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Aaron H. Cragin
Aaron Harrison Cragin (February 3, 1821 – May 10, 1898) was a United States Representative and Senator from New Hampshire. Born in Weston, Vermont, he completed preparatory studies, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Albany, New York in 1847 and commenced practice in Lebanon, New Hampshire. He was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 1852 to 1855, and was elected by the American Party to the Thirty-fourth Congress and as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1855-March 3, 1859). While in the House of Representatives, he was chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Department of War (Thirty-fourth Congress).
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Abner C. Harding
Abner Clark Harding (February 10, 1807 - July 19, 1874) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
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Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserving the Union, ending slavery, and rededicating the nation to nationalism, equal rights, liberty and democracy. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, he was mostly self-educated and became a country lawyer, an Illinois state legislator, and a one-term member of the United States House of Representatives, but failed in two attempts at a seat in the United States Senate. He was an affectionate, though often absent, husband, and father of four children.
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Addison H. Laflin
Addison Henry Laflin (October 24, 1823 - September 24, 1878) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Lee, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, he attended the common schools, was graduated from Williams College (in Williamstown, Massachusetts) in 1843, went to Herkimer County, New York in 1849 and became interested in paper making. He was a member of the New York State Senate in 1858 and 1859 and was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, and Forty-first Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1865 to March 3, 1871. He was not a candidate for renomination and was a delegate to the Republican State convention in 1867. He was appointed by President Ulysses S. Grant to be naval officer at the Port of New York on April 3, 1871 and held that position until 1877, when he resigned. Laflin died in Pittsfield, Massachusetts in 1878; interment was in Oakwood Cemetery, Syracuse.
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Alexander G. Cattell
Alexander Gilmore Cattell (February 12, 1816 – April 8, 1894) was a United States Senator from New Jersey. Born in Salem, New Jersey, he received an academic education, and engaged in mercantile pursuits in Salem until 1846. He was elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1840, and served as clerk from 1842-1844. He was a member of the State constitutional convention in 1844 and moved to Philadelphia in 1846, where he engaged in business and banking. He was a member of the Philadelphia Common Council from 1848 to 1854, organized the Corn Exchange Bank, and was its president from 1858 to 1871. He moved to Merchantville, New Jersey in 1863 and was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate to succeed John P. Stockton, whose seat was declared vacant, and served from September 19, 1866, to March 3, 1871. He was not a candidate for reelection. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on the Library (Forty-first Congress).
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Alexander H. Rice
Alexander Hamilton Rice (August 30, 1818 – July 22, 1895) was Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts from 1856–1857, a U.S. Congressman during the American Civil War, and the 30th Governor of Massachusetts from 1876–78.
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Alexander Ramsey
Alexander Ramsey (September 8, 1815 – April 22, 1903) was an American politician. He was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
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Allen A. Bradford
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Amasa Cobb
Amasa Cobb (September 27, 1823 – July 5, 1905) was a Republican Wisconsin politician and an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
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Andrew H. Ward
Andrew Harrison Ward (January 3, 1815 - April 16, 1904) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.
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Andrew J. Kuykendall
Andrew Jackson Kuykendall (March 3, 1815 – May 11, 1891) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
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Andrew J. Rogers
Andrew Jackson Rogers (July 1, 1828 – May 22, 1900) was an American lawyer, teacher, clerk, police commissioner and Democratic Party politician who represented in the United States House of Representatives from 1863-1867.
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Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the 17th President of the United States (1865–1869). Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, Johnson presided over the Reconstruction era of the United States in the four years after the American Civil War. His tenure was controversial as his positions favoring the white South came under heavy political attack from Republicans.
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Arthur A. Denny
Arthur Armstrong Denny (June 20, 1822 – January 9, 1899) was present at the founding of Seattle, Washington, the acknowledged leader of the pioneer Denny Party, and later the city's wealthiest citizen and a 9-term member of the territorial legislature. Seattle's former Denny Hill was named after him; it was flattened in a series of regrading projects and its former site is now known as the Denny Regrade. The city's Denny Way, however, is named not after Arthur Denny, but after his younger brother David Denny. While often taking credit for the founding of the City of Seattle, in reality the most he could legitimately claim was simply being there and in fact did little to contribute to the early development of the city.
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Asahel W. Hubbard
Asahel Wheeler Hubbard (January 19, 1819 - September 22, 1879) was an attorney, judge, Indiana legislator, and three-term Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 6th congressional district during the Civil War and the first stage of the Reconstruction era. He was the father of Iowa Congressman Elbert H. Hubbard.
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Augustus Brandegee
Augustus Brandegee (12 July 1828, New London, Connecticut – 10 November 1904, New London, Connecticut) was an American lawyer and politician who served in the House of Representatives for Connecticut.
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B. Gratz Brown
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Benjamin Eggleston
Benjamin Eggleston (January 3, 1816 - February 9, 1888) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
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Benjamin F. Loan
Benjamin Franklin Loan (October 4, 1819 – March 30, 1881) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri, as well as a Union General during the American Civil War.
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Benjamin G. Harris
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Benjamin Wade
Benjamin Franklin "Bluff" Wade (October 27, 1800 – March 2, 1878) was a U.S. lawyer and United States Senator. In the Senate, he was associated with the Radical Republicans of that time.
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Burt Van Horn
Burt Van Horn (October 28, 1823 – April 1, 1896) was a United States Representative from New York during the American Civil War.
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Burton C. Cook
Burton Chauncey Cook (May 11, 1819 – August 18, 1894) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
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Burwell C. Ritter
Burwell Clark Ritter (January 6, 1810 - October 1, 1880) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky, uncle of Walter Evans.
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Calvin T. Hulburd
Calvin Tilden Hulburd (June 5, 1809 - October 25, 1897) was a United States Representative from New York during the American Civil War and Reconstruction.
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Charles A. Eldredge
Charles Augustus Eldredge (February 27, 1820 - October 26, 1896) was a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin.
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Charles Denison
Charles Denison (January 23, 1818 – June 27, 1867) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
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Charles E. Phelps
Charles Edward Phelps (May 1, 1833 – December 27, 1908) rose to the rank of Brigadier General in the U.S. Army in the Civil War, served as a city councilman, a U.S. Congressman from the third district of Maryland, and received the Medal of Honor.
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Charles H. Winfield
Charles Henry Winfield (April 22, 1822 - June 10, 1888) was a U.S. Representative from New York during the latter half of the American Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction.
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Charles R. Buckalew
Charles Rollin Buckalew (December 28, 1821 – May 19, 1899) was an American lawyer and Democratic party politician from Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania. He served in the state senate and represented Pennsylvania in both the U.S. House and Senate. He was a graduate of Harford Academy, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1843.
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Charles Sitgreaves
Charles Sitgreaves (April 22, 1803, Easton, Pennsylvania – March 17, 1878, Phillipsburg, New Jersey) was an American Democratic Party politician who represented New Jersey's 3rd congressional district from 1865 to 1869.
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Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner(January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts. An academic lawyer and a powerful orator, Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts and a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War and Reconstruction, and the counterpart to Thaddeus Stevens in the United States House of Representatives. He jumped from party to party, gaining fame as a Republican. One of the most learned statesmen of the era, he specialized in foreign affairs, working closely with Abraham Lincoln. He devoted his enormous energies to the destruction of what he considered the Slave Power, that is the scheme of slave owners to take control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty. His severe beating in 1856 by South Carolina Representative Preston Brooks on the floor of the United States Senate helped escalate the tensions that led to war. After years of therapy Sumner returned to the Senate to help lead the Civil War. Sumner was a leading proponent of abolishing slavery to weaken the Confederacy. Although he kept on good terms with Abraham Lincoln, he was a leader of the hard-line Radical Republicans.
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Charles Upson
Charles Upson (March 19, 1821 - September 5, 1885) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.
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Chester D. Hubbard
Chester Dorman Hubbard (November 25, 1814 – August 23, 1891) was a U.S. Representative from West Virginia, father of Congressman William Pallister Hubbard.
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Columbus Delano
Columbus Delano, (June 4, 1809 – October 23, 1896) was a lawyer and a statesman and a member of the prominent Delano family.
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Daniel Morris
For the prominent nineteenth century horticulturalist please see Daniel Morris (horticulturalist)
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Daniel S. Norton
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Daniel W. Gooch
Daniel Wheelwright Gooch (January 8, 1820 – November 11, 1891) was a United States Representative from Massachusetts. Gooch, the son of John and Olive (Winn) Gooch, was born in Wells, Maine on January 8, 1820. He attended the public schools, Phillips Academy, and graduated from Dartmouth College. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Boston.
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Daniel W. Voorhees
Daniel Wolsey Voorhees (September 26, 1827 – April 10, 1897) was a lawyer and United States Senator from Indiana, who was leader of the Democratic party and an anti-war Copperhead during the American Civil War.
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David T. Patterson
David Trotter Patterson (February 28, 1818 – November 3, 1891) was a United States Senator from Tennessee at the beginning of the Reconstruction Period.
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Delos R. Ashley
Delos Rodeyn Ashley (February 19, 1828 – July 18, 1873) was a California and Nevada politician. He served on the California State Assembly, 3rd District, 1854-56. He later went to the California state senate, 1856-57 and would become California State Treasurer, 1862-63. Ashley then moved to Nevada where he would become United States Representative from Nevada at-large, 1865-69.
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Demas Hubbard, Jr.
Demas Hubbard, Jr. (January 17, 1806 - September 2, 1873) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
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Donald C. McRuer
Donald Campbell McRuer (March 10, 1826 - January 29, 1898) was a California Republican politician and U.S. Congressman.
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Ebenezer Dumont
Ebenezer Dumont (November 23, 1814 – April 16, 1871) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana, as well as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
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Ebon C. Ingersoll
Ebon Clark Ingersoll (December 12, 1831 - May 31, 1879) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
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Edgar Cowan
Edgar Cowan (September 19, 1815 – August 31, 1885) was an American lawyer and Republican politician from Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He represented Pennsylvania in the United States Senate during the American Civil War.
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Edmund G. Ross
Edmund Gibson Ross (December 7, 1826 May 8, 1907) was a politician who represented the state of Kansas after the American Civil War and was later governor of the New Mexico Territory. His vote against convicting of President Andrew Johnson of "high crimes and misdemeanors" allowed Johnson to stay in office by the margin of one vote. As the seventh of seven Republican U.S. Senators to break with his party, Ross proved to be the person whose decision would result in conviction or acquittal. When he chose the latter, the vote of 35-19 in favor of Johnson's conviction failed to reach the required two-thirds vote. Ross lost his bid for re-election two years later.
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Edward D. Holbrook
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Edward H. Rollins
Edward Henry Rollins (October 3, 1824 – July 31, 1889) was a United States Representative and Senator from New Hampshire.
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Edward McPherson
Edward McPherson (July 31, 1830 – December 14, 1895) was a prominent Pennsylvania newspaperman, attorney, and United States Congressman. A significant part of the Battle of Gettysburg's first day fighting occurred on property owned by McPherson, known thereafter as ''McPherson's Ridge''.
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Edwin D. Morgan
Edwin Denison Morgan (February 8, 1811 - February 14, 1883) was the 21st Governor of New York from 1859 to 1862 and served in the United States Senate from 1863 to 1869. He was the first and longest serving chairman of the Republican National Committee. He was also a Union Army general during the American Civil War.
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Edwin Hanson Webster
Edwin Hanson Webster (March 31, 1829 – April 24, 1893) was a U.S. Congressman from Maryland, serving the second district for two terms from 1859 until 1865.
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Edwin N. Hubbell
Edwin Nelson Hubbell (born August 13, 1815, date of death unknown) was an American politician in New York and Michigan. He was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York, representing the 13th congressional district in the 39th congress..
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Edwin R. V. Wright
:This article is about the U.S. Representative from New Jersey. For the U.S. foreign policy specialist, see Edwin M. Wright.
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Elijah Hise
Elijah Hise (1802–1867) was a United States diplomat and U.S. Representative from the of Kentucky.
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Ephraim R. Eckley
Ephraim Ralph Eckley (December 9, 1811 - March 27, 1908) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
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Fernando C. Beaman
Fernando Cortez Beaman (June 28, 1814 – September 27, 1882) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan during and after the American Civil War.
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Francis Thomas
Francis Thomas (February 3, 1799 – January 22, 1876) was a Maryland politician who served as the 26th Governor of Maryland from 1842–1844. He also served as a United States Representative from Maryland, representing at separate times the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh districts.
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Frederick A. Pike
Frederick Augustus Pike (December 9, 1816 – December 2, 1886) was a U.S. Representative from Maine.
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Garrett Davis
Garrett Davis (September 10, 1801 – September 22, 1872) was a U.S. Senator and Representative from Kentucky.
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George F. Edmunds
George Franklin Edmunds (February 1, 1828 – February 27, 1919) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Vermont from 1866 to 1891.
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George G. Fogg
George Gilman Fogg (May 26, 1813 - October 5, 1881) was a United States Senator and diplomat from New Hampshire. Born in Meredith Center, he pursued classical studies and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1839. He studied law at Meredith and at the Harvard Law School, was admitted to the bar in 1842 and commenced practice at Gilmanton Iron Works, New Hampshire. He moved to Concord in 1846 and was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and secretary of State of New Hampshire that year. He was a newspaper publisher from 1847 to 1861, and reporter of the New Hampshire Supreme Court from 1856 to 1860.
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George R. Riddle
George Read Riddle (1817 – March 29, 1867) was an American engineer, lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party who served as U.S. Representative and as U.S. Senator from Delaware.
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George S. Shanklin
George Sea Shanklin (December 23, 1807 - April 1, 1883) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky, of Polish descent.
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Giles W. Hotchkiss
Giles Waldo Hotchkiss (October 25, 1815 - July 5, 1878) was a U.S. Representative from New York during the American Civil War.
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Gilman Marston
Gilman Marston (August 20, 1811 – July 3, 1890) was a United States Representative, Senator, and United States Army general from New Hampshire.
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Godlove Stein Orth
Godlove Stein Orth (April 22, 1817 – December 16, 1882) was a U.S. House representative from Indiana and acting-Lieutenant Governor of Indiana.
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Green Clay Smith
Green Clay Smith (July 4, 1826 June 29, 1895) was a U.S. soldier and politician. He served as a major general during the Civil War, was a congressman from Kentucky and was the Territorial Governor of Montana from 1866 to 1869. He also ran for President of the United States on the Prohibition ticket in 1876. He was the son of John Speed Smith.
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Halbert E. Paine
Halbert Eleazer Paine (February 4, 1826 – April 14, 1905) was a lawyer, politician, and general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was a three-term postbellum U.S. Congressman from Wisconsin.
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Hamilton Ward, Sr.
Hamilton Ward, Sr. (July 3, 1829 Salisbury, Herkimer County, New York - December 28, 1898 Wellsville, Allegany County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician.
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Henry B. Anthony
For the cricketer of the same name see Henry Anthony (cricketer)
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Henry C. Deming
Henry Champion Deming (May 23, 1815 – October 8, 1872) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut. Born in Colchester, Connecticut, Deming pursued classical studies.
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Henry D. Washburn
Henry Dana Washburn (March 28, 1832 – January 26, 1871) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
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Henry Grider
Henry Grider (July 16, 1796 - September 7, 1866) was a United States Representative from Kentucky. He was born in Garrard County, Kentucky. He pursued an academic course, studied law, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Bowling Green, Kentucky.
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Henry H. Van Aernam
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Henry Jarvis Raymond
Henry Jarvis Raymond (January 24, 1820 – June 18, 1869) was an American journalist and politician and founder of The New York Times.
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Henry L. Dawes
Henry Laurens Dawes (October 30, 1816 – February 5, 1903) was a Republican United States Senator and United States Representative, notable for the Dawes Act.
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Henry P. H. Bromwell
Henry Pelham Holmes Bromwell (August 26, 1823 – January 7, 1903) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
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Henry Smith Lane
Henry Smith Lane (February 24, 1811 June 18, 1881) was a United States Representative, Senator, and the 13th Governor of Indiana; he was by design the shortest-serving Governor of Indiana, having made plans to resign the office should his party take control of the Indiana General Assembly and elect him to the United States Senate. He held that office for only two days, and was known for his opposition to slavery. A Whig until the party collapsed, he supported compromise with the south. He became an early leader in the Republican Party starting in 1856 serving as the president of the first party convention, delivering its key-note address, and was influential in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became a full-fledged abolitionist, and in the Senate he was a pro-Union advocate and a strong supporter of the war effort to end the rebellion.
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Henry T. Blow
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Henry Wilson
Henry Wilson (February 16, 1812 – November 22, 1875) was the 18th Vice President of the United States and a Senator from Massachusetts. During the American Civil War, he was a leading Republican who devoted his enormous energies to the destruction of what he called the Slave Power, which he defined as a conspiracy of slave owners to seize control of the federal government and block the progress of liberty.
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Hezekiah S. Bundy
Hezekiah Sanford Bundy (August 15, 1817 – December 12, 1895) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
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Hiram McCullough
Hiram McCullough (September 26, 1813 — March 4, 1885) was a U.S. Congressman from Maryland, serving two terms from 1865—1869.
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Hiram Price
Hiram Price (January 10, 1814 – May 30, 1901) was a nineteenth-century banker, merchant, bookkeeper, bank president, railroad president, and five-term Republican congressman from Iowa's 2nd congressional district.
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Horace Maynard
Horace Maynard (August 30, 1814 – May 3, 1882) was an American politician who served as attorney general of Tennessee, U.S. Representative in Congress and as U.S. Postmaster General in the Rutherford B. Hayes administration.
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Ignatius L. Donnelly
Ignatius Loyola Donnelly (November 3, 1831 – January 1, 1901) was a U.S. Congressman, populist writer and amateur scientist, known primarily now for his theories of the history of Atlantis and Shakespearean authorship, which modern historians consider to be pseudohistory.
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Ithamar C. Sloan
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J. Francisco Chaves
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Jacob Collamer
Jacob Collamer (January 8, 1791 – November 9, 1865) was an American politician from Vermont.
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Jacob M. Howard
Jacob Merritt Howard (July 10, 1805 – April 2, 1871) was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan during and after the American Civil War.
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James A. Garfield
James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 September 19, 1881) was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his death on September 19, 1881, a brief 200 days in office.
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James A. McDougall
James Alexander McDougall (November 19, 1817 – September 3, 1867) was an American attorney and politician elected to statewide office in two U.S. states, then to the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate from frontier California.
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James Brooks (Whig)
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James Dixon
James Dixon (August 5, 1814 – March 27, 1873) was a United States Representative and Senator from Connecticut.
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James G. Blaine
James Gillespie Blaine (January 31, 1830 – January 27, 1893) was a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time Secretary of State. He was nominated for president in 1884, but lost a close race to Democrat Grover Cleveland.
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James K. Moorhead
James Kennedy Moorhead (September 7, 1806 – March 6, 1884) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
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James M. Humphrey
James Morgan Humphrey (September 21, 1819 – February 9, 1899) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
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James M. Marvin
James Madison Marvin (February 27, 1809 - April 25, 1901) was a U.S. Representative from New York during the latter half of the American Civil War.
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James W. Grimes
James Wilson Grimes (October 20, 1816February 7, 1872) was an American politician, serving as the third Governor of Iowa and a United States Senator from Iowa.
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James W. Nesmith
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James W. Nye
James Warren Nye (June 10, 1815 December 25, 1876) was a United States Senator from Nevada.
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James W. Patterson
James Willis Patterson (July 2, 1823 - May 4, 1893) was a United States Representative and Senator from New Hampshire.
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Jehu Baker
Jehu Baker (November 4, 1822 – March 1, 1903) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
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John A. Griswold
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John A. J. Creswell
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John A. Kasson
John Adam Kasson (January 11, 1822 – May 18, 1910) was a nineteenth century lawyer, politician and diplomat from south-central Iowa. Elected to the U.S. House six times, he repeatedly interrupted his congressional service to serve in the Diplomatic service in many different capacities.
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John A. Nicholson
John Anthony Nicholson (November 17, 1827 – November 4, 1906) was an American lawyer and politician from Dover, in Kent County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as U. S. Representative from Delaware.
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John B. Alley
John Bassett Alley (January 7, 1817 – January 19, 1896) was a businessman and politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.
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John B. Henderson
John Brooks Henderson (November 16, 1826 – April 12, 1913) was a United States Senator from Missouri and a co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
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John Bidwell
John Bidwell (August 5, 1819 – April 4, 1900) was known throughout California and across the nation as an important pioneer, farmer, soldier, statesman, politician, prohibitionist and philanthropist. He is famous for leading one of the first emigrant parties, known as the Bartleson-Bidwell Party, along the California Trail, and for founding Chico, California.
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John Bingham
John Armor Bingham (January 21, 1815 – March 19, 1900) was a Republican congressman from Ohio, America, judge advocate in the trial of the Abraham Lincoln assassination and a prosecutor in the impeachment trials of Andrew Johnson. He is also the principal framer of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
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John Conness
John Conness (September 22, 1821 – January 10, 1909) was a first-generation Irish-American businessman who served as a U.S. Senator (1863–1869) from California during the American Civil War and the early years of Reconstruction. He introduced a bill to establish Yosemite National Park and voted to abolish slavery. His advocacy of Chinese immigration and civil rights cost him his constituency.
http://wn.com/John_Conness -
John Creswell
John Angel James Creswell (November 18, 1828 – December 23, 1891) was an American politician from Maryland. He served as Postmaster General of the United States during the Grant administration.
http://wn.com/John_Creswell -
John D. Baldwin
http://wn.com/John_D_Baldwin -
John F. Benjamin
John Forbes Benjamin (January 23, 1817 – March 8, 1877) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri.
http://wn.com/John_F_Benjamin -
John F. Driggs
John Fletcher Driggs (March 8, 1813 – December 17, 1877) was a politician from the U.S. state of Michigan.
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John F. Farnsworth
John Franklin Farnsworth (March 27, 1820 – July 14, 1897) was a seven-term U.S. Representative from Illinois and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
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John F. Starr
John Farson Starr (March 25, 1818, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - August 9, 1904, Atlantic City, New Jersey), was an American Republican Party politician, who served in the United States House of Representatives, where he represented New Jersey's 1st congressional district from 1863 to 1867.
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John H. Farquhar
http://wn.com/John_H_Farquhar -
John H. Rice
John Hovey Rice (February 5, 1816 - March 14, 1911) was a U.S. Representative from Maine.
http://wn.com/John_H_Rice -
John Henry Hubbard
John Henry Hubbard (March 24, 1804 - July 30, 1872) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut.
http://wn.com/John_Henry_Hubbard -
John Martin Broomall
John Martin Broomall (January 19, 1816 – June 3, 1894) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
http://wn.com/John_Martin_Broomall -
John Milton Thayer
John Milton Thayer (January 24, 1820 March 19, 1906) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War and a postbellum United States Senator from Nebraska, as well as governor of Wyoming Territory and governor of Nebraska.
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John Noble Goodwin
John Noble Goodwin (October 18, 1824 – April 29, 1887) was a United States attorney and politician who served as the first Governor of Arizona Territory. He was also a Congressman from Maine and served as Arizona Territory's Delegate to the United States House of Representatives.
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John P. Stockton
John Potter Stockton (August 2, 1826–January 22, 1900) was a New Jersey politician who served in the United States Senate as a Democrat.
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John R. Kelso
John Russell Kelso (March 23, 1831 – January 26, 1891) was a nineteenth century politician, author, lecturer and school principal from Missouri.
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John W. Forney
http://wn.com/John_W_Forney -
John W. Hunter
John Ward Hunter (October 15, 1807 - April 16, 1900) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Bedford, New York (now part of Brooklyn), he received a liberal schooling and was a clerk in a wholesale grocery store in New York City in 1824. He was a clerk in the United States customhouse at New York City from 1831 to 1836, and was assistant auditor of the customhouse from 1836 to 1865. He engaged in banking as treasurer of the Dime Savings Bank in Brooklyn, and was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of James Humphrey. Hunter held office from December 4, 1866 to March 3, 1867; while in Congress, he was censured by the House of Representatives on January 26, 1867 for the use of unparliamentary language. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1866; in 1875 and 1876 he was mayor of Brooklyn. His successor as mayor was Frederick A. Schroeder, a Republican. Hunter was elected the first President of the 'Society of Old Brooklynites'. The prestigious civic organization which was founded in 1880, still holds monthly public meetings in the Brooklyn Surrogate's Courtroom.
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John W. Leftwich
John William Leftwich was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 8th congressional district of Tennessee. He was born in Liberty (now Bedford), Virginia in Bedford County on September 7, 1826. He attended the public schools, studied medicine, and graduated from Philadelphia Medical College in 1850. He moved to Memphis, Tennessee and engaged in mercantile pursuits.
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John W. Longyear
John Wesley Longyear (October 22, 1820 - March 11, 1875) was a politician and judge from the U.S. state of Michigan.
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Joseph H. Defrees
Joseph Hutton DeFrees (May 13, 1812 – December 21, 1885) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana.
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Joseph S. Fowler
Joseph Smith Fowler (August 31, 1820 – April 1, 1902) was a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1866 to 1871.
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Joseph W. McClurg
Joseph Washington McClurg (February 22, 1818 December 2, 1900) was the 19th Governor of Missouri in the decade following the American Civil War. His stepfather was William Murphy.
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Justin S. Morrill
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Justin Smith Morrill
Justin Smith Morrill (April 14, 1810 – December 28, 1898) was a Representative (1855–1867) and a Senator (1867–1898) from Vermont, most widely remembered today for the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act that established federal funding for establishing many of the United States' public colleges and universities.
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Kellian Whaley
Kellian Van Rensalear Whaley (May 6, 1821 – May 20, 1876) was a nineteenth century congressman from Virginia and West Virginia and major of the 9th West Virginia Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War.
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Lafayette S. Foster
Lafayette Sabine Foster (November 22, 1806 – September 19, 1880) was a nineteenth-century American politician and lawyer from Connecticut. He served in the United States Senate from 1855 to 1867 and was a judge in the Connecticut Supreme Court from 1870 to 1876.
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Lawrence S. Trimble
Lawrence Strother Trimble (26 August 1825 – 9 August 1904) was a United States congressman from Kentucky, a Kentucky judge, and New Mexican politician and lawyer.
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Leonard Myers
Leonard Myers (November 13, 1827 – February 11, 1905) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania during the American Civil War and the early years of Reconstruction.
http://wn.com/Leonard_Myers -
Lewis W. Ross
Lewis Winans Ross (December 8, 1812 - October 20, 1895) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
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Lovell H. Rousseau
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Lovell Rousseau
Lovell Harrison Rousseau (August 4, 1818 – January 7, 1869) was a general in the United States and Union Armies during the American Civil War and a lawyer and politician in both Kentucky and Indiana.
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Luke P. Poland
Luke Potter Poland (November 1, 1815 – July 2, 1887) was a United States Senator and Representative from Vermont. Born in Westford, he attended the common schools and Jericho Academy. He taught at schools and studied law, being admitted to the bar in December 1836. He practiced in Morrisville. He was register of probate from 1839 to 1840 and was a member of the State constitutional convention of 1843; in 1844 and 1845 he was prosecuting attorney of Lamoille County, and was a judge of the Vermont Supreme Court from 1848 to 1860, serving as chief justice from 1860 to 1865. He resigned from the court, and was appointed, and subsequently elected, as a Republican to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Jacob Collamer, and served from November 21, 1865, to March 3, 1867. He was then elected to the House of Representatives for the Fortieth and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1867-March 3, 1875); he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Forty-fourth Congress. While in Congress, he was chairman of the Committee on Revisal and Unfinished Business (Fortieth Congress) and a member of the Committee on Revision of the Laws (Fortieth, Forty-first and Forty-third Congresses).
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Martin Welker
Martin Welker (April 25, 1819 – March 15, 1902) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
http://wn.com/Martin_Welker -
Michael C. Kerr
Michael Crawford Kerr (March 15, 1827 –August 19, 1876) was an American legislator.
http://wn.com/Michael_C_Kerr -
Myer Strouse
Myer Strouse (December 16, 1825 – February 11, 1878) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
http://wn.com/Myer_Strouse -
Nathaniel P. Banks
Nathaniel Prentice (or Prentiss) Banks (January 30, 1816 September 1, 1894) was an American politician and soldier, served as the 24th Governor of Massachusetts, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and as a Union general during the American Civil War.
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Nehemiah G. Ordway
Nehemiah George Ordway (November 10, 1828 July 3, 1907) was a New Hampshire state senator and the seventh Governor of Dakota Territory. Ordway was regarded as one of Dakota Territory's most controversial governors.
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Nelson Taylor
Nelson Taylor (June 8, 1821 – January 16, 1894) was a U.S. Representative from New York and a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
http://wn.com/Nelson_Taylor -
Oakes Ames
Oakes Ames (January 10, 1804 – May 8, 1873) was an American manufacturer, capitalist, and member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. As a congressman, he is credited by many historians as being the single most important influence in the building of the Union Pacific portion of the transcontinental railroad. He is also noted for the subsequent scandal that alleged the improper sale of stock of the railroad's construction company. The city of Ames, Iowa is named for him, as is likely the community of Ames, Nebraska.
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Orlando Kellogg
Orlando Kellogg (June 18, 1809 - August 24, 1865) was a U.S. Representative from New York during the latter half of the American Civil War and the early days of Reconstruction.
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Peter G. Van Winkle
Peter Godwin Van Winkle (September 7, 1808 – April 15, 1872) was a United States Senator from West Virginia.
http://wn.com/Peter_G_Van_Winkle -
Philetus Sawyer
Philetus Sawyer (September 22, 1816 – March 29, 1900) was an American politician of the Republican Party who represented Wisconsin in both houses of Congress. Sawyer County, Wisconsin, is named for him.
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Phineas Hitchcock
Phineas Warren Hitchcock (November 30, 1831 – July 10, 1881) was a Delegate and a Senator from Nebraska. Hitchcock County, Nebraska, is named after him.
http://wn.com/Phineas_Hitchcock -
Portus Baxter
Portus Baxter (December 4, 1806 – March 4, 1868) was a banker, farmer, and politician from Vermont, United States.
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Ralph P. Buckland
Ralph Pomeroy Buckland (January 20, 1812 – May 27, 1892) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio, as well as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War and an executive of the Union Pacific Railroad following the war.
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Reader W. Clarke
Reader Wright Clarke (May 18, 1812 – May 23, 1872) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
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Robert C. Schenck
Robert Cumming Schenck (October 4, 1809 – March 23, 1890) was a Union Army general in the American Civil War, and American diplomatic representative to Brazil and the United Kingdom. He was at both battles of Bull Run and took part in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862, and the Battle of Cross Keys. His eldest brother, James Findlay Schenck, was rear admiral of the United States Navy.
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Robert S. Hale
Robert Safford Hale (September 24, 1822 - December 14, 1881) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
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Robert T. Van Horn
Robert Thompson Van Horn (May 19, 1824 - January 3, 1916) was a lawyer, the owner and publisher of the The Kansas City Enterprise, mayor of Kansas City, Missouri during the parts of the Civil War, member of the Missouri General Assembly, and representative to the Forty-seventh Congress of the United States.
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Roscoe Conkling
:See also Roscoe Conkling Patterson, a U.S. Senator from Missouri.
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Roswell Hart
Roswell Hart (August 4, 1824 - April 20, 1883) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Rochester, he completed preparatory studies and was graduated from Yale College in 1843. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1847, and engaged in commercial pursuits.
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Rufus P. Spalding
Rufus Paine Spalding (May 3, 1798 – August 29, 1886) was a nineteenth century politician, lawyer and judge from Ohio.
http://wn.com/Rufus_P_Spalding -
Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4, 1822 January 17, 1893) was the 19th President of the United States from March 4, 1877 to March 4, 1881. He also served as the Governor of Ohio twice, from 1868–1872 and 1876–1877.
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Samuel C. Pomeroy
Samuel Clarke Pomeroy (January 3, 1816 – August 27, 1891) was an American Republican Senator from Kansas in the mid-19th century, serving in the United States Senate during the American Civil War. Pomeroy served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. He also was the mayor of Atchison, Kansas, from 1858 to 1859, the second president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad and the first president to oversee any of the railroad's construction and operations. Pomeroy succeeded Cyrus K. Holliday as president of the railroad on January 13, 1864.
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Samuel Hooper
Samuel Hooper (February 3, 1808 – February 14, 1875) was a businessman and US congressman from Massachusetts, USA.
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Samuel J. Kirkwood
Samuel Jordan Kirkwood (December 20, 1813 September 1, 1894), was an American politician best known as Iowa's Civil War Governor; he also served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of the Interior.
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Samuel J. Randall
Samuel Jackson Randall (October 10, 1828 – April 13, 1890) was a Pennsylvania politician, attorney, soldier, and a prominent Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives during the late 19th century. He served as the 33rd Speaker of the House and a contender for his party's nomination for the President of the United States in two campaigns.
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Samuel L. Warner
Samuel Larkin Warner (June 14, 1828 - February 6, 1893) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut, brother of Levi Warner.
http://wn.com/Samuel_L_Warner -
Samuel Mayes Arnell
Samuel Mayes Arnell (May 3, 1833 – July 20, 1903) was an American politician who represented the 6th congressional district of Tennessee in the United States House of Representatives.
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Samuel McKee (1833)
Samuel McKee (November 5, 1833 - December 11, 1898) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.
http://wn.com/Samuel_McKee_(1833) -
Samuel S. Marshall
Samuel Scott Marshall (March 12, 1821 - July 26, 1890) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
http://wn.com/Samuel_S_Marshall -
Samuel W. Moulton
Samuel Wheeler Moulton (January 20, 1821 - June 3, 1905) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois.
http://wn.com/Samuel_W_Moulton -
Schuyler Colfax
Schuyler Colfax, Jr. (; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was a United States Representative from Indiana, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the 17th Vice President of the United States.
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Shelby Moore Cullom
Shelby Moore Cullom (November 22, 1829 – January 28, 1914) was a U.S. political figure, serving in various offices, including the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate and the 17th Governor of Illinois.
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Sidney Clarke
Sidney Clarke (October 16, 1831 – June 18, 1909) was a U.S. Representative from Kansas, a Kansas state speaker of the house, and an Oklahoma territorial legislator. He was a part of the Oklahoma statehood movement.
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Sidney Perham
Sidney Perham (March 27, 1819– April 10, 1907) was a U.S. Representative and the 33rd Governor of Maine and was an activist in the temperance movement.
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Sidney T. Holmes
Sidney Tracy Holmes (August 14, 1815 - January 16, 1890) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
http://wn.com/Sidney_T_Holmes -
Solomon Foot
Solomon Foot (born on November 19, 1802 in Cornwall, Vermont - died on March 28, 1866 in Washington, D.C.) was a Vermont lawyer, state representative and later senator who spent more than 25 years in elected office. He graduated from Middlebury College in 1826 and was admitted to the bar in 1831. He served as a state representative briefly in 1833, and also from 1836 to 1838. After six years as a prosecuting attorney, he was elected as a Whig congressman in 1843 and as a senator in 1850. He was re-elected as a Republican senator in 1856, in which capacity he served until his death in 1866. He served as President pro tempore of the Senate from 1861 to 1864.
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Stephen Taber
Stephen Taber (March 7, 1821 – April 23, 1886) was a United States Congress Representative from New York from 1865-1869.
http://wn.com/Stephen_Taber -
Teunis G. Bergen
Teunis Garret Bergen (October 6, 1806 – April 24, 1881) was a United States Representative from New York. Born in Brooklyn, he attended the common schools and Erasmus Hall Academy (in Flatbush). He engaged in agricultural pursuits and surveying, and was supervisor of New Utrecht (in Kings County) from 1836 to 1859. He was a member of the New York constitutional conventions in 1846, 1867, and 1868, and was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions at Baltimore and Charleston in 1860.
http://wn.com/Teunis_G_Bergen -
Thaddeus Stevens
Thaddeus Stevens (April 4, 1792 – August 11, 1868), of Pennsylvania, was a Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives. As chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, Stevens, a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader, dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War. Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner were the prime leaders of the Radical Republicans during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. A biographer characterizes him as, "The Great Commoner, savior of free public education in Pennsylvania, national Republican leader in the struggles against slavery in the United States and intrepid mainstay of the attempt to secure racial justice for the freedmen during Reconstruction, the only member of the House of Representatives ever to have been known, as the 'dictator' of Congress."
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Thomas A. Hendricks
Thomas Andrews Hendricks (September 7, 1819 November 25, 1885) was an American politician who served as a Representative and a Senator from Indiana, the 16th Governor of Indiana, and the 21st Vice President of the United States. The first Democratic governor to be elected in the Northern United States following the American Civil War, and having defended the Democratic position in the Senate during the war, Hendricks quickly grew in popularity among the national party. After two previous failed attempts to win election to the governor's office, his term was marked by the Panic of 1873, which consumed most of his energies. He was opposed by a strong Republican majority in the Indiana General Assembly, and was unable to enact any significant legislation. Hendricks was the unsuccessful candidate for Vice President on the Democratic ticket with Samuel Tilden in the controversial presidential election of 1876. Despite his poor health, he accepted his party's second nomination to run for Vice President in the election of 1884 as Grover Cleveland's running mate, and served in that office until his death only eight months later.
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Thomas D. Eliot
Thomas Dawes Eliot, was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. He was born in Boston on March 20, 1808. Eliot was named after his grandfather Justice Thomas Dawes of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court.
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Thomas E. Noell
Thomas Estes Noell (April 3, 1839 - October 3, 1867) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri, son of John William Noell.
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Thomas N. Stilwell
Thomas Neel Stilwell (August 29, 1830 - January 14, 1874) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana.
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Thomas Tipton
Thomas Weston Tipton (August 5, 1817 – November 26, 1899) was a Senator from Nebraska.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Tipton -
Thomas U. Walter
Thomas Ustick Walter (September 4, 1804 – October 30, 1887) of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was the dean of American architecture between the 1820 death of Benjamin Latrobe and the emergence of H.H. Richardson in the 1870s. He was the fourth Architect of the Capitol, responsible for adding the north (Senate) and south (House) wings and the central dome that brought the U.S. Capitol building to essentially its modern appearance.
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Thomas W. Ferry
Thomas White Ferry (June 10, 1827 – October 13, 1896) was a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from the state of Michigan.
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Timothy O. Howe
Timothy Otis Howe (February 24, 1816 – March 25, 1883) was a member of the United States Senate, representing the state of Wisconsin from March 4, 1861, to March 3, 1879. He also served as U.S. Postmaster General from 1881 through 1883.
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Tobias A. Plants
Tobias Avery Plants (March 17, 1811 – June 19, 1887) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
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Turner M. Marquette
Turner Mastin Marquette (July 19, 1831 – December 22, 1894) was a Nebraska Republican politician best known for being the first house representative for the state.
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Ulysses Mercur
Ulysses Mercur (August 12, 1818 – June 6, 1887) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
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Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th President of the United States (1869–1877) as well as military commander during the Civil War and post-war Reconstruction periods. Under Grant's command, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and ended the Confederate States of America. Grant began his lifelong career as a soldier after graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1843. Fighting in the Mexican American War, he was a close observer of the techniques of Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. He resigned from the Army in 1854, then struggled to make a living in St. Louis. After many financial setbacks, he finally moved to Galena, Illinois where he worked as a clerk in his father's tannery shop, making Galena his permanent legal home.
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Waitman T. Willey
Waitman Thomas Willey (October 18, 1811 – May 2, 1900) was an American lawyer and politician from Morgantown, West Virginia. He represented both the states of Virginia and West Virginia in the United States Senate.
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Walter A. Burleigh
Walter Atwood Burleigh (October 25, 1820 – March 7, 1896) was an American physician, lawyer, and pioneer. He represented the Dakota Territory as a non-voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives.
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Walter D. McIndoe
Walter Duncan Mcindoe (March 30, 1819 - August 22, 1872) was a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin.
http://wn.com/Walter_D_McIndoe -
William A. Darling
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William A. Newell
William Augustus Newell (September 5, 1817 August 8, 1901), was an American physician and politician, who was a three-term member of the United States House of Representatives, served as a Republican as the 18th Governor of New Jersey, and as Governor of the Washington Territory from 1880-1884. He is probably best known for, and was most proud of, the Newell Act, which created the United States Life-Saving Service (a Federal agency that grew out of private and local humanitarian efforts to save the lives of shipwrecked mariners and passengers; which ultimately merged with the Revenue Cutter Service to form the United States Coast Guard in 1915).
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William B. Allison
William Boyd Allison (March 2, 1829 — August 4, 1908) was an early leader of the Iowa Republican Party, who represented northeastern Iowa for four consecutive terms in the U.S. House before representing his state for six consecutive terms in the U.S. Senate. He died soon after overcoming his principal hurdle to election for a record seventh term in the Senate.
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William B. Campbell
William Bowen Campbell (February 1, 1807– August 19, 1867) was governor of Tennessee from 1851 to 1853.
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William D. Kelley
William D. Kelley (April 12, 1814 - January 9, 1890) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Kelley was a lifelong advocate of civil rights, social reform, and labor protection.
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William E. Dodge
William Earle Dodge (September 4, 1805 – February 9, 1883) was a New York businessman, referred to as one of the "Merchant Princes" of Wall Street in the years leading up to the American Civil War. Dodge was also a noted abolitionist, and Native American rights activist and served as the president of the National Temperance Society from 1865 to 1883. Dodge represented New York's 8th congressional district in the United States Congress for a portion of the 39th United States Congress in 1866-67 and was a founding member of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA). His son, Charles Cleveland Dodge, was one of the youngest brigadier generals in the Union Army during the Civil War at the age of twenty-one.
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William E. Finck
William Edward Finck (September 1, 1822 - January 25, 1901) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio.
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William E. Niblack
William Ellis Niblack (May 19, 1822 - May 7, 1893) was a U.S. Representative from Indiana, cousin of Silas Leslie Niblack. Born in Dubois County, Indiana, Niblack attended the country schools and Indiana University at Bloomington.
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William H. Hooper
http://wn.com/William_H_Hooper -
William H. Randall
William Harrison Randall (July 15, 1812 - August 1, 1881) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky.
http://wn.com/William_H_Randall -
William Henry Koontz
William Henry Koontz (July 15, 1830 – July 4, 1911) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
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William Higby
William Higby (August 18, 1813 – November 27, 1887) was a United States Representative from California. He was born in Willsboro, New York. He attended a preparatory school in Westport, New York and was graduated from the University of Vermont in Vermont in 1840. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1847 and commenced practice in Elizabethtown, New York. He moved to California in 1850 and settled in Calaveras County. He resumed the practice of law and was a district attorney 1853-1859.
http://wn.com/William_Higby -
William M. Stewart
http://wn.com/William_M_Stewart -
William Windom
This page is about the former United States politician.
http://wn.com/William_Windom
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http://wn.com/Baltimore_Maryland -
Charles Augustus Eldredge (February 27, 1820 - October 26, 1896) was a U.S. Representative from Wisconsin.
http://wn.com/Charles_A_Eldredge -
The Territory of Montana was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 28, 1864, until November 8, 1889, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Montana.
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Nebraska () is a state located on the Great Plains of the Midwestern United States. The state's capital is Lincoln and its largest city is Omaha.
http://wn.com/Nebraska -
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
http://wn.com/Washington_DC
- Aaron Harding
- Abner C. Harding
- Abraham Lincoln
- Addison H. Laflin
- Alexander G. Cattell
- Alexander H. Rice
- Alexander Ramsey
- Allen A. Bradford
- Amasa Cobb
- American Civil War
- Andrew H. Ward
- Andrew J. Kuykendall
- Andrew J. Rogers
- Andrew Johnson
- Arthur A. Denny
- Asahel W. Hubbard
- Augustus Brandegee
- B. Gratz Brown
- Baltimore, Maryland
- Baptist
- Benjamin Eggleston
- Benjamin F. Loan
- Benjamin F. Wade
- Benjamin G. Harris
- Benjamin Wade
- Burt Van Horn
- Burton C. Cook
- Burwell C. Ritter
- Calvin T. Hulburd
- Charles A. Eldredge
- Charles B. Boynton
- Charles Denison
- Charles E. Phelps
- Charles H. Winfield
- Charles R. Buckalew
- Charles Sitgreaves
- Charles Sumner
- Charles Upson
- Chester D. Hubbard
- Columbus Delano
- Daniel Morris
- Daniel S. Norton
- Daniel W. Gooch
- Daniel W. Voorhees
- David T. Patterson
- Delos R. Ashley
- Demas Hubbard, Jr.
- Donald C. McRuer
- Ebenezer Dumont
- Ebon C. Ingersoll
- Edgar Cowan
- Edgar H. Gray
- Edmund G. Ross
- Edward D. Holbrook
- Edward H. Rollins
- Edward McPherson
- Edwin D. Morgan
- Edwin Hanson Webster
- Edwin N. Hubbell
- Edwin R. V. Wright
- Elihu B. Washburne
- Elijah Hise
- Ephraim R. Eckley
- Fernando C. Beaman
- Francis Thomas
- Frederick A. Pike
- Garrett Davis
- George F. Edmunds
- George G. Fogg
- George R. Latham
- George R. Riddle
- George S. Boutwell
- George S. Shanklin
- George T. Brown
- Giles W. Hotchkiss
- Gilman Marston
- Godlove Stein Orth
- Green Clay Smith
- Halbert E. Paine
- Hamilton Ward, Sr.
- Henry B. Anthony
- Henry C. Deming
- Henry D. Washburn
- Henry Grider
- Henry H. Van Aernam
- Henry Jarvis Raymond
- Henry L. Dawes
- Henry P. H. Bromwell
- Henry Smith Lane
- Henry T. Blow
- Henry Wilson
- Hezekiah S. Bundy
- Hiram McCullough
- Hiram Price
- Horace Maynard
- Ignatius L. Donnelly
- Ira Goodnow
- Ira Harris
- Ithamar C. Sloan
- J. Francisco Chaves
- Jacob Collamer
- Jacob M. Howard
- James A. Garfield
- James A. McDougall
- James Brooks (Whig)
- James Dixon
- James G. Blaine
- James K. Moorhead
- James M. Humphrey
- James M. Marvin
- James Rood Doolittle
- James W. Grimes
- James W. Nesmith
- James W. Nye
- James W. Patterson
- Jehu Baker
- John A. Griswold
- John A. J. Creswell
- John A. Kasson
- John A. Nicholson
- John B. Alley
- John B. Henderson
- John Bidwell
- John Bingham
- John Conness
- John Creswell
- John D. Baldwin
- John F. Benjamin
- John F. Driggs
- John F. Farnsworth
- John F. Starr
- John H. Farquhar
- John H. Ketcham
- John H. Rice
- John Henry Hubbard
- John Martin Broomall
- John Milton Thayer
- John Noble Goodwin
- John P. Stockton
- John R. Kelso
- John W. Chanler
- John W. Forney
- John W. Hunter
- John W. Leftwich
- John W. Longyear
- Joseph H. Defrees
- Joseph S. Fowler
- Joseph W. McClurg
- Joshua Given
- Justin S. Morrill
- Justin Smith Morrill
- Kellian Whaley
- Lafayette S. Foster
- Lawrence S. Trimble
- Leonard Myers
- Lewis W. Ross
- Lot M. Morrill
- Lovell H. Rousseau
- Lovell Rousseau
- Luke P. Poland
- Lyman Trumbull
- Martin Welker
- Metric Act of 1866
- Michael C. Kerr
- Montana Territory
- Myer Strouse
- Nathaniel P. Banks
- Nebraska
- Nehemiah G. Ordway
- Nelson Taylor
- Oakes Ames
- Orlando Kellogg
- Peter G. Van Winkle
- Philetus Sawyer
- Phineas Hitchcock
- Portus Baxter
- Ralph P. Buckland
- Reader W. Clarke
- Reverdy Johnson
- Robert C. Schenck
- Robert S. Hale
- Robert T. Van Horn
- Roscoe Conkling
- Roswell Hart
- Rufus P. Spalding
- Rutherford B. Hayes
- Samuel C. Pomeroy
- Samuel Hooper
- Samuel J. Kirkwood
- Samuel J. Randall
- Samuel L. Warner
- Samuel Mayes Arnell
- Samuel McKee (1833)
- Samuel S. Marshall
- Samuel W. Moulton
- Schuyler Colfax
- Shelby Moore Cullom
- Sidney Clarke
- Sidney Perham
- Sidney T. Holmes
- Solomon Foot
- Stephen Taber
- Teunis G. Bergen
- Thaddeus Stevens
- Thomas A. Hendricks
- Thomas D. Eliot
- Thomas E. Noell
- Thomas Jenckes
- Thomas N. Stilwell
- Thomas Tipton
- Thomas U. Walter
- Thomas W. Ferry
- Timothy O. Howe
- Tobias A. Plants
- Turner M. Marquette
- Ulysses Mercur
- Ulysses S. Grant
- United States Senate
- veto
- Waitman T. Willey
- Walter A. Burleigh
- Walter D. McIndoe
- Washington, D.C.
- William A. Darling
- William A. Newell
- William B. Allison
- William B. Campbell
- William B. Washburn
- William D. Kelley
- William D. Todd
- William E. Dodge
- William E. Finck
- William E. Niblack
- William H. Hooper
- William H. Randall
- William Henry Koontz
- William Higby
- William M. Stewart
- William P. Fessenden
- William Windom
- Zachariah Chandler

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- Aaron H. Cragin
- Aaron Harding
- Abner C. Harding
- Abraham Lincoln
- Addison H. Laflin
- Alexander G. Cattell
- Alexander H. Rice
- Alexander Ramsey
- Allen A. Bradford
- Amasa Cobb
- American Civil War
- Andrew H. Ward
- Andrew J. Kuykendall
- Andrew J. Rogers
- Andrew Johnson
- Arthur A. Denny
- Asahel W. Hubbard
- Augustus Brandegee
- B. Gratz Brown
- Baltimore, Maryland
- Baptist
- Benjamin Eggleston
- Benjamin F. Loan
- Benjamin F. Wade
- Benjamin G. Harris
- Benjamin Wade
- Burt Van Horn
- Burton C. Cook
- Burwell C. Ritter
- Calvin T. Hulburd
- Charles A. Eldredge
- Charles B. Boynton
- Charles Denison
- Charles E. Phelps
- Charles H. Winfield
- Charles R. Buckalew
- Charles Sitgreaves
- Charles Sumner
- Charles Upson
- Chester D. Hubbard
- Columbus Delano
- Daniel Morris
- Daniel S. Norton
- Daniel W. Gooch
- Daniel W. Voorhees
- David T. Patterson
- Delos R. Ashley
- Demas Hubbard, Jr.
- Donald C. McRuer
- Ebenezer Dumont
- Ebon C. Ingersoll
- Edgar Cowan
- Edgar H. Gray
- Edmund G. Ross
- Edward D. Holbrook
- Edward H. Rollins
- Edward McPherson
- Edwin D. Morgan
- Edwin Hanson Webster
- Edwin N. Hubbell
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Number | 39th |
---|---|
Imagename | United States Capitol |
Imagedate | 1869 |
Start | March 4, 1865 |
End | March 4, 1867 |
Vp | Andrew Johnson (Mar 1865-Apr 1865)Vacant (1865-1867) |
Pro tem | Lafayette S. FosterBenjamin Wade |
Speaker | Schuyler Colfax |
Senators | 54 |
Reps | 193 |
Delegates | 9 |
S-majority | Republican |
H-majority | Republican |
Sessionnumber1 | Special |
Sessionstart1 | March 4, 1865 |
Sessionend1 | March 11, 1865 |
Sessionnumber2 | 1st |
Sessionstart2 | December 4, 1865 |
Sessionend2 | July 28, 1866 |
Sessionnumber3 | 2nd |
Sessionstart3 | December 3, 1866 |
Sessionend3 | March 4, 1867 |
Previous | 38th |
Next | 40th }} |
The Thirty-ninth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1865 to March 4, 1867, during the first month of Abraham Lincoln's fifth year as president, and the first two years of his successor, U.S. President Andrew Johnson.
The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860. Both chambers had a Republican majority.
Major events
Major legislation
April 9, 1866: Civil Rights Act of 1866, Sess. 1, ch. 31, July 16, 1866: Freedmen's Bureau Bill, Sess. 1, ch. 200, July 23, 1866: Judicial Circuits Act, Sess. 1, ch. 210, , reduced the number of United States circuit courts to nine and the number of Supreme Court justices to seven July 25, 1866: An Act to revive the Grade of General in the United States Army, Sess. 1, ch. 232, , (now called "5-star general"); Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant became the first to have this rank. July 28, 1866: Metric Act of 1866, Sess. 1, ch. 301, , legalized the use of the metric system for weights and measures in the United States.
Constitutional amendments
States admitted
March 1, 1867: Nebraska admitted as the 37th state, Sess. 2, ch. 36, (over presdient's veto)
Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.During this Congress, Tennessee was readmitted to representation.
Senate
During this Congress, two seats were added for the new state of Nebraska.
Affiliation | Party | Total | ! |
|
||||
|
||||||||
Democratic Party (United States)>Democratic(D) | Republican Party (United States)>Republican(R) | Unionist Party (United States)>Unionist(U) | Unconditional Union Party>UnconditionalUnionist(UU) | ! Vacant |
|
|||
! style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:80%;" | 10 | 3 | 4 | ! 50 | 22 |
|
||
|
||||||||
! Begin | 11 | 2 | 1 | ! 51 | 21 |
|
||
! End | 9 | 3 | 3 | ! 56 | 18 |
|
||
! Final voting share | ! 16.1% | > 73.2% | ! 5.4% | ! 5.4% |
|
|||
|
||||||||
! style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:80%;" | 8 | 0 | 0 | ! 53 | 21 |
|
House of Representatives
During this Congress, one seat was added for the new state of Nebraska.{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;" ! rowspan=3 | Affiliation ! colspan=6 | Party ! rowspan=3 | Total !
|- style="height:5px" | | | | | | | | | | | | | style="background:black;"|
|- valign=bottom ! Democratic(D) ! Republican(R) ! IndependentRepublican(IR) ! Unionist(U) ! UnconditionalUnionist(UU) ! Other ! Vacant
|- ! style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:80%;"| End of previous Congress | 72 | | 84 | 2 | 9 | 16 | 0 ! 183 | 56
|- | colspan=9 |
|- ! Begin | 40 | | 132 | rowspan=2 | 1 | rowspan=2 | 4 | 14 | rowspan=2 | 0 ! 191 | 51
|- ! End | 41 | | 134 | 13 ! 193 | 49
|- ! Final voting share ! 21.2% ! colspan=2 | 69.9% ! 2.1% ! 6.7% ! 0.0% | colspan=2 |
|- | colspan=9 |
|- ! style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:80%;"| Beginning of the next Congress | 45 | | 140 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | )}}2 ! 188 | 55
|}
Leadership
Senate
House of Representatives
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.
Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1868; Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1870; and Class 3 meant their term ended in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1866.Alabama
Arkansas
California
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
House of Representatives
The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.Alabama
. Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant
Arkansas
. Vacant . Vacant . Vacant
California
. Donald C. McRuer (R) . William Higby (R) . John Bidwell (R)
Connecticut
. Henry C. Deming (R) . Samuel L. Warner (R) . Augustus Brandegee (R) . John H. Hubbard (R)
Delaware
. John A. Nicholson (D)
Florida
. Vacant
Georgia
. Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant
Illinois
. John Wentworth (R) . John F. Farnsworth (R) . Elihu B. Washburne (R) . Abner C. Harding (R) . Ebon C. Ingersoll (R) . Burton C. Cook (R) . Henry P. H. Bromwell (R) . Shelby M. Cullom (R) . Lewis W. Ross (D) . Anthony Thornton (D) . Samuel S. Marshall (D) . Jehu Baker (R) . Andrew J. Kuykendall (R) . Samuel W. Moulton (R)
Indiana
. William E. Niblack (D) . Michael C. Kerr (D) . Ralph Hill (R) . John H. Farquhar (R) . George W. Julian (R) . Ebenezer Dumont (R) . Daniel W. Voorhees (D), until February 23, 1866
Iowa
. James F. Wilson (R) . Hiram Price (R) . William B. Allison (R) . Josiah B. Grinnell (R) . John A. Kasson (R) . Asahel W. Hubbard (R)
Kansas
. Sidney Clarke (R)
Kentucky
. Lawrence S. Trimble (D) . Burwell C. Ritter (D) . Henry Grider (D), until September 7, 1866
Louisiana
. Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant
Maine
. John Lynch (R) . Sidney Perham (R) . James G. Blaine (R) . John H. Rice (R) . Frederick A. Pike (R)
Maryland
. Hiram McCullough (D) . Edwin H. Webster (UU), until July ??, 1865
Massachusetts
. Thomas D. Eliot (R) . Oakes Ames (R) . Alexander H. Rice (R) . Samuel Hooper (R) . John B. Alley (R) . Daniel W. Gooch (R), until September 1, 1865
Michigan
. Fernando C. Beaman (R) . Charles Upson (R) . John W. Longyear (R) . Thomas W. Ferry (R) . Rowland E. Trowbridge (R) . John F. Driggs (R)
Minnesota
. William Windom (R) . Ignatius L. Donnelly (R)
Mississippi
. Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant
Missouri
. John Hogan (D) . Henry T. Blow (R) . Thomas E. Noell (R) . John R. Kelso (IR) . Joseph W. McClurg (R) . Robert T. Van Horn (R) . Benjamin F. Loan (R) . John F. Benjamin (R) . George W. Anderson (R)
Nebraska
. Turner M. Marquette (R), from March 2, 1867
Nevada
. Delos R. Ashley (R)
New Hampshire
. Gilman Marston (R) . Edward H. Rollins (R) . James W. Patterson (R)
New Jersey
. John F. Starr (R) . William A. Newell (R) . Charles Sitgreaves (D) . Andrew J. Rogers (D) . Edwin R. V. Wright (D)New York
. Stephen Taber (D) . Teunis G. Bergen (D) . James Humphrey (R), until June 16, 1866
North Carolina
. Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant
Ohio
. Benjamin Eggleston (R) . Rutherford B. Hayes (R) . Robert C. Schenck (R) . William Lawrence (R) . Francis C. Le Blond (D) . Reader W. Clarke (R) . Samuel Shellabarger (R) . James R. Hubbell (R) . Ralph P. Buckland (R) . James M. Ashley (R) . Hezekiah S. Bundy (R) . William E. Finck (D) . Columbus Delano (R) . Martin Welker (R) . Tobias A. Plants (R) . John A. Bingham (R) . Ephraim R. Eckley (R) . Rufus P. Spalding (R) . James A. Garfield (R)
Oregon
. James H. D. Henderson (R)
Pennsylvania
. Samuel J. Randall (D) . Charles O'Neill (R) . Leonard Myers (R) . William D. Kelley (R) . M. Russell Thayer (R) . Benjamin M. Boyer (D) . John M. Broomall (R) . Sydenham E. Ancona (D) . Thaddeus Stevens (R) . Myer Strouse (D) . Philip Johnson (D), until January 29, 1867 . Charles Denison (D) . Ulysses Mercur (R) . George F. Miller (R) . Adam J. Glossbrenner (D) . Alexander H. Coffroth (D), until February 19, 1866
Rhode Island
. Thomas A. Jenckes (R) . Nathan F. Dixon, Jr. (R)
South Carolina
. Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant
Tennessee
. Nathaniel G. Taylor (U), from July 24, 1866 . Horace Maynard (UU), from July 24, 1866 . William B. Stokes (UU), from July 24, 1866 . Edmund Cooper (U), from July 24, 1866 . William B. Campbell (U), from July 24, 1866 . Samuel M. Arnell (UU), from July 24, 1866 . Isaac R. Hawkins (U), from July 24, 1866 . John W. Leftwich (UU), from July 24, 1866
Texas
. Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant
Vermont
. Frederick E. Woodbridge (R) . Justin S. Morrill (R) . Portus Baxter (R)
Virginia
. Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant . Vacant
West Virginia
. Chester D. Hubbard (UU) . George R. Latham (UU) . Kellian V. Whaley (UU)
Wisconsin
. Halbert E. Paine (R) . Ithamar C. Sloan (R) . Amasa Cobb (R) . Charles A. Eldredge (D) . Philetus Sawyer (R) . Walter D. McIndoe (R)
Non-voting members
. John N. Goodwin (R) . Allen A. Bradford (R) . Walter A. Burleigh (R) . Edward D. Holbrook (D) . Samuel McLean (D) . Phineas W. Hitchcock (R), until March 1, 1867 . J. Francisco Chaves (R) . William H. Hooper (D) . Arthur A. Denny (R)
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
|- | Maryland (3) | Vacant | style="font-size:80%" | Sen. Thomas H. Hicks died during previous congress | nowrap | John Creswell (UU) | March 9, 1865 |- | New Jersey (2) | Vacant | style="font-size:80%" | Presented credentials as Sen-elect | nowrap | John P. Stockton (D) | March 15, 1865 |- | Tennessee (2) | rowspan=2 | Vacant | rowspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | Tennessee re-admitted to the Union | nowrap | Joseph S. Fowler (UU) | July 24, 1866 |- | Tennessee (1) | nowrap | David T. Patterson (U) | July 28, 1866 |- | Iowa (3) | nowrap | James Harlan (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned May 15, 1865 after being appointed United States Secretary of the Interior | nowrap | Samuel J. Kirkwood (R) | January 13, 1866 |- | Vermont (3) | nowrap | Jacob Collamer (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Died November 9, 1865 | nowrap | Luke P. Poland (R) | November 21, 1865 |- | New Jersey (2) | nowrap | John P. Stockton (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Election was in dispute. Senate declared seat vacant March 27, 1966 and new election called. | nowrap | Alexander G. Cattell (R) | September 16, 1866 |- | Vermont (1) | nowrap | Solomon Foot (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Died March 28, 1866 | nowrap | George F. Edmunds (R) | April 3, 1866 |- | Kansas (2) | nowrap | James H. Lane (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Died July 11, 1866 after being mortally wounded from a self inflicted gunshot 10 days earlier | nowrap | Edmund G. Ross (R) | July 19, 1866 |- | New Hampshire (3) | nowrap | Daniel Clark (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned July 27, 1866 after being appointed a judge for a US district court in NH | nowrap | George G. Fogg (R) | August 31, 1866 |- | New Jersey (1) | nowrap | William Wright (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Died November 1, 1866 | nowrap | Frederick T. Frelinghuysen (R) | November 12, 1866 |- | Nebraska (1) | rowspan=2 | New seat | rowspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | Nebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867. | nowrap | Thomas Tipton (R) | rowspan=2 | March 1, 1867 |- | Nebraska (2) | nowrap | John M. Thayer (R) |}
House of Representatives
|- | | rowspan=8 | Vacant | rowspan=8 style="font-size:80%" | Tennessee re-admitted into the Union | nowrap | Nathaniel G. Taylor (U) | rowspan=8 | July 24, 1866 |- | | nowrap | Horace Maynard (UU) |- | | nowrap | William B. Stokes (UU) |- | | nowrap | Edmund Cooper (U) |- | | nowrap | William B. Campbell (U) |- | | nowrap | Samuel M. Arnell (UU) |- | | nowrap | Isaac R. Hawkins (U) |- | | nowrap | John W. Leftwich (UU) |- | | nowrap | Edwin H. Webster (UU) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned some time in July, 1865 after being appointed Collector of Customs for the port of Baltimore | nowrap | John L. Thomas, Jr. (UU) | December 4, 1865 |- | | nowrap | Orlando Kellogg (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Died August 24, 1865 | nowrap | Robert S. Hale (R) | December 3, 1866 |- | | nowrap | Daniel W. Gooch (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned September 1, 1865 after being appointed Navy Agent for the port of Boston | nowrap | Nathaniel P. Banks (R) | December 4, 1865 |- | | nowrap | Alexander H. Coffroth (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Lost contested election February 19, 1866 | nowrap | William H. Koontz (R) | July 18, 1866 |- | | nowrap | Daniel W. Voorhees (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Lost contested election February 23, 1866 | nowrap | Henry D. Washburn (R) | February 23, 1866 |- | | nowrap | James Brooks (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Lost contested election April 7, 1866 | nowrap | William E. Dodge (R) | April 7, 1866 |- | | nowrap | James Humphrey (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Died June 16, 1866 | nowrap | John W. Hunter (D) | December 4, 1866 |- | | nowrap | Green C. Smith (UU) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned some time in July, 1866 after being appointed Governor of the Montana Territory. | nowrap | Andrew H. Ward (D) | December 3, 1866 |- | | nowrap | Lovell Rousseau (UU) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned July 21, 1866 after being reprimanded for his assault of Iowa Rep. Josiah B. Grinnell. Was re-elected to fill his own seat. | nowrap | Lovell Rousseau (UU) | December 3, 1866 |- | | nowrap | Henry Grider (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Died September 7, 1866 | nowrap | Elijah Hise (D) | December 3, 1866 |- | | nowrap | Philip Johnson (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Died January 29, 1867 | Vacant | Not filled this term |- | | nowrap | Phineas Hitchcock (R) | style="font-size:80%" | Nebraska achieved statehood March 1, 1867 | colspan=2 | District eliminated |- | | New State | style="font-size:80%" | Nebraska admitted to the Union March 1, 1867. Seat remained vacant until March 2, 1867 | nowrap | Turner M. Marquette (R) | March 2, 1867 |}
Employees
Senate
House of Representatives
References
=Further reading
External links
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