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Ashanti
Ashanti, or Asante, are a major ethnic group of Ashanti Region in Ghana. They are an Akan people who speak Asante, an Akan dialect similar to Fante.
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Haile Selassie
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Sahelian kingdoms
The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of kingdoms or empires that were centered on the sahel, the area of grasslands south of the Sahara. The wealth of the states came from controlling the trade routes across the desert. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. All of these empires were also quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy.
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Yoruba people
:Okun redirects here. A Dr.Okun was a character in Independence Day (film). Or see Okan
http://wn.com/Yoruba_people
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Algeria (Arabic: , al-Jazā’ir, Berber: Dzayer, French: Algérie), officially the '''People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria'''), is a country in North Africa. In terms of land area, it is the largest country on the Mediterranean Sea, the second largest on the African continent after Sudan, and the eleventh-largest country in the world.
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Bilma is an oasis town in north east Niger with a population of around 2,500 people. It lies protected from the desert dunes under the Kaouar Cliffs and is the largest town along the Kaouar escarpment. It is known for its gardens, for salt and natron production through evaporation ponds, date cultivation, and as the destination of one of the last Saharan caravan routes (the Azalai, from Agadez).
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Burkina Faso ( ; ) – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.
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Chad (, Tshād), officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the "Dead Heart of Africa".
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Djenné (also Djénné, Jenné and Jenne) is a town in the Inland Niger Delta region of central Mali. It has an ethnically diverse population of about 33,000 (in 2009). Administratively it is part of the Mopti Region.
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Dongola (also spelled Dunqulah or Dunqula and formerly sometimes known as '''Al 'Urdi'''; Arabic: دنقلا) is the capital of the state of Northern in Sudan, on the banks of the Nile. It should not be confused with Old Dongola, an ancient city located 80 km upstream on the opposite bank.
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Eritrea ( or ; Ge'ez: , Arabic: إرتريا Iritrīyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the North East of Africa. The capital is Asmara. It is bordered by Sudan in the west, Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in the southeast. The east and northeast of the country have an extensive coastline on the Red Sea, directly across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Dahlak Archipelago and several of the Hanish Islands are part of Eritrea. Its size is just under with an estimated population of 5 million.
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{{Infobox country
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Faya-Largeau (also known as Faya) is the largest city in northern Chad and the capital of the region of Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti.
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Guinea (, officially the Republic of Guinea ), is a country in West Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea (Guinée française), it is today sometimes called Guinea-Conakry to distinguish it from its neighbor Guinea-Bissau. Conakry is the capital, the seat of the national government, and the largest city.
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Kayes (Bambara Kayi, Soninké Xaayi) is a city in western Mali on the Sénégal River, with a population of roughly 100,000 people. Kayes is the capital of the administrative region of the same name. The name "Kayes" comes from the Soninké word "karré", which describes a low humid place that floods in rainy season. The city is located north-west of the capital Bamako.
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The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
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Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (), is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with a population more than 14 million. Its capital is Bamako.
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Mauritania ( Mūrītāniyā; ; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; ), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in North Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the Roman province of Mauretania, even though the modern state covers a territory far to the southwest of the old province. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.
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Niger ( or ; ), officially named the Republic of Niger, is a landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. It borders Nigeria and Benin to the south, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, Algeria and Libya to the north and Chad to the east. Niger covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km2, over 80 percent of which is covered by the Sahara desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of just above 15,000,000 is mostly clustered in the far south and west of the nation. The capital city is Niamey.
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The Niger River ( ) is the principal river of western Africa, extending about . Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. It runs in a crescent through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta of the Oil Rivers, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa, exceeded only by the Nile and the Congo River (also known as the Zaïre River). Its main tributary is the Benue River.
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Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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The Sahara (, , "The Greatest Desert") is the world's largest hot desert. At over
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Sahel is one of Burkina Faso's 13 administrative regions. It was created on 2 July 2001 and had a population of 808,928 in 2006. The region's capital is Dori. Four provinces make up the region - Oudalan, Séno, Soum, and Yagha.
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Senegal (), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, ), is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. It owes its name to the river that borders it to the East and North and that originates from the Fouta Djallon in Guinea. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 km², and has an estimated population of about 14 million.The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
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Sierra Leone () (Krio: Sa Lone), officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has a population estimated at 6.5 million. It is a former British Colony and now a constitutional republic comprising three provinces and the Western Area; which are further divided into fourteen districts.
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Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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Sudan (), officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in northeastern Africa. It is the largest country in Africa and the Arab world, and tenth largest in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east,Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The world's longest river, the Nile, divides the country between east and west sides.
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The Sultanate of Egypt () is the name of the short-lived protectorate that the United Kingdom imposed over Egypt between 1914 and 1922.
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Timbuktu (Timbuctoo) (Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; ) is a city in Tombouctou Region, in the West African nation of Mali. It was made prosperous by the tenth mansa of the Mali Empire, Mansa Musa. It is home to Sankore University and other madrasas, and was an intellectual and spiritual capital and centre for the propagation of Islam throughout Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries. Its three great mosques, Djingareyber, Sankore and Sidi Yahya, recall Timbuktu's golden age. Although continuously restored, these monuments are today under threat from desertification.
http://wn.com/Timbuktu
- Acacia
- Acacia laeta
- Acacia senegal
- Acacia tortilis
- African Wild Dog
- Algeria
- Arab slave trade
- Arabic
- Aristida sieberana
- Aristida stipoides
- Ashanti
- Atlantic Ocean
- Balanites aegyptiaca
- Baobab
- Bilma
- Bodélé Depression
- Boscia senegalensis
- Bubal Hartebeest
- Burkina Faso
- Cenchrus biflorus
- Chad
- Cheetah
- Commiphora africana
- Côte d’Ivoire
- Dama Gazelle
- Darfur
- desertification
- diarrhea
- Djenné
- Dongola
- Dorcas Gazelle
- dust storm
- dust storms
- ecoregion
- endangered species
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- extinct in the wild
- extinction
- Faidherbia albida
- famine
- Faya-Largeau
- French West Africa
- Gambia
- Gao
- gastroenteritis
- Green Sahara
- Guinea
- Guinea Bissau
- Guineafowl
- Haile Selassie
- Italian Empire
- Italian Eritrea
- Kayes
- Kenya
- Lion
- Mali
- malnutrition
- Mauritania
- Meningitis
- migratory bird
- military junta
- Niger
- Niger River
- Nigeria
- nomad
- North African
- Oryza glaberrima
- over-population
- Pan Sahel Initiative
- Panicum turgidum
- Red Sea
- Red-fronted Gazelle
- respiratory diseases
- Sahara
- Sahel (Eritrea)
- Sahel drought
- Sahel Region
- Sahel, Tunisia
- Sahelian kingdoms
- savanna
- Scimitar Oryx
- Senegal
- Sierra Leone
- soil erosion
- Somalia
- sorghum
- steppes
- Sudan
- Sudan (region)
- Sudanian Savanna
- Sultanate of Egypt
- Terrestrial ecozone
- Timbuktu
- Trans-Saharan trade
- transhumance
- vulnerable species
- War in Darfur
- West Africa
- Yoruba people
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- 2010 Sahel famine
- Acacia
- Acacia laeta
- Acacia senegal
- Acacia tortilis
- African Wild Dog
- Algeria
- Arab slave trade
- Arabic
- Aristida sieberana
- Aristida stipoides
- Ashanti
- Atlantic Ocean
- Balanites aegyptiaca
- Baobab
- Bilma
- Bodélé Depression
- Boscia senegalensis
- Bubal Hartebeest
- Burkina Faso
- Cenchrus biflorus
- Chad
- Cheetah
- Commiphora africana
- Côte d’Ivoire
- Dama Gazelle
- Darfur
- desertification
- diarrhea
- Djenné
- Dongola
- Dorcas Gazelle
- dust storm
- dust storms
- ecoregion
- endangered species
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- extinct in the wild
- extinction
- Faidherbia albida
- famine
- Faya-Largeau
- French West Africa
- Gambia
- Gao
- gastroenteritis
- Green Sahara
- Guinea
- Guinea Bissau
- Guineafowl
- Haile Selassie
- Italian Empire
- Italian Eritrea
- Kayes
- Kenya
- Lion
- Mali
- malnutrition
- Mauritania
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The Sahel is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition between the Sahara desert in the North and the Sudanian Savannas in the south. It stretches across the North African continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea. The Arabic word sāḥil literally means "shore, coast", describing the appearance of the vegetation of the Sahel as a coastline delimiting the sand of the Sahara.
The Sahel covers parts of the territory of (from west to east) Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, southern Algeria, Niger, northern Nigeria, Chad, Sudan (including Darfur and the southern part of Sudan), northern Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Geography
The Sahel is from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east, in a belt that varies from several hundred to a thousand kilometers (620 miles) in width, covering an area of 3,053,200 square kilometers (1,178,800 square miles). It is a transitional ecoregion of semi-arid grasslands, savannas, steppes, and thorn shrublands lying between the wooded Sudanian savanna to the south and the Sahara to the north.
The topography of the Sahel is mainly flat, and the region mostly lies between 200 and 400 meters elevation. Several isolated plateaus and mountain ranges rise from the Sahel, but are designated as separate ecoregions because their flora and fauna are distinct from the surrounding lowlands. Annual rainfall varies from around 200 mm in the north of the Sahel to around 600 mm in the south.
Over the history of Africa the region has been home to some of the most advanced kingdoms benefiting from trade across the desert. Collectively these states are known as the Sahelian kingdoms.
Flora and fauna
The Sahel is mostly covered in grassland and savanna, with areas of woodland and shrubland. Grass cover is fairly continuous across the region, dominated by annual grass species such as Cenchrus biflorus, Schoenefeldia gracilis, and Aristida stipoides. Species of Acacia are the dominant trees, with Acacia tortilis the most common, along with Acacia senegal and Acacia laeta. Other tree species include Commiphora africana, Balanites aegyptiaca, Faidherbia albida, and Boscia senegalensis. In the northern part of the Sahel, areas of desert shrub, including Panicum turgidum and Aristida sieberana, alternate with areas of grassland and savanna. During the long dry season, many trees lose their leaves, and the predominantly annual grasses die.The Sahel was formerly home to large populations of grazing mammals, including the Scimitar-horned Oryx (Oryx dammah), Dama Gazelle (Gazella dama), Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas) and Red-fronted Gazelle (Gazella rufifrons), and Bubal Hartebeest (Alcelaphus busephalus buselaphus), along with large predators like the African Wild Dog (Lycaon pictus), Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), and Lion (Panthera leo). The larger species have been greatly reduced in number by over-hunting and competition with livestock, and several species are vulnerable (Dorcas Gazelle and Red-fronted Gazelle), endangered (Dama Gazelle, African Wild Dog, cheetah, lion), or extinct (the Scimitar-horned Oryx is probably extinct in the wild, and the Bubal Hartebeest is extinct).
The seasonal wetlands of the Sahel are important for migratory birds moving within Africa and on the African-Eurasian flyways.
Transhumance
Traditionally, most of the people in the Sahel have been semi-nomads, farming and raising livestock in a system of transhumance, which is probably the most sustainable way of utilizing the Sahel. The difference between the dry north with higher levels of soil-nutrients and the wetter south is utilized so that the herds graze on high quality feed in the North during the wet season, and trek several hundred kilometers down to the south, to graze on more abundant, but less nutritious feed during the dry period. Increased permanent settlement and pastoralism in fertile areas has been the source of conflicts with traditional nomadic herders.
History
Early agriculture
The first instances of domestication of plants for agricultural purposes in Africa occurred in the Sahel region circa 5000 BCE, when sorghum and African rice began to be cultivated. Around this time, and in the same region, the small Guineafowl were domesticated.Around 4000 BCE the climate of the Sahara and the Sahel started to become drier at an exceedingly fast pace. This climate change caused lakes and rivers to shrink rather significantly and caused increasing desertification. This, in turn, decreased the amount of land conducive to settlements and helped to cause migrations of farming communities to the more humid climate of West Africa.
Sahelian kingdoms
The Sahelian kingdoms were a series of monarchies centered in the Sahel, between the 9th and 18th centuries Their wealth of the states came from controlling the Trans-Saharan trade routes across the desert, especially the slave trade with the Islamic world. Their power came from having large pack animals like camels and horses that were fast enough to keep a large empire under central control and were also useful in battle. All of these empires were also quite decentralized with member cities having a great deal of autonomy. The first large Sahelian kingdoms emerged after 750, and supported several large trading cities in the Niger Bend region, including Timbuktu, Gao, and Djenné.The Sahel states were limited from expanding south into the forest zone of the Ashanti and Yoruba as mounted warriors were all but useless in the forests and the horses and camels could not survive the heat and diseases of the region.
Colonial period
The western Sudan fell to France in the late 19th century, as part of French West Africa. Chad was added in 1900 as part of French Equatorial Africa. The French territories were decolonialized in 1960.The eastern Sahel (the part in what is now Sudan) did not fall to the European powers but was annexed by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1820. It came under British administration as part of the Sultanate of Egypt in 1914. The Sudanese Sahel became part of independent Sudan in 1956 and entered a lasting period of political instability and warfare, still ongoing in the War in Darfur.
The extreme east of the Sahel came under Italian control as Italian Eritrea in 1890. Eritrea was annexed by Haile Selassie of Ethiopia in 1962, and became independent in 1993 after a long War of Independence.
Recent droughts
There was a major drought in the Sahel in 1914, caused by annual rains far below average, that caused a large-scale famine. The 1960s saw a large increase in rainfall in the region, making the northern drier region more accessible. There was a push, supported by governments, for people to move northwards. As the long drought-period from 1968 through 1974 began, the grazing quickly became unsustainable, and large-scale denuding of the terrain followed. Like the drought in 1914, this led to a large-scale famine, but this time it was somewhat tempered by international visibility and an outpouring of aid. This catastrophe led to the founding of the International Fund for Agricultural Development. To the development.In June to August, 2010, famine struck the Sahel. Niger's crops failed to mature in the heat, and famine occurred. 350,000 faced starvation, and 1,200,000 were at risk of famine. In Chad, the temperature reached on June 22 in Faya-Largeau, breaking a record set in 1961 at the same location. Niger tied its highest temperature record set in 1998, on also June 22, at 47.1°C in Bilma. That record was broken the next day, on June 23 when Bilma hit . The hottest temperature recorded in Sudan was reached on June 25, at in Dongola, breaking a record set in 1987. Niger reported on July 14 that diarrhea, starvation, gastroenteritis, malnutrition, and respiratory diseases had sickened or killed many children. The new military junta appealed for international food aid and took serious steps to call overseas help. On July 26, the heat reached near-record levels over Chad and Niger, and about 20 had reportedly died in northern Niger of dehydration by July 27.
Desertification and soil loss
Over-farming, over-grazing, and over-population of marginal lands and natural soil erosion have caused serious desertification of the region.Major dust storms are a frequent occurrence, as well. During November 2004, a number of major dust storms hit the Chad, Nigeria, and northern Cameroon, originating in the Bodélé Depression. This is a common area for dust storms (occurring, on average, 100 days every year).
On 25 August 2008, heavy dust storms passed over the eastern plains of Somalia and the northeast of a still drought-hit Kenya. On March 23, 2010, a major sandstorm hit Mauritania, Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, and inland Sierra Leone. Another struck in southern Algeria, inland Mauritania, Mali, and northern Côte d’Ivoire at the same time.
See also
References
Further reading
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External links
Category:Regions of Africa Category:Afrotropic Category:Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Category:Ecoregions of Africa Category:Ecoregions of Burkina Faso Category:Ecoregions of Cameroon Category:Ecoregions of the Central African Republic Category:Ecoregions of Chad Category:Ecoregions of Eritrea Category:Ecoregions of Ethiopia Category:Ecoregions of Mali Category:Ecoregions of Mauritania Category:Ecoregions of Niger Category:Ecoregions of Nigeria Category:Ecoregions of Senegal Category:Ecoregions of South Sudan Category:Ecoregions of Sudan Category:Flora of Northern Africa
af:Sahel ar:ساحل (أفريقيا) frp:Sahèl afriquen bn:সহিল bs:Sahel bg:Сахел ca:Sahel africà cs:Sahel cy:Sahel da:Sahel de:Sahelzone et:Sahel el:Σαχέλ es:Sahel eo:Sahelo eu:Sahel fr:Sahel africain fy:Sahel gl:Deserto do Sahel ko:사헬 hy:Սահել hr:Sahel id:Sahel is:Sahel it:Sahel he:סאהל kk:Сахель lt:Sahelis hu:Száhel-övezet mk:Сахел nl:Sahel (landstreek) ja:サヘル no:Sahel nn:Sahel pl:Sahel (region geograficzny) pt:Sahel ro:Sahel ru:Сахель simple:Sahel sk:Sahel sl:Sahel so:Sahel sr:Сахел sh:Sahel fi:Sahel sv:Sahel tt:Сәхил tr:Sahel uk:Сахель ur:ساحل vec:Sahel vi:Sahel wo:Sahel zh:萨赫勒This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.