographer. He is recognized as one of the best American short-story writers in the 20th century.
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Anita Carter
Ina Anita Carter (March 31, 1933 – July 29, 1999), the youngest daughter of Ezra and Mother Maybelle Carter, was a versatile American singer who experimented with several different types of music and played stand-up bass with her sisters Helen Carter and June Carter Cash as The Carter Sisters. The trio joined the Grand Ole Opry radio show in 1950 (Anita was 17 years old at the time), opened shows for Elvis Presley, and joined The Johnny Cash Show in 1971. As a solo artist, and with her family, Carter recorded for a number of labels including RCA Victor, Cadence, Columbia, Audiograph, United Artists, Liberty and Capitol.
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Ann Corio
Ann Corio (November 29, 1909 – March 1, 1999) was a prominent American burlesque ecdysiast and actress. Unlike others in her profession, Ann Corio did not have a stage name.
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Anne Haddy
Anne Haddy (5 October 1927 - 6 June 1999) was an Australian film and television actress, best known for her role in the long-running soap opera, Neighbours.
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Anthony Newley
Anthony George Newley (24 September 1931 – 14 April 1999) was an English actor, singer and songwriter. He enjoyed success as a performer in such diverse fields as rock & roll and stage and screen acting.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Barry Winchell
Barry Winchell (31 August 1977 – 6 July 1999) was an infantry soldier in the United States Army, whose murder by a fellow soldier, Calvin Glover, became a point of reference in the ongoing debate about the law known as "Don't ask, don't tell" that requires the military to discharge service members based on sexual orientation.
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Barış Manço
Barış Manço (also spelled Baris Mancho in some European album releases) (January 2, 1943 - January 31, 1999) was a Turkish rock singer, composer, and television producer. He composed about 200 songs, some of which were translated into a variety of languages including English, Japanese, Greek, Italian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Persian, Hebrew and Arabic. He remains one of the most popular public figures of Turkey.
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Betty Robinson
:This article is about the Olympic athlete. For the 1928 national spelling bee champion, go to Scripps National Spelling Bee#Champions and winning words.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19, 1946) is the former 42nd President of the United States and served from 1993 to 2001. At 46 he was the third-youngest president. He became president at the end of the Cold War, and was the first baby boomer president. His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, is currently the United States Secretary of State. Each received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from Yale Law School.
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Bill Talbert
William Franklin "Bill" Talbert (September 4, 1918 – February 28, 1999) was an American tennis player and administrator.
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Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.
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Boxcar Willie
Boxcar Willie, born as Lecil Travis Martin (September 1, 1931 – April 12, 1999) was an American country music singer, who sang in the "old-time hobo" music style, complete with dirty face, overalls, and a floppy hat. "Boxcar Willie" was originally a character in a ballad he wrote, but he later adopted it as his own stage name. There is no relation to the fictitious character, bearing the same name, as featured in the CJCLS commercial that aired ~1985.
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Brandi Chastain
Football biography 2
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Brixton
Brixton is a district in south London, England, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is miles south south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Bryan Mosley
Bryan Mosley OBE (25 August 1931 - 9 February 1999) was a British actor, known best as grocer Alf Roberts in the long-running ITV soap opera Coronation Street.
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Carl Gunter Jr
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Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (; born 9 December 1920) is an Italian politician and banker. He was the 73rd Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was the tenth President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006. He is currently a Senator for life in the Italian Senate.
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Cathy O'Dowd
'''Cathy O'Dowd''' (born in 1969) is a South African rock climber, mountaineer, author and motivational speaker, famous for being the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest from both south (25 May 1996) and north sides (29 May 1999).
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Charles Crichton
Charles Crichton (6 August 1910 in Wallasey, Merseyside – 14 September 1999 in South Kensington, London) was an English film director and film editor. He became best known for directing comedies produced at Ealing Studios. Crichton enjoyed an extremely long career, editing and directing many films and television programmes over a period exceeding 40 years.
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Charlie Byrd
Charlie Lee Byrd (September 16, 1925 – December 02, 1999) was a famous and versatile American guitarist born in Suffolk, Virginia. His earliest and strongest musical influence was Django Reinhardt, the famous gypsy guitarist. Byrd became the American guitarist who best understood and played Brazilian music, especially the Bossa Nova genre. In 1962, Byrd collaborated with Stan Getz on the famous album, Jazz Samba, a recording which pushed bossa nova into the mainstream of North American music.
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China News Service
The China News Service (中国新闻社) is the second largest state-owned news agency in the People's Republic of China, trailing the Xinhua News Agency. It serves mainly overseas Chinese and residents of Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
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Clayton Moore
Clayton Moore (September 14, 1914 – December 28, 1999) was an American actor best known for playing the fictional western character Lone Ranger from 1949–1951 and 1954-1957 on the television series of the same name.
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Cyril Washbrook
Cyril Washbrook (6 December 1914 in Barrow, Clitheroe, Lancashire – 27 April 1999 in Sale, Greater Manchester) was a noted cricketer who played for Lancashire and England. He had a long career, split by the Second World War, and ending when he was 44. Washbrook, who is most famous for opening the batting for England with Len Hutton, which he did 51 times, played a total of 592 first-class cricket matches, of which 37 were Tests. Washbrook was named one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1947.
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Dana Plato
Dana Michelle Plato (November 7, 1964 – May 8, 1999) was an American actress notable for playing the role of Kimberly Drummond in the U.S. television sitcom ''Diff'rent Strokes''. Plato's career declined after her departure from the show, with appearances in low-budget films including softcore pornography. She had longstanding personal problems and committed suicide on May 8, 1999, by overdosing on prescription medication.
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Daniel Nathans
Daniel Nathans (October 30, 1928 – November 16, 1999) was an American microbiologist.
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David Copeland
David John Copeland (born May 15, 1976) is a former member of the British National Party and the National Socialist Movement, who became known as the "London Nail Bomber" after a 13-day bombing campaign in April 1999 aimed at London's black, Bangladeshi and gay communities.
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David Holliday
David Holliday (August 4, 1937 – March 26, 1999) was an American broadway actor and voice actor.
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David Steel
David Martin Scott Steel, Baron Steel of Aikwood, KT, KBE, PC (born 31 March 1938) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1976 until its merger with the Social Democratic Party in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1965 to 1997 and a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 to 2003. Since 2003, he has been a member of the House of Lords.
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DeForest Kelley
Jackson DeForest Kelley (January 20, 1920 – June 11, 1999) was an American actor known for his iconic roles in Westerns and as Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy of the USS Enterprise in the television and film series Star Trek.
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Del Close
Del Close (March 9, 1934 – March 4, 1999) is considered one of the premier influences on modern improvisational theater. An actor, improviser, writer, and teacher, Close had a prolific career, appearing in a number of films and television shows. He was a co-author of the book Truth in Comedy along with partner Charna Halpern, which outlines techniques now common to longform improvisational theater and describes the overall structure of “Harold” which remains a common frame for longer improvisational scenes. His favorite framework for comedic storytelling was the structures of Wagner’s Ring Cycle.
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Desmond Llewelyn
Desmond Wilkinson Llewelyn (12 September 1914 – 19 December 1999) was a Welsh actor, famous for playing the fictional character of Q in the James Bond film series.
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Don Dunstan
Donald Allan Dunstan, AC, QC (21 September 1926 – 6 February 1999) was a South Australian politician. He entered politics as the Member for Norwood in 1953, became state Labor leader in 1967, and was Premier of South Australia between June 1967 and April 1968, and again between June 1970 and February 1979.
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Dusty Springfield
'''Mary Isabel/Isobel Catherine Bernadette O'Brien, OBE (16 April 1939 – 2 March 1999), known professionally as Dusty Springfield''', was an English singer whose career extended from the late 1950s to the 1990s. She is best known for her work during the 1960s, when she released singles such as "I Only Want to Be with You" (1963), "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" (1966) and "Son of a Preacher Man" (1968), and her most acclaimed album Dusty in Memphis (1969). With her distinctive sensual sound, she is an important white soul singer, and at her peak was one of the most successful British female performers, with 18 singles in the Billboard Hot 100 from 1964 to 1970. Her image, supported by a peroxide blonde beehive hairstyle, evening gowns, and heavy make-up, made her an icon of the Swinging Sixties, and she remains an enduring camp icon, especially in the gay community.
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Edward Dmytryk
Edward Dmytryk (September 4, 1908 – July 1, 1999) was an American film director who was amongst the Hollywood Ten, a group of blacklisted film industry professionals who served time in prison for being in contempt of Congress during the McCarthy-era 'red scare'.
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Ellen Corby
Ellen Corby (June 3, 1911 – April 14, 1999) was an American actress. She is most widely remembered for the role of "Grandma Esther Walton" on the CBS television series The Waltons, for which she won three Emmy Awards.
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Elliot Richardson
Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920 December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician who was a member of the cabinet of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. As U.S. Attorney General, he was a prominent figure in the Watergate Scandal, and resigned rather than refuse President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox.
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Eric Willis
Sir Eric Archibald Willis KBE, CMG (15 January 192210 May 1999) was an Australian politician, Cabinet Minister and the 34th Premier of New South Wales, serving from 23 January 1976 to 14 May 1976. After serving a period as a geographer and as an army officer, Willis was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Earlwood in 1950. He rose to become a long-serving Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party from 1959 to 1975 under Robert Askin. When the Coalition won the 1965 election, Willis was made a Minister of the Crown under various portfolios but rose to prominence in his role as Minister for Education from 1972 to 1976.
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Fabrizio de André
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Faith Domergue
Faith Domergue (June 16, 1924 – April 4, 1999) was an American television and film actress.
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Falun Gong
Falun Gong (alternatively Falun Dafa) is a system of beliefs and practices founded in China by Li Hongzhi in 1992. It emerged at the end of China's "qigong boom", a period of growth and popularity of similar practices. Falun Gong differs from other qigong schools in its absence of daily rituals of worship, its greater emphasis on morality, and the theological nature of its teachings. Western academics have described Falun Gong as a "spiritual movement" based on the teachings of its founder, a "cultivation system" in the tradition of Chinese antiquity, and sometimes a new religious movement (NRM). Falun Gong places a heavy emphasis on morality in its central tenets – Truthfulness, Compassion, and Forbearance (). Its teachings are derived from qigong, Buddhist and Taoist concepts.
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Frank De Vol
Frank Denny De Vol, also known simply as De Vol (September 20, 1911 - October 27, 1999) was an American arranger, composer and actor.
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Frank Leslie Walcott
Sir Frank Leslie Walcott, OBE (September 16, 1916 – February 24, 1999) was a Barbadian trade unionist, politician, ambassador and one of the ten Barbadian national heroes. He played a key role in organizing the Barbados labour movement and was a major figure in stimulating participation in the nation's political process.
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Fred Feast
Frederick Feast (5 October 1929 – 25 June 1999) was a British television actor, best remembered for playing the role of Fred Gee in Coronation Street.
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Garson Kanin
Garson Kanin (November 24, 1912 – March 13, 1999) was an American writer and director of plays and films.
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Gene Rayburn
Gene Rayburn (December 22, 1917 – November 29, 1999) was an American radio and television personality. Born Eugene Rubessa () in Christopher, Illinois, he was an only child of Croatian immigrants and graduated from Lindblom Technical High School and later from Knox College. While a student at Lindblom, he was Senior Class President and acted in the plays, "Robert of Sicily," and, "Mrs. Wiggs of the Cabbage Patch." On the eleventh episode of, "Match Game '75," the host lambasted the director, a college graduate, for botching a word. Rayburn declared that he knew it and was, "not a high school graduate."
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Gene Sarazen
Gene Sarazen (February 27, 1902 – May 13, 1999) was an American professional golfer, one of the world's top players in the 1920s and 1930s. He is one of five golfers (along with Ben Hogan, Gary Player, Jack Nicklaus, and Tiger Woods) to win all the current major championships in his career, the Career Grand Slam:
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Gene Siskel
Eugene Kal "Gene" Siskel (January 26, 1946 – February 20, 1999) was an American film critic and journalist for the Chicago Tribune. Alongside colleague Roger Ebert, he hosted the popular review show Siskel & Ebert At the Movies from 1975 until his death.
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George C. Scott
George Campbell Scott (October 18, 1927 – September 22, 1999) was an American stage and film actor, director and producer. He was best known for his bravura stage work, as well as his portrayal of General George S. Patton in the film Patton, and an early flamboyant film performance as General Buck Turgidson in Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove. He has also widely been known for his rather gravelly voice.
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George Papadopoulos
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven, Connecticut) was the 43rd President of the United States, serving from 2001 to 2009, and the 46th Governor of Texas, serving from 1995 to 2000.
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Gerardus 't Hooft
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Gerhard Herzberg
Gerhard Herzberg, PC, CC, FRSC, FRS (December 25, 1904 – March 3, 1999) was a pioneering physicist and physical chemist, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1971. Born in Germany, he fled to Canada in 1935, where he continued his distinguished scientific career.
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Gertrude B. Elion
Gertrude Belle Elion (January 23, 1918 – February 21, 1999) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist, and a 1988 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Working alone as well as with George H. Hitchings, Elion developed a multitude of new drugs, using innovative research methods that would later lead to the development of the AIDS drug AZT.
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Glenn Seaborg
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Gorilla Monsoon
Robert James "Gino" Marella (June 4, 1937 – October 6, 1999), better known by his ring name of Gorilla Monsoon, was an American professional wrestler, play-by-play announcer, and booker. He is famous for his run as one of the great super-heavyweights, and later as the voice of the World Wrestling Federation as announcer and backstage manager during the 1980s and 1990s, and added on-screen President to his duties in the latter decade. In professional wrestling, the staging area just behind the entrance curtain at an event, a position which Marella established and where he could often be found during WWF shows late in his career, is named the Gorilla Position in his honor.
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Graham Staines
Graham Stuart Staines (1941 – January 1999) was an Australian Christian missionary who was burnt to death along with his two sons Philip (aged 10) and Timothy (aged 6) while sleeping in his station wagon at Manoharpur village in Keonjhar district in Orissa, India in January 1999. In 2003, the Hindu activist Dara Singh was convicted of leading the gang.
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Günter Blobel
Günter Blobel (born May 21, 1936) is a German American biologist.
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Günter Grass
Günter Wilhelm Grass (born 16 October 1927) is a Nobel Prize-winning German author and playwright.
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Hank Snow
Clarence Eugene "Hank" Snow (May 9, 1914 – December 20, 1999) was a Canadian country music artist. He charted more than 70 singles on the Billboard country charts from 1950 until 1980. This total includes the number 1 hits "I'm Moving On", "The Golden Rocket", "I Don't Hurt Anymore", "Let Me Go, Lover!", "I've Been Everywhere", and "Hello Love" as well as other top ten hits. He is a member of both the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame and the Music Hall of Fame.
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Harry Bannink
Harry Bannink (10 July 1929, Enschede 19 October 1999, Bosch en Duin) was a Dutch composer, arranger and pianist. He wrote over 3,000 songs.
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Harry Blackmun
Harold Andrew Blackmun (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 until 1994. He is best known as the author of Roe v. Wade.
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Hassan II of Morocco
King Hassan II (, class. pron. (a)l-ḥasan aṯ-ṯānī, dial. (Mar.) el-ḥasan ett(s)âni); July 9, 1929–July 23, 1999) was King of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999. He was the second eldest son of Mohammed V, Sultan, then King of Morocco (1909-1961) and his wife Lalla Abla bint Tahar (1889-1992).
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Helen Clark
Helen Elizabeth Clark, ONZ (born 26 February 1950) is the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, the third-highest UN position, and was the 37th Prime Minister of New Zealand for three consecutive terms from 1999 to 2008. She led the Labour Party from 1993 until it lost the 2008 general election. Before resigning from Parliament in April 2009, Clark was Labour's foreign affairs spokeswoman and MP for the Mount Albert electorate which she had held since 1981. Forbes magazine ranked her 20th most powerful woman in the world in 2006.
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Helen Vinson
Helen Vinson (September 17, 1907 – October 7, 1999) was an American film actress, who appeared in 40 films between 1932 and 1945.
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Henry Jones (actor)
Henry Burk Jones (August 1, 1912 – May 17, 1999) was an American actor of stage, film and television.
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Henry Way Kendall
Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 jointly with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics."
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Hicham El Guerrouj
Hicham El Guerrouj (, born September 14, 1974, Berkane) is a Moroccan former middle distance runner. He is the current holder of the 1500 metres, mile and outdoor 2000 metres world records, as well as a double Olympic gold medalist.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Horst P. Horst
Horst Paul Albert Bohrmann (August 14, 1906 – November 18, 1999) who chose to be known as Horst P. Horst was a German-American fashion photographer.
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Hoyt Axton
Hoyt Wayne Axton (March 25, 1938 – October 26, 1999) was an American country music singer-songwriter, and a film and television actor. He became prominent in the early 1960s, establishing himself on the West Coast as a folk singer with an earthy style and powerful voice. As he matured, some of his songwriting efforts became well known throughout the world. Among them are "Della and the Dealer", "Joy to the World" (which many know better by its opening lyric, "Jeremiah was a bullfrog!"), and "Greenback Dollar".
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Hugo Chávez
Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (; born July 28, 1954, in Sabaneta) is the President of Venezuela. A critic of neoliberalism, globalisation, and United States foreign policy, Chávez has promoted ideas of socialism, participatory democracy and Latin American and Caribbean cooperation. Chávez remains a very controversial figure at home and abroad. Detractors within the Organization of American States, European Union, United Nations, U.S. State Department, and others, criticize Chávez for alleged human rights violations, while others point to improvements in constitutional and legal rights, poverty reduction, health care, women's rights, and treatment of indigenous peoples under his presidency. His political influence in South America – partly due to his government's use of Venezuela's oil wealth – and his sometimes strained relationship with the United States endow him with a high geopolitical profile, leading Time magazine to include him among their list of the world's 100 most influential people in 2005 and 2006.
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Hussein of Jordan
Hussein bin Talal (, ; 14 November 1935 – 7 February 1999) was the King of Jordan from the abdication of his father, King Talal, in 1952, until his death. Hussein guided his country through the Cold War and four decades of Arab-Israeli conflict, balancing the pressures of Arab nationalism and the allure of Western-style development against the stark reality of Jordan's geographic location. He worked throughout his life to advance the cause of peace between Jordan and Israel (which he successfully achieved in 1994), as well as between Palestinians and Israelis.
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Ian Bannen
Ian Bannen (29 June 1928 – 3 November 1999) was a Scottish character actor and occasional leading man.
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Inuit
The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada (Northwest Territories, Nunatsiavut, Nunavik, Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland), Russia (Siberia) and the United States (Alaska). The Inuit language is grouped under Eskimo-Aleut languages. An Inuk is an Inuit person.
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Iris Murdoch
Iris Murdoch DBE (15 July 1919 – 8 February 1999) was an Irish-born British author and philosopher, best known for her novels about political and social questions of good and evil, sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Her first published novel, Under the Net, was selected in 2001 by the editorial board of the American Modern Library as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. In 1987, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. In 2008, The Times named Murdoch among their list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
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Irving Rapper
Irving Rapper (b. January 16, 1898, London – d. December 20, 1999, Woodland Hills, California) was a British-born American film director. His most successful body of work is 10 films he made while under contract with Warner Brothers.
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Iwamoto Kaoru
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Jack Kevorkian
Jack Kevorkian, (;),M.D. born May 26, 1928, is an American pathologist, right-to-die activist, painter, composer, and instrumentalist. He is best-known for publicly championing a terminal patient's right to die via physician-assisted suicide; he claims to have assisted at least 130 patients to that end. He famously said that "dying is not a crime."
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Jack Lynch
John Mary "Jack" Lynch (15 August 1917 – 20 October 1999) was the Taoiseach of Ireland, serving two terms in office; from 1966 to 1973 and 1977 to 1979.
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Jack Watson (actor)
Jack Watson (15 May 1915 – 4 July 1999), was an English actor who appeared in many British films and television dramas from the 1950s onwards.
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James Byrd Jr.
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James C. Murray
James Cunningham Murray (May 16, 1917 - October 19, 1999) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois from 1955-1957. He graduated from De Paul University Law School in 1940, and subsequently worked as a lawyer. He served in the United States Army Air Forces from 1942 to 1945.
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James White (author)
James White (7 April 1928 - 23 August 1999) was a Northern Irish author of science fiction novellas, short stories and novels. He was born in Belfast and returned there after spending his early years in Canada. After a few years in the clothing industry, he worked at Short Brothers Ltd. from 1965 until taking early retirement in 1984 as a result of diabetes. White married Margaret Sarah Martin, another science fiction fan, in 1955 and the couple had three children.
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Jarl Wahlström
Jarl Holger Wahlström (July 9, 1918 - December 3, 1999) was the 12th General of The Salvation Army (1981–1986).
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Jean Vander Pyl
Jean Vander Pyl (October 11, 1919 – April 10, 1999) was an American actress on radio, television and movies. Although her career spanned many decades, she is best remembered as the voice of Wilma Flintstone from the Hanna-Barbera cartoon The Flintstones. She also provided the voice for Pebbles Flintstone, as well as Rosie the Robot Maid from the animated series The Jetsons, among many others, such as Fifi in Top Cat and Winsome Witch on The Secret Squirrel Show.
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Jerold Wells
Jerold Wells (8 August 1908 - 19 July 1999) was an English actor. He appeared primarily in British comedies. Some of his best-known roles were in Time Bandits, where he played Benson, a mentally disturbed follower to Evil, and in Jabberwocky, where he played a footless man known as Wat Dabney. He also had a career in television, where he appeared in The Two Ronnies, The Old Curiosity Shop, and The Benny Hill Show. He was born in Wallington, Hampshire and died in Bath, Somerset.
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Jerzy Grotowski
Jerzy Grotowski (11 August 1933 - 14 January 1999) was a Polish theatre director and innovator of experimental theater, the "theatre laboratory" and "poor theatre" concepts.
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Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin (born August 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu) is the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004.
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Jill Dando
Jill Wendy Dando (9 November 1961 – 26 April 1999) was an English journalist, television presenter and newsreader who worked for the BBC for 14 years. She was murdered by gunshot outside her home in Fulham, West London, and her killer has never been identified.
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Joao Figueiredo
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Joaquin Rodrigo
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Joe DiMaggio
Joseph Paul "Joe" DiMaggio (November 25, 1914 – March 8, 1999) was an American baseball player for the New York Yankees. He was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1955. He was the middle of three brothers who each became major league center fielders, the others being Vince and Dom.
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Joey Adams
Joey Adams (January 6, 1911 – December 2, 1999), born Joseph Abramowitz, was an American comedian who was inducted into the Friars Club in 1977 and wrote the book Borscht Belt in 1973.
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Joey King
Joey Lynn King (born July 30, 1999) is an American child actress.
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John Bromwich
John Edward Bromwich (14 November 1918 in Sydney, NSW – 21 October 1999 in Geelong, Victoria) was a male tennis player from Australia who, along with his countryman Vivian McGrath, was one of the first great players to use a two-handed forehand.
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John Chafee
John Lester Hubbard Chafee ( ; October 22, 1922 October 24, 1999) was an American politician. He served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps, as governor of Rhode Island, as the Secretary of the Navy, and as a United States Senator.
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John Ehrlichman
John Daniel Ehrlichman (March 20, 1925 – February 14, 1999) was counsel and Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs under President Richard Nixon. He was a key figure in events leading to the Watergate first break-in and the ensuing Watergate scandal, for which he was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice and perjury. He served a year and a half in prison for his crimes.
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John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
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John McLendon
John B. McLendon, Jr. (April 15, 1915 – October 8, 1999) was a pioneering American basketball coach who is recognized as the first African American basketball coach at a predominantly white university. He was a major contributor to the development of modern basketball and coached on both the college and professional levels during his career. He is enshrined in both the Basketball Hall of Fame and the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame.
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John P. Davies
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John William King
John William King (21 January 1908–25 March 1953) was an English cricketer who played 48 first-class matches for Worcestershire and Leicestershire in the late 1920s. He was the nephew of another John King, who played one Test for England.
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Jonathan Schmitz
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José Quintero
José Benjamin Quintero (15 October 1924 – 26 February 1999) was a Panamanian theatre director, producer and pedagogue best known for his interpretations of the works of Eugene O'Neill.
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João Bernardo Vieira
João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira (27 April 1939 – 2 March 2009) was the President of Guinea-Bissau from 1980 to 1999 and again from 2005 to 2009. After seizing power in 1980, Vieira ruled for 19 years, and he won a multiparty presidential election in 1994. He was ousted at the end of the 1998–1999 civil war and went into exile. He made a political comeback in 2005, winning that year's presidential election. Vieira was killed by soldiers on 2 March 2009, apparently in retaliation for a bomb blast that killed Guinea-Bissau's military chief General Batista Tagme Na Waie. The military officially denied these allegations after Army officials claimed responsibility for Vieira's death.
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Julius Nyerere
Julius Kambarage Nyerere (13 April 1922 - 14 October 1999) was a Tanzanian politician who served as the first President of Tanzania and previously Tanganyika, from the country's founding in 1961 until his retirement in 1985.
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Karen Demirchyan
Karen Demirchyan (, ; April 17, 1932 — October 27, 1999) was a Soviet Armenian communist, First Secretary of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1974 to 1988 and later independent politician. Soon after his reemergence into active politics in independent Armenia in the late 1990s, he became speaker of the Armenian parliament in 1999 until his assassination with other politicians in parliament in the Armenian parliament shooting.
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Karl LaGrand
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Kiernan Shipka
Kiernan Shipka (born November 10, 1999) is an American child actress noted for playing Don and Betty Draper's daughter Sally on the AMC series Mad Men. As part of Mad Men's ensemble cast, she won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2008 and 2009. She was born in Chicago, Illinois.
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Kurd
http://wn.com/Kurd -
Lagumot Harris
HE Lagumot Gagiemem Nimidere Harris (c. 1938 - September 6, 1999) was a political figure from the Pacific nation of the Republic of Nauru, and served as President of the Republic of Nauru. He was a cousin of René Harris.
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Lance Armstrong
Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is an American professional road racing cyclist who is best known for winning the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times, after having survived testicular cancer. He is also the founder and chairman of the Lance Armstrong Foundation for cancer research and support. He rides for UCI ProTour team .
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Lane Kirkland
Joseph Lane Kirkland (March 12, 1922 – August 14, 1999) was a US labor union leader who served as President of the AFL-CIO for over sixteen years.
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Leonardo de Vinci
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Leroy Vinnegar
Leroy Vinnegar (July 13, 1928 – August 3, 1999) was an American jazz bassist.
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Luis María Argaña
Luis María del Corazón de Jesús Dionisio Argaña Ferraro (born October 9, 1932, in Asunción – died March 23, 1999, in Asunción) was a prominent politician in Paraguay and influential member of the Colorado Party until his assassination in 1999.
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Mabel King
Mabel King (December 25, 1932 – November 9, 1999) was an American film, stage and television actress.
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Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
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Madeline Kahn
Madeline Kahn (September 29, 1942 – December 3, 1999) was a Massachusetts-born actress, known primarily for her comedic roles. Director Mel Brooks — who directed her in four films — said of her: "She is one of the most talented people that ever lived... I mean, either in stand-up comedy, or acting, or whatever you want, you can't beat Madeline Kahn."
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Mario Puzo
Mario Gianluigi Puzo (October 15, 1920 – July 2, 1999) was an American author and screenwriter, known for his novels about the Mafia, including The Godfather (1969), which he later co-adapted into a film with Francis Ford Coppola. He won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in both 1972, and 1974.
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Markey Robinson
Markey Robinson (, in Belfast, Northern Ireland – , Belfast) was a prolific Irish artist with a distinctive naïve expressionist style. His main passion was painting, but he also produced sculptures, and designed some stained glass panels.
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Mary Kay Bergman
Mary Kay Bergman (June 5, 1961 – November 11, 1999) was a well known American voice artist, who was the lead female voice actress on South Park from the show's 1997 debut until her death.
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Matthew Shepard
Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was a 21-year-old student at the University of Wyoming who was tortured and murdered near Laramie, Wyoming, in October 1998. He was attacked on the night of October 6–7, and died at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado, on October 12 from severe head injuries.
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Maurice Journeau
Maurice Journeau (17 November 1898 – 9 June 1999) was a French composer born in Biarritz. He composed from 1921 to 1984.
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Mel Torme
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ; born 2 March 1931) was the sixth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
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Milt Jackson
Milton "Milt" Jackson (January 1, 1923 - October 9, 1999) was an American jazz vibraphonist, usually thought of as a bebop player, although he performed in several jazz idioms. He is especially remembered for his coolly swinging solos as a member of the Modern Jazz Quartet and his penchant for collaborating with several hard bop and post-bop players.
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Nawaz Sharif
Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif, (Punjabi, lang-ur|) (born 25 December 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) is a Pakistani businessman and one of Pakistan's richest with an estimated net worth of $1.4 billion. He was twice elected as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan, serving two non-consecutive terms, the first from 1 November 1990 to 18 July 1993 and the second from 17 February 1997 to 12 October 1999. His party is the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (Nawaz group). He is best known internationally for ordering Pakistan's 1998 nuclear tests in response to India’s nuclear tests, and the abrupt end of his final term in a dramatic standoff.
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Nirad C. Chaudhuri
Nirad C. Chaudhuri (Bangla: নীরদ চন্দ্র চৌধুরী Nirod Chôndro Choudhuri) (23 November 1897 – 1 August 1999) was a Bengali & English writer and a cultural commentator. He was born in Kishoreganj, which at that time was in the Mymensingh district of East Bengal.
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Noam Pitlik
Noam Pitlik (December 11, 1932February 18, 1999) was an American television director and actor. In 1979, Pitlik won a Emmy for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for his work on the ABC-TV sitcom Barney Miller.
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Norm Zauchin
Norbert Henry Zauchin (November 17, 1929 - January 31, 1999) was a first baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Boston Red Sox (1951, 1955–1957) and Washington Senators (1958–1959). He batted and threw right-handed. A native of Royal Oak, Michigan, Zauchin started his professional career in 1950 with the Double-A Birmingham Barons, where he set a Rickwood Field field record with 35 home runs. But he is best remembered for driving in 10 runs during a Major League game.
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Norman Wexler
Norman Wexler (6 August 1926–23 August 1999) was a screenwriter whose work included such films as Saturday Night Fever, Serpico and Joe, for which he received an Oscar nomination in 1971. A Detroit native and 1944 Central High School graduate, Wexler attended Harvard University before moving to New York in 1951.
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Oliver Reed
Oliver Reed (13 February 1938 – 2 May 1999) was an English actor known for his burly screen presence. Reed exemplified his real-life macho image in "tough guy" roles. His films include The Trap, Oliver!, Women in Love, Hannibal Brooks, The Triple Echo, The Devils, The Three Musketeers, Tommy, Castaway, Lion of the Desert and Gladiator.
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Olusegun Obasanjo
''', GCFR (pronounced in Yoruba, in English; born circa 5 March 1937) is a former Nigerian Army general and former President of Nigeria. A Nigerian of Yoruba descent, Obasanjo was a career soldier before serving twice as his nation's head of state, once as a military ruler, between 13 February 1976 to 1 October 1979 and again from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007, as elected President. His current home is Abeokuta, the Capital City of Ogun State, where he reigns as a tribal nobleman, holding the titles of the Balogun of the Owu Lineage and the Ekerin Balogun of the Egba clan of Yorubaland.
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Owen Hart
Owen James Hart (May 7, 1965 – May 23, 1999) was a Canadian professional and amateur wrestler who worked for several promotions including Stampede Wrestling, New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and most notably, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). A member of the Hart wrestling family, Hart was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada the youngest of 12 children to Stampede Wrestling promoter and WWE Hall of Famer Stu Hart and Helen Hart. During his WWF career, he became a one-time USWA Unified World Heavyweight Champion, two-time WWF Intercontinental Champion, one-time WWF European Champion and four-time WWF World Tag Team Champion. He was also the winner of the 1994 WWF King of the Ring.
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Paul Bowles
Paul Frederic Bowles (December 30, 1910 – November 18, 1999) was an American expatriate composer, author, and translator.
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Paul Cadmus
Paul Cadmus (December 17, 1904 – December 12, 1999) was an American artist. He is best known for his paintings and drawings of nude male figures. His works combined elements of eroticism and social critique to produce a style often called magic realism. He painted with egg tempera.
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Paul Sacher
Paul Sacher (28 April 1906 – 26 May 1999) was a Swiss conductor, patron and impresario.
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Payne Stewart
William Payne Stewart (January 30, 1957 – October 25, 1999) was an American professional golfer who won three majors in his career, the last of which occurred only months before he died in an airplane accident at the age of 42.
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person
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Pervez Musharraf
General (ret) Pervez Musharraf (lang-ur|) (born 11 August 1943), NI(M), Tamgha-e-Basalat award, is a Pakistani politician and military figure who served as the tenth President of Pakistan (2001–2008) and the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army (1998–2007).
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Pete Conrad
Charles "Pete" Conrad, Jr. (June 2, 1930 – July 8, 1999), was an American naval officer, astronaut and engineer, and the third person to walk on the Moon. He flew on the Gemini 5 and 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2 missions.
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police officer
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Prince (artist)
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Péter Kuczka
Péter Kuczka (March 1, 1923 - December 8, 1999) was a Hungarian writer, poet and Science Fiction editor.
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Quentin Crisp
Quentin Crisp (born Denis Charles Pratt, – ), was an English writer and raconteur. He became an icon of homosexuality in the 1970s after publication of his memoir, The Naked Civil Servant, brought to the attention of the general public his defiant exhibitionism and refusal to keep his sexuality private.
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Rajendra Kumar
Rajendra Kumar (20 July 1929 - 12 July 1999) was an Indian movie actor, who acted in Bollywood films and was one of the most successful actors in the 1960s and 1970s. He also produced several films in the 1980s starring his son Kumar Gaurav.
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Rex Allen
Rex Elvie Allen (December 31, 1920 – December 17, 1999) was an American film actor, singer and songwriter who is particularly known as the narrator in many Disney nature and Western film productions. For contributions to the recording industry, Rex Allen was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
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Richard Kiley
Richard Paul Kiley (March 31, 1922 – March 5, 1999) was an American stage, television, and film actor. He is best known for his voice work, as narrator of various documentary series, and for having played Don Quixote in the original 1965 production of the Broadway musical Man of La Mancha. Kiley was the first to sing and record The Impossible Dream, the hit song from the show. In the 1953 hit musical Kismet, he played the Caliph, and introduced the song Stranger in Paradise.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.
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Rick Danko
Richard Clare "Rick" Danko (December 29, 1942 – December 10, 1999) was a Canadian musician and singer, best known as a member of The Band.
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Rick Rude
Richard Erwin Rood (December 7, 1958 – April 20, 1999), better known by his ring name "Ravishing" Rick Rude, was a professional wrestler who performed for many promotions, most notably World Championship Wrestling, Extreme Championship Wrestling, and the World Wrestling Federation, in the 1980s and 1990s. Among other accolades, Rude was a four-time world champion (three-time WCW International World Heavyweight Champion and one-time WCWA World Heavyweight Champion), one-time WWF Intercontinental Champion and one-time WCW United States Champion. Rude is also notable for being a member of the original incarnation of D-Generation X, alongside Shawn Michaels, Triple H and Chyna.
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Robert Bresson
Robert Bresson (pronounced in French; 25 September 1901 – 18 December 1999) was a French film director known for his spiritual, ascetic style.
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Robert Dougall
Robert Dougall MBE (27 November 1913 – 19 December 1999) was a British broadcaster and ornithologist, mainly known as a newsreader and announcer.
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Robert Mundell
Robert Mundell, CC (born October 24, 1932) is a professor of economics at Columbia University and the recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 1999. Mundell laid the groundwork for the introduction of the euro through his pioneering work in monetary dynamics and optimum currency areas, for which he won the Nobel. Mundell helped to start the movement known as supply-side economics, and is known for the Mundell–Fleming model and Mundell–Tobin effect.
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Rory Calhoun
Rory Calhoun (August 8, 1922 – April 28, 1999) was an American television and film actor, screenwriter, and producer best known for his roles in Westerns.
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Rose Bird
Rose Elizabeth Bird (November 2, 1936–December 4, 1999) served for 10 years as the 25th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California. She was the first female Justice, and first female Chief Justice, on that court. In the November 1986 state election she also became the first Californian Chief Justice to be removed from office by the voters .
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Ruth Roman
Ruth Roman (December 22, 1922 – September 9, 1999) was an American actress.
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Sandra Gould
Sandra Gould (July 23, 1916 – July 20, 1999) was an American actress, who appeared mainly in television. Among her many credits was a regular role on the sitcom Bewitched.
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Sanjeev Nanda
Sanjeev Nanda (born 1978) is a businessman and the son of Suresh Nanda, an Indian arms dealer, head of the firm Crown Corporation and . An ex-naval officer, implicated in Tehelka expose. He is also the grandson of an ex-Chief of Naval Staff-turned businessman, S. M. Nanda from New Delhi. Sanjeev has been convicted for running over and killing six people, including three policemen.
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Sarah Kane
Sarah Kane (3 February 1971 – 20 February 1999) was an English playwright. Her plays deal with themes of redemptive love, sexual desire, pain, torture — both physical and psychological — and death. They are characterised by a poetic intensity, pared-down language, exploration of theatrical form and, in her earlier work, the use of extreme and violent stage action. Kane herself, as well as scholars of her work, such as Graham Saunders, identify some of her inspirations as expressionist theatre and Jacobean tragedy. Critics, including Aleks Sierz, have seen her work as part of what Sierz calls the In-Yer-Face style of theatre, a form of drama which broke away from the conventions of naturalist theatre. Kane's published work consists of five plays, one short film, Skin, and two newspaper articles for The Guardian.
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Saul Steinberg
Saul Steinberg (June 15, 1914 – May 12, 1999) was a Romanian-born American cartoonist and illustrator, best known for his work for The New Yorker.
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Scott Amedure
Scott Bernard Amedure (January 26, 1963 – March 9, 1995) was an American murder victim who was fatally shot after revealing on The Jenny Jones Show that he was attracted to an acquaintance. The acquaintance, Jonathan Schmitz–who had a long-standing history of mental illness–later shot Amedure and was found guilty of second degree murder. The Amedure family sued The Jenny Jones Show for wrongful death but the judgment was subsequently overturned by the Michigan Court of Appeals.
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Screaming Lord Sutch
David Edward Sutch (10 November 1940 – 16 June 1999), also known as the 3rd Earl of Harrow or simply Screaming Lord Sutch, was an English musician and aspirant politician. He was the founder of the Official Monster Raving Loony Party.
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Sergei Stepashin
Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (Серге́й Вади́мович Степа́шин) (born March 2, 1952, Lüshunkou, China) is a Russian politician, current Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation and former Prime Minister of Russia. He was appointed federal security minister by President Boris Yeltsin in 1994. He resigned his position in 1995 as a consequence of the Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis.
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Señor Wences
Wenceslao Moreno (April 17, 1896–April 16, 1999), better known as Señor Wences, was a Spanish ventriloquist whose popularity grew with his frequent appearances on CBS-TV's Ed Sullivan Show. His name Wenceslao is of Czech origin (Václav) meaning "victorious".
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Shakespeare in Love
Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 romantic comedy film directed by John Madden and written by Marc Norman and playwright Tom Stoppard.
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Shanghai
Shanghai (; Shanghainese: Zånhae ; ) is the most populous city in China and the most populous city proper in the world. A global city, Shanghai exerts influence over global commerce, finance, culture, art, fashion, research and entertainment. The city is located at the middle portion of the Chinese coast, and sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River.
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Shel Silverstein
Sheldon Allan "Shel" Silverstein (September 25, 1932 – May 10, 1999) was an American poet, singer-songwriter, musician, composer, cartoonist, screenwriter and author of children's books. He styled himself as Uncle Shelby on his children's books, and some sources incorrectly state that he was born Shelby Silverstein. He signed some cartoons simply S.S. Translated into 20 languages, his books have sold over 20 million copies.
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Sidney Gottlieb
Sidney Gottlieb (August 3, 1918 – March 7, 1999) was an American chemist probably best-known for his involvement with the Central Intelligence Agency's mind control program MKULTRA.
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Sir Alf Ramsey
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Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević (sometimes transliterated as Miloshevich; ; Serbian Cyrillic: Слободан Милошевић; 20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia. He served as the President of Socialist Republic of Serbia and Republic of Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in three terms and as President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He also led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990. In the midst of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Milošević was charged with crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), but the trial ended after Milošević died in his cell.
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Stanley Kubrick
Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American film director, writer, producer, and photographer who lived in England during most of the last four decades of his career. Kubrick was noted for the scrupulous care with which he chose his subjects, his slow method of working, the variety of genres he worked in, his technical perfectionism, and his reclusiveness about his films and personal life. He worked far beyond the confines of the Hollywood system, maintaining almost complete artistic control and making movies according to his own whims and time constraints, but with the rare advantage of big-studio financial support for all his endeavors. Although he was nominated for an Academy Award as a screenwriter and director on several occasions, his only personal win was for the special effects in .
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Sunshine Parker
Sunshine Parker (June 10, 1927 – February 17, 1999) was an American actor. He was born as Lloyd Olen Parker in Lawn, Texas.
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Susan Strasberg
Susan Elizabeth Strasberg (May 22, 1938 – January 21, 1999) was an American actress.
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Sylvia Sidney
Sylvia Sidney (August 8, 1910 – July 1, 1999) was an American actress most notable for her performances in gangster movies of the 1920s and 1930s.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Thabo Mbeki
Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki
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Tito Guízar
Federico Arturo Guízar Tolentino (April 8, 1908 - December 24, 1999) was a Mexican singer and actor. He was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Tori Murden
Victoria Murden McClure (born March 6, 1963) is an explorer who was the first woman to make a solo crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat. (She claims she is an explorer, but not an "adventurer.") She was also the first woman and first American to ski to the geographic South Pole. She is the president of Spalding University.
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Trygve Haavelmo
Trygve Magnus Haavelmo (13 December 1911 – 28 July 1999), born in Skedsmo, Norway, was an influential economist with main research interests centered on the fields of econometrics and economics theory. During World War II he worked with Nortraship in the Statistical Department in New York City. He received his Ph.D. in 1946 for his work on The Probability Approach in Econometrics.
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Vazgen Sargsyan
Vazgen Sargsyan (, March 5, 1959 – October 27, 1999; also written Vasgen Sarkisyan, Sarkissian or Sarkisyan) was Prime Minister of Armenia for the Republican Party of Armenia from June 11, 1999 to October 27, 1999 until his assassination in what is known as the Armenian parliament shooting. He was well-known as a military leader, the first Minister of Defense of Armenia, awarded by Artsakh hero and National Hero of Armenia (posthumously) titles. In 1992 he organized and led the "Mahaparts" special battalion.
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Victor Mature
Victor John Mature (January 29, 1913 – August 4, 1999) was an American stage, film and television actor.
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Virginia Foster Durr
Virginia Foster Durr (August 6, 1903 - February 24, 1999) was an American and a white civil rights activist and lobbyist. She was married to lawyer Clifford Durr, who shared her ideals, was close friends with Rosa Parks and Eleanor Roosevelt, and was sister-in-law (though her sister's marriage) to and good friends with Supreme Court Chief Justice Hugo Black who sat on many crucial civil rights cases.
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Vladimir Putin
Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952) served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move, and then Putin won the 2000 presidential election. In 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.
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Walter LaGrand
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Wassily Leontief
Wassily Wassilyovich Leontief (; August 5, 1905, Munich, Germany February 5, 1999, New York), was a Russian-American economist notable for his research on how changes in one economic sector may have an effect on other sectors. Leontief won the Nobel Committee's Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1973, and three of his doctoral students have also been awarded the prize (Paul Samuelson 1970, Robert Solow 1987, Vernon Smith 2002).
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Wilt Chamberlain
Wilton Norman "Wilt" Chamberlain (August 21, 1936 – October 12, 1999) was an American professional NBA basketball player for the Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Los Angeles Lakers; he also played for the Harlem Globetrotters. The 7 foot 1 inch Chamberlain, who weighed 250 lbs as a rookie before bulking up to 275 lb and eventually over 300 lb with the Lakers, played the center position and is considered by his contemporaries as one of the greatest and most dominant players in the history of the NBA.
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Yehudi Menuhin
Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM, KBE (April 22, 1916 – March 12, 1999) was a Jewish American violinist and conductor who spent most of his performing career in the United Kingdom. He was born to Jewish parents in the United States, but became a citizen of Switzerland in 1970, and of the United Kingdom in 1985. He is commonly considered one of the twentieth century's greatest violin virtuosi.
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Yuri Knorozov
Yuriy Valentinovich Knorozov (alternatively, Knorosov; in ; November 19, 1922 — March 31, 1999) was a Russian linguist, epigrapher and ethnographer, who is particularly renowned for the pivotal role his research played in the decipherment of the Maya script, the writing system used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization of Mesoamerica.
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Ziauddin Butt
General Ziauddin Khawaja (also known as Ziauddin Butt) is a 4 star rank General of Pakistan Army and a career operations commander, Intelligence and engineer officer of the Pakistan Army Engineering Corps. During his career, General Ziauddin has served as Director-General of Pakistan's premier intelligence agency ISI. General Ziauddin Butt was nominated for the post of Pakistan Army chief on Oct 12, 1999 by then-Prime minister Nawaz Sharif after dismissing General Pervez Musharraf. The move was a reaction to an already ongoing coup started by Musharraf and his cronies. The coup went ahead regardless of this appointment as General Ziauddin told his supporters not to resist the move as it would cause dangerous in-fighting amongst the army (quoted by General Rehmat - Chief of PM House security). Both Nawaz Sharif and General Ziauddin were arrested by the coup makers and taken to different locations. News media fueled by the lies of Musharraf run ISPR started reporting random propaganda about General Ziauddin, in an effort to try and show Musharraf to be a better choice than Ziauddin and to justify his takeover. General Ziauddin was kept in solitary confinement for two years, all in an attempt to isolate him from the rest of the army which Musharraf and his coup makers feared still supported Ziauddin much more over the new dictator. Musharraf's propaganda machine ran wild without any possibility of contradiction from Ziauddin and managed to distort views about him and his exemplary army career. Ziauddin was one of the most prominent and successful commanders in Pakistan Army and was described as a "genius general" by all 3 of the former army chiefs (General Beg, General Kakar and General Karamat). It was this very reputation that Musharrafs media machine was looking to tarnish and they did a great job, with random fabrications like telling the people that he was a junior officer, unqualified for command, and only an engineer (even though he had been an 'all arms' officer for most of his career). Musharraf's constant fear of a counter-coup meant that Ziauddin would serve 2 years in his custody and would undergo 3 army-wide investigations all aiming to find some element of wrong-doing on his behalf, unfortunately for Musharraf, Ziauddin was cleared in all 3 by Musharraf's own officers. It was then that Musharraf decided to use a 'scouts penalty' - a discretionary punishment not requiring a crime, to dismiss General Ziauddin from service. The media machine was told to portray this as a Court Martial and did such a good job that people still think that to be the case.
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Albania
Albania ( , , Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia/Shqypnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (, pronounced ), is a country in South Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
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Algeria
Algeria (Arabic: , al-Jazā’ir, Berber: Dzayer, French: Algérie), officially the '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria'''), is a country in North Africa. In terms of land area, it is the largest country on the Mediterranean Sea, the second largest on the African continent after Sudan, and the eleventh-largest country in the world.
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Amália Rodrigues
Amália da Piedade Rodrigues, GCSE, GCIH, (July 23, 1920 – October 6, 1999), also known as Amália Rodrigues () was a Portuguese singer and actress. Despite official documents which give her date of birth as July 23, Rodrigues always said her birthday was July 1, 1920. She was born in Lisbon, in the rua Martim Vaz (Martim Vaz Street), neighborhood of Pena. Her father was a trumpet player and cobbler from Fundão who returned there when Amália was just over a year old, leaving her to live in Lisbon with her maternal grandmother in a deeply Catholic environment until she was 14, when her parents returned to the capital and she moved back in with them.
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Ankara
Ankara (Traditional English: Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2008 the city had a population of 4,500,000. Ankara also serves as the capital of Ankara Province.
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Armenia
Armenia (, transliterated : Hayastan, ), officially the Republic of Armenia (, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, ), is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Belgrade
Belgrade (Serbian: Београд, Beograd - ) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city lies at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. With a population of 1,630,000 (official estimate 2007), Belgrade is the fourth largest city in Southeastern Europe, after Istanbul, Athens and Bucharest. Its name in Serbian translates to White city.
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Bhutan
The Kingdom of Bhutan () (Dzongkha: ; Wylie: '' 'drug yul; Tibetan pinyin: ''), is a small landlocked country in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China . Bhutan is separated from the nearby state of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by West Bengal.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Brixton
Brixton is a district in south London, England, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is miles south south-east of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Cambodia
The "Kingdom of Cambodia" "Royaume du Cambodge" (official name), also known as Cambodia, derived from Sanskrit Kambujadesa ()), is a country in Southeast Asia that borders Thailand to the west and northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by rivers and a lake namely: The Mekong River (Upper and Lower) (Khmer: ទន្លេមេគង្គ Tonlé Mékong Pronounced: Tonlé Mékung = Mother Water River), Sab River Tonlé Sap (Khmer: ទន្លេសាប Pronounced: Tonlé Sab = Fresh Water River), Bassac River Tonlé Bassac (Khmer: ទន្លេបាសាក់ Pronounced: Tonlé Bassuck = ?)
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (, also known as the Canaries; , ; ) are a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa, 100 km west of the border between Morocco and the Western Sahara. The Canaries are a Spanish Autonomous Community and an Outermost Region of the European Union. The islands include (from largest to smallest): Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, La Graciosa, Alegranza and Montaña Clara.
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Cardiff
Cardiff (, {{lang-cy|) is the capital, largest city and most populous county of Wales. The city is Wales' chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media, and the seat of the National Assembly for Wales. According to recent estimates, the population of the unitary authority area is 324,800, while the wider metropolitan area has a population of nearly 1.1 million, more than a third of the total Welsh population. Cardiff is a significant tourism centre and the most popular visitor destination in Wales with 14.6 million visitors in 2009.
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College Station, TX
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic ( ; , , short form Česko ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country borders Poland to the northeast, Germany to the west and northwest, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The Czech Republic has been a member of NATO since 1999 and of the European Union since 2004. The Czech Republic is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE participating State, the Czech Republic’s international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. From 1 January 2009 to 30 June 2009, the Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
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Duzce
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh (, or ; Scots: Edinburgh ; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland, the second largest city in Scotland after Glasgow and the seventh-most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30-square-mile (78 km2) rural area.
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EgyptAir Flight 990
EgyptAir Flight 990 (MSR990) was a regularly scheduled Los Angeles-New York-Cairo flight. On October 31, 1999, at around 01:50 EST, the aircraft operating Flight 990 was crashed into the Atlantic Ocean, about south of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, in international waters, killing all 217 people on board.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Fulham
Fulham () is an affluent area of southwest London in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, SW6 (the successor to the Metropolitan Borough of Fulham) located south west of Charing Cross. It is situated in between Putney and Chelsea. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Guadalajara, Jalisco
Guadalajara () is the capital of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is located in the central region of Jalisco in the western-pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,579,174 it is Mexico's second most populous municipality. The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area includes seven adjacent municipalities with a reported population of 4,095,715 in 2008, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico, behind Mexico City. The municipality is the second most densely populated area in Mexico; the first being Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in Estado de México. The city's economy is based on industry, especially information technology with a large number of international firms having manufacturing facilities in the Guadalajara Metro Area. Other, more traditional industries, such as shoes, textiles and food processing are also important. Guadalajara is the cultural center of Mexico, considered by most to be the home of Mariachi music and host to a number of large-scale cultural events such as the International Film Festival of Guadalajara and the Guadalajara International Book Fair and a number of internationally renowned cultural events which draw international crowds. It is also home to the Chivas football/soccer team, one of the two most popular in Mexico.
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Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe (; ; Antillean Creole: Gwadloup) is an archipelago located in the Leeward Islands, in the Lesser Antilles, with a land area of 1,628 square kilometres (629 sq. mi) and a population of 400,000. It is the first overseas region of France, consisting of a single overseas department. As with the other overseas departments, Guadeloupe is also one of the twenty-six regions of France (being an overseas region) and an integral part of the Republic since 2007.
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Guinea
Guinea (, officially the Republic of Guinea ), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbor Guinea-Bissau. Conakry is the capital, the seat of the national government, and the largest city.
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Guinea-Bissau
The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (; , ) is located in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west.
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Helsinki
Helsinki (; , ) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the southern part of Finland, in the region of Uusimaa/Nyland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, by the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is (), making it the most populous municipality in Finland by a wide margin. Helsinki is located some east of Stockholm, Sweden, west of St. Petersburg, Russia and north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close connections with these three cities.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Houston, Texas
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Hungary
Hungary ( ), officially the Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság ), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe, being part of the Finno-Ugric family.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Islamabad
(Punjabi, Pashto, {{lang-ur|) Islām ābād (Meaning "Abode of Islam") is the capital of Pakistan and the tenth largest city in the country. The population of the city has increased from 100,000 in 1951 to 1.21 million in 2009. The Rawalpindi/Islamabad Metropolitan Area is the third largest in Pakistan with a population of over 4.5 million inhabitants.
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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İzmit
İzmit (, Nicomedia) is a city in Turkey, administrative center of Kocaeli Province as well as the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality. It is located at the Gulf of İzmit (the ancient Gulf of Astacus) in the Sea of Marmara, about east of Istanbul, on the northwestern part of Anatolia. The city center has a population of 293,339 (2009 census). The population of the province (including rural areas) is 1,422,752. (Unlike other provinces in Turkey, whole province is now included within the municipality of metropolitan center.)
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Dogri: कश्मीर; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Balti: کشمیر; Gojri: کشمیر; Poonchi/Chibhali: کشمیر; Shina: کشمیر; Uyghur: كەشمىر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range.
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Kentucky
The Commonwealth of Kentucky () is a state located in the East Central United States of America. As classified by the United States Census Bureau, Kentucky is a Southern state. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 it became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th largest state in terms of total area, the 36th largest in land area, and ranks 26th in population.
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Kiribati
Kiribati ( ; ), officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island nation located in the central tropical Pacific Ocean. It is composed of 32 atolls and one raised coral island, dispersed over 3.5 million square kilometres, (1,351,000 square miles) straddling the equator, and bordering the International Date Line at its easternmost point.
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Kosovo
Kosovo (; ) is a disputed territory in the Balkans. The partially-recognised Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово, Republika Kosovo), a self-declared independent state, has de facto control over most of the territory, with North Kosovo being the largest Kosovo Serb enclave. Serbia does not recognise the unilateral secession of Kosovo and considers it a United Nations-governed entity within its sovereign territory, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Косово и Метохија, Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo i Metohija), according to the 2006 Constitution of Serbia.
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Laramie, Wyoming
Laramie is a city in and the county seat of Albany County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 27,204 at the 2000 census. Located on the Laramie River in southeastern Wyoming, the city is west of Cheyenne, at the junction of Interstate 80 and U.S. Route 287.
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Las Vegas Strip
The Las Vegas Strip is an approximately stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard South in Clark County, Nevada. The Strip lies in the unincorporated areas of Paradise and Winchester. Most of "the Strip" has been designated an All-American Road.
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Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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Littleton, Colorado
Littleton is a Home Rule Municipality contained in Arapahoe, Douglas, and Jefferson counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. Littleton is a suburb of the Denver-Aurora Metropolitan Statistical Area. Littleton is the county seat of Arapahoe County and the 17th most populous city in the State of Colorado. The population was 40,342 at the 2000 census.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Lusaka
Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. It is located in the southern part of the central plateau of the country, at an elevation of 1279 m. It has a population of 3,100,000 (2007 estimate). It is a commercial centre as well as the centre of government, and the four main highways of Zambia radiate north, south, east and west from it. The two main languages spoken in Lusaka are English and Nyanja.
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Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Malexander
Malexander is a minor village in Boxholm Municipality, Sweden. The village is known for the "Malexander murders" which occurred in 1999, when two Swedish police officers were killed by bank robbers.
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Mandalay Bay
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Martha's Vineyard
'''Martha's Vineyard''' (including the smaller Chappaquiddick Island) is an island off the south of Cape Cod in New England. The islands both form a part of the Outer Lands region.
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Mexico City
Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México) is the capital and largest city in Mexico as well as the largest city in the Americas and the world's third largest metropolitan area by population, after Seoul and Tokyo. Mexico City is also the Federal District (Distrito Federal), the seat of the federal government. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the most important political, cultural, and financial center in the country.
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Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
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Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system (OS) market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of OSs. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Microsoft would come to dominate other markets as well, notably the office suite market with Microsoft Office.
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Milan
Milan (, ; Western Lombard: Milan, ) is a city in Italy and the capital of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1,310,000, while the urban area is the first in Italy and the fifth largest in the European Union with a population of 4,345,000 over an area of . The Milan metropolitan area, by far the largest in Italy, is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 7,400,000.
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Moore, Oklahoma
Moore is a city in Cleveland County, Oklahoma and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. The population was 41,138 at the 2000 census. the 2010 estimated population is around 54,000
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Morocco
Morocco (, al-Maġrib; Berber: Amerruk / Murakuc; French: Maroc), officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية, al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya), is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of nearly 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed Western Sahara which is mainly under Moroccan administration. Morocco has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Spain to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera), Algeria to the east, and Mauritania to the south.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
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Nauru
Nauru ( ), officially the Republic of Nauru and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island nation in Micronesia in the South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Kiribati, 300 km to the east. Nauru is the world's smallest island nation, covering just .
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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New Delhi
New Delhi (, naī dillī) is the capital city of India. It serves as the centre of the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
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Niger
Niger ( or ; ), officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey.
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Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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Nunavut
Nunavut (from Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ ) is the largest and newest federal territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the actual boundaries had been established in 1993. The creation of Nunavut – meaning "our land" in Inuktitut – resulted in the first major change to Canada's map since the incorporation of the new province of Newfoundland in 1949.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
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Pan Am flight 103
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Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is a ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. Built from 1904 to 1914, annual traffic has risen from about 1,000 ships in the canal's early days to 14,702 vessels in 2008, measuring a total 309.6 million Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) tons.
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Paraguay
Paraguay (), officially the Republic of Paraguay (, ; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái ), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest. Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its central location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de América, or the Heart of America.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Portuguese Republic
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Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
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Rome
Rome (; , ; ) is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . In 2006 the population of the metropolitan area was estimated by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development to have a population of 3.7 million.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Rwanda
The Republic of Rwanda (, , or in English, or in Kinyarwanda) is a unitary republic of central and eastern Africa. It borders Uganda to the north; Tanzania to the east; Burundi to the south; and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Rwanda is landlocked but is noted for its lakes, particularly Lake Kivu, which occupies the floor of the Rift Valley along most of the country's western border. Although close to the equator, the country has a temperate climate due to its high elevation, with the highest point being Mount Karisimbi. The terrain consists of mountains and gently rolling hills, with plains and swamps in the east. Abundant wildlife, including rare mountain gorillas, have led to a fast-growing tourism sector. The largest cities in Rwanda are Kigali, Gitarama, and Butare. Unlike many African countries, Rwanda is home to only one significant ethnic and linguistic group, the Banyarwanda. The country is well known for its native styles of dance, particularly the Intore dance, and for its drummers. Kinyarwanda, English and French are the official languages.
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Sarajevo
Sarajevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Сарајево) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 305,242 people in the four municipalities that make up the city proper, and a metro area population of 423,645 people in the Sarajevo Canton . It is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton. Sarajevo is located in the Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated around the Miljacka river.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
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Scottish Parliament
{{Infobox Legislature
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Selangor
Selangor (also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity") is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north, Pahang to the east, Negeri Sembilan to the south and the Strait of Malacca to the west. It completely surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, both of which were once under Selangor's sovereignty.
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Serbia
Serbia (pronounced: ), officially the Republic of Serbia (), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central- and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern lowlands of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; its border with Albania is disputed. Serbia's capital city, Belgrade, is among the most populous in Southeastern Europe.
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Shanghai
Shanghai (; Shanghainese: Zånhae ; ) is the most populous city in China and the most populous city proper in the world. A global city, Shanghai exerts influence over global commerce, finance, culture, art, fashion, research and entertainment. The city is located at the middle portion of the Chinese coast, and sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River.
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Silver Peak, Nevada
Silver Peak (also Silverpeak) is an unincorporated community in Esmeralda County, Nevada, United States. It lies along State Route 265 south of U.S. Route 6 and west of Goldfield, the county seat of Esmeralda County. Its elevation is 4,321 feet (1,317 m). Although it is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 89047.
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Soho
Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and part of the West End of London, the capital of the UK. Long established as an entertainment district, for much of the 20th century Soho had a reputation for sex shops as well as night life and film industry. Since the early 1980s, the area has undergone considerable transformation. It now is predominantly a fashionable district of upmarket restaurants and media offices, with only a small remnant of "sex industry" venues in the west.
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Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Taiwan
Taiwan, also known (especially in the past) as Formosa (from , "Beautiful Island"), is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It comprises most (99%) of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" is also a common name to refer to the entire country of the Republic of China.
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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The Hague
The Hague (with capital T; Dutch: ', officially also ') is the third largest city in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam, with a population of 485,818 (as of May 31, 2009) (population of agglomeration: 1,011,459) and an area of approximately 100 km². It is located in the west of the country, in the province of South Holland, of which it is also the provincial capital. The Hague is, like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and Almere, part of the Randstad metropolitan area, with 6,659,300 inhabitants.
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Tijuana
Tijuana ( or , ) is a city on the Mexican Pacific Coast located in Baja California. The city is the largest city of the Mexican state of Baja California. On a larger scale Tijuana is the 28th largest city in the Americas and is situated on the United States–Mexico border adjacent to its sister city of San Diego, California. Tijuana is the westernmost city in Mexico, though the westernmost population center is located in Isla Guadalupe, and is one of dominant regional centers in northwestern Mexico. The city is currently one of the fastest growing cities in Mexico.
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Tokyo
, officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. It is located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
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Tonga
Tonga (pronounced ), officially the Kingdom of Tonga (Tongan: Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga), is an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, comprising 169 islands, 36 of them inhabited. The Kingdom stretches over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles) in a north-south line located at about a third of the distance from New Zealand to Hawaii.
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Turin
Turin (, pronounced ; Piedmontese: Turin, pronounced ) is a major city as well as a business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants; the Turin metropolitan area is estimated by OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (‘zbekiston Respublikasi'' or Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south.
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Valley of the Fallen
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Vanuatu
Vanuatu ( or ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (, Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island nation located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is some east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, west of Fiji, and southeast of the Solomon Islands, near New Guinea.
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Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its roughly northern coastline includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population of 26,414,816. Venezuela is considered a country with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
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Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
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Weimar, Texas
Weimar is a city in Colorado County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,981 at the 2000 census.
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Woodstock 1999
Woodstock 1999, also called Woodstock 99, performed July 23–25, 1999, was the second large-scale music festival (after Woodstock '94) that attempted to emulate the success of the original Woodstock Festival of 1969. Like the said previous concerts with the same name, it was performed in upstate New York, this time in Rome, New York, around 200 miles from the site of the original festival. Approximately 200,000 people attended the festival.
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Zambia
The Republic of Zambia () is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, located in the south-central part of the country. The population is concentrated mainly around the Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt to the northwest.
http://wn.com/Zambia
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Send this Playlist by SMS
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1999: Prince
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:16
- Published: 12 Jul 2010
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: ThatIsAnAndroid
1999 by Prince from the album 1999.
http://wn.com/1999_Prince
Binary Finary- 1999 (Best version released)
Binary Finary 1999 Kaycee Mix Check out the FaceBook group here: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Binary_Finary_1999_Best_version_released
Cassius - 1999
Cassius is a French house music duo consisting of producers Philippe Cerboneschi and Hubert Blanc-Francard, better known as Philippe Zdar and Boom Bass.
http://wn.com/Cassius__1999
Prince 1999 (Pop Up Video)
VH1's Pop Up Video Prince 1999 Copyright Warner Bros. 1982
http://wn.com/Prince_1999_Pop_Up_Video
Zach Galifianakis Stand Up from 1999
From January 1999 at Luna Park in West Hollywood, Zach plies his craft. This is where it all began. The following year he appeared on the Letterman show, followed by his own aborted VH1 talk show, working on the road, film and TV appearances... and then came Hangover.
http://wn.com/Zach_Galifianakis_Stand_Up_from_1999
Carles Puyol vs. Real Madrid (1999-2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:20
- Published: 24 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: FCBSpecial
Carles Puyol vs. Real Madrid (1999-2011). Music: - "Greet Death" by Explosions In The Sky. - "Age of the Fifth Sun" by God Is an Astronaut. - "Post Mortem" by God Is an Astronaut.
http://wn.com/Carles_Puyol_vs_Real_Madrid_1999-2011
Cassius - Cassius 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Published: 08 Jan 2007
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: AntoineReussner
Cassius 1999
http://wn.com/Cassius__Cassius_1999
Love of Lesbian - 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:59
- Published: 21 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: malabaristapatosa
The Matrix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 130:31
- Published: 12 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 27 Dec 2011
- Author: warnervoduk
"The Most Eye-Popping & Imaginative Movie of the Year." - Gannett. Breaking box office records as the biggest Easter opening ever, this special effects-driven tale follows Keanu Reeves ("Speed," "Devil's Advocate") and Oscar, Golden Globe and Emmy-nominee Laurence Fishburne ("What's Love Got to Do with It?") on an explosive futuristic sci-fi adventure about a man who comes to believe that his everyday world is the product of a complex computer-driven digital matrix that feeds on humans. In his dangerous quest to find out the truth, he must figure out who is real and who he can trust. From the producer of the top boxoffice franchise, "Lethal Weapon." "...one of the most visually dazzling and surrealistically plotted sci-fi films ever made." - Mr. Showbiz ©1999 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved.
http://wn.com/The_Matrix
The Mummy (1999)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 124:59
- Published: 30 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Dec 2011
- Author: universalmoviesuk
Brendan Fraser and Rachel Weisz star in this nonstop action epic about the discovery of a long-lost treasure in the Egyptian desert that also unearths a 3000-year-old legacy of terror!
http://wn.com/The_Mummy_1999
Britney Spears interview 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Published: 12 May 2006
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: JenniferSimon
Britney Spears being interviewed on the Rosie O'Donnel show in 1999.
http://wn.com/Britney_Spears_interview_1999
Love of Lesbian - 1999
Videoclip para el tema 1999 de Love of Lesbian
http://wn.com/Love_of_Lesbian__1999
CLASS OF 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 92:23
- Published: 07 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: LionsgateFilmsUK
Robot teachers have been secretly placed in the schools where the students have run riot. The teachers do a god job of controlling the unruly youngsters, until they go too far and some students get suspicious.
http://wn.com/CLASS_OF_1999
Macworld NY 1999-The First iBook Introduction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:42
- Published: 30 Jan 2006
- Uploaded: 06 Jan 2012
- Author: peestandingup
Here we see Steve Jobs introducing the very first iBook.
http://wn.com/Macworld_NY_1999-The_First_iBook_Introduction
Class of 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 92:22
- Published: 29 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 08 Dec 2011
- Author: LionsgateUKMovies
The time is in the future and the youth gang violence is so high that the areas around some schools have become "free-fire zones", into which not even the police will venture. When Miles Langford, the head of Kennedy High School, decides to take his school back from the gangs, robotics specialist Dr. Robert Forrest provides "tactical education units". These are amazingly human-like androids that have been programmed to teach and are supplied with devastatingly effective solutions to discipline problems. So when he violent, out-of-control students of Kennedy High report for class tomorrow, they're going to get a real education... in staying alive!
http://wn.com/Class_of_1999
Women's 1999 FIFA Final, China vs USA
Penalty Shootout
http://wn.com/Women's_1999_FIFA_Final,_China_vs_USA
Space: 1999 - TV intro (season 1) HQ (1975)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Published: 23 Jul 2006
- Uploaded: 07 Jan 2012
- Author: fabster3333
The crew of Moonbase Alpha must struggle to survive when a massive explosion throws the Moon from orbit into deep space.
http://wn.com/Space_1999__TV_intro_season_1_HQ_1975
Three Kings
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 114:44
- Published: 03 Oct 2011
- Uploaded: 01 Jan 2012
- Author: warnervoduk
"Best Picture" - The Boston Society of Film Critics. " 'Three Kings' rules..." USA Today. Starring Emmy and Golden Globe-nominee George Clooney ("ER," "Out of Sight"), Mark Wahlberg ("Boogie Nights"), Ice Cube ("Dangerous Ground," "Boyz in the Hood") and Spike Jonze as American soldiers stationed in Iraq after the Persian Gulf War cease-fire agreement. The unlikely foursome conspire to steal a huge cache of gold hidden near their desert base, but their plan goes awry when Saddam Hussein's henchman find out about their plans. Co-starring Jamie Kennedy ("Scream," "Bowfinger") and Mykelti Williamson ("The Hoop Life," "Waiting to Exhale"). "...disturbingly powerful and powerfully funny." - Newsweek. "Director David O. Russell] triumphs with the smart, funny and genially bizarre 'Three Kings.' " - Time. 113:37 MINUTE TIME COMPRESSED VERSION AVAILABLE WITHOUT SPANISH LANGUAGE TRACK. MPAA Rating: NOTRATED © 1999 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved
http://wn.com/Three_Kings
Deep Blue Sea
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 104:57
- Published: 30 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 25 Oct 2011
- Author: warnervoduk
Action-packed terror! "Bigger, better and more frightening than JAWS" - WKDM Radio. All-star cast includes Oscar and Golden Globe-nominee Samuel L. Jackson ("A Time to Kill," "Pulp Fiction"), Saffron Burrows ("Celebrity," "Wing Commander"), LL Cool J ("In the House"), Thomas Jane ("The Thin Red Line") and Michael Rapaport ("Cop Land"). A group of scientists create genetically altered sharks which are bigger, smarter, faster and meaner. After a big storm damages their remote research facility, they must fight for their lives as the sharks hunt them down, one by one. Directed by Renny Harlin ("Die Hard 2"). MPAA Rating: NOTRATED © 1999 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved
http://wn.com/Deep_Blue_Sea
Britney Spears - VMA 1999
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Published: 12 Mar 2009
- Uploaded: 08 Jan 2012
- Author: BsUniverse
Britney Spears ...Baby One More Time VMA 1999
http://wn.com/Britney_Spears__VMA_1999
1999/2009 (Rémi GAILLARD)
Dangerously funny videos created and produced by Rémi GAILLARD. The show continues on www.nimportequi.com
http://wn.com/1999/2009_Rémi_GAILLARD
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Creative Commons![The band found much success in their home country, with their debut album going 3x platinum in Canada.[2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120203013323im_/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/ff/7b/26f8baa1365bdf915d98132dc604_small.jpg "The band found much success in their home country, with their debut album going 3x platinum in Canada.[2]")
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![The band found much success in their home country, with their debut album going 3x platinum in Canada.[2]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120203013323/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/ff/7b/26f8baa1365bdf915d98132dc604_medium.jpg "The band found much success in their home country, with their debut album going 3x platinum in Canada.[2]")
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Business Wire
NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Fitch Ratings has downgraded and withdrawn two classes of notes issued by Inner Harbor CBO 1999-1, LTD. (Inner Harbor) as follows: --$9,000,000 class B-1L notes downgraded to 'Dsf' from 'Csf'/RE15% and withdrawn; --$5,500,000 class B-2 notes downgraded to 'Dsf' from...
size: 5.8Kb
size: 5.8Kb
Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace (1999)
01 Feb 2012
IMDb
Photo 1 of 228 Show all Hide thumbnails Show thumbnails Start Slideshow 31 January 2012 © 2012 - Lucasfilm, LTD. All rights reserved. Titles: Star Wars: Episode I - The Phantom Menace...
size: 3.6Kb
size: 3.6Kb
Stocks down, trying for best January since 1999
31 Jan 2012
Chicago Sun-Times
Updated: January 31, 2012 12:00PM NEW YORK — The stock market lost ground Tuesday but still appeared headed for its best January finish in more than a decade. An unexpected drop in consumer confidence dragged stocks down after a strong open. The Dow Jones industrial average was down 80 points at...
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size: 4.1Kb
Stocks headed for best January since 1999
31 Jan 2012
Yahoo Daily News
NEW YORK (AP) — The stock market lost ground Tuesday but still appeared headed for its best January finish in more than a decade. An unexpected drop in consumer confidence dragged stocks down after a strong first half-hour. The Dow Jones industrial average was down 42 points at 12,611 just after 11...
size: 20.3Kb
size: 20.3Kb
Eurozone unemployment ends 2011 at 10.4 percent, the highest since euro was launched in 1999
31 Jan 2012
Orlando Sentinel
LONDON (AP) — Unemployment across the 17 countries that use the euro ended 2011 at a record high of one person in every 10,...
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size: 0.9Kb
Nikkei logs best January performance since 1999
31 Jan 2012
The Times of India
TOKYO: Japan's Nikkei share average reversed a three-day losing streak on...
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size: 0.5Kb
Star Tribune
NEW YORK - An Archdiocese of New York clerk with a prior grand larceny conviction was arrested Monday on charges of manipulating the church's accounts payable system to steal more than $1 million in money used to oversee schools. Anita Collins, 67, was awaiting arraignment Monday. Her lawyer's name...
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size: 2.3Kb
CNN
January 29, 2012 -- Updated 1906 GMT (0306 HKT) Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal is shown during a meeting with Jordan's King Abdullah II on Sunday in Amman. (CNN) -- The exiled leader of the Palestinian Islamic faction Hamas met with Jordan's King Abdullah II on Sunday in his first trip to Jordan since...
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Star Tribune
AMMAN, Jordan - A senior Jordanian official says the country's king has received Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal, who is on his first...
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size: 0.8Kb
__NOTOC__
1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year that started on a Friday (link will display full calendar). In the Gregorian calendar, it was the 1999th year of the Common Era, or of Anno Domini; the 999th year of the 2nd millennium; and the 99th year of the 20th century. It was also the 10th and last year of the 1990s. The year 1999 was designated the International Year of Older Persons by the United Nations.
January 1 – Euro is established.
January 4 – Gunmen open fire on Shia Muslims worshiping in a mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 16 and injuring 25.
January 10 – Sanjeev Nanda kills three policemen in New Delhi with his car, an act for which he was later acquitted, resulting in a sharp drop in public confidence in the Indian legal system.
January 20 – The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet cafes.
January 21 – In one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 9,500 pounds (4.3 tons) of cocaine aboard, headed for Houston, Texas.
January 25 – A 6.1 Richter scale earthquake hits western Colombia, killing at least 1,000.
February 7 – King Hussein of Jordan dies from cancer, and his son Abdullah II inherits the throne.
February 10 – Avalanches in the French Alps near Geneva kill at least 10.
February 11 – Pluto moves along its eccentric orbit further from the Sun than Neptune. It had been nearer than Neptune since 1979, and will become again in 2231.
February 12 – U.S. President Bill Clinton is acquitted in impeachment proceedings in the United States Senate.
February 16
In Uzbekistan, an apparent assassination attempt against President Islom Karimov takes place at government headquarters.
* Across Europe, Kurdish rebels take over embassies and hold hostages after Turkey arrests one of their rebel leaders.
February 21 – The Albertinkatu shootings in Helsinki, Finland: Three men are killed and 1 wounded at a shooting range.
February 22 – Moderate Iraqi Shiite cleric Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr is assassinated.
February 23
* Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
* White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr. by dragging him behind a truck for 2 miles (3 km).
February 23 – An avalanche destroys the village of Galtür, Austria, killing 31.
February 24 – LaGrand Case: The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national involved in an armed robbery that led to a death. Karl's brother Walter is executed a week later, in spite of Germany's legal action in the International Court of Justice to attempt to save him.
February 27 – While trying to circumnavigate the world in a hot air balloon, Colin Prescot and Andy Elson set a new endurance record after being aloft for 233 hours and 55 minutes.
March 1
* One of 4 bombs detonated in Lusaka, Zambia, destroys the Angolan Embassy.
* Rwandan Hutu rebels kill and dismember 8 foreign tourists at the Buhoma homestead, Uganda.
* The Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines comes into force.
March 2 – The brand new Mandalay Bay hotel and casino opens in Las Vegas.
March 3 – Walter LaGrand is executed in the gas chamber in Arizona.
March 4 – In a military court, United States Marine Corps Captain Richard J. Ashby is acquitted of the charge of reckless flying which resulted in the deaths of 20 skiers in the Italian Alps, when his low-flying jet hit a gondola cable.
March 12 – Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic join NATO.
March 15 – In Brussels, Belgium, the Santer Commission resigns over allegations of corruption.
March 21
* Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.
* The 71st Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California with ''Shakespeare in Love'' winning Best Picture.
March 23 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis María Argaña.
March 24
* NATO launches air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which refused to sign a peace treaty. This marks the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign country.
* Fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel kills 39 people, closing the tunnel for nearly 3 years.
March 25 – Enron energy traders allegedly route 2,900 megawatts of electricity destined for California to the town of Silver Peak, Nevada, population 200.
March 26
* The Melissa worm attacks the Internet.
* A Michigan jury finds Dr. Jack Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder for administering a lethal injection to a terminally ill man.
March 27 – Kosovo War: A U.S. F-117 Nighthawk is shot down by Serbian forces.
March 29 – For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 10,000 mark, at 10,006.78.
April 1 – Nunavut, an Inuit homeland, is created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory.
April 5
* Two Libyans suspected of bringing down Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 are handed over to Scottish authorities for eventual trial in the Netherlands. The United Nations suspends sanctions against Libya.
* In Laramie, Wyoming, Russell Henderson pleads guilty to kidnapping and felony murder, in order to avoid a possible death penalty conviction for the apparent hate crime killing of Matthew Shepard.
April 7
* Kosovo War: Kosovo's main border crossings are closed by Serbian forces to prevent ethnic Albanians from leaving.
* A bomb explodes at the Valley of the Fallen Church in Spain; GRAPO claims responsibility.
Mairi Rose Krauklis a star is born.
April 8 – Bill Gates personal fortune exceeds $100 Billion dollars, due to the increased value of Microsoft stock.
April 9 – Ibrahim Baré Maînassara, president of Niger, is assassinated.
April 13 – Tercentenary celebrations of the creation of the Sikh Khalsa are held.
April 17 – A nail bomb explodes in the middle of a busy market in Brixton, South London.
April 20 – Columbine High School massacre: Two Littleton, Colorado teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, open fire on their teachers and classmates, killing 12 students and 1 teacher, and then themselves.
April 25 – The term of Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman as the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.
April 26
* Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj, Sultan of Selangor, becomes the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
* British T.V presenter Jill Dando, 37, is shot dead on the doorstep of her home in Fulham, London.
April 30
* Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), bringing the total members to 10.
* A third nail bomb (see April 17) explodes in the Admiral Duncan pub in Old Compton Street, Soho, London, killing a pregnant woman and two friends and injuring 70 others, including her husband. This is part of a hate campaign against ethnic minorities and gay people by David Copeland.
May 2 – Norman J. Sirnic and Karen Sirnic are murdered by serial killer Angel Maturino Resendiz in Weimar, Texas.
May 3
* 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak: An F5 tornado slams into Moore, Oklahoma, killing 38 people (the strongest tornado ever recorded in world history).
* The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 11,000 for the first time, at 11,014.70.
May 5 – Microsoft releases Windows 98 (Second Edition) (from 1998).
May 6 – Elections are held in Scotland and Wales for the new Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales.
May 7
* A jury finds ''The Jenny Jones Show'' and Warner Bros. liable in the shooting death of Scott Amedure, after the show deceived Jonathan Schmitz into appearing on a secret same-sex crush episode.
* Kosovo War: In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 3 Chinese embassy workers are killed and 20 wounded, when a NATO aircraft mistakenly bombs the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade.
* In Guinea-Bissau, President João Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.
May 8 – Nancy Mace becomes the first female cadet to graduate from The Military College of South Carolina.
May 12 – David Steel becomes the first Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the modern Scottish Parliament.
May 13 – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is elected President of Italy.
May 17 – Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.
May 19 – Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace is released in theaters. It becomes the highest grossing Star Wars film.
May 26
* The Indian Air Force launches an attack on intruding Pakistan Army troops and mujahadeen militants in Kashmir.
* The first Welsh Assembly in over 600 years opens in Cardiff.
May 27 – The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milošević and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo.
May 28
* Swedish police officers Robert Karlström and Olov Borén are wounded by three bank robbers armed with automatic weapons, and later executed with their own service pistols in Malexander.
* After 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo de Vinci’s ''The Last Supper'' is placed back on display in Milan, Italy.
May 29
* Cathy O'Dowd, a South African mountaineer, becomes the first woman to summit Mount Everest from both the north and south sides.
* Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Nigerian Fourth Republic is established with Olusegun Obasanjo as president.
May 30 – Travel Midland Metro enters public service.
June 1
* Napster, a revolutionary music downloading service, debuts.
* American Airlines Flight 1420 overruns the runway in Little Rock, Arkansas killing 11 people.
June 2 – After decades of fighting off outside technological influences like television, the King of Bhutan allows television transmissions to commence in the Kingdom for the first time, coinciding with the King's Silver Jubilee (see Bhutan Broadcasting Service).
June 5 – The Islamic Salvation Army, the armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front, agrees in principle to disband in Algeria.
June 6 – In Brazil, 345 prisoners escape from Putim prison through the front gate.
June 8 – The government of Colombia announces it will include the estimated value of the country's illegal drug crops, exceeding half a billion US dollars, in its gross national product.
June 9 – Kosovo War: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty.
June 10 – Kosovo War: NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milošević agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo
June 12
* Kosovo War – Operation Joint Guardian/''Operation Agricola'' begins: NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping forces KFOR enter the province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
* Texas Governor George W. Bush announces he will seek the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States.
June 14 – Thabo Mbeki is elected President of South Africa.
June 18 – The J18 international anti-globalization protests are organized in dozens of cities around the world, some of which lead to riots.
June 19 – Turin, Italy is awarded the 2006 Winter Olympics.
July 1 – The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.
July 2 – Benjamin Nathaniel Smith begins a 3-day killing spree targeting racial and ethnic minorities in Illinois and Indiana.
July 5 – U.S. Army Pfc. Barry Winchell is bludgeoned in his sleep at Fort Campbell, Kentucky by fellow soldiers; he dies the next day from his injuries.
July 7 – In Rome, Hicham El Guerrouj runs the fastest mile ever recorded, at 3:43.13.
July 8 – A major flash flood in Las Vegas swamps hundreds of cars, smashes mobile homes and kills 2 people.
July 10 – American soccer player Brandi Chastain scores the game winning penalty kick against China in the FIFA Women's World Cup.
July 11 – India recaptures Kargil, forcing the Pakistan Army to retreat. India announces victory, ending the 2-month conflict.
July 16 – Off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, a plane piloted by John F. Kennedy Jr. crashes, killing him and his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy and her sister Lauren Bessette.
July 17 – The official series premiere of the long-running cartoon ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' debuts.
July 20
* Mercury program: Liberty Bell 7 is raised from the Atlantic Ocean.
* Falun Gong is banned in the People's Republic of China under Jiang Zemin.
July 22 – The first version of MSN Messenger is released by Microsoft.
July 23
* ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo.
* Mohammed VI of Morocco becomes king upon the death of his father Hassan II.
July 23–July 25 – The Woodstock 99 festival is held in New York.
July 25 – Lance Armstrong wins his first Tour de France.
July 26 – The last Checker taxi cab is retired in New York City and auctioned off for approximately $135,000.
July 27 – Twenty-one people die in a canyoning disaster near Interlaken, Switzerland.
July 31 – NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the lunar surface.
August 7 – Hundreds of Chechen guerrillas invade the Russian republic of Dagestan, triggering a short war.
August 8 – The first Callatis Festival, the largest music & culture festival in Romania, is held.
August 9 – Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet.
August 10
* Buford O. Furrow, Jr. wounds 5 and kills 1 during the August 1999 Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting.
* The Atlantique Incident occurs as an intruding Pakistan Navy plane is shot down in India. The incident sparks tensions between the 2 nations, coming just a month after the end of the Kargil War.
August 11
* A total solar eclipse is seen in Europe and Asia.
* Salt Lake City tornado: A very rare F2 tornado strikes Salt Lake City, killing 1.
August 17 – 1999 İzmit earthquake: A 7.6-magnitude earthquake strikes İzmit and levels much of northwestern Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000. This is the first of a long series of unrelated but frequent earthquakes throughout the world during the years 1999 and 2000.
August 19 – In Belgrade, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević.
August 22
* Mandarin Airlines Flight 642 crashes in Hong Kong.
* GPS Week Numbers Reset to 0
August 31 – Apple Computer releases the Power Macintosh G4.
September 7
* A magnitude 5.9 earthquake hits Athens, killing 143 and injuring more than 2,000.
* Viacom and CBS merge.
September 8 – The first of a series of Russian apartment bombings occurs. Subsequent bombings occur on September 13 and 16, while a bombing on September 22 fails.
September 9 – Sega Dreamcast was released as well as Sonic Adventure.
September 12 – Under international pressure to allow an international peacekeeping force, Indonesian president BJ Habibie announced on 12 September that he would do so.
September 14 – Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga join the United Nations.
September 21 – The 921 earthquake, also known as the Jiji earthquake,(magnitude 7.6 on the Richter scale) kills about 2,400 people in Taiwan.
October – NASA loses one of its probes, the Mars Climate Orbiter.
October 1 – Pudong International Airport opens in Shanghai, China, taking over all international flights to Hongqiao.
October 5 – Thirty-one people die in the Ladbroke Grove rail crash, west of London, England.
October 10 – Elections are held in Portugal.
October 12
* Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif attempts to dismiss Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf and install ISI director Ziauddin Butt in his place. Senior Army generals refuse to accept the dismissal. Musharraf, who is out of the country, attempts to return in a commercial airliner. Sharif orders the Karachi airport to not allow the plane to land. The generals lead a coup d'état, ousting Sharif's administration and taking over the airport. The plane lands with only a few minutes of fuel to spare, and Musharraf takes control of the government.
* World population reaches 6 billion people, as the 6 billionth person (according to the UN) is born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
October 13 – The United States Senate rejects ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
October 15 – A National Geographic Society press conference reveals the fossil of ''Archaeoraptor'' (which is later found to be a forgery).
October 27 – Gunmen open fire in the Armenian Parliament, killing Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Parliament Chairman Karen Demirchyan, and 6 other members.
October 31
* EgyptAir Flight 990, travelling from New York City to Cairo, crashes off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing all 217 on board. When the pilot leaves the cockpit, the co-pilot causes the Boeing 767 to enter a steep dive, resulting in impact with the Atlantic Ocean.
* Roman Catholic Church and Lutheran Church leaders sign the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, ending a centuries-old doctrinal dispute over the nature of faith and salvation.
November 6 – Australians defeat a referendum proposing the replacement of The Queen and The Governor General with a President to make Australia a republic.
November 9 – TAESA Flight 725, covering the route Tijuana–Guadalajara–Uruapan–Mexico City, crashes a few minutes after takeoff from Uruapan International Airport, killing 18 people on board. This event causes the bankruptcy of the Mexican airline a few months later.
November 12 – A 7.2-magnitude earthquake strikes Duzce and northwestern Turkey, killing 845 and injuring 4,948.
November 18 – The Aggie Bonfire collapses in College Station, TX, killing 12.
November 19 – Mikhail Gorbachev proposes that the UN create an International Men's Day, which is now commemorated every year on this same date.
November 20 – The People's Republic of China launches the first Shenzhou spacecraft.
November 26 – An earthquake and tsunami strike Vanuatu.
November 27 – The left-wing Labour Party takes control of the New Zealand government, with leader Helen Clark becoming the second female Prime Minister in New Zealand's history.
November 30 – The ExxonMobil Corporation merger is completed, forming the largest company in the world.
December 3
* After rowing for 81 days and 2,962 nautical miles (5486 km), Tori Murden becomes the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone, when she reaches Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.
* NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Polar Lander, moments before the spacecraft enters the Martian atmosphere.
December 18 – NASA launches into orbit the Terra platform, carrying 5 Earth Observation instruments, including ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS and MOPITT.
December 20 – The sovereignty of Macau is transferred from the Portuguese Republic to the People's Republic of China after 422 years of Portuguese rule.
December 22 – Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509, a Boeing 747-200F crashes shortly after take-off from London Stansted Airport due to pilot error. All 4 crew members were killed.
December 26 – Storm Lothar killed 137 people as it crossed France, southern Germany, and Switzerland.
December 27 – Storm Martin caused damage throughout France, Spain, Switzerland and Italy, including an emergency due to flooding at the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant.
December 31
* The U.S. turns over complete administration of the Panama Canal to the Panamanian Government, as stipulated in the Torrijos-Carter Treaty of 1977.
* Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting President.
May 16 – Cameron Boyce, American actor
July 30 – Joey King, American actress
August 28 – Prince Nikolai of Denmark
October 15 – Bailee Madison, American actress
November 10 – Kiernan Shipka, American actress
March 12 –Mariam Tounkara, american actress
January 11
* Fabrizio de André, Italian singer and songwriter (b. 1940)
* Brian Moore, Irish-born writer (b. 1921)
January 14 – Jerzy Grotowski, Polish theatre director (b. 1933)
January 21 – Susan Strasberg, American actress (b. 1938)
January 22 – Graham Staines, Australian missionary (b. 1941)
January 25 – Robert Shaw, American conductor (b. 1916)
January 28 – Markey Robinson, Irish painter (b. 1918)
January 31 – Norm Zauchin, American baseball player (b. 1929)
February 1
* Paul Mellon, American philanthropist (b. 1907)
* Barış Manço, Turkish singer and television personality (b. 1943)
February 5 – Wassily Leontief, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
February 6
* Jimmy Roberts, American singer (b. 1924)
* Don Dunstan, Australian politician (b. 1926)
February 7 – King Hussein of Jordan (b. 1935)
February 8 – Iris Murdoch, Irish author (b. 1919)
February 9 – Bryan Mosley, English actor (b. 1931)
February 14 – John Ehrlichman, American Watergate scandal figure (b. 1925)
February 15
* Henry Way Kendall, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1926)
* Big L, American rapper (b. 1974)
February 17 – Sunshine Parker, American actor (b. 1927)
February 18 – Noam Pitlik, American actor and director (b. 1932)
February 20
* Sarah Kane, English playwright (b. 1971)
* Gene Siskel, American film critic (b. 1946)
February 21 – Gertrude B. Elion, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1918)
February 22 – William Bronk, American poet (b. 1918)
February 24
* Andre Dubus, American short-story writer (b. 1936)
* Virginia Foster Durr, American civil rights activist (b. 1903)
* Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (b. 1916)
February 25 – Glenn Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
February 26 – José Quintero, Panamanian director (b. 1924)
February 28 – Bill Talbert, American tennis player (b. 1918)
March 1 – Ann Corio, American dancer and actress (b. 1914)
March 2 – Dusty Springfield, English singer (b. 1939)
March 3 – Gerhard Herzberg, German-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
March 4
* Harry Blackmun, American judge (b. 1908)
* Del Close, American actor, writer, and teacher (b. 1934)
March 5 – Richard Kiley, American actor (b. 1922)
March 7
* Sidney Gottlieb, American Central Intelligence Agency official (b. 1918)
* Stanley Kubrick, American film director and producer (b. 1928)
March 8 – Joe DiMaggio, American baseball player (b. 1914)
March 12 – Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (b. 1916)
March 13 – Garson Kanin, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1912)
March 17 – Ernest Gold, Austrian-born composer (b. 1921)
March 18 – Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine writer (b. 1914)
March 26 – David Holliday, British actor (b. 1937)
March 29 – Joe Williams, American singer (b. 1918)
March 31 – Yuri Knorozov, Russian linguist and epigrapher (b. 1922)
April 3 – Lionel Bart, English composer (b. 1930)
April 4 – Faith Domergue, American actress (b. 1924)
April 10 – Jean Vander Pyl, American television actress (b. 1919)
April 12 – Boxcar Willie, American country music singer (b. 1931)
April 14
* Ellen Corby, American actress (b. 1911)
* Anthony Newley, English actor, singer and songwriter (b. 1931)
April 20
* Rick Rude, American professional wrestler (b. 1958)
* Señor Wences, Spanish ventriloquist (b. 1896)
April 21
* Charles "Buddy" Rogers, American silent film actor (b. 1904)
April 25
* Lord Killanin, Irish journalist and Olympic official (b. 1914)
* Herman Miller, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1919)
April 26 – Adrian Borland, British musician and producer (b. 1957) (The Sound)
April 27
* Al Hirt, American trumpeter and bandleader (b. 1922)
* Cyril Washbrook, English cricketer (b. 1914)
April 28
* Rory Calhoun, American television and film actor (b. 1922)
* Arthur Leonard Schawlow, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1921)
April 30 – Sir Alf Ramsey, English football manager (b. 1920)
May 2 – Oliver Reed, English actor (b. 1938)
May 8
* Sir Dirk Bogarde, English actor (b. 1921)
* Dana Plato, American actress (b. 1963)
May 10
* Shel Silverstein, American author and poet (b. 1930)
* Sir Eric Willis, Australian politician, former Premier of New South Wales (b. 1922)
May 12 – Saul Steinberg, Romanian-born cartoonist (b. 1914)
May 13 – Gene Sarazen, American golfer (b. 1902)
May 17 – Henry Jones, American actor (b. 1912)
May 18 – Betty Robinson, American athlete (b. 1911)
May 19 – Alister Williamson, Australian actor (b. 1918)
May 23 – Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1965)
May 26 – Paul Sacher, Swiss conductor (b. 1906)
June 5 – Mel Torme, American singer (b. 1925)
June 6 – Anne Haddy, Australian actress (b. 1927)
June 9 – Maurice Journeau, French composer (b. 1898)
June 11 – DeForest Kelley, American actor (b. 1920)
June 16 – Screaming Lord Sutch, English politician (b. 1940)
June 25 – Fred Feast, English actor (b. 1929)
June 27 – Jorgos Papadopoulos, military ruler of Greece (b. 1919)
June 29 – Allan Carr, American producer (b. 1937)
July 1
* Edward Dmytryk, Canadian-American film director (b. 1908)
* Guy Mitchell, American singer (b. 1927)
* Sylvia Sidney, American actress (b. 1910)
July 2 – Mario Puzo, American author (b. 1920)
July 4 – Jack Watson, English actor (b. 1915)
July 6
* Carl Gunter Jr, American politician (b. 1938)
* Joaquin Rodrigo, Spanish composer (b. 1901)
July 8 – Charles Conrad, American astronaut (b. 1930)
July 11 – Helen Forrest, American jazz singer (b. 1917)
July 16 – John F. Kennedy, Jr., American actor and son of John F. Kennedy (b. 1960)
July 19 – Jerold Wells, English actor (b. 1908)
July 20 – Sandra Gould, American actress (b. 1916)
July 23 – King Hassan II of Morocco (b. 1929)
July 26 – Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
July 29
* Anita Carter, American singer (b. 1933)
* Rajendra Kumar, Indian film actor, producer and director (b. 1929)
August 1 – Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali writer (b. 1897)
August 3 – Leroy Vinnegar, American musician (b. 1928)
August 4 – Victor Mature, American actor (b. 1913)
August 14 – Lane Kirkland, American union leader (b. 1922)
August 23
* Norman Wexler, American screenwriter (b. 1926)
* James White, Irish writer (b. 1928)
August 24 – Mary Jane Croft, American actress (b. 1916)
September 5 – Allen Funt, American television personality (b. 1914)
September 6 – Lagumot Harris, Nauruan politician and former President (b. 1938)
September 9 – Ruth Roman, American actress (b. 1922)
September 10 – Alfredo Kraus, Spanish tenor (b. 1927)
September 12 – Allen Stack, American Olympic swimmer (b. 1928)
September 14 – Charles Crichton, English film director (b. 1910)
September 20 – Raisa Gorbachyova, Soviet first lady (b. 1932)
September 22 – George C. Scott, American actor (b. 1927)
September 23 – Ivan Goff, Australian screenwriter (b. 1910)
October 6
* Amália Rodrigues, Portuguese Fado legend (b. 1920)
* Gorilla Monsoon, American professional wrestler and announcer (b. 1937)
October 7 – Helen Vinson, American actress (b. 1907)
October 8 – John McLendon, American basketball coach (b. 1915)
October 9
* Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani pioneer in microcredit and microfinance (b. 1914)
* Milt Jackson, American musician (b. 1923)
October 11 – Rafi' Daham Al-Tikriti, Director of the Iraqi Intelligence Service (b. 1937)
October 12 – Wilt Chamberlain, American basketball player (b. 1936)
October 14 – Julius Nyerere, President of Tanzania (b. 1922)
October 19
* Harry Bannink, Dutch composer and musician (b. 1929)
* James C. Murray, American politician (b. 1917)
October 20 – Jack Lynch, Prime Minister of Ireland (b. 1917)
October 21
* Lars Bo, Danish artist and writer (b. 1924)
* John Bromwich, Australian tennis player (b. 1918)
October 24 – John Chafee, American politician (b. 1922)
October 25 – Payne Stewart, American golfer (b. 1957)
October 26
* Rex Gildo, German singer (b. 1939)
* Hoyt Axton, American actor and singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
* Abraham Polonsky, American screenwriter and director (b. 1910)
October 27
* Frank De Vol, American composer (b. 1911)
* Robert Mills, American physicist (b. 1927)
October 31 – Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver (b. 1975)
November 1 – Theodore Hall, American physicist and spy (b. 1925)
November 3 – Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928)
November 9 – Mabel King, American actress (b. 1932)
November 11 – Mary Kay Bergman, American actress (b. 1961)
November 15 – Gene Levitt, American television writer, producer, and director (b. 1920)
November 16 – Daniel Nathans, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1928)
November 18
* Paul Bowles, American novelist (b. 1910)
* Horst P. Horst, German-American photographer (b. 1906)
* Doug Sahm, American musician (b. 1941)
November 21 – Quentin Crisp, English writer (b. 1908)
November 29
* Gene Rayburn, American television personality (b. 1917)
* Iwamoto Kaoru, Japanese professional Go player (b. 1902)
November 30 – Charlie Byrd, American Jazz musician and classical guitarist (b. 1925)
December 2 – Joey Adams, American comedian (b. 1911)
December 3
* Scatman John, American musician (b. 1942)
* Jarl Wahlström, Salvation Army general (b. 1918)
* Madeline Kahn, American actress (b. 1942)
December 4 – Rose Bird, American judge (b. 1936)
December 8 – Péter Kuczka, Hungarian author (b. 1923)
December 10 – Rick Danko, Canadian musician (b. 1943)
December 11 – Franjo Tuđman, President of Croatia (b. 1922)
December 12
* Paul Cadmus, American artist (b. 1904)
* Joseph Heller, American novelist (b. 1923)
December 17
* Rex Allen, American actor, singer, and songwriter (b. 1920)
* Grover Washington, Jr., American saxophonist (b. 1943)
December 18 – Robert Bresson, French filmmaker (b. 1901)
December 19
* Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (b. 1914)
* Robert Dougall, British newsreader (b. 1913)
December 20
* Irving Rapper, American film director (b. 1898)
* Hank Snow, Canadian musician (b. 1914)
December 23 – John P. Davies, American diplomat (b. 1908)
December 24
* Tito Guízar, Mexican singer and film actor (b. 1908)
* Joao Figueiredo, former President of Brazil (b. 1918)
December 26 – Curtis Mayfield, American musician and composer (b. 1942)
December 27 – Leonard Goldenson, American television executive (b. 1905)
December 28 – Clayton Moore, American actor (b. 1914)
December 31 – Elliot Richardson, American Attorney General under Richard Nixon (b. 1920)
Physics – Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman
Chemistry – Ahmed H. Zewail
Physiology or Medicine – Günter Blobel
Literature – Günter Grass
Peace – Médecins Sans Frontières
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Robert Mundell
Ian Barbour
Computer/video games:
* Released after 1999 and set in the historical year:
** ''Silent Scope 2: Dark Silhouette'' (2000): The first stage takes place in 1999. The remainder of the game is set in 2000.
** ''Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow'' (''Castlevania'' series, 2003): Julius Belmont is finally able to defeat Dracula for good and seal away his Castle.
* Released in 1999 and stated to take place in that year:
** ''Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation'' (1999) all game takes place on the last days of 1999.
* Released before 1999 and set in the "future" year:
** ''Smash TV'' (1990) is set in 1999.
** ''Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake'' (1990) is set on December 24, 1999.
** ''Chrono Trigger'' (1995): The apocalyptic Day of Lavos takes place on April 24
Film:
* Released after 1999 and set in the historical year:
** ''Blood Diamond'' (2006)
** ''Alpha Dog'' (2006)
* Released in 1999 and stated to take place in that year:
** ''Entrapment'' (1999): The film takes place during the week leading up to December 31.
** ''End of Days'' (1999): The film involves Satan's plot to conquer the earth on New Year's Eve of '99
** ''The Matrix'' (1999): The year within the Matrix is said to be 1999.
** ''Fight Club'' (1999) The year within Fight Club is said to be 1999, just before the beginning of the Millennium.
* Released before 1999 and set in the "future" year:
** ''Strange Days'' (1995): The film takes place leading up to New Year's Eve, 1999.
** ''Class of 1999 II: The Substitute'' (1994)
** ''Until the End of the World'' (1991)
** ''Class of 1999'' (1990)
** ''Prophecies of Nostradamus'' (1974)
** ''Destroy All Monsters'' (1968)
** ''2001: A Space Odyssey (film)'' (1968): The first scenes of the future take place in the year 1999.
Music:
* Prince's 1982 song "1999" is about "party like it's 1999."
* The Megadeth song "Set the World Afire", from their album ''So Far, So Good... So What!'', contains the line "Distorted figures walk the earth, it's 1999". The song, which is a protest song against nuclear weapons, was written in 1987, implying that the Earth could be nearly completely devastated by nuclear weapons in 12 years without any action taken against them.
* A song by Huey Lewis and the News called "Back in Time" features the line "Is this the 50's, or 1999?"
Television:
* ''Futurama'': The series' protagonist, Fry, is accidentally cryogenicly frozen on December 31, 1999.
* ''Dragon Ball Z'' ("Transformed at Last," October 18, 1999): Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan for the first time in the United States; aired on Toonami, a now-defunct block on Cartoon Network.
* ''Space: 1999'' (1975–1977): A huge explosion sends the Moon hurtling out of Earth's orbit on September 13 (a Friday in the series, but not in reality).
* ''The Super Dimension Fortress Macross'' (1982–1983): A huge spaceship appears high above Earth and crashes into an island in the Pacific, triggering a world war.
* Three Super Sentai series — ''Choujin Sentai Jetman'' (1991–1992), ''Chōriki Sentai Ohranger'' (1995–1996), and ''Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGo-V'' (1999–2000) — take place in 1999.
* ''Hunter x Hunter'' (TV Anime Series) (1999–2001) Gon Freecs, a young boy, is aiming to become a Hunter to search for his father. He meets some new friends during the Exam, and the struggles he must face on his quest will be beyond anything he's ever imagined.
* In ''Kamen Rider Kabuto'' (2006–2007), 1999 is the year in which a meteor struck the city of shibuya and also spawned the Worm, an alien race that forms the main antagonist in the series. In the movie based on the show, the meteor was much bigger and also dried up the oceans, resulting in a post-apocalyptic world
* Family Guy the episode Da Boom is set on the 31st of December 1999
* In the TV series of ''Quantum Leap'' (1988–1993) project Quantum Leap is said to be launched in New Mexico, 1999.
Events
January
February
February 2 – Hugo Chávez becomes President of Venezuela. February 4 – Unarmed Guinean immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race relations in the city.
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Births
Deaths
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Nobel Prizes
Templeton Prize
In fiction
References
af:1999 am:1999 እ.ኤ.አ. ar:ملحق:1999 an:1999 roa-rup:1999 frp:1999 ast:1999 gn:1999 av:1999 ay:1999 az:1999 bn:১৯৯৯ zh-min-nan:1999 nî map-bms:1999 be:1999 be-x-old:1999 bh:१९९९ bcl:1999 bs:1999 br:1999 bg:1999 ca:1999 cv:1999 ceb:1999 cs:1999 cbk-zam:1999 co:1999 cy:1999 da:1999 de:1999 et:1999 el:1999 myv:1999 ие es:1999 eo:1999 eu:1999 fa:۱۹۹۹ (میلادی) hif:1999 fo:1999 fr:1999 fy:1999 fur:1999 ga:1999 gv:1999 gd:1999 gl:1999 gan:1999年 xal:1999 җил ko:1999년 haw:1999 hy:1999 hi:1999 hr:1999. io:1999 ig:1999 ilo:1999 bpy:মারি ১৯৯৯ id:1999 ia:1999 iu:1999 os:1999-æм аз is:1999 it:1999 he:1999 jv:1999 kn:೧೯೯೯ pam:1999 krc:1999 джыл ka:1999 csb:1999 kk:1999 kw:1999 sw:1999 kv:1999 во ht:1999 (almanak gregoryen) ku:1999 la:1999 lv:1999. gads lb:1999 lt:1999 m. lij:1999 li:1999 ln:1999 jbo:1999moi lmo:1999 hu:1999 mk:1999 ml:1999 mi:1999 mr:इ.स. १९९९ arz:1999 ms:1999 mn:1999 nah:1999 nl:1999 nds-nl:1999 ne:सन् १९९९ new:सन् १९९९ ja:1999年 nap:1999 no:1999 nn:1999 nrm:1999 nov:1999 oc:1999 mhr:1999 uz:1999 pa:੧੯੯੯ pi:१९९९ pag:1999 pnb:1999 pap:1999 pms:1999 tpi:1999 nds:1999 pl:1999 pt:1999 crh:1999 ty:1999 ro:1999 qu:1999 rue:1999 ru:1999 год sah:1999 se:1999 sco:1999 stq:1999 sq:1999 scn:1999 simple:1999 sk:1999 sl:1999 so:1999 ckb:١٩٩٩ sr:1999 sh:1999 su:1999 fi:1999 sv:1999 tl:1999 ta:1999 tt:1999 ел te:1999 tet:1999 th:พ.ศ. 2542 tg:1999 tr:1999 tk:1999 udm:1999 ар uk:1999 ur:1999ء vec:1999 vi:1999 vo:1999 fiu-vro:1999 wa:1999 zh-classical:一九九九年 vls:1999 war:1999 yi:1999 yo:1999 zh-yue:1999年 diq:1999 bat-smg:1999 zh:1999年This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Name | Sadat X |
|---|---|
| Background | solo_singer |
| Birth name | Derek Murphy |
| Born | December 29, 1968 |
| Origin | Bronx, New York |
| Genre | Hip Hop |
| Years active | 1989–present |
| Label | Elektra RecordsLoud RecordsArista RecordsRelativity RecordsBabygrande RecordsFemale Fun MusicFat Beats Records |
| Website | http://www.myspace.com/sadatx |
| Associated acts | Brand Nubian, Grand Puba, Diamond D, Lord Finesse, DITC, Showbiz & A.G., Buckwild, The Beatnuts, Beatehaş, Vlad Dobrescu }} |
In 1996, Sadat appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, America is Dying Slowly, alongside Biz Markie, Wu-Tang Clan, and Fat Joe, among many other prominent hip hop artists. The CD, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic among African American men, was heralded as "a masterpiece" by The Source magazine.
Biography
On December 22, 2005, Sadat was arrested in Harlem and charged with criminal possession of a weapon, reckless endangerment and resisting arrest. On October 3, 2006, Female Fun Music released Sadat's third full-length album ''Black October''.Sadat is involved in teaching children. Has worked as an elementary school teacher in New Rochelle, New York. Qualified as a firefighter in New Rochelle, New York. Coaches children's basketball for the New York City Basketball League. He also played point guard for the Howard University basketball team.
On March 23, 2010, Sadat X released ''Wild Cowboys II'', the long-awaited sequel to his 1996 solo debut ''Wild Cowboys'', on Fat Beats Records. The album featured several guest appearances from Ill Bill, Kurupt, A.G., Brand Nubian, Rhymefest and others, with production from Pete Rock, Diamond D, Buckwild, Sir Jinx and others. On February 23, 2010, he released an EP, containing five songs from the album and their complementary instrumentals, which is currently available at any music store. The first single from the album is "Turn It Up" which features, and is produced by, Pete Rock. A music video for the song premiered on March 12, 2010, which contains cameo appearances from different New York veteran rappers.
Discography
Solo albums
| Album information | ||||
| *Released: July 15, 1996 | *Billboard 200 chart position: #83 | *R&B;/Hip-Hop chart position: #13 | *Singles: "Hang 'Em High"/"Stages & Lights", "The Lump Lump" | |
| *Released: September 19, 2000 | *Billboard 200 chart position: - | *R&B;/Hip-Hop chart position: - | *Singles: "Cock it Back"/"You Can't Deny", "Ka-Ching" | |
| *Released: October 25, 2005 | *Billboard 200 chart position: - | *R&B;/Hip-Hop chart position: - | *Singles: "God is Back", "What Did I Do?"/"The Great Diamond D" | |
| align="left" | *Released: October 3, 2006 | *Billboard 200 chart position: - | *R&B;/Hip-Hop chart position: - | *Singles: "Why?" |
| align="left" | *Released: November 4, 2008 | *Billboard 200 chart position: - | *R&B;/Hip-Hop chart position: - | *Singles: "This is Your Life", "Never" |
| *Released: May 5, 2009 | *Billboard 200 chart position: - | *R&B;/Hip-Hop chart position: - | *Singles: "Nuthin", "Blow Up Da Spot" | |
| *Released: March 23, 2010 | *Billboard 200 chart position: - | *R&B;/Hip-Hop chart position: - | *Singles: "Turn It Up" |
|align="left"|''[No Features]]''
| !Information | ||
| ''Operation Take Back Hip Hop'' | 2008 | *Stay In Ya Lane |
Kent C. Aka Burnout
| !Information | ||
| ''Phone Freestyle EP'' | 2009 | *Phone Freestyle |
Shawn Lov
| !Information | ||
| ''Future Left Behind'' | 2010 | *Rare Grooves |
References
External links
Category:1968 births Category:African American rappers Category:Rappers from New York City Category:Members of the Nation of Gods and Earths Category:Living people
de:Sadat X it:Sadat X pl:Sadat X tr:Sadat XThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| playername | Carles Puyol |
|---|---|
| fullname | Carles Puyol i Saforcada |
| dateofbirth | April 13, 1978 |
| cityofbirth | La Pobla de Segur |
| countryofbirth | Spain |
| height | |
| currentclub | Barcelona |
| clubnumber | 5 |
| position | Defender |
| youthyears1 | 1993–1995 |
| youthyears2 | 1995–1997 |
| youthclubs1 | Pobla de Segur |
| youthclubs2 | Barcelona |
| years1 | 1997–2000 |
| years2 | 1999– |
| clubs1 | Barcelona B |
| clubs2 | Barcelona |
| caps1 | 89 |
| caps2 | 348 |
| goals1 | 6 |
| goals2 | 7 |
| nationalyears1 | 1995 |
| nationalyears2 | 2000 |
| nationalyears3 | 2000 |
| nationalyears4 | 2000– |
| nationalyears5 | 2001– |
| nationalteam1 | Spain U18 |
| nationalteam2 | Spain U21 |
| nationalteam3 | Spain U23 |
| nationalteam4 | Spain |
| nationalteam5 | Catalonia |
| nationalcaps1 | 3 |
| nationalcaps2 | 4 |
| nationalcaps3 | 5 |
| nationalcaps4 | 94 |
| nationalcaps5 | 5 |
| nationalgoals1 | 0 |
| nationalgoals2 | 0 |
| nationalgoals3 | 0 |
| nationalgoals4 | 3 |
| nationalgoals5 | 0 |
| medaltemplates | }} |
Mainly a central defender, he can also play on either flank, especially as a right back. He also served as a longtime team captain for his only club FC Barcelona after taking over from Luis Enrique in August 2004, going on to appear in more than 500 official games for the team and win 15 major titles, notably five La Liga and three UEFA Champions League championships.
A Spanish international on nearly 100 occasions, Puyol was part of the squads that won the Euro 2008 and the 2010 World Cup tournaments.
Club career
Born in La Pobla de Segur, Lleida, Catalonia, Puyol started playing football for his hometown club, as a goalkeeper. However, after injury problems with his shoulder, he switched to striker. He said that in his youth, "My parents were skeptical about me becoming a footballer and encouraged me to study." In 1995, he joined FC Barcelona's youth system at La Masia, switching positions again, to play as a defensive midfielder; two years later, he started playing for the club's B-team, occupying the position of right back.In 1999, then-coach Louis van Gaal promoted Puyol to the first team. He made his La Liga debut on 2 October at Real Valladolid, in a 2–0 win. After that, he successfully made another conversion, now to central defender. During the 2003 off-season, as Barcelona was immersed in a financial crisis, Manchester United showed interest in acquiring Puyol's services, but no move ever materialized; two years later, the player extended his contract for a further five seasons.
Puyol was named club captain at the end of the 2003–04 season, after the retirement of Luis Enrique. He continued to be a defensive cornerstone for ''Barça'', being awarded the "Best European right back" award by UEFA in 2002 (amongst other individual accolades), and helping the Catalans win two consecutive league titles. In 2005–06, he appeared in a total of 52 official games, including 12 in the season's UEFA Champions League, which ended in conquest against Arsenal, the club's second.
On 16 September 2008, Puyol made his 400th appearance in all competitions for Barcelona's first team in a Champions League match against Sporting Clube de Portugal. In the league season, he dealt with injury problems, but still contributed to the team by appearing in 28 matches and helped to win another league title, his only goal coming in ''El Clásico'' at Real Madrid on 2 May 2009, which finished with a resounding 6–2 away win; from 2008–10 combined, other than the two league titles, he was essential in conquering the 2009 UEFA Super Cup, the 2009 Champions League and the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, appearing in nearly 100 official matches, and describing the club as "the team who every Catalan child wants to play for... I am living the dream playing football for Barça and it is my dream to retire playing here."
Puyol struggled again with injury in the 2010–11 season, but still appeared in 28 official games for Barcelona, which again won the league and the Champions League. He played five minutes in the final of the latter competition, a 3–1 win against Manchester United.
International career
Puyol won his first cap for Spain on 15 November 2000 against the Netherlands, and remained a regular fixture in the following years. He played for the nation at the 2000 Olympics, 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, 2006 World Cup, Euro 2008, 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2010 World Cup.
At Euro 2008, Puyol started throughout the vast majority of the competition, as the defensive backline only conceded two goals in five games, with an eventual final win against Germany. He was named in the ''Team of the Tournament'' alongside defensive partner Carlos Marchena, of Valencia CF. He started in three out of five at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, and captained the team when Iker Casillas was rested for the last group stage match; as Spain finished third, he and four other teammates were named in the ''Team of the Tournament''.
At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, Puyol started every match and played almost every minute (he was substituted by Marchena in the 84th minute of the quarter-final against Paraguay). He scored the only goal in the semifinal against Germany with a powerful header from a corner taken by Barcelona teammate Xavi, sending the national team through to their first World Cup final, and scoring his third international goal in 89 matches; in the final, he played the full 120 minutes, as Spain defeated the Netherlands 1–0.
On 1 August 2010, 32-year Puyol announced that he would continue to play for the national team for at least another two years.
Playing style
Puyol is known for his intense commitment and ruggedness as a defender. According to Barcelona's head doctor, Puyol is "the strongest, who has the quickest reactions, and who has the most explosive strength." Club fans refer to him as "The Wall". Miguel Ángel Nadal, who played with him for a short period of time, said, "Carles plays with maturity, has great positional sense, and above all, has pride in his shirt ."Puyol is also known for his leadership and work ethic. He often continues training alone after the end of a team practice session or on days off. He said in 2010, "I don't have Romário's technique, [Marc] Overmars' pace or [Patrick] Kluivert's strength. But I work harder than the others. I'm like the student who is not as clever, but revises for his exams and does OK in the end." He is often described as the heart of the Barcelona team.
Fellow defender Gerard Piqué said: "He's someone who, even if you're winning 3–0 and there's a few seconds left in the game will shout at the top of his voice at you if he thinks your concentration is going." A former team-mate said, "Even four goals down he thinks we can still win", and another described him as "a pain in the arse" but added "that's exactly what we need".
Statistics
Club
| Club | Season | League | Cup | !colspan="2" | Other | Total | ||||||
| !Apps | !Goals | !Apps | !Goals | !Apps | !Goals | !Apps | !Goals | !Apps | !Goals | |||
| rowspan="5" align=center valign=center | Barcelona B | !colspan="2" | 1 | 1| | – | 1 | 1 | |||||
| !colspan="2" | 1997–98 | 42 | 3| | – | 42 | 3 | ||||||
| !colspan="2" | 1998–99 | 38 | 2| | – | 38 | 2 | ||||||
| !colspan="2" | 1999–00 | 8 | 0| | – | 8 | 0 | ||||||
| !colspan="2" | Total | – | 89!!6 | |||||||||
| rowspan="14" align=center valign=center | Barcelona | !colspan="2" | 24 | 0| | 5 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 0 |
| !colspan="2" | 2000–01 | 17 | 0| | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | – | 24 | 0 | ||
| !colspan="2" | 2001–02 | 35 | 2| | 1 | 0 | 15 | 0 | – | 51 | 2 | ||
| !colspan="2" | 2002–03 | 32 | 0| | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | – | 46 | 0 | ||
| !colspan="2" | 2003–04 | 27 | 0| | 4 | 0 | 7 | 0 | – | 38 | 0 | ||
| !colspan="2" | 2004–05 | 36 | 0| | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | – | 45 | 0 | ||
| !colspan="2" | 2005–06 | 35 | 1| | 3 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 52 | 1 | |
| !colspan="2" | 2006–07 | 35 | 1| | 7 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 55 | 2 | |
| !colspan="2" | 2007–08 | 30 | 0| | 7 | 0 | 10 | 1 | – | 47 | 1 | ||
| !colspan="2" | 2008–09 | 28 | 1| | 6 | 0 | 11 | 0 | – | 45 | 1 | ||
| !colspan="2" | 2009–10 | 32 | 1| | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 48 | 1 | |
| !colspan="2" | 2010–11 | 17 | 1| | 3 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 1 | |
| !colspan="2" | 2011–12 | 0 | 0| | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total | !348!!7!!41!!0!!115!!2!!12!!0!!516!!9 | |||||||||||
| Career totals | !437!!13!!41!!0!!115!!2!!12!!0!!605!!15 | |||||||||||
International
|2000||1||0 |- |2001||4||0 |- |2002||10||1 |- |2003||8||0 |- |2004||10||0 |- |2005||10||0 |- |2006||10||0 |- |2007||5||0 |- |2008||14||1 |- |2009||8||0 |- |2010||11||1 |- !Total||91||3 |}
International goals
|- | 1. || 17 April 2002 || Windsor Park, Belfast, Northern Ireland || || 4–0 || 5–0 || Friendly |- | 2. || 11 October 2008 || A. Le Coq Arena, Tallinn, Estonia || || 0–3 || 0–3 || 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | 3. || 7 July 2010 || Moses Mabhida Stadium, Durban, South Africa || || 1–0 || 1–0 || 2010 FIFA World Cup |}
Honours
Barcelona
Country
Individual
Personal life
In 2006, Puyol said that when not working, he leads "a very quiet life... I've not been to a nightclub in Barcelona for years either. When I go out, I stay in a restaurant with my friends." He practices yoga and Pilates, and according to a friend, Thubten Wangchen, is highly interested in Tibetan Buddhism and culture. Puyol met the Dalai Lama in 2007.Puyol's father, Josep, died in a farming accident in late 2006 while Carles was on his way to play a match against Deportivo de La Coruña. He was informed of the news by coach Frank Rijkaard upon landing. He said that this, combined with an injury led to a dark period, with Spanish national team physio Raúl Martínez eventually coming to Barcelona: in the player's words, he "...gave me a great telling off. He made me react, and I began to try to be more cheerful, and not overwhelmed by it all."
Puyol's long shaggy hair has been a distinctive feature throughout his career. Barcelona manager van Gaal, suggested he get it cut when the player was 19, immediately after his first training session with the senior players: "What's your problem, can't you afford the money for a haircut?", Van Gaal asked him in his office. "I said nothing," Puyol remembered, "and to this day have kept my hair as it is". He likes to warm up for games listening to Napalm Death.
In March 2009, Puyol told Goal.com: "I do not like to go out much, although it is good to disconnect and I like to read." In September of the following year, he started a relationship with model Malena Costa. On 16 October, he scored through a header in a 2–1 home win against Valencia CF, and dedicated her the goal by making a heart symbol with both hands. “I dedicate the goal to my girlfriend”, he said after the game.
References
External links
Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:People from Pallars Jussà Category:Spanish footballers Category:Catalan footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:La Liga footballers Category:FC Barcelona Atlètic footballers Category:FC Barcelona footballers Category:Spain youth international footballers Category:Spain under-21 international footballers Category:Spain international footballers Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players Category:2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players Category:Olympic footballers of Spain Category:Olympic silver medalists for Spain Category:Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic medalists in football Category:UEFA European Football Championship-winning players Category:FIFA World Cup-winning players
ar:كارليس بويول an:Carles Puyol az:Karles Puyol bn:কার্লেস পুইয়োল be-x-old:Карлес Пуёль bg:Карлес Пуйол ca:Carles Puyol i Saforcada cs:Carles Puyol da:Carles Puyol de:Carles Puyol et:Carles Puyol es:Carles Puyol eo:Carles Puyol fa:کارلس پویول fr:Carles Puyol ga:Carles Puyol gl:Carles Puyol ko:카를레스 푸욜 hr:Carles Puyol id:Carles Puyol it:Carles Puyol he:קרלס פויול ka:კარლეს პუიოლი la:Carolus Puyol lv:Karless Pujols lt:Carles Puyol hu:Carles Puyol mr:कार्लेस पूयोल nl:Carles Puyol ja:カルレス・プジョル no:Carles Puyol nn:Carles Puyol pl:Carles Puyol pt:Carles Puyol ro:Carles Puyol qu:Carles Puyol ru:Пуйоль, Карлес sq:Carles Puyol simple:Carles Puyol sk:Carles Puyol sl:Carles Puyol sr:Карлес Пујол fi:Carles Puyol sv:Carles Puyol th:การ์เลส ปูยอล tr:Carles Puyol uk:Карлес Пуйоль vi:Carles Puyol zh:卡莱斯·普约尔This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| years active | 1992–present |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Britney Jean Spears |
| birth date | December 02, 1981 |
| birth place | |
| genre | Pop, dance |
| occupation | Singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, record producer, author, fashion designer, video director |
| instrument | Vocals, piano |
| label | Jive |
| associated acts | InnosenseThe New Mickey Mouse Club |
| website | }} |
In 2001, she released her third studio album ''Britney'' and expanded her brand, playing the starring role in the film ''Crossroads''. She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album, ''In the Zone'' (2003), which yielded chart-topping singles "Me Against the Music", "Toxic" and "Everytime". After the release of two compilation albums, Spears experienced personal struggles and her career went under hiatus. Her fifth studio album, ''Blackout'', was released in 2007 and despite receiving little promotion, it spawned hits "Gimme More" and "Piece of Me". In 2008, her erratic behavior and hospitalizations caused her to be placed in a conservatorship. The same year, her sixth studio album ''Circus'' was released, with the global chart-topping lead single "Womanizer". She embarked on her highest-grossing global concert tour, The Circus Starring Britney Spears, in 2009. Her seventh studio album ''Femme Fatale'', released in 2011, has become the first of her albums to yield three top ten singles in the United States.
Spears has sold over 100 million records worldwide. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States, with 33 million certified albums. Spears is also recognized as the best-selling female artist of the first decade of the 21st century, as well as the fifth overall. She was ranked the 8th Artist of the 2000s by ''Billboard''. In June 2010, Spears was ranked sixth on ''Forbes'' list of the 100 Most Powerful and Influential celebrities in the world; she is also the third most mentioned musician on the internet, according to ''Forbes''.
Biography
1981–97: Early life and career beginnings
Britney Jean Spears was born on December 2, 1981, the second child of Lynne Irene (née Bridges) and James Parnell Spears. She is of English heritage through her maternal grandmother, who was born in London, and of distant Maltese descent. Her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn. At age three, she started to attend dance lessons in her hometown of Kentwood, Louisiana, and was selected to perform a solo at the annual recital. During her childhood, she also attended gymnastics and voice lessons, and won many state-level competitions and children's talent shows. Spears made her local stage debut at age five, singing "What Child Is This?" at her kindergarten graduation. She said about her ambition as a child, "I was in my own world, [...] I found out what I'm supposed to do at an early age". At age eight, Spears and her mother Lynne traveled to Atlanta for an audition in the 1990s revival of ''The Mickey Mouse Club''. Casting director Matt Cassella rejected her for being too young to join the series at the time, but introduced her to Nancy Carson, a New York City talent agent. Carson was impressed with Spears's vocals and suggested enrolling her at the Professional Performing Arts School; shortly after, Lynne and her daughters moved to a sublet apartment in New York. Spears was hired for her first professional role as the understudy for the lead role of Tina Denmark in the Off-Broadway musical ''Ruthless!''. She also appeared as a contestant on the popular television show ''Star Search'', as well as being cast in a number of commercials. In December 1992, she was finally cast in ''The Mickey Mouse Club'', but returned to Kentwood after the show was canceled. She enrolled at Parklane Academy in nearby McComb, Mississippi. Although she made friends with most of her classmates, she compared the school to "the opening scene in ''Clueless'' with all the cliques. [...] I was so bored. I was the point guard on the basketball team. I had my boyfriend, and I went to homecoming and Christmas formal. But I wanted more."In June 1997, Spears was in talks with manager Lou Pearlman to join female pop group Innosense. Lynne asked family friend and entertainment lawyer Larry Rudolph for his opinion and submitted a tape of Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song along with some pictures. Rudolph decided he wanted to pitch her to record labels, therefore she needed a professional demo. He sent Spears an unused song from Toni Braxton; she rehearsed for a week and recorded her vocals in a studio with a sound engineer. Spears traveled to New York with the demo and met with executives from four labels, returning to Kentwood the same day. Three of the labels rejected her, arguing audiences wanted pop bands such as the Backstreet Boys and the Spice Girls, and "there wasn't going to be another Madonna, another Debbie Gibson, or another Tiffany." Two weeks later, executives from Jive Records returned calls to Rudolph. Senior vice president of A&R; Jeff Fenster stated about Spears's audition that "It's very rare to hear someone that age who can deliver emotional content and commercial appeal. [...] For any artist, the motivation—the 'eye of the tiger'— is extremely important. And Britney had that." They appointed her to work with producer Eric Foster White for a month, who reportedly shaped her voice from "lower and less poppy" delivery to "distinctively, unmistakably Britney." After hearing the recorded material, president Clive Calder ordered a full album. Spears had originally envisioned "Sheryl Crow music, but younger more adult contemporary" but felt all right with her label's appointment of producers, since "It made more sense to go pop, because I can dance to it—it's more me." She flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, where half of the album was recorded from March to April 1998, with producers Max Martin, Denniz Pop and Rami Yacoub, among others.
1998–00: ''...Baby One More Time'' and ''Oops!... I Did It Again''
After Spears returned to the United States, she embarked on a shopping mall promotional tour to promote her forthcoming album. Her show was a four song set and she was accompanied by two back up dancers. Her first concert tour followed, as an opening act for 'N Sync. Her debut album, ''...Baby One More Time'', was released on January 1999. It debuted at number one on the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200 and was certified two-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America after a month. Worldwide, the album topped the charts in fifteen countries and sold over ten million copies in a year. It became the biggest selling album ever by a teenage artist. The title track was released as the lead single from the album. Originally, Jive Records wanted its music video to be animated; however, Spears rejected it, and suggested the final idea of a Catholic schoolgirl. The single sold 500,000 copies on its first day, and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, topping the chart for two consecutive weeks. "...Baby One More Time" later received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. The title track also topped the singles chart for two weeks in the United Kingdom, and became the fastest-selling single ever by a female artist, shipping over 460,000 copies. It would later become the 25th most successful song of all time in British chart history. Spears is also the youngest female artist to have a million seller in the country. "(You Drive Me) Crazy" was released as the third single from the album. It became a top-ten hit worldwide and propelled ''...Baby One More Time'' to sell 26 million copies.The April 1999 cover of ''Rolling Stone'' featured Spears lying on her bed, clad with a bra, shorts and an open top. The American Family Association (AFA) referred to the shoot as "a disturbing mix of childhood innocence and adult sexuality" and called to "God-loving Americans to boycott stores selling Britney's albums." Spears responded to the outcry commenting, "What's the big deal? I have strong morals. [...] I'd do it again. I thought the pictures were fine. And I was tired of being compared to Debbie Gibson and all of this bubblegum pop all the time." Shortly before, Spears had announced publicly she would remain a virgin until marriage. On June 28, 1999, Spears began her first headlining ...Baby One More Time Tour in North America, which was positively received by critics, but generated some controversy due to her racy outfits. An extension of the tour, titled Crazy 2k, followed in March 2000. Spears premiered songs from her upcoming second album during the show. ''Oops!... I Did It Again'', her second studio album, was released in May 2000. It debuted at number one in the US, selling 1,3 million copies, breaking the SoundScan record for the highest debut sales by any solo artist. The album sold over 20 million copies worldwide. Rob Sheffield of ''Rolling Stone'' said that "the great thing about ''Oops!'' – under the cheese surface, Britney's demand for satisfaction is complex, fierce and downright scary, making her a true child of rock & roll tradition." The album's lead single, "Oops!... I Did It Again", peaked at the top of the charts in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and many other European nations. The album as well as the title track received Grammy nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, respectively.
The same year, Spears embarked on the Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour, which grossed $40.5 million; she also released her first book, ''Britney Spears' Heart-to-Heart'', co-written with her mother. On September 7, 2000, Spears performed at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards. Halfway through the performance, she ripped off her black suit to reveal a sequined flesh-colored bodysuit, followed by heavy dance routine. It is noted by critics as the moment that Spears showed signs of becoming a more provocative performer. Amidst media speculation, Spears confirmed she was dating 'N Sync member Justin Timberlake.
2001–03: ''Britney'', ''Crossroads'' and ''In the Zone''
In February 2001, Spears signed a $7–8 million promotional deal with Pepsi, and released another book co-written with her mother, entitled ''A Mother’s Gift''. Her third studio album, ''Britney'', was released in November 2001. While on tour, she felt inspired by hip hop artists such as Jay-Z and The Neptunes and wanted to create a record with a funkier sound. The album debuted at number one in the ''Billboard'' 200 and reached top five positions in Australia, the United Kingdom and mainland Europe and sold over 12 million copies worldwide. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called ''Britney'' "the record where she strives to deepen her persona, making it more adult while still recognizably Britney. [...] It does sound like the work of a star who has now found and refined her voice, resulting in her best record yet." The album was honored with two Grammy nominations—Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Overprotected"— and was listed in 2008 as one of ''Entertainment Weekly'''s "100 Best Albums from the Past 25 Years". The album's first single, "I'm a Slave 4 U", became a top-ten hit worldwide.Spears's performance of the single at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards featured a caged tiger and a large albino python draped over her shoulders. It was harshly received by animal rights organization PETA, who claimed the animals were mistreated and scrapped plans for an anti-fur billboard that was to feature Spears. To support the album, Spears embarked on the Dream Within a Dream Tour. The show was critically praised for its technical innovations, the ''pièce de résistance'' being a water screen that pumped two tons of water into the stage. The tour grossed $43.7 million, becoming the second highest grossing tour of 2002 by a female artist, behind Cher's Farewell Tour. Her career success was highlighted by ''Forbes'' in 2002, as Spears was ranked the world's most powerful celebrity. Spears also landed her first starring role in ''Crossroads'', released in February 2002. Although the film was largely panned, most critics actually praised Spears's acting. ''Crossroads'', which had a $11 million budget, went on to gross over $57 million worldwide. In June 2002, Spears opened her first restaurant, Nyla, in New York City, but terminated her relationship in November, citing mismanagement and "management's failure to keep her fully apprised". In July 2002, Spears announced she would take a six month break from her career; however, she went back into the studio in October to record her new album. Spears's relationship with Justin Timberlake ended after three years. In December 2002, Timberlake released the song "Cry Me a River" as the second single from his solo debut album. The music video featured a Spears look-alike and fueled the rumors that she had been unfaithful to him. As a response, Spears wrote the ballad "Everytime" with her backing vocalist and friend Annet Artani. The same year, Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst confirmed that he was in a relationship with Spears, only to deny it later. In a 2009 interview, he explained that "I just guess at the time it was taboo for a guy like me to be associated with a gal like her." Spears opened the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards with Christina Aguilera, performing "Like a Virgin". Halfway through they were joined by Madonna, with whom they both kissed. The incident was highly publicized.
Spears released her fourth studio album, ''In the Zone'', in November 2003. She assumed more creative control by writing and co-producing most of the material. ''Vibe'' called it "A supremely confident dance record that also illustrates Spears's development as a songwriter." NPR listed the album as one of "The 50 Most Important Recording of the Decade", adding that "the decade's history of impeccably crafted pop is written on her body of work." ''In the Zone'' sold over 609,000 copies in the United States and debuted at the top of the charts, making Spears the first female artist in the SoundScan era to have her first four studio albums to debut at number one. It also debuted at the top of the charts in France and the top ten in Belgium, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands. ''In the Zone'' sold over 10 million copies worldwide. The album produced the hit singles: "Me Against the Music", a collaboration with Madonna; "Toxic"—which won a Grammy for Best Dance Recording; "Everytime" and "Outrageous".
2004–07: Compilation albums, motherhood, personal struggles and ''Blackout''
On January 3, 2004, Spears married childhood friend Jason Allen Alexander at The Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas, Nevada. The marriage was annulled 55 hours later, stating that Spears "lacked understanding of her actions". She began The Onyx Hotel Tour in support of ''In the Zone'' in March 2004. On June 8, 2004, Spears fell and injured her left knee during the music video shoot for "Outrageous". She was taken immediately to a local hospital, where doctors performed an MRI scan and found floating cartilage. The following day, Spears underwent arthroscopic surgery. She was forced to remain six weeks with a thigh brace, followed by eight to twelve weeks of rehabilitation, which caused The Onyx Hotel Tour to be canceled. During 2004, Spears became involved in the Kabbalah Centre through her friendship with Madonna.In July 2004, she announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The romance received intense attention from the media, since Federline had recently broken up with actress Shar Jackson, who was still pregnant with their second child at the time. The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show ''Britney & Kevin: Chaotic''. They held a wedding ceremony on September 18, 2004, but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6 due to a delay finalizing the couple's prenuptial agreement. Shortly after, she released her first fragrance with Elizabeth Arden, ''Curious'', which broke the company's first-week gross for a perfume. In October 2004, Spears announced she would be taking another career break to start a family. ''Greatest Hits: My Prerogative'', her first greatest hits compilation album, was released in November 2004. Spears's cover version of Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative" was released as the lead single from the album, reaching the top of the charts in Finland, Ireland, Italy and Norway. The second single, "Do Somethin'", was a top ten hit in Australia, the United Kingdom and other countries of mainland Europe. Worldwide, ''Greatest Hits: My Prerogative'' sold over 5 million copies. In late 2004, Spears went on KIIS-FM radio in Los Angeles, CA to play a new demo titled "Mona Lisa." The demo was to be the first single from an upcoming album called the "Original Doll." However, Spears' label later cancelled the album for unknown reasons. Spears gave birth to her first child, Sean Preston Federline, on September 14, 2005.
In November 2005, she released her first remix compilation, ''B in the Mix: The Remixes'', which consists of eleven remixes. In February 2006, pictures surfaced of Spears driving with her son Sean, on her lap instead of in a car seat. Child advocates were horrified by the photos of her holding the wheel with one hand and Sean with the other. Spears claimed that the situation happened because of a frightening encounter with paparazzi, and that it was a mistake on her part. The following month, she guest-starred on the ''Will & Grace'' episode "Buy, Buy Baby" as closeted lesbian Amber Louise. She publicly announced she no longer studied Kabbalah in June 2006, explaining, "my baby is my religion." Two months later, Spears posed nude for the cover of ''Harper's Bazaar''. The picture was heavily compared to Demi Moore's August 1991 ''Vanity Fair'' cover. She gave birth to her second child, Jayden James Federline, on September 12, 2006. On November 7, 2006, Spears filed for divorce from Federline, citing irreconcilable differences. Their divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the couple reached a global settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their children. Spears's aunt Sandra Bridges Covington, with whom she had been very close, died of ovarian cancer in January. On February 16, 2007, Spears stayed in a drug rehabilitation facility in Antigua for less than a day. The following night, she shaved her head with electric clippers at a hair salon in Tarzana, Los Angeles. She admitted herself to other treatment facilities during the following weeks. After completing a month-long program at Promises, she wrote on her website, "I truly hit rock bottom. Till this day I don't think that it was alcohol or depression. [...] was like a bad kid running around with ADD." In May 2007, she produced a series of promotional concerts at House of Blues venues, titled The M+M's Tour. Spears lost physical custody of her children to Federline on October 1, 2007. The reasons of the court ruling were not revealed to the public.
Her fifth studio album, ''Blackout'', was released in October 2007. It debuted at the top of charts in Canada and Ireland, number two in the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200,—held off from the top spot by Eagles's ''Long Road out of Eden''— France, Japan, Mexico and the United Kingdom and the top ten in Australia, Korea, New Zealand and many European nations. In the United States, Spears became the only female artist to have her first five studio albums debut at the two top slots of the chart. ''Blackout'' sold over 3.1 million copies worldwide. Peter Robinson of ''The Observer'' said that "Britney has delivered the best album of her career, raising the bar for modern pop music with an incendiary mix of Timbaland's ''Shock Value'' and her own back catalogue." Dennis Lim of ''Blender'' commented, "Spears’s fifth studio album is her most consistent, a seamlessly entertaining collection of bright, brash electropop." ''Blackout'' won Album of the Year at MTV Europe Music Awards 2008 and was listed as the fifth Best Pop Album of the Decade by ''The Times''. Spears performed the lead single "Gimme More" at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards. The performance was panned by many critics. David Willis of BBC stated her performance would "go down in the history books as being one of the worst to grace the MTV Awards". Despite the backlash, the single rocketed to worldwide success, peaking at number one in Canada and the top ten in almost every country it charted. The second single "Piece of Me" reached the top of the charts in Ireland and reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The third single "Break the Ice" was released the following year and had moderate success due to Spears not being able to promote it properly. In December 2007, Spears began a relationship with paparazzo Adnan Ghalib.
2008–10: Conservatorship and ''Circus''
On January 3, 2008, Spears refused to relinquish custody of her sons to Federline's representatives. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, after police that arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an illicit substance. The following day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of the children. On January 31, 2008, Spears was committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold. The court placed her under temporary conservatorship of her father James Spears and attorney Andrew Wallet, giving them complete control of her assets. Spears was released on February 6, 2008. Her parents expressed disappointment and concern at the decision to release her. The following month, she guest-starred on the ''How I Met Your Mother'' episode "Ten Sessions" as receptionist Abby. She received positive reviews for her performance, as well as bringing the series its highest ratings ever. In July 2008, Spears regained some visitation rights after coming to an agreement with Federline and his counsel. On September 7, 2008, Spears opened the MTV Video Music Awards with a pre-taped comedy sketch with Jonah Hill and an introduction speech. She won Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Video of the Year for "Piece of Me". A 60-minute introspective documentary, ''Britney: For the Record'', was produced to chronicle Spears' return to the recording industry. Directed by Phil Griffin, ''For the Record'' was entirely shot in Beverly Hills, Hollywood, and New York City during the third quarter of 2008. Main shooting began on September 5, 2008, two days before Spears' appearance at the MTV Video Music Awards. ''For the Record'' was broadcast on MTV on November 30, 2008 to 5.6 million viewers for the two airings on the premiere night. MTV reported that Spears' documentary garnered on average, the highest rating in its Sunday night timeslot, in the network's history.Her sixth studio album ''Circus'', was released in December 2008. It received positive reviews from critics; according to the music review aggregation of Metacritic, it garnered an average score of 64/100. ''Circus'' debuted at number one in Canada, Czech Republic and the United States, and inside the top in many European nations. In the United States, Spears became the youngest female artist to have five albums debut at number one, earning a place in the ''Guinness Book of World Records''. She also became the only act in the Soundscan era to have four albums debut with 500,000 or more copies sold. ''Circus'' became one of the fastest-selling albums of the year, and has sold 4 million copies worldwide. Its lead single, "Womanizer", became her first number one in the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 since "...Baby One More Time" and topped the charts in countries such as Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway and Sweden. It was also nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Dance Recording. In January 2009, Spears and her father James obtained a restraining order against her former manager Sam Lufti, ex-boyfriend Adnan Ghalib and attorney Jon Eardley—all of whom, court documents claim, had been conspiring to gain control of Spears's affairs. The restraining order forbids Lutfi and Ghalib from contacting Spears or coming within 250 yards of her, her property or family members. Spears embarked on The Circus Starring Britney Spears in March 2009. With a gross of U.S. $131.8 million, it became the fifth highest grossing tour of the year.
She released her second greatest hits album, ''The Singles Collection'' in November 2009. "3" became her third number one single in the US, and was the first song to debut at the top of the charts in three years. Later that month, she released an application for iPhone and iPod Touch titled "It's Britney!". In May 2010, Spears's representatives confirmed she was dating her agent Jason Trawick, and that they had decided to end their professional relationship to focus on their personal relationship. Spears designed a limited edition clothing line for Candie's, which was released in stores in July 2010. On September 28, 2010, she made a cameo appearance on a Spears-themed tribute episode of American TV show ''Glee'', titled "Britney/Brittany". Spears approved of the episode, although her appearances received mixed reviews from critics. The episode drew ''Glee'''s second largest audience, as well as the show's highest ratings ever.
2011–present: ''Femme Fatale''
In March 2011, Spears released her seventh studio album ''Femme Fatale''. Max Martin and Dr. Luke executive produced the album and the album's first single "Hold It Against Me". The single debuted at number-one on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. This gave Spears her fourth number-one single on the chart, and made her only the second artist in history to have two consecutive singles debut at number-one, after Mariah Carey. The album peaked at number one in the United States(selling 276,000 copies), Canada, and Australia, and peaked inside the top ten on nearly every other chart. The album's peak in the United States ties Britney with Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson for the third-most number ones among women. ''Femme Fatale'' has sold over 590,000 copies in the United States and has been certified platinum by the RIAA. The album received positive critical reviews after its release, receiving a score of 67 on Metacritic, her highest critical score since ''Oops!... I Did It Again,'' with many critics naming the album one of Spears's best. In April 2011, Spears appeared in a remix to the song "S&M;" by Rihanna after Rihanna asked her fans via Twitter who they wanted her to collaborate with. The song reached number one in the US in mid-April 2011, giving Britney her fifth number one on the chart. In early May, Spears' second single from ''Femme Fatale'', "Till The World Ends", reached number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and had ninety-eight million audience impressions on the ''Billboard'' chart, granting Spears the highest weekly audience of her 13-year chart career. ''Femme Fatale's'' third single "I Wanna Go" reached the top forty on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in June 2011. Among females in the last thirteen years, Spears now has the third-most top forty hits, with twenty-one. In August, the single managed to reach the top-ten on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, which is the first time for Spears to have three songs from one album in the top-ten. On the week ending September 24, 2011, "I Wanna Go" moved 2-1 on the mainstream top 40, becoming her sixth number-one on that chart (making her tied for third all-time) and her first number-one and third top-ten pop song for ''Femme Fatale.'' Spears now has the longest span of number ones on the mainstream top 40, with a length of twelve years, seven months, and four days.On March 2011, Spears announced that she would tour throughout the United States during summer 2011 The Femme Fatale Tour opened June 16 at the Power Balance Pavilion in Sacramento, California to positive reviews. Many critics noted that Spears sang more of the concert live in response to lip-synching accusations during The Circus Starring Britney Spears, and that the dancing is some of her best in years. The first ten US dates of the tour grossed $6.2 million, landing the fifty-fifth spot on Pollstar's Top 100 North American Tours list for the half-way point of the year. The tour will travel to Europe and South and Central America later in 2011. On August 12, Spears announced that her performances at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto will be taped to air on the EPIX television channel and for a DVD release, resulting in the doubling of traffic to EPIX social sites and 'Britney Spears' becoming a worldwide trending topic on Twitter. Her first televised concert since the Onyx Hotel Tour in 2004, the show, ''Britney Spears: Femme Fatale,'' was shot in 2D and 3D on August 13 and 14 and will premiere on Epix in November.
On June 15, 2011, it was announced by ''Billboard'' that the RCA/Jive Label Group would be splitting, with Jive Records going to a restructured Epic Records, and RCA Records staying intact. In August it was announced that Spears had officially joined the RCA's roster. During the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28 2011, MTV played tribute to Spears with a group of young female dancers that memorialised Britney's music videos, performances, and style. Following which, Spears accepted the MTV Video Vanguard Award from Lady Gaga, who said that "industry wouldn't be the same without [her]".
On September 9, 2011, Spears announced that her second remix album, ''B in the Mix: The Remixes Vol. 2'', will be released on October 11, along with the tracklist.
Musical style and performance
Following her debut, Spears was credited with leading the revival of teen pop in the late 1990s. ''The Daily Yomiuri'' reported that "[m]usic critics have hailed her as the most gifted teenage pop idol for many years, but Spears has set her sights a little higher-she is aiming for the level of superstardom that has been achieved by Madonna and Janet Jackson." ''Rolling Stone'' wrote: "Britney Spears carries on the classic archetype of the rock & roll teen queen, the dungaree doll, the angel baby who just has to make a scene." Rami Yacoub who co-produced Spears's debut album with lyricist Max Martin, commented, "I know from Denniz Pop and Max's previous productions, when we do songs, there's kind of a nasal thing. With N' Sync and the Backstreet Boys, we had to push for that mid-nasal voice. When Britney did that, she got this kind of raspy, sexy voice." Following the release of her debut album, Chuck Taylor of ''Billboard'' observed, "Spears has become a consummate performer, with snappy dance moves, a clearly real-albeit young-and funkdified voice ... "(You Drive Me) Crazy", her third single ... demonstrates Spears's own development, proving that the 17-year-old is finding her own vocal personality after so many months of steadfast practice." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic referred to her music as a "blend of infectious, rap-inflected dance-pop and smooth balladry." Spears later commented, "With ''...Baby One More Time'', I didn't get to show my voice off. The songs were great, but they weren't very challenging".''Oops!...I Did It Again'' and subsequent albums saw Spears working with several contemporary R&B; producers, leading to "a combination of bubblegum, urban soul, and raga." Her third studio album, ''Britney'' derived from the teen pop niche, "[r]hythmically and melodically ... sharper, tougher than what came before. What used to be unabashedly frothy has some disco grit, underpinned by Spears' spunky self-determination that helps sell hooks that are already catchier, by and large, than those that populated her previous two albums." Guy Blackman of ''The Age'' wrote that while few would care to listen to an entire Spears album, "[t]he thing about Spears, though, is that her biggest songs, no matter how committee-created or impossibly polished, have always been convincing because of her delivery, her commitment and her presence. For her mostly teenage fans, Spears expresses perfectly the conflicting urges of adolescence, the tension between chastity and sexual experience, between hedonism and responsibility, between confidence and vulnerability."
Her vocal ability has also been criticized, often drawing unfavorable comparison to her pop rival, Christina Aguilera Critic Allan Raible derides her overdependence in Circus on digital effects and the robotic effect it creates. "She’s never been a strong vocalist..." writes Raible, "Could she handle these songs with stripped down arrangements and no vocal effects? More importantly, would anyone want to hear her attempt such a performance? Does it matter? No. The focus is still image over substance." Her image and persona are also often contrasted to Christina Aguilera. David Browne of ''Entertainment Weekly'' observed "Christina Aguilera may flash skin and belly button, but in her music and manner, she's too eager not to offend — she's a good girl pretending to be bad. Spears, however, comes across as a bad girl acting good ... Spears' artificial-sweetener voice is much less interesting than the settings, yet that blandness is actually a relief compared with Aguilera's numbing vocal gymnastics. In contrast, Allmusic comments: "Like her peer Christina Aguilera, Britney equates maturity with transparent sexuality and the pounding sounds of nightclubs ... Where Christina comes across like a natural-born skank, Britney is the girl next door cutting loose at college, drinking and smoking and dancing and sexing just a little too recklessly, since this is the first time she ''can'' indulge herself. Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine notes, "The disparity between Aguilera and Spears can't be measured solely by the timbre and octave range of their voices ... [Aguilera's] popularity has never reached the fever pitch of Britney's."
Like other dance-oriented pop stars, it has been widely reported that Spears lip-syncs in concert. Author Gary Giddins wrote in his book ''Natural selection: Gary Giddins on comedy, film, music, and books'' (2006) that "among many other performers accused of moving their lips while a machine does the labor are Britney Spears, Luciano Pavarotti, Shania Twain, Beyoncé, and Madonna." Rashod D. Ollison of ''The Baltimore Sun'' observes: "Many pop stars ... feel they have no choice but to seek vocal enhancement. Since the advent of MTV and other video music channels, pop audiences have been fed elaborate videos thick with jaw-dropping effects, awesome choreography, fabulous clothes, marvelous bodies. And the same level of perfection is expected to extend beyond the video set to the concert stage. So if Britney Spears, Janet Jackson or Madonna sounds shrill and flat without a backing track, fans won't pay up to $300 for a concert ticket." Giddins adds, "it was reported Britney Spears fans prefer her to lip-sync—despite her denials of doing so (contradicted by her own director)—because they expect flawless digitalization when they pay serious money for a concert."
In Australia, NSW Fair Trading Minister Virginia Judge has advised disclaimers be printed on any ticket for concerts which contain any prerecorded vocals. She commented: "There could have been some instances where people actually go and purchase a ticket thinking that they're going to have a live performance ... for some people that means that everything is live, it's fresh, it happens instantaneously, it's not something that's been pre-recorded. You want to make sure that they're actually paying for what they think they're getting." Noting on the prevalence of lip-syncing, ''Los Angeles Daily News'' reported "in the context of a Britney Spears concert, does it really matter? Like a Vegas revue show, you don't go to hear the music, you go for the somewhat-ridiculous spectacle of it all". Similarly, Aline Mendelsohn of the ''Orlando Sentinel'' remarked: "Let's get one thing straight: A Britney Spears concert is not about the music ... you have to remember that it's about the sight, not the sound." Critic Glenn Gamboa comments her concert tours are "like her life—a massive money-making venture designed to play up her talents and distract from her shortcomings with a mix of techno-tinged sex appeal and disco-flavored flash. And, like her life, it is, more or less, a success.
Influences
Throughout her career, Spears has drawn frequent comparisons to Madonna and Janet Jackson, in terms of vocals, choreography and stage presence, citing both as influences in her work. She has also named Michael Jackson as a source of inspiration. According to Spears: "I know when I was younger, I looked up to people... like, you know, Janet Jackson and Madonna. And they were major inspirations for me. But I also had my own identity and I knew who I was, you know." In the 2002 book ''Madonnastyle'' by Carol Clerk, she is quoted saying: "I have been a huge fan of Madonna since I was a little girl. She's the person that I've really looked up to. I would really, really like to be a legend like Madonna."Many critics have argued that Spears should not be considered in the same league of talent as Jackson or Madonna. Journalists Erika Montalvo and Jackie Sheppard of the ''Rocky Mountain Collegian'' observed "[s]ome may argue that Spears is not only a good recording artist but also an important cultural icon." However, in examining her level of skill as an artist, it is questioned that "[a]lthough she has been classified among female elites such as Janet Jackson and Madonna, what does Ms. Spears really have in common with these divas of rock?" Joan Anderman of ''The Boston Globe'' remarked that "[t]hirteen costume changes in 90 minutes won't bless her with Madonna's intelligence or cultural barometer. An army of cutting-edge R&B; producers won't supply her with Janet Jackson's sense of humor or sincere smile ... Britney's heroes aren't great singers. But they're real singers. Spears sounds robotic, nearly inhuman, on her records, so processed is her voice by digital pitch-shifters and synthesizers."
Reporter Ed Bumgardner commented her transition from teen pop start to adult sex symbol with her third studio album ''Britney'' "takes its cues from two other successful performers—Madonna and Janet Jackson—both of whom she brazenly rips off and both of whom, like Spears, are passable singers, at best." Critic Shane Harrison wrote: "From the minimalist thump and "Nasty" feel of "I'm a Slave 4 U" to the scattered quotes in "Boys", [''Britney''] feels like [Spears's] attempt at 'Control'."
Citing Jackson's resolve to incorporate personal and social issues into her work and Madonna's ability to constantly redefine the boundaries of socially acceptable material in the industry, Spears's catalog ultimately pales in comparison, because "[w]hile Jackson and Madonna wrote their own music about subjects of importance, [Spears's] music sounds like an upbeat version of either, 'I want to grow up but the media won't let me,' or 'Here kitty, kitty, I'm wearing my underwear outside of my leather pants'-type ballads." In contrast, Guy Blackman argues that although "no one would argue that Spears is some kind of pioneering pop auteur, there’s still a lot to like about her back catalogue. During her world-conquering peak, she was just about as cutting edge as you could get in the world of global pop superstardom. Spears didn’t just work with big names, she gave big names their names, and maintained her high currency in the world’s most fickle industry for years, when most aspiring starlets are lucky to manage months."
After meeting Spears face to face, Janet Jackson stated: "she said to me, 'I'm such a big fan; I really admire you.' That's so flattering. Everyone gets inspiration from some place. And it's awesome to see someone else coming up who's dancing and singing, and seeing how all these kids relate to her. A lot of people put it down, but what she does is a positive thing." Madonna's respect for Spears has also been a subject of observation. Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, authors of ''Madonna's drowned worlds: new approaches to her cultural transformations, 1983-2003'' (2004) note that the most well known cross-generational relationship exists between Spears and Madonna in which "the entertainment newsmedia almost became obsessed with their relationship of mutual admiration." The biographers also report "[s]ome observers of popular culture, however, feel that the comparisons between the two artist are meaningless and fail to recognize Madonna's unique contribution: Madonna was never 'just another pop star' whereas Britney can more easily be seen as a standard manufactured pop act."
Legacy
Spears became an international pop culture icon immediately after launching her recording career. ''Rolling Stone'' magazine wrote: "One of the most controversial and successful female vocalists of the 21st century," she "spearheaded the rise of post-millennial teen pop ... Spears early on cultivated a mixture of innocence and experience that broke the bank". She is listed by the ''Guinness World Records'' as having the "Best-selling album by a teenage solo artist" for her debut album ''...Baby One More Time'' which sold over thirteen million copies in the United States. Melissa Ruggieri of the ''Richmond Times-Dispatch'' reported, "She's also marked for being the best-selling teenage artist. Before she turned 20 in 2001, Spears sold more than 37 million albums worldwide".Barbara Ellen of ''The Observer'' has reported: "Spears is famously one of the 'oldest' teenagers pop has ever produced, almost middle aged in terms of focus and determination. Many 19-year-olds haven't even started working by that age, whereas Britney, a former Mouseketeer, was that most unusual and volatile of American phenomena — a child with a full-time career. While other little girls were putting posters on their walls, Britney was wanting to be the poster on the wall. Whereas other children develop at their own pace, Britney was developing at a pace set by the ferociously competitive American entertainment industry". 'Britney Spears' was Yahoo!'s most popular search term between 2005 and 2008, and has been in a total of seven different years. Spears was named as Most Searched Person in the ''Guinness World Records'' book edition 2007 and 2009. Spears has also become a major influence among many new artists, including Kristinia DeBarge, Lady Gaga, Little Boots, Selena Gomez & the Scene, Pixie Lott and Miley Cyrus who has cited Spears as one of her biggest inspirations and has also referenced Spears in her hit song "Party in the U.S.A.". Spears' personal breakdown was also cited as an inspiration for Barry Manilow's album "''15 Minutes''".
In 2011, Adam Markovitz of ''Entertainment Weekly'' commented on the cultural significance of Spears' voice and music. "We don't ask a whole lot from Britney Spears as an entertainer...we'll still send her straight up the charts simply because she's Britney. She's an American institution, as deeply sacred and messed up as pro wrestling or the filibuster. Musically, though, Spears will always have to measure up to her own gold standards of pop euphony: the operatic slither of 2004's 'Toxic' and the candied funk of 2000's 'Oops!...I Did It Again.' Spears is no technical singer, that's for sure. But backed by Martin and Dr. Luke's wall of pound, her vocals melt into a mix of babytalk coo and coital panting that is, in its own overprocessed way, just as iconic and propulsive as Michael Jackson's yips or Eminem's snarls."
Bebo Norman wrote a song about Spears, called "Britney", which was released as a single. Boy band Busted also wrote a song about Spears called "Britney", which was on their debut album. She is also mentioned in P!nk's song "Don't Let Me Get Me". She was cited as the inspiration of Gwyneth Paltrow's character in the 2010 film ''Country Strong''. Richard Cheese called Britney Spears "a remarkable recording artist" and also went on to say that she was "versatile" and what the industry calls an "artist". ''People'' magazine and MTV reported that October 1, 2008, the Bronx's John Philip Sousa Middle School, named their music studio in honor of Britney Spears. Spears herself was present during the ceremony and donated $10,000 to the school's music program.
Discography
Tours
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
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:''"Three Kings", or "Three Wise Men", redirects here. For other uses, see Three Kings (disambiguation) and Wise men.''
The Magi (;
Greek: μάγοι, ''magoi''), also referred to as the (Three) Wise Men, (Three) Kings, (Three) Astrologers, or Kings from the East, were a group of distinguished foreigners who were said to have visited Jesus after his birth, bearing gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh. They are regular figures in traditional accounts of the nativity celebrations of Christmas and are an important part of the Christian tradition.
Holidays celebrating the arrival of the Magi traditionally recognise a distinction between the date of their arrival and the date of Jesus' birth. The account given in the Gospel of Matthew does not state that they were present on the night of the birth; in the Gospel of Luke, Joseph and Mary remain in Bethlehem until it is time for Jesus' dedication, in Jerusalem, and then return to their home in Nazareth.
Western Christianity celebrates the Magi on the day of Epiphany, January 6, the day immediately following the ''twelve days of Christmas'', particularly in the Spanish-speaking parts of the world. In these Spanish-speaking areas, the three kings (''Sp. "los Reyes Magos de Oriente"'', also "Los Tres Reyes Magos" and "Los Reyes Magos") receive wish letters from children and magically bring them gifts on the night before Epiphany. In Spain, each one of the Magi is supposed to represent one different continent, Europe (Melchior), Asia (Caspar) and Africa (Balthasar). According to the tradition, the Magi come from the Orient on their camels to visit the houses of all the children; much like Santa Claus with his reindeer, they visit everyone in one night. In some areas, children prepare a drink for each of the Magi. It is also traditional to prepare food and drink for the camels, because this is the only night of the year when they eat.
In Spain, Argentina, Mexico and Uruguay there is a long tradition for having the children receive their Christmas presents by the three "Reyes Magos" (the figure of Santa Claus only appeared in recent years) during the night of January 5 (Biblical Magi Eve). Almost every Spanish city or town organize cabalgatas in the evening, in which the ''kings'' and their ''servants'' parade and throw sweets to the children (and parents) in attendance. The ''cavalcade of the three kings'' in Alcoy claims to be the oldest in the world, having started in 1886. There is also a "Roscón" (Spain) or "Rosca de Reyes" (Mexico) as explained below. In Spain in the Biblical Magi Eve is also represented the Mystery Play of the Three Magic Kings.
In Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, children cut grass or greenery on January 5 and put it in a box under their bed. The grass is for the camels. Children receive gifts on January 6, which is called Día de Reyes, and is traditionally the day in which the Magi arrived bearing gifts for the Christ child. Christmas starts in December and ends in January after Epiphany, although in Puerto Rico there are eight more days of celebration (las octavitas).
In France and Belgium, the holiday is celebrated with a special tradition: within a family, a cake is shared, which contains a small figure of baby Jesus, known as the broad bean. Whoever gets the "bean" is "crowned" king for the remainder of the holiday and wears a cardboard crown purchased with the cake. The practice is known as ''tirer les Rois'': drawing the Kings. A queen is sometimes also chosen.
In Mexico they have the same ring-shaped cake ''Rosca de Reyes'' (Kings Bagel or Thread), it contains figurines of the baby Jesus. The figurine of the baby Jesus is typically hidden inside the cake. Whoever gets a figurine is supposed to take the figurine to the local church and buy tamales for the ''Candelaria feast'' on February the second, which is the feast of the presentation of Jesus at the Temple.
In New Orleans, Louisiana, parts of south Texas, and surrounding regions, a similar ring-shaped cake known as a "King Cake" traditionally becomes available in bakeries from the Epiphany through Mardi Gras. The baby Jesus is represented by a small, plastic doll inserted into the cake from underneath, and the person who gets the slice with the figurine is expected to buy or bake the next King Cake. There is wide variation among the types of pastry that can be called a King Cake, but most feature baked cinnamon-flavored twisted dough, thin frosting, with additional sugar on top in the traditional Mardi Gras colors of gold, green, and purple. To prevent accidental injury or choking, the plastic doll is frequently not hidden in the cake at the bakery, but instead included in the packaging for optional use. Mardi Gras-style beads and doubloons may be included as well.
Italian composer Ottorino Respighi wrote a composition called ''Trittico Botticielliano'' , based on three paintings by Botticelli, and one of the movements is called ''Adoration of the Magi''.
"The Gift of the Magi" is a short story written by O. Henry (a pen name for William Sydney Porter), about a young married couple and how they deal with the challenge of buying secret Christmas gifts for each other with very little money.
The Magi are featured in Menotti's opera ''Amahl and the Night Visitors'', and in several Christmas carols, of which the best-known English one is "We Three Kings".
In the film ''Donovan's Reef'', a Christmas play is held in French Polynesia. However, instead of the traditional correspondence of Magi to continents, the version for Polynesian Catholics features the ''king of Polynesia'', the ''king of America'', and the ''king of China''.
Further sentimental narrative detail was added in the novel and movie ''Ben-Hur'', where Balthasar ( Finlay Currie ) appears as an old man, who goes back to Palestine to see the former child Jesus become an adult.
T. S. Eliot's poem ''The Journey of the Magi'' (1927) re-tells the story with a foreshadowing of the crucifixion, as does the poem ''Visit of the Wise Men'' by Timothy Dudley-Smith.
In Michael Ende's children books ''Jim Button and Luke the Engine Driver'' and ''Jim Button and the Wild 13'', one of the Three Kings plays a major role in one of the main character's background.
Salley Vickers's ''Miss Garnet's Angel'' links the Epiphany story, and arrival of the Magi, with the ancient Zoroastrian elements in the Book Of Tobit, a Biblical book in the Deuterocanon.
The Biblical Magi were the subject of the 1980 novel ''Gaspard, Melchior and Balthasar'' by the French author Michel Tournier.
The Magi are shown in a painting of prophecy in the game God of War II
The names of the Biblical Magi are used in characters related to ancient and almost-lost knowledge in the videogames ''Chrono Trigger'' and ''Xenogears''.
The Magi are the subject of Norah Lofts' novel "How Far To Bethlehem?" (1965)
In Neon Genesis Evangelion (anime and manga), 3 massive supercomputers are collectively known as the Magi.
The Spanish 2003 animation film ''Los Reyes Magos'' (Antonio Navarro)
In David Morrell's 2008 novella "The Spy Who Came for Christmas", the Magi were intelligence agents sent to destabilize Herod's government.
James Taylor's 1988 song "Home By Another Way" discusses the Magi's visit to Jesus and, specifically, their decision to avoid seeing Herod on their way home.
In Shin Megami Tensei: Strange Journey, the Three Wise Men appear to the crew of the Red Sprite, ordering them to follow the will of God and allow themselves to be enslaved by an angel's song. Should the protagonist follow the Law path, they will continue to appear to provide advice.
Adoration of the Magi
Astronomy
Astrology
Christianity and astrology
Epiphany (holiday)
History of astrology
List of names for the Biblical nameless
Magi
Mystery play
Mystery Play of the Three Magic Kings (Auto de los Reyes Magos, Renaissance drama)
Saint Nicholas
Simon Magus
Zoroastrianism
Albright, W. F. and C. S. Mann. "Matthew." ''The Anchor Bible Series.'' New York: Doubleday & Company, 1971.
Becker, Alfred: “Franks Casket. Zu den Bildern und Inschriften des Runenkästchens von Auzon (Regensburg, 1973) pp. 125–142, Ikonographie der Magierbilder, Inschriften.
Brown, Raymond E. ''The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives in Matthew and Luke''. London: G. Chapman, 1977.
Clarke, Howard W. ''The Gospel of Matthew and its Readers: A Historical Introduction to the First Gospel.'' Bloomington.
Chrysostom, John "Homilies on Matthew: Homily VI". circa fourth century.
France, R. T. ''The Gospel According to Matthew: an Introduction and Commentary.'' Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1985.
Gundry, Robert H. ''Matthew a Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art.'' Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1982.
Hill, David. ''The Gospel of Matthew''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981
Lambert, John Chisholm, ''A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels''. Page 97 - 101.
Levine, Amy-Jill. "Matthew." ''Women's Bible Commentary.'' Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe, eds. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1998.
Molnar, Michael R., ''The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi''. Rutgers University Press, 1999. 187 pages. ISBN 0-8135-2701-5
Powell, Mark Allan. "The Magi as Wise Men: Re-examining a Basic Supposition." ''New Testament Studies.'' Vol. 46, 2000.
Schweizer, Eduard. ''The Good News According to Matthew.'' Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1975.
Trexler, Richard C. ''Journey of the Magi: Meanings in History of a Christian Story''. Princeton University Press, 1997.
Watson, Richard, ''A Biblical and Theological Dictionary'', Page 608 - 611.
Mark Rose, "The Three Kings & the Star": the Cologne reliquary and the BBC popular documentary
Alfred Becker, Franks Casket
Caroline Stone, "We Three Kings of Orient Were"
Catholic Encyclopedia: ''Magi''
"Procession of the Three Kings in Valencia"
Auto de los Reyes Magos (drama in Spanish)
Category:Religious Christmas
Category:Gospel episodes
Category:Astrologers
Category:History of astrology
Category:Iranian people
Category:Ancient Persian people
Category:Ancient astronomy
Category:Burials at Cologne Cathedral
Category:New Testament people
ar:المجوس الثلاثة
bs:Sveta tri kralja
br:Tri Roue
bg:Тримата влъхви
ca:Reis Mags d'Orient
cs:Tři králové
co:Rè Magi
de:Heilige Drei Könige
es:Reyes Magos
eo:Tri reĝoj
eu:Errege Magoak
fa:سه مغ
fr:Rois mages
ga:An Triúr Saoithe
gl:Reis Magos
ko:동방 박사
hr:Sveta tri kralja
id:Orang-orang majus dari Timur
it:Magi (Bibbia)
he:שלושת האמגושים
sw:Majusi
la:Sancti Magi
lt:Trys karaliai
li:Drie keuninge
hu:Napkeleti bölcsek
mk:Три Свети крала
mt:Slaten Maġi
arz:المجوس التلاته
nl:Wijzen uit het oosten
ja:東方の三博士
no:De tre vise menn
nn:Heilage tre kongar
oc:Reis Mages
pl:Trzej Królowie
pt:Três Reis Magos
ru:Три царя
sk:Traja králi
sh:Biblijski magi
fi:Itämaan tietäjät
sv:Tre vise männen
tl:Tatlong Haring Mago
tr:Müneccimler
uk:Три царі
zh:東方三博士
The Gospel of Matthew, the only one of the four Canonical gospels to mention the Magi, states that they came "from the east" to worship the Christ, "born King of the Jews." Although the account does not tell how many they were, the three gifts led to a widespread assumption that they were three as well. In the East, the magi traditionally number twelve. Their identification as kings in later Christian writings is probably linked to Psalms 72:11, ''“May all kings fall down before him”''.
Original account
The New Revised Standard Version of Matthew 2:1–12 describes the visit of the Magi: They are mentioned twice shortly thereafter, in reference to their avoidance of Herod after seeing Jesus, and what Herod had learned from their earlier meeting.
Description
The Magi are popularly referred to as ''wise men'' and ''kings''. The word ''magi'' is the plural of Latin ''magus'', borrowed from Greek μάγος ''magos'',, as used in the original Greek text of the Gospel of Matthew. Greek ''magos'' itself is derived from Old Persian ''maguŝ'' from the Avestan ''magâunô'', i.e. the religious caste into which Zoroaster was born, (see Yasna 33.7:' ýâ sruyê parê ''magâunô'' ' = ' so I can be heard beyond ''Magi'' '). The term refers to the priestly caste of Zoroastrianism. As part of their religion, these priests paid particular attention to the stars, and gained an international reputation for astrology, which was at that time highly regarded as a science. Their religious practices and use of astrology caused derivatives of the term ''Magi'' to be applied to the occult in general and led to the English term ''magic''. Translated in the King James Version as ''wise men'', the same translation is applied to the wise men led by Daniel of earlier Hebrew Scriptures (). The same word is given as ''sorcerer'' and ''sorcery'' when describing "Elymas the sorcerer" in , and Simon Magus, considered a heretic by the early Church, in .
Names
Traditions identify a variety of different names for the Magi. In the Western Christian church they have been commonly known as:Melchior (Melichior, Melchyor) Caspar or Gaspar (and several other Greek or Latin variants such as Gathaspa, Jaspar, Jaspas, etc.). Balthasar (Bithisarea, Balthassar). These names apparently derive from a Greek manuscript probably composed in Alexandria around 500 A.D., and which has been translated into Latin with the title ''Excerpta Latina Barbari''. Another Greek document from the 8th century, of presumed Irish origin and translated into Latin with the title ''Collectanea et Flores'', continues the tradition of three kings and their names and gives additional details.
Caspar is also sometimes given as Gaspar or Jaspar. One candidate for the origin of the name Caspar appears in the Acts of Thomas as ''Gondophares'' (AD 21 – c.AD 47), i.e., Gudapharasa (from which 'Caspar' might derive as corruption of 'Gaspar'). This Gondophares declared independence from the Arsacids to become the first Indo-Parthian king and who was allegedly visited by Thomas the Apostle. His name is perpetuated in the name of the Afghan city Kandahar, which he founded under the name Gundopharron. Christian legend may have chosen Gondofarr simply because he was an eastern king living in the right time period.
In contrast, the Syrian Christians name the Magi ''Larvandad'', ''Gushnasaph'', and ''Hormisdas''. These names have a far greater likelihood of being originally Persian, though that does not, of course, guarantee their authenticity.
In the Eastern churches, Ethiopian Christianity, for instance, has ''Hor'', ''Karsudan'', and ''Basanater'', while the Armenians have ''Kagpha'', ''Badadakharida'' and ''Badadilma''. Many Chinese Christians believe that one of the magi came from China. This final idea is used by Christopher Moore in his novel ''Lamb''.
Bible historian Chuck Missler mentions an Armenian tradition identifying the Magi as Balthasar of Arabia, Melchior of Persia and Gasper of India.
Origin and journey
The phrase ''from the east'', more literally ''from the rising [of the sun]'', is the only information Matthew provides about the region from which they came. Traditionally the view developed that they were Babylonians, Persians, or Jews from Yemen as the Makrebs or kings of Yemen then were Jews, a view held for example by John Chrysostom. The majority belief was they were from Babylon, which was the centre of Zurvanism, and hence astrology, at the time; and may have retained knowledge from the time of their Jewish leadership by Daniel.
According to the Gospel of Matthew, the Magi found Jesus by 'following' a star, which thus traditionally became known as the Star of Bethlehem. Various theories have been presented as to what this phenomenon refers to, since stars do not visibly move and therefore cannot be followed.
On finding him, they gave him three symbolic gifts: gold, frankincense and myrrh. Warned in a dream that Judean king Herod intended to kill the child, they decided to return home by a different route. This prompted Herod to resort to killing all the young children in Bethlehem, an act called the Massacre of the Innocents, in an attempt to eliminate a rival heir to his throne. Jesus and his family had, however, escaped to Egypt beforehand. After these events they passed into obscurity. The story of the nativity in Matthew glorifies Jesus, likens him to Moses, and shows his life as fulfilling prophecy.
The idea that the three kings visited Jesus as a baby is subject to debate. If the star was manifest on the night of his birth, then they would not have been able to reach him while he was still in Bethlehem. It is more likely that they arrived to him some years later when he was a small child. The Gospels in the bible were all written years after Christ's death, so they are not intended to be a chronological account of Christ's actions since all three books vary on the details.
After the visit the Magi leave the narrative by ''returning another way'' so as to avoid Herod, and do not reappear. Gregory the Great waxed lyrical on this theme, commenting that ''having come to know Jesus we are forbidden to return by the way we came''. There are many traditional stories about what happened to the Magi after this, with one having them baptised by St. Thomas on his way to India. Another has their remains found by Saint Helena and brought to Constantinople, and eventually making their way to Germany and the Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral.
A model for the homage of the Magi might have been provided, it has been suggested, by the journey to Rome of King Tiridates I of Armenia, with his magi, to pay homage to the Emperor Nero, which took place in 66 AD, a few years before the date assigned to the composition of the Gospel of Matthew.
In recent tradition the Magi have been portrayed as three kings, or noble men, of different origin. One from Western Europe (usually Celtic-like from the British Isles or France), another of African Origin (usually Abyssinian, Ethiopian), the last from Asia either from the Arabian Peninsula (e.g. Yemen or Oman) or the Far East (usually China). The European is often portrayed with the Gold as the other two gifts were native to Africa and Asia so the Myrrh and Frankincense vary between "King".
There was a tradition that the Central Asian Naimans and their Christian Kerait relatives were descended from the Biblical Magi. This heritage passed to the Mongol dynasty of Genghis Khan when Sorghaghtani, niece of the Kerait ruler Toghrul, married Tolui the youngest son of Genghis and became the mother of Mongke Khan and his younger brother and successor, Kublai Khan. Toghrul became identified with the legendary Central Asian Christian king, Prester John, whose Mongol descendants were sought as allies against the Muslims by contemporary European monarchs and popes.
Gifts
[[Image:Magi (1).jpg|thumb|333px|Byzantine art usually depicts the Magi in Persian clothing which includes breeches, capes, and Phrygian caps. Mosaic, ca. 565. Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna, Italy - restored above in 18th century.]]The Magi are described as "falling down", "kneeling" or "bowing" in the worship of Jesus. This gesture, together with the use of kneeling in Luke's birth narrative, had an important effect on Christian religious practices. They were indicative of great respect, and typically used when venerating a king. Inspired by these verses, kneeling and prostration were adopted in the early Church. While prostration is now rarely practiced in the West, it is still relatively common in the Eastern Churches, especially during Lent. Kneeling has remained an important element of Christian worship to this day.
Three gifts are explicitly identified in Matthew: gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Many different theories of the meaning and symbolism of the gifts have been brought forward. While gold is fairly obviously explained, frankincense, and particularly myrrh, are much more obscure.
The theories generally break down into two groups: #All three gifts are ordinary offerings and gifts given to a king. Myrrh being commonly used as an anointing oil, frankincense as a perfume, and gold as a valuable. #The three gifts had a spiritual meaning : gold as a symbol of kingship on earth, frankincense (an incense) as a symbol of priestship, and myrrh (an embalming oil) as a symbol of death. ::*Sometimes this is described more generally as gold symbolizing virtue, frankincense symbolizing prayer, and myrrh symbolizing suffering. ::*These interpretations are alluded to in the verses of the popular carol "We Three Kings" in which the magi describe their gifts.
Myrrh was used as an embalming ointment and as a penitential incense in funerals and cremations until the 15th century. The "holy oil" traditionally used by the Eastern Orthodox Church for performing the sacraments of chrismation and unction is traditionally scented with myrrh, and receiving either of these sacraments is commonly referred to as "receiving the Myrrh".
It has been suggested by scholars that the "gifts" were medicinal rather than precious material for tribute.
The Syrian King Seleucus II Callinicus is recorded to have offered gold, frankincense and myrrh to Apollo in his temple at Miletus in 243 BC, and this may have been the precedent for the mention of these three gifts in Gospel of Matthew (2:11). It was these three gifts, it is thought, which were the chief cause for the number of the Magi becoming fixed eventually at three.
This episode can be linked to and to which report gifts being given by kings, and this has played a central role in the perception of the Magi as kings, rather than as astronomer-priests. In a hymn of the late 4th-century hispanic poet Prudentius, the three gifts have already gained their medieval interpretation as prophetic emblems of Jesus' identity, familiar in the carol "We Three Kings" by John Henry Hopkins, Jr., 1857.
John Chrysostom suggested that the gifts were fit to be given not just to a king but to God, and contrasted them with the Jews' traditional offerings of sheep and calves, and accordingly Chrysostom asserts that the Magi worshiped Jesus as God.
What subsequently happened to these gifts is never mentioned in the scripture, but several traditions have developed. One story has the gold being stolen by the two thieves who were later crucified alongside Jesus. Another tale has it being entrusted to and then misappropriated by Judas.
In the Monastery of St. Paul of Mount Athos there is a 15th century golden case containing purportedly the Gift of the Magi. It was donated to the monastery in the 15th century by Mara Branković, daughter of the King of Serbia Đurađ Branković, wife to the Ottoman Sultan Murat II and godmother to Mehmet II the Conqueror (of Constantinople). Apparently they were part of the relics of the Holy Palace of Constantinople and it is claimed they were displayed there since the 4th century AD. After the Athens earthquake of September 9, 1999 they were temporarily displayed in Athens in order to strengthen faith and raise money for earthquake victims.
Tombs
There are several traditions on where the remains of the Magi are located, although none of the traditions is considered as an established fact or even as particularly likely by secular history.thumb|left|The Shrine of the Three Kings in Cologne Cathedral, Germany.Marco Polo claimed that he was shown the three tombs of the Magi at Saveh south of Tehran in the 1270s:
In Persia is the city of Saba, from which the Three Magi set out and in this city they are buried, in three very large and beautiful monuments, side by side. And above them there is a square building, beautifully kept. The bodies are still entire, with hair and beard remaining.A Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral, according to tradition, contains the bones of the Three Wise Men. Reputedly they were first discovered by Saint Helena on her famous pilgrimage to Palestine and the Holy Lands. She took the remains to the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople; they were later moved to Milan (some sources say by the city's bishop, Eustorgius I), before being sent to their current resting place by the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I in AD 1164. The Milanese celebrate their part in the tradition by holding a medieval costume parade every 6 January.
A version of the detailed elaboration familiar to us is laid out by the 14th century cleric John of Hildesheim's ''Historia Trium Regum'' ("History of the Three Kings"). In accounting for the presence in Cologne of their mummified relics, he begins with the journey of Helena, mother of Constantine I to Jerusalem, where she recovered the True Cross and other relics:
Queen Helen… began to think greatly of the bodies of these three kings, and she arrayed herself, and accompanied by many attendants, went into the Land of Ind… after she had found the bodies of Melchior, Balthazar, and Gaspar, Queen Helen put them into one chest and ornamented it with great riches, and she brought them into Constantinople... and laid them in a church that is called Saint Sophia.
Religious significance
The visit of the Magi is commemorated in most Western Christian churches by the observance of Epiphany, 6 January. The Eastern Orthodox celebrate the visit of the Magi on 25 December.The identification of the Magi as kings is linked to Old Testament prophesies that have the Messiah being worshipped by kings in Isaiah 60:3, Psalm 72:10, and Psalm 68:29. Early readers reinterpreted Matthew in light of these prophecies and elevated the Magi to kings. By AD 500 all commentators adopted the prevalent tradition that the three were kings, and this continued until the Protestant Reformation.
Though the Qur'an omits Matthew's episode of the Magi, it was well known in Arabia. The Muslim encyclopaedist al-Tabari, writing in the 9th century, gives the familiar symbolism of the gifts of the Magi. Al-Tabari gave his source for the information to be the later 7th century writer Wahb ibn Munabbih.
Some religious traditions take a critical view of the Magi. Jehovah's Witnesses do not see the arrival of the Magi as something to be celebrated, but instead stress the Biblical condemnation of sorcery and astrology in such texts as Deuteronomy 18:10–11, Leviticus 19:26, and Isaiah 47:13–14. They also point to the fact that the star seen by the Magi led them first to a hostile enemy of Jesus, and only then to the child's location — the argument being that if this was an event from God, it makes no sense for them to be led to a ruler with intentions to kill the child before taking them to Jesus. Likewise, as Matthew 2:12 informs, the Magi were warned by God not to return to the familicide King Herod. Thus, they believe, it seems reasonable to consider that the star, which evidently only the Magi could see (Matthew 2:7, 8), was the product of God's archenemy designed to perform an unholy act upon an innocent young child, Jesus.
Traditions
A tradition in most of Central Europe involves writing the initials of the three kings' names, with the year number split around them, above the main door of the home in chalk, to confer blessings on the occupants for the New Year. For example, 20 * C + M + B * 08 would be written for 2008. The writing is done at some point between Christmas and Epiphany. The initials may also represent "Christus mansionem benedicat" (Christ bless this house). In Catholic parts of Germany and in Austria, this is done by so called ''Sternsinger'' (star singers), groups of three elementary school age children (nowadays of both sexes), dressed up as the Magi, carrying the star and singing Christmas carols, accompanied by an adult or an older teenager who will stay in the background. In exchange for writing the initials, they collect money for a specific charity project in the third world designated by the Catholic Church, which is the same throughout the country in any given year. It is part of the Sternsinger tradition that one of the three children will blacken his or her face with soot, in memory of the legend that one of the Magi was of African origin. This is not considered a racist blackface performance, since it does not involve portraying any stereotypes about African people apart from the skin color as such.
Roscón de Reyes
This tradition also exists in Spain (and in Portugal, where it is called Bolo-rei), but with one small variant; the cake, in this case actually a ring-shaped pastry or ''Roscón de Reyes'', is most commonly bought, not baked, and it contains a small figurine of a baby Jesus (or another present depending on the region) and a dry broad bean. The one who gets the figurine is crowned, but whoever gets the bean has to pay the value of the cake to the person who originally bought it. This is eaten on January 6.
Adoration of the Magi in art
The Magi most frequently appear in European art in the ''Adoration of the Magi''; less often ''The Journey of the Magi'' has been a popular ''topos'', and other scenes such as the ''Magi before Herod'' and the ''Dream of the Magi'' also appear in the Middle Ages. In Byzantine art they are depicted as Persians, wearing trousers and phrygian caps. Crown appear from the 10th century. Medieval artists also allegorised the theme to represent the three ages of man. Beginning in the 12th century, and very often by the 15th, the Kings also represent the three parts of the known (pre-Columbian) world in Western art, especially in Northern Europe. Balthasar is thus represented as a young African or Moor and Caspar may be depicted with distinctive Oriental features.An early Anglo-Saxon picture survives on the Franks Casket, probably a non-Christian king’s hoard-box (early 7th century, whalebone carving); or rather the hoard-box survived Christian attacks on non-Christian art and sculpture because of that picture. In its composition it follows the oriental style, which renders a courtly scene, with the Virgin and Christ facing the spectator, while the Magi devoutly approach from the (left) side. Even amongst non-Christians who had heard of the Christian story of the Magi, the motif was quite popular, since the Magi had endured a long journey and were generous. Instead of an angel, the picture places a swan, interpretable as the hero's fylgja (a protecting spirit, and shapeshifter).
Austrian artist Gottfried Helnwein depicted a more controversial tableau in his painting, ''Epiphany I: Adoration of the Magi'' (1996). Intended to represent the "many connections between the Third Reich and the Christian churches in Austria and Germany", Nazi officers in uniform stand around an Aryan woman, a Madonna. The Christ toddler who stands on Mary's lap resembles Adolf Hitler.
More generally they appear in popular Nativity scenes and other Christmas decorations that have their origins in the Neapolitan variety of the Italian ''presepio'' or Nativity crèche. thumb|Adoration of the Three Kings by Brian Whelan 2004
Representation in other art forms
See also
Notes
General references
External links
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