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Aaron
In the Hebrew Bible, Aaron (mis; Ahărōn, Hārūn), sometimes called Aaron the Levite (אַהֲרֹן הַלֵּוִי), was the brother of Moses, (Exodus 6:16-20) and represented the priestly functions of his tribe, becoming the first High Priest of the Israelites. While Moses was receiving his education at the Egyptian royal court and during his exile among the Midianites, Aaron and his sister remained with their kinsmen in the eastern border-land of Egypt (Goshen). Aaron there gained a name for eloquent and persuasive speech; so that when the time came for the demand upon the Pharaoh to release Israel from captivity, Aaron became his brother’s nabi, or spokesman, to his own people (Exodus 7:1) and, after their unwillingness to hear, to the Pharaoh himself (Exodus 7:9). Various dates for his life have been proposed, ranging from approximately 1600 to 1200 BC In Islam, Aaron is a prophet sent to spread the message of God and he is frequently mentioned in the Qur'an.
http://wn.com/Aaron -
Abdullah ibn Umar
http://wn.com/Abdullah_ibn_Umar -
Abdullah Yusuf Ali
Hafiz Abdullah Yusuf Ali, CBE, FRSL (14 April 1872 – 10 December 1953) was a South Asian Islamic scholar who translated the Qur'an into English. His translation of the Qur'an ranks alongside the translation of Marmaduke Pickthall as the most widely-known and used in the world .
http://wn.com/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali -
Abraham
Abraham(originally known as Abram) (, , ', ', ) is the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, and the Midianites and kindred peoples, according to the book of Genesis.
http://wn.com/Abraham -
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Qahafa) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634/13 AH) was the Prophet Muhammad's father-in-law, one of his companions and the first Muslim ruler after Muhammad's death..
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Ali
(, ; 13th Rajab, 24 BH–21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and ruled over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661. Sunni Muslims consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs), while Shia Muslims regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad, all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt, the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shia branches.
http://wn.com/Ali -
Ali ibn Abi Talib
http://wn.com/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib -
Allameh Tabatabaei
http://wn.com/Allameh_Tabatabaei -
Arthur John Arberry
Arthur John Arberry (Portsmouth, May 12, 1905 – Cambridge, October 2, 1969) was a respected British orientalist. A most prolific scholar of Arabic, Persian, and Islamic studies, he was educated at Portsmouth Grammar School and Pembroke College, Cambridge.
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Catherine the Great
http://wn.com/Catherine_the_Great -
Christoph Luxenberg
Christoph Luxenberg is the pseudonym of the author of
http://wn.com/Christoph_Luxenberg -
David
David () was the second king of the united Kingdom of Israel according to the Hebrew Bible. He is depicted as a righteous king, although not without fault, as well as an acclaimed warrior, musician and poet, traditionally credited for composing many of the psalms contained in the Book of Psalms.
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Elijah
Elijah () or Elias , ; Arabic:إلياس, Ilyās), whose name (El-i Yahu) means "Yahweh is God," according to the Books of Kings was a prophet in the Kingdom of Israel during the reign of Ahab (9th century BCE).
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Elisha
Elisha (, Greek: , Elissaios or Ἐλισαιέ, Elisaie, Elyasaʿ; ) is a prophet of the Hebrew Bible. To many Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox he is known as Saint Eliseus; however, the standard English form of the name has been "Elisha," at least since the introduction of the Authorized King James Version. He is also a prophet in Islam under the name Al-Yasa.
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George Sale
George Sale (1697, Canterbury, Kent, England–1736, London, England) was an Orientalist and practicing solicitor, best known for his translation of the Qur'an into English. He was also author of The General Dictionary, in ten volumes, folio. Sale was, until his death, a member of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. He acquired a library with valuable rare manuscripts of Persian, Turkish, and Arabic origins (which is now held in the Bodleian library, Oxford). His family consisted of a wife and five children.
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Gerd R. Puin
Gerd Rüdiger Puin (born 1940) is a German acholar and an authority on Qur'anic historical orthography, the study and scholarly interpretation of ancient manuscripts. He is also specialist in Arabic paleography. He was a lecturer of Arabic at Saarland University, in Saarbrücken Germany.
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Gunter Luling
http://wn.com/Gunter_Luling -
Hafsa bint Umar
Ḥafsah bint ‘Umar (; literally: Daughter of a Lion; born c. 609 - was the daughter of Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab) and wife of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and therefore a Mother of the Believers.
http://wn.com/Hafsa_bint_Umar -
Henry Corbin
Henry Corbin (14 April 1903 - 7 October 1978) was a philosopher, theologian and professor of Islamic Studies at the Sorbonne in Paris, France.
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Heraclius
Heraclius (; ) (c. 575 – February 11, 641) was Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Emperor from 610 to 641. He was responsible for abandoning the use of Latin in favor of the Ancient Greek language in official documents, further Hellenising the empire. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, successfully led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas.
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Hud (prophet)
Hud () is the name of a Prophet of Islam. He is believed to have been sent to [[The eleventh sura of the Qur'an, Hud, is named after him, though the narrative of Hud comprises only a small portion of the sura, . Although Hud is, at times, identified with the patriarch Eber, his true Biblical identity remains uncertain.
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Imam Ali
http://wn.com/Imam_Ali -
Isaac
Isaac (; , "he will laugh"; , ; , ; ; or ) as described in the Hebrew Bible, was the only son Abraham had with his wife Sarah, and was the father of Jacob and Esau. Isaac is one of the three patriarchs of the Jewish people. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah was beyond childbearing years.
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Ishmael
Ishmael (; Ismaēl; ; , ) is a figure in the Hebrew Bible, and later referenced in the Qur'an. Jews, Christians and Muslims believe Ishmael is Abraham's eldest son and first born. Ishmael is born of Sarah's handmaiden Hagar (). Although born of Hagar, according to Mesopotamian law, Ishmael was credited as Sarah's son; a legal heir through marriage. () According to the Genesis account, he died at the age of 137 ().
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Ja'far al-Sadiq
Jaʿfar ibn Muhammad al-Sādiq () (702-765 C.E. or 17th Rabī‘ al-Awwal 83 AH - 25th Shawwāl 148 AH) is renowned and respected both by Sunni and Shi'a Muslims as a great Islamic personality and academic. The Shi'a Muslim sect even considers him to be the sixth infallible Imam of Shi'a Muslims, or spiritual leader and successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is the Imam recognized by both Ismaili and Twelver Shi'a sects and the dispute over who was to succeed him led to a division within Shi'a Islam.
http://wn.com/Ja'far_al-Sadiq -
Ja'far Kashfi
'''Ja'far Kashfi', Iranian Muslim philosopher, was born at Darabgard in Fars, lived all his life at Borujerd and died in 1850-1851. His work comprises about twelve titles, and is written in both Persian and Arabic. His great work in Persian entitled Tuhfat al-muluk'' (The Gift offered to the Sovereigns), which was written at the request of a Qajar prince, son of Fath Ali Shah, the Shahzadah Muhammad-Taqi Mirza.
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Jacob
Jacob (; , Standard ', Tiberian '; Septuagint '; '; "heel" or "leg-puller"), also later known as Israel (, Standard ', Tiberian '; Septuagint '; '; "persevere with God"), as described in the Hebrew Bible, was the third patriarch of the Jewish people whom God made a covenant with, and ancestor of the tribes of Israel, named after his descendants.
http://wn.com/Jacob -
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (Urdu: جاوید احمد غامدی) (born 1951) is a well-known Pakistani Islamic scholar, exegete, and Educationalist. A former member of the Jamaat-e-Islami, who extended the work of his tutor, Amin Ahsan Islahi. Ghamidi is the founder of Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences and its sister organization Danish Sara. He is a member of Council of Islamic Ideology since January 28, 2006, a constitutional body responsible for giving legal advice on Islamic issues to Pakistan Government and the Parliament. He has also taught at the Civil Services Academy from 1980 until 1991. He is running an intellectual movement similar to Wastiyya in Egypt on the popular electronic media of Pakistan.
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Jesus
Jesus of Nazareth (c. 5 BC/BCE – c. 30 AD/CE),
http://wn.com/Jesus -
Jethro
Jethro can refer to:
http://wn.com/Jethro -
John the Baptist
John the Baptist (Hebrew: יוחנן המטביל, Yo-khanan ha-matbil, Yahyá or يوحنا المعمدان Yūhannā al-maʿmadān, Aramaic: ܝܘܚܢܢ Yokhanan) was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River. Most historians agree he baptized Jesus. John was a historical figure who followed the example of previous Hebrew prophets, living austerely, challenging sinful rulers, calling for repentance, and promising God's justice. John is regarded as a prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and Mandaeism.
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Jonah
Jonah (; , Yūnus or يونان, Yūnān; Greek/Latin: Ionas) is the name given in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh/Old Testament) to a prophet of the northern kingdom of Israel in about the 8th century BC, the eponymous central character in the Book of Jonah, famous for being swallowed by a fish. The Biblical story of Jonah is repeated in the Qur'an.
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Lot (Bible)
Lot () is a character from the Hebrew bible, where he figures as the nephew of the patriarch Abraham, or Abram. He was the son of Abraham's brother Haran (Gen. 11:27). Abraham's brother Nahor became Lot's brother in law by marrying Milcah, Lot's sister.
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Malik Ibn Anas
http://wn.com/Malik_Ibn_Anas -
Michael Sells
Michael Anthony Sells is currently the John Henry Barrows Professor of Islamic History and Literature at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago.[http://divinity.uchicago.edu/faculty/sells.shtml] From his biography:
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Moses
Moses (, Modern Moshe Tiberian Mōšé; Greek: Mōüsēs in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: , ) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew (, Lit. "Moses our Teacher/Rabbi"), is the most important prophet in Judaism, and is also considered an important prophet by Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, Rastafari, and many other faiths.
http://wn.com/Moses -
Muhammad
Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh (; ; also spelled Muhammed or Mohammed) (ca. 570/571 Mecca[مَكَةَ ]/[ مَكَهْ ] – June 8, 632), was the founder of the religion of Islam, and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of , the greatest law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims, the last prophet as taught by the . Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith (islām) of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets. He was also active as a diplomat, merchant, philosopher, orator, legislator, reformer, military general, and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action. In Michael H. Hart's The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, Muhammad is described as the most influential person in history. Hart asserted that Muhammad was "supremely successful" in both the religious and secular realms.
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Neal Robinson
Cornelius Randall Robinson (born July 7, 1908 in Grand Rapids, Michigan - unknown) was a baseball player in the Negro Leagues. He would play infielder and outfielder and played from 1934 to 1950.
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Noah
Noah (or Noe, Noach; ; Arabic: نوح ; Greek: Νωέ) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the tenth and last of the antediluvian Patriarchs. The biblical story of Noah is contained in chapters 6–9 of the book of Genesis, where he saves his family and representatives of all animals from the flood by constructing an ark. He is also mentioned as the "first husbandman" and in the story of the Curse of Ham. Noah is the subject of much elaboration in later Abrahamic traditions.
http://wn.com/Noah -
Norman O. Brown
__NOTOC__
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Ottoman empire
http://wn.com/Ottoman_empire -
Peter the Venerable
Peter the Venerable (about 1092 – December 25, 1156 in Cluny, France), also known as Peter of Montboissier, abbot of the Benedictine abbey of Cluny, born to Blessed Raingarde in Auvergne, France. He has been honored as a saint but has never been formally canonized.
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Philip Sherrard
Philip Sherrard (September 23, 1922 — May 30, 1995) was a British author, translator, and philosopher. His work includes important translations of Modern Greek poets, and books on Modern Greek literature and culture, metaphysics, theology, art and aesthetics. A pioneer of Modern Greek studies in England, he was influential in making major Greek poets of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries known in the English-speaking world. He was also a prolific writer on theological and philosophical themes, addressing the origins of the social and spiritual crisis he believed was occurring in the developed world, and specifically exploring modern attitudes towards the environment from a Christian perspective.
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Rashad Khalifa
Rashad Khalifa (; November 19, 1935–January 31, 1990) was an Egyptian-American biochemist, closely associated with the United Submitters International. He was assassinated in 1990.
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Rashidun Empire
http://wn.com/Rashidun_Empire -
Robert of Ketton
Robert of Ketton (Latin: Robertus Ketenensis) (1110? – 1160?) was an English medieval theologian, astronomer and Arabist.
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Salman the Persian
Salman. Son of Mushataq. Mahad Sulltan Galli.9923044041
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Solomon
Solomon (, Sulaymān; ; Solomōn; ) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a King of Israel. The biblical accounts identify Solomon as the son of David. He is also called Jedidiah in 2 Samuel 12:25, and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split; following the split his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone.
http://wn.com/Solomon -
Suyuti
http://wn.com/Suyuti -
Ubayy ibn Kab
http://wn.com/Ubayy_ibn_Kab -
Umar
Umar (, c. 586–590 CE 7 November 644), also known as Omar, was the Prophet Muhammad's father-in-law, one of his companions and the second Muslim ruler after Muhammad's death for 10 years.
http://wn.com/Umar -
Uthman Ibn Affan
http://wn.com/Uthman_Ibn_Affan -
Zayd ibn Thabit
Zayd ibn Thabit (Zaid Ibn Thabit) (زيد بن ثابت ) was the personal scribe of Muhammad and an Ansar.
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Zechariah (priest)
In the Bible, Zechariah (Ζαχαρίας in Greek, Zacharias in KJV, Zachary in the Douay-Rheims Bible; Zakariya or Zakkariya), was the husband of St. Elizabeth, the father of St. John the Baptist, and a relative by marriage of Jesus.
http://wn.com/Zechariah_(priest)
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Afghanistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Afghanistan -
Al-Madinah
http://wn.com/Al-Madinah -
Hafs
http://wn.com/Hafs -
Hira
Hira ( ') or the Cave of Hira (غار حراء ') is a cave about from Mecca, on the mountain named Jabal Al-Nūr in the Hejaz region of present day Saudi Arabia. The cave itself is about in length and in width.
http://wn.com/Hira -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
http://wn.com/Iraq -
Istanbul
Istanbul (), historically known as Constantinople(See Names of Istanbul for further information) is the largest city in Turkey and 5th largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.8 million, also making it the second largest metropolitan area in Europe by population, and the largest metropolitan city proper. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural, economic, and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province. It is located on the Bosphorus Strait and encompasses the natural harbour known as the Golden Horn, in the northwest of the country. It extends both on the European (Thrace) and on the Asian (Anatolia) sides of the Bosphorus, and is thereby the only metropolis in the world that is situated on two continents. Istanbul is a designated alpha world city.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
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Kazan
Kazan (; , ) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. The sixth largest city of Russia, it lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia. The Kazan Kremlin is a World Heritage Site. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital" of Russia. In 2009 it was chosen as the "sports capital of Russia".
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Kufa
Kufa (Arabic, ) is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River. The estimated population in 2003 was 110,000.
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Makkah
http://wn.com/Makkah -
Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Persia
http://wn.com/Persia -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Sindh
Sindh (pronounced : , ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" (مهران) and "Bab-ul-Islam" (باب الاسلام) ("The Door to Islam"), (This title has never become a public phrases in Pakistan especially in Sindh. Historically it was used by the Arab conquers of Sindh for their entrance in South Asia, which later on used in the official curriculum and history readings by the government schools, madersahs and by Muslim clerics in Pakistan. ) Different cultural and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh, including Urdu-speaking Muslim refugees who migrated to Pakistan from India upon independence, as well as immigrants from other provinces after independence. The neighbouring regions of Sindh are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab to the north, Gujarat and Rajasthan to the southeast and east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The main language spoken is Sindhi. The name is derived from the Indus River that courses through it, and was known to the Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BCE) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Sinthus, to the Romans as Sindus, to the Persians as Abisind, to the Arabs as Al-Sind, and to the Chinese as Sintow. To the Javanese the Sindhis have long been known as the Santri.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan (‘zbekiston Respublikasi'' or Ўзбекистон Республикаси) is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is a doubly landlocked country in Central Asia, formerly part of the Soviet Union. It shares borders with Kazakhstan to the west and to the north, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Afghanistan and Turkmenistan to the south.
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Venice
Venice ( , Venetian: Venesia) is a city in northern Italy known both for tourism and for industry, and is the capital of the region Veneto, with a population of about 272,000 (census estimate 1 January 2004). Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area (population 1,600,000).
http://wn.com/Venice
- Aaron
- Abdullah ibn Abbas
- Abdullah ibn Umar
- Abdullah Yusuf Ali
- Abraham
- Abu `Amr
- Abu Bakr
- Adam (Bible)
- Adam and Eve
- Afghanistan
- Al-Azami
- Al-Duri
- Al-Fatiha
- Al-Furqan
- Al-Madinah
- Al-Mawrid
- Al-Tabari
- Al-Waqia
- Ali
- Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Allah
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- Andre du Ryer
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- Ansar (Islam)
- Apocrypha
- Ar-Rum
- arabesque
- Arabic
- Arabic alphabet
- Arabic calligraphy
- Arabic grammar
- Arabic language
- Arabic literature
- Arabic verbal noun
- Arthur John Arberry
- asbab al-nuzul
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- Battle of Yamama
- Bible
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- classical Arabic
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- date palm
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- definite article
- dhikr
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- Digital Qur'an
- Elijah
- Elisha
- eternity
- exegesis
- Fus'ha
- Gabriel
- George Sale
- Gerd R. Puin
- gnosiology
- God
- God in Islam
- Gospel
- gospel harmony
- Gunter Luling
- hadith
- Hadith terminology
- Hafiz (Qur'an)
- Hafiz (Quran)
- Hafs
- Hafsa
- Hafsa bint Umar
- hamza
- hamzah
- Harakat
- Hejazi
- Henry Corbin
- Heraclius
- Hijra (Islam)
- hikmah
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- History of the Quran
- hizb
- Hud (prophet)
- huda
- Ibn Sirin
- illiterate
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- India
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- Isaac
- Ishmael
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- isnad
- Issa Boullata
- Istanbul
- Ja'far al-Sadiq
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- Jerusalem
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- Jewish Encyclopedia
- John the Baptist
- John Wansbrough
- Jonah
- Judaism
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- L'Alcoran de Mahomet
- Latin
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- Literary Arabic
- lithography
- liturgy
- Lot (Bible)
- Makkah
- Malik Ibn Anas
- mansukh
- manuscript
- manzil
- Mary in Islam
- Mecca
- Meccan sura
- Medinan sura
- Michael Sells
- Midrash
- miracle
- Mizan
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- movable type
- Mu'tazili
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- mus'haf
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- naskh (exegesis)
- naskh (tafsir)
- Neal Robinson
- New Testament
- Noah
- Norman O. Brown
- Ogg
- Old Testament
- oracle
- Ottoman empire
- Pakistan
- Pentateuch
- Persia
- Persian language
- Peter the Venerable
- Philip Sherrard
- phonetics
- Polysemy
- Pre-Islamic Arabia
- prophet
- Prophet of Islam
- Prophets of Islam
- Qaloon
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- Qur'an alone
- Qur'anic literalism
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- Quran and miracles
- Quran and Sunnah
- Quran desecration
- Quran reading
- Quranic literalism
- Quraysh (tribe)
- Rashad Khalifa
- Rashidun Empire
- rasm
- recitation
- religious text
- rhyme
- Robert of Ketton
- Ruhallah Khomeini
- ruku'at
- Russia
- Sahaba
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- Salafi
- Salafis
- salat
- Salman the Persian
- Samanid dynasty
- Sharia
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- Slate (magazine)
- Solomon
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- Sunni
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- suras
- Suyuti
- synonym
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- Syriac language
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- Tafsir al-Mizan
- Tafsir of the Qur'an
- Tajwid
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- theme (literature)
- tilawa
- Timurid dynasty
- Torah
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- Ubayy ibn Kab
- Umar
- Unicode
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- Uthman Ibn Affan
- Uthman Qur'an
- Uzbekistan
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- verbal noun
- wahy
- Warsh
- watercolor
- woodblock printing
- wudu
- you
- Zabur
- Zahir (Islam)
- Zahiri
- Zayd ibn Thabit
- Zechariah (priest)
- Zekr
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Surah Rahman - Beautiful and Heart trembling Quran recitation by Syed Sadaqat Ali
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:15
- Published: 23 Dec 2006
- Uploaded: 27 Dec 2011
- Author: lostprophet786
WATCH IN 720P HD NOW! www.youtube.com Download the video from here: www.al-masumeen.com THE RECITOR IS SADAQAT ALI Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said: 'Everything has a bride, and the bride of the Qur'an is Surrah Al Rahman' The Holy Prophet has also said: "Whoever reads it, Allah will have mercy on his weakness and be regarded as having thanked Allah for it" Imam Jaffer al-Sadiq (as) has said: "Allah will brighten the face of everyone who recites it often on the day of Judgement" Sura Rahman is often regarded as "THE BEAUTY OF THE QURAN" This is the only Surah of the Quran in which besides men the jinn also, who are the other creation of the earth endowed with freedom of will and action, have been directly addressed, and both men and jinn have been made to realize the wonders of Allah's power, His countless blessings, their own helplessness and accountability before Him, and have been warned of the evil consequences of His disobedience and made aware of the best results of His obedience. Although at several other places in the Quran there are clear pointers to show that like the men the jinn too are a creation who have been endowed with freedom of will and action and are accountable, who have been granted the freedom of belief and unbelief, of obedience and disobedience, and among them too there are the believers and the unbelievers, the obedient and the rebellious, as among human beings, and among them too there exist such groups as have believed in the Prophets sent by God <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Surah_Rahman__Beautiful_and_Heart_trembling_Quran_recitation_by_Syed_Sadaqat_Ali
The Most Gracious - Qur'an Recitation - Ar-Rahman
Chapter 55 of the Holy Qur'an, entitled "The Most Gracious", "Ar-Rahman" in transliterated Arabic, and "الرَّحْمَنُ" in Arabic. The recitation is by Kamal Uddin. Download the audio at this link: www.turntoislam.com Check out this website for more information on the Qur'an: www.usc.edu
http://wn.com/The_Most_Gracious__Qur'an_Recitation__Ar-Rahman
Beautiful Qur'an recitation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Published: 05 Sep 2007
- Uploaded: 25 Dec 2011
- Author: ShootingGower
Beautiful Qur'an recitation of Surah A'raaf by Tawfeeg As Sayegh.
http://wn.com/Beautiful_Qur'an_recitation
Beautiful Quran recitation in Mosque , Kuwait.
Prayers in Kuwait Mosque. www.turntoislam.com Sheikh al-'Afasy
http://wn.com/Beautiful_Quran_recitation_in_Mosque_,_Kuwait
Amazing recitation of the Qur'an by a young child!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:30
- Published: 16 Oct 2006
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: ShootingGower
Absolutely amazing recitation of the Holy Qur'an by a young boy. It left me speechless. Can't get enough of this recitation. He is blessed with a beautiful voice. His name is Hasan bin Abdullah Al Awadh.
http://wn.com/Amazing_recitation_of_the_Qur'an_by_a_young_child!
Afasi Quran Recitation
www.turntoislam.com A video featuring MAshari Rashid Afasi, provided by WWW.TurnToIslam.Com Please Link back to us! Wasalam.
http://wn.com/Afasi_Quran_Recitation
Quran Recitation Fahd Al-Kanderi/Kandari- surat at-tawbah
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:58
- Published: 25 Sep 2006
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: EgyptianGumbo
www.egyptiangumbo.com This is a video that was taped during Ramadan 1426, It is recitation of Sheikh Fahd Al Kanderi, reciting ayat 112-129 of Surat At-tawbah. to read english "translation" while listening to it, visit www.searchtruth.com
http://wn.com/Quran_Recitation_Fahd_Al-Kanderi/Kandari_surat_at-tawbah
Decoding the Past - Secrets of the Quran (Part 1/2)
An immaculate documentary by History Channel. Must Watch
http://wn.com/Decoding_the_Past__Secrets_of_the_Quran_Part_1/2
Best Quran Recitations - Amin Pouya 2006
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Published: 10 Jan 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: MuslimLikeMe
This amazing Quran recitation was performed by Amin Pouya from Iran at the International Quran Comp, in Calicut, India 2006. He won the first prize - and he truly deserves it. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Best_Quran_Recitations__Amin_Pouya_2006
Quran Recitation Really beautiful amazing crying
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:18
- Published: 01 Jun 2006
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: turntoislam
www.turntoislam.com -This is a beautiful recitation of Quran that brings shivers to mankind. visit keywords islam, muslim, sunni, shia, iran, iraq, afghanistan, religion, faith, spirit, jinn, quran dvd, spirituality, war, peace, satan, angel, heaven, hell, new world order, illuminati, revolution, secrecy, 911, world trade center,palestine, depression, psychology Dua, Afghan, Hafiz, islamchannel, tv all,
http://wn.com/Quran_Recitation_Really_beautiful_amazing_crying
Most amazing quran recitation, must listen
Read Quran in english here www.islam101.com
http://wn.com/Most_amazing_quran_recitation,_must_listen
World's Best Quran Recitation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:12
- Published: 01 Apr 2007
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: salmansali
Performed by Mr.Amin Pouya, Iran at the International Quran Competitions(First Prize) held at Calicut, India; Aug 2006. I hope this recitation to be one of the best recitations, if not the best, that you might ever watch... (in particular, watch out the period from 04:30 to 05:00) Three other videos of Amin pouya are also uploaded... Please check the video responses or follow the links below.. www.youtube.com www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/World's_Best_Quran_Recitation
Quran Recitation - Child
Quran Recitation - part or surah ambiya
http://wn.com/Quran_Recitation__Child
The Qur'an CHALLENGE!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Published: 19 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: StevenCrowder
SUBSCRIBE! New video every Thursday! Book of the week: "The Qur'an"
http://wn.com/The_Qur'an_CHALLENGE!
Beautiful Recitation of Noble Quran
Recitation of Noble Quran, very beautiful!
http://wn.com/Beautiful_Recitation_of_Noble_Quran
Beautiful recitation of Holy Quran with english subtitles
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:34
- Published: 23 Nov 2006
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: peaceeverywhere
[English Subtitles] Holy Quran - free download at: www.islamtomorrow.com
http://wn.com/Beautiful_recitation_of_Holy_Quran_with_english_subtitles
Amitabh Bachchan reads QURAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Published: 09 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: bollywoodbackstage
A man of secular mindset Amitabh is reading the Islamic holy book, the Quran, nowadays.
http://wn.com/Amitabh_Bachchan_reads_QURAN
![Quran recitation by Ahmed Saud [english translation]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111230132828im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/vVG6uW9gNwI/0.jpg "Quran recitation by Ahmed Saud [english translation]")
Quran recitation by Ahmed Saud [english translation]
This is Ahmad Saud, the other child is Hasan bin Abdullah Al Awadh who read surat yaseen..... May Allah bless both of their families. surat Al-tur[52]
http://wn.com/Quran_recitation_by_Ahmed_Saud_ english_translation
![Florida Church Burnt Holy Quran [by Pastor Terry Jones]](http://web.archive.org./web/20111230132828im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/XDmaFehshys/0.jpg "Florida Church Burnt Holy Quran [by Pastor Terry Jones]")
Florida Church Burnt Holy Quran [by Pastor Terry Jones]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:20
- Published: 22 Mar 2011
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: answeringchristian
Florida Church Burnt Holy Quran [by Pastor Terry Jones]
http://wn.com/Florida_Church_Burnt_Holy_Quran_ by_Pastor_Terry_Jones
Abdul Basset Quran
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:46
- Published: 31 Aug 2006
- Uploaded: 24 Dec 2011
- Author: vidzonline
Abdul Basset Reciting Quran
http://wn.com/Abdul_Basset_Quran
Beautifying the Recitation of Quran - Yaser Birjas - Quran Weekly
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:59
- Published: 10 Nov 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: QuranWeekly
Sheikh Yaser Birjas gives real life examples of the effects the recitation of the Qur'an can have. Muslims and non-Muslims alike are moved by beautiful recitations although they do not even understand the language. This leads to a very important subject that is discussed in the video - Tajweed. If we learn to beautify the recitation of the Qur'an with our voices and perfect the Tajweed, then we will be the first ones to enjoy it. And it will be a source of Dawah for others listening to our recitation as well insha'Allah.
http://wn.com/Beautifying_the_Recitation_of_Quran__Yaser_Birjas__Quran_Weekly
The Original Burn the Quran Day
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:00
- Published: 02 Sep 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: Acts17Apologetics
www.answeringmuslims.com This September 11th, a church in Florida is protesting the growing influence of Islam by offending 2 billion people. Specifically, they're staging a "Burn the Koran" Day. But is this the first day of its kind? In fact, is today's Quran the Quran that Muhammad intended his followers to have? Let's take a look at the evidence! Original Burn the Qur'an Day Acts 17 Apologetics Nabeel Qureshi David Wood Koran Burning
http://wn.com/The_Original_Burn_the_Quran_Day
The Qur'an - Original Manuscript and Interpretation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:47
- Published: 22 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 26 Dec 2011
- Author: AtheistMediaBlog
via www.AtheistMedia.com
http://wn.com/The_Qur'an__Original_Manuscript_and_Interpretation
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
29 Dec 2011
Tehran, December 29: Iran's foreign minister says the sweeping wave of Islamic Awakening underway in the Middle East and North Africa indicates the deep-running roots of the 1979 Islamic Revolution of...
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photo: AP / Riccardo De Luca
27 Dec 2011
Share RT Pakistan is turning away from the US and looking east for its future partnerships, with the president now firming up the country’s friendship with China. Asif Ali Zardari hailed the...
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photo: WN / Marzena Jazowska
25 Dec 2011
Share The American Dream For millions of American families, there will be no Christmas this year. The sad truth is that an increasing number of families simply do not have money for Christmas presents...
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Children learning Quran, Bombed
29 Dec 2011
The Siasat Daily
Delta, December 29: A homemade bomb was thrown into a madrasa in Delta State in southern Nigeria, the police said, wounding seven people and escalating...
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The Siasat Daily
Hyderabad, December 28: There was a time when the Muslim community scaled heights by taking hold of Quran and Sunnah. The life style of Prophet’s sahaba and sahabiyat is the guidance for new generation. But sadly...
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Hardships and trials are part of everyone’s life. The important thing is for us to have the right attitude of trusting Allah and His plans when facing such hardships and trials. During such trying times, always remember that nothing happens without the will of Allah. Second, we may not know that our...
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The Siasat Daily
Hyderabad, December 26: (Siasat News) The companions of Prophet Mohammed (SAS) used to learn the Quranic verses by heart and they were fond of teaching the Quran. They tried to spend maxmimum...
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Phari translation of Holy Quran released
23 Dec 2011
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No need for me to swear on the Quran, says Anwar
19 Dec 2011
The Star
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Earliest Chinese version of Quran found in China
18 Dec 2011
Zeenews
Beijing: An earliest Chinese version of the holy Quran, a handwritten copy completed in 1912, has been found by Muslim culture researchers in China's northwestern Gansu province. This Quran was found among old archives by researchers with the...
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Swear on the Quran, Mahathir challenges Anwar
18 Dec 2011
The Star
BUTTERWORTH: Former prime minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad has challenged Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim to show evidence that he (Dr Mahathir) had sought help from the World Bank during...
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The Quran ( ; , , literally meaning "a recitation"), also transliterated Qur'an, Koran, Qur’ān, Coran, Kuran, and al-Qur’ān, is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God (, Allah) and the Final Testament, following the Old and New Testaments. It is regarded widely as the finest piece of literature in the Arabic language. The Quran is divided into 114 suras of unequal length which are classified either as Meccan or Medinan depending upon their place and time of revelation.
Muslims believe the Quran to be verbally revealed through angel Jibrīl (Gabriel) from God to Muhammad gradually over a period of approximately twenty-three years beginning in 610 CE, when Muhammad was forty, and concluding in 632 CE, the year of his death. Muslims further believe that the Qur'an was precisely memorized, recited and exactly written down by Muhammad's companions (Sahaba) after each revelation was dictated by him.
Shortly after Muhammad's death the Quran was compiled into a single book by order of the first Caliph Abu Bakr and at the suggestion of his future successor Umar. Hafsa, Muhammad's widow and Umar's daughter, was entrusted with that Quranic text after the second Caliph Umar died. When the third Caliph Uthman began noticing slight differences in Arabic dialect he sought Hafsa's permission to use her text to be set as the standard dialect, the Quraish dialect now known as Fus'ha (Modern Standard Arabic). Before returning the text to Hafsa Uthman made several thousand copies of Abu Bakr's redaction and, to standardize the text, invalidated all other versions of the Quran. This process of formalization is known as the "Uthmanic recension". The present form of the Quran text is accepted by most scholars as the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.
Muslims regard the Quran as the main miracle of Muhammad, the proof of his prophethood and the culmination of a series of divine messages that started with the messages revealed to Adam, regarded in Islam as the first prophet, and continued with the Suhuf Ibrahim (Scrolls of Abraham), the Tawrat (Torah or Pentateuch) of Moses, the Zabur (Tehillim or Book of Psalms) of David, and the Injil (Gospel) of Jesus. The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in Jewish and Christian scriptures, summarizing some, dwelling at length on others and in some cases presenting alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance, sometimes offering detailed accounts of specific historical events, and often emphasizing the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence.
Etymology and meaning
The word appears about 70 times in the Quran itself, assuming various meanings. It is a verbal noun () of the Arabic verb (), meaning “he read” or “he recited.” The Syriac equivalent is , which refers to “scripture reading” or “lesson”. While most Western scholars consider the word to be derived from the Syriac, the majority of Muslim authorities hold the origin of the word is itself. In any case, it had become an Arabic term by Muhammad's lifetime. An important meaning of the word is the “act of reciting”, as reflected in an early Quranic passage: “It is for Us to collect it and to recite it ()”.In other verses, the word refers to “an individual passage recited [by Muhammad]”. Its liturgical context is seen in a number of passages, for example: "So when is recited, listen to it and keep silent". The word may also assume the meaning of a codified scripture when mentioned with other scriptures such as the Torah and Gospel.
The term also has closely related synonyms that are employed throughout the Quran. Each synonym possesses its own distinct meaning, but its use may converge with that of in certain contexts. Such terms include (“book”); (“sign”); and (“scripture”). The latter two terms also denote units of revelation. In the large majority of contexts, usually with a definite article (al-), the word is referred to as the “revelation” (wahy), that which has been “sent down” (tanzīl) at intervals. Other related words are: , meaning "remembrance," used to refer to the Quran in the sense of a reminder and warning; and , meaning “wisdom”, sometimes referring to the revelation or part of it.
The Quran has many other names. Among those found in the text itself are (“discernment” or “criterion”), (“"the guide”), (“the remembrance of God”), (“the wisdom”), and (“the word of God”). Another term is (“the book”), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The term ("written work") is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books.
History
Prophetic era
Islamic tradition relates that Muhammad received his first revelation in the Cave of Hira during one of his isolated retreats to the mountains. Thereafter, he received revelations over a period of twenty-three years. According to hadith and Muslim history, after Muhammad emigrated to Medina and formed an independent Muslim community, he ordered a considerable number of the sahabah to recite the Quran and to learn and teach the laws, which were revealed daily. Companions who engaged in the recitation of the Quran were called Qari. Since most sahabah were unable to read or write, they were ordered to learn from the prisoners-of-war the simple writing of the time. Thus a group of sahabah gradually became literate. As it was initially spoken, the Quran was recorded on tablets, bones and the wide, flat ends of date palm fronds. Most chapters were in use amongst early Muslims since they are mentioned in numerous sayings by both Sunni and Shia sources, relating Muhammad's use of the Quran as a call to Islam, the making of prayer and the manner of recitation. However, the Quran did not exist in book form at the time of Muhammad's death in 632.
The Islamic studies scholar Welch states in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that he believes the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition at these moments may be regarded as genuine, because he was severely disturbed after these revelations. According to Welch, these seizures would have been seen by those around him as convincing evidence for the superhuman origin of Muhammad's inspirations. However, Muhammad's critics accused him of being a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician since his experiences were similar to those claimed by such figures well known in ancient Arabia. Welch additionally states that it remains uncertain whether these experiences occurred before or after Muhammad's initial claim of prophethood.
The Quran states that Muhammad was ummi, interpreted as illiterate in Muslim tradition. According to Watt, the meaning of the Quranic term ummi is unscriptured rather than illiterate.
Compiling the Mus'haf
According to Shias, Sufis and scarce Sunni scholars, Ali compiled a complete version of the Quran mus'haf immediately after Muhammad's death. The order of this mus'haf differed from that gathered later during Uthman's era. Despite this, Ali made no objection or resistance against standardized mus'haf, but kept his own book.After seventy reciters were killed in the Battle of Yamama, the caliph Abu Bakr decided to collect the different chapters and verses into one volume. Thus, a group of reciters, including Zayd ibn Thabit, collected the chapters and verses and produced several hand-written copies of the complete book.
In about 650, as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian peninsula into Persia, the Levant and North Africa, the third caliph Uthman ibn Affan ordered the preparation of an official, standardized version, to preserve the sanctity of the text (and perhaps to keep the Rashidun Empire united, see Uthman Qur'an). Five reciters from amongst the companions produced a unique text from the first volume, which had been prepared on the orders of Abu Bakr and was kept with Hafsa bint Umar. The other copies already in the hands of Muslims in other areas were collected and sent to Medina where, on orders of the Caliph, they were destroyed by burning or boiling. This remains the authoritative text of the Quran to this day.
The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants in Western academia has not yielded any differences of great significance. Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.
Significance in Islam
Muslims believe the Quran to be the book of divine guidance and direction for humanity and consider the text in its original Arabic to be the literal word of God, revealed to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a period of twenty-three years and view the Quran as God's final revelation to humanity.Wahy in Islamic and Quranic concept means the act of God addressing an individual, conveying a message for a greater number of recipients. The process by which the divine message comes to the heart of a messenger of God is tanzil (to send down) or nuzul (to come down). As the Quran says, "With the truth we (God) have sent it down and with the truth it has come down." It designates positive religion, the letter of the revelation dictated by the angel to the prophet. It means to cause this revelation to descend from the higher world. According to hadith, the verses were sent down in special circumstances known as asbab al-nuzul. However, in this view God himself is never the subject of coming down.
The Quran frequently asserts in its text that it is divinely ordained, an assertion that Muslims believe. The Quran – often referring to its own textual nature and reflecting constantly on its assertion of divine origin – is the most meta-textual, self-referential religious text. The Quran refers to a written pre-text that records God's speech even before it was sent down.
The issue of whether the Quran is eternal or created was one of the crucial controversies among early Muslim theologians. Mu'tazilis believe it is created while the most widespread varieties of Muslim theologians consider the Quran to be eternal and uncreated. Sufi philosophers view the question as artificial or wrongly framed.
Muslims maintain the present wording of the Quranic text corresponds exactly to that revealed to Muhammad himself: as the words of God, said to be delivered to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel. Muslims consider the Quran to be a guide, a sign of the prophethood of Muhammad and the truth of the religion. They argue it is not possible for a human to produce a book like the Quran, as the Quran itself maintains.
Therefore an Islamic philosopher introduces a prophetology to explain how the divine word passes into human expression. This leads to a kind of esoteric hermeneutics that seeks to comprehend the position of the prophet by mediating on the modality of his relationship not with his own time, but with the eternal source his message emanates from. This view contrasts with historical critique of western scholars who attempt to understand the prophet through his circumstances, education and type of genius.
Uniqueness
Muslims believe that the Quran is different from all other books in ways that are impossible for any other book to be, such that similar texts cannot be written by humans. These include both mundane and miraculous claims. The Quran itself challenges any who disagree with its divine origin to produce a text of a miraculous nature.Scholars of Islam believe that its poetic form is unique and of a fashion that cannot be written by humans. They also claim it contains accurate prophecy and that no other book does.
Text
The text of the Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, each known as a sura. Chapters are classed as Meccan or Medinan, depending on when (before or after Hijra) the verses were revealed. Chapter titles are derived from a name or quality discussed in the text, or from the first letters or words of the sura. Muslims believe that Muhammad, on God's command, gave the chapters their names. Generally, longer chapters appear earlier in the Quran, while the shorter ones appear later. The chapter arrangement is thus not connected to the sequence of revelation. Each sura except the ninth starts with the Basmala, an Arabic phrase meaning (“In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful”). There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the basmala in the Quran, due to its presence in verse 27:30 as the opening of Solomon's letter to the Queen of Sheba.Each sura is formed from several ayat (verses), which originally means a sign or portent sent by God. The number of verses differ from chapter to chapter. An individual verse may be just a few letters or several lines. The verses are unlike the highly refined poetry of the pre-Islamic Arabs in their content and distinctive rhymes and rhythms, being more akin to the prophetic utterances marked by inspired discontinuities found in the sacred scriptures of Judaism and Christianity. The actual number of ayat has been a controversial issue among Muslim scholars since Islam's inception, some recognizing 6,000, some 6,204, some 6,219, and some 6,236, although the words in all cases are the same. The most popular edition of the Quran, which is based on the Kufa school tradition, contains 6,236 ayat.
There is a crosscutting division into 30 parts of roughly equal division, ajza, each containing two units called ahzab, each of which is divided into four parts (rub 'al-ahzab). The Quran is also divided into seven approximately equal parts, manazil, for it to be recited in a week.
The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net. The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to have lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order, and presence of repetition.
Fourteen different Arabic letters form 14 different sets of “Quranic Initials” (the "Muqatta'at", such as A.L.M. of 2:1) and prefix 29 suras in the Quran. The meaning and interpretation of these initials is considered unknown to most Muslims.
In 1974, Egyptian biochemist Rashad Khalifa claimed to have discovered a mathematical code based on the number 19, which is mentioned in Sura 74:30 of the Quran. This code only manifests itself in a version of Quran that Khalifa published himself and which differs from the one accepted by most Muslims. It is the basis for the beliefs of United Submitters International, a religious group that Khalifa founded.
Content
The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and the nature of revelation.Historical events are related to outline general moral lessons.
Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message.
Literary structure
The Quran's message is conveyed with various literary structures and devices. In the original Arabic, the chapters and verses employ phonetic and thematic structures that assist the audience's efforts to recall the message of the text. Some use the Quran as a standard by which other Arabic literature is measured. Muslims assert (according to the Quran itself) that the Quranic content and style is inimitable.Richard Gottheil and Siegmund Fränkel in the Jewish Encyclopedia write that the oldest portions of the Quran reflect significant excitement in their language, through short and abrupt sentences and sudden transitions. The Quran nonetheless carefully maintains the rhymed form, like the oracles. Some later portions also preserve this form but also in a style where the movement is calm and the style expository.
Michael Sells, citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown, acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming "disorganization" of Quranic literary expression – its "scattered or fragmented mode of composition," in Sells's phrase – is in fact a literary device capable of delivering "profound effects – as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated." Sells also addresses the much-discussed "repetitiveness" of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device.
Interpretation and meanings
Tafsir
The Quran has sparked a huge body of commentary and explication (tafsir), aimed at explaining the "meanings of the Quranic verses, clarifying their import and finding out their significance."Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims. According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims. Other early exegetes included a few Companions of Muhammad, like Ali ibn Abi Talib, Abdullah ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Umar and Ubayy ibn Kab. Exegesis in those days was confined to the explanation of literary aspects of the verse, the background of its revelation and, occasionally, interpretation of one verse with the help of the other. If the verse was about a historical event, then sometimes a few traditions (hadith) of Muhammad were narrated to make its meaning clear.
Because the Quran is spoken in classical Arabic, many of the later converts to Islam (mostly non-Arabs) did not always understand the Quranic Arabic, they did not catch allusions that were clear to early Muslims fluent in Arabic and they were concerned with reconciling apparent conflict of themes in the Quran. Commentators erudite in Arabic explained the allusions, and perhaps most importantly, explained which Quranic verses had been revealed early in Muhammad's prophetic career, as being appropriate to the very earliest Muslim community, and which had been revealed later, canceling out or "abrogating" (nasikh) the earlier text (mansukh). Other scholars however maintain that no abrogation has taken place in the Qur'an
Ta'wil
Ja'far Kashfi defines ta'wil as 'to lead back or to bring something back to its origin or archetype'. It is a science whose pivot is a spiritual direction and a divine inspiration, while the tafsir is the literal exegesis of the letter; its pivot is the canonical Islamic sciences. Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But this explanation has become so widespread that, at present, it has become the primary meaning of ta'wil, which originally meant "to return" or "the returning place". In Tabatabaei's view, what has been rightly called ta'wil, or hermeneutic interpretation of the Quran, is not concerned simply with the denotation of words. Rather, it is concerned with certain truths and realities that transcend the comprehension of the common run of men; yet it is from these truths and realities that the principles of doctrine and the practical injunctions of the Quran issue forth. Interpretation is not the meaning of the verse; rather it transpires through that meaning – a special sort of transpiration. There is a spiritual reality, which is the main objective of ordaining a law, or the basic aim in describing a divine attribute—and there is an actual significance a Quranic story refers to.However Shia and Sufism (on the one hand) and Sunni (on the other) have completely different positions on the legitimacy of ta'wil. A verse in the Quran addresses this issue, but Shia and Sunni disagree on how it should be read. According to Shia, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like the Prophet and the imams know the secrets of the Quran, while Sunnis believe that only God knows. According to Tabatabaei, the statement "none knows its interpretation except Allah" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause. Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the knowledge of the Quran's interpretation is reserved for God. But Tabatabaei uses other verses and concludes that those who are purified by God know the interpretation of the Quran to a certain extent.
The most ancient spiritual commentary on the Quran consists of the teachings the Shia Imams propounded in conversations with their disciples. It was the principles of their spiritual hermeneutics that were subsequently brought together by the Sufis. These texts are narrated by Imam Ali and Ja'far al-Sadiq, Shia and Sunni Sufis.
As Corbin narrates from Shia sources, Ali himself gives this testimony:
Not a single verse of the Quran descended upon (was revealed to) the Messenger of God, which he did not proceed to dictate to me and make me recite. I would write it with my own hand, and he would instruct me as to its tafsir (the literal explanation) and the ta'wil (the spiritual exegesis), the nasikh (the verse that abrogates) and the mansukh (the abrogated verse), the muhkam (without ambiguity) and the mutashabih (ambiguous), the particular and the general...
According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in question here refer to the human qualities of coming, going, sitting, satisfaction, anger, and sorrow, which are apparently attributed to God. Unacceptable ta'wil is where one "transfers" the apparent meaning of a verse to a different meaning by means of a proof; this method is not without obvious inconsistencies. Although this unacceptable ta'wil has gained considerable acceptance, it is incorrect and cannot be applied to the Quranic verses. The correct interpretation is that reality a verse refers to. It is found in all verses, the decisive and the ambiguous alike; it is not a sort of a meaning of the word; it is a fact that is too sublime for words. God has dressed them with words to bring them a bit nearer to our minds; in this respect they are like proverbs that are used to create a picture in the mind, and thus help the hearer to clearly grasp the intended idea.
Therefore Sufi spiritual interpretations are usually accepted by Islamic scholars as authentic, as long as certain conditions are met. In Sufi history, these interpretations were sometimes considered religious innovations (bid'ah), as Salafis believe today. However, ta'wil is extremely controversial even amongst Shia. For example, when Ayatollah Ruhallah Khomeini, the leader of Islamic revolution, gave some lectures about Sura al-Fatiha in December 1979 and January 1980, protests forced him to suspend them before he could continue beyond the first two verses of the surah.
Levels of meaning
Unlike the Salafis and Zahiri, Shias and Sufis as well as some Muslim philosophers believe the meaning of the Quran is not restricted to the literal aspect. For them, it is an essential idea that the Quran also has inward aspects. Henry Corbin narrates a hadith that goes back to Muhammad:"The Qur'an possesses an external appearance and a hidden depth, an exoteric meaning and an esoteric meaning. This esoteric meaning in turn conceals an esoteric meaning (this depth possesses a depth, after the image of the celestial Spheres, which are enclosed within each other). So it goes on for seven esoteric meanings (seven depths of hidden depth)." Corbin considers the Quran to play a part in Islamic philosophy, because gnosiology itself goes hand in hand with prophetology.Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil (“interpretation” or “explanation”), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate meaning of the Quran is known only to God. In contrast, Quranic literalism, followed by Salafis and Zahiris, is the belief that the Quran should only be taken at its apparent meaning.
Translations
Translation of the Quran has always been a problematic and difficult issue. Many argue that the Quranic text cannot be reproduced in another language or form. Furthermore, an Arabic word may have a range of meanings depending on the context, making an accurate translation even more difficult.The first complete translation of the Quran was completed in 884 CE in Alwar (Sindh, India now Pakistan) by the orders of Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz on the request of the Hindu Raja Mehruk.
Nevertheless, the Quran has been translated into most African, Asian and European languages. The first translator of the Quran was Salman the Persian, who translated sura Al-Fatiha into Persian during the 7th century. The first complete translation of Quran was into Persian during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. Islamic tradition holds that translations were made for Emperor Negus of Abyssinia and Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, as both received letters by Muhammad containing verses from the Quran. In early centuries, the permissibility of translations was not an issue, but whether one could use translations in prayer. In 1936, translations in 102 languages were known. In 2010, the Hürriyet Daily News and Economic Review reported that the Quran was presented in 112 languages at the 18th International Quran Exhibition in Tehran.
Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the first scholarly translation of the Quran into English; another was produced by Richard Bell in 1937, and yet another by Arthur John Arberry in 1955. All these translators were non-Muslims. There have been numerous translations by Muslims.
The English translators have sometimes favored archaic English words and constructions over their more modern or conventional equivalents; for example, two widely read translators, A. Yusuf Ali and M. Marmaduke Pickthall, use the plural and singular "ye" and "thou" instead of the more common "you".
Most Quranic translations are based on human dictions, as most Arabic terms have a wide range of meanings. As an example, most English translations of sura Ar-Rum ("The Romans") state, "Certainly, the Romans will be defeated. In the nearest land". That was the only recognized explanation before the science era, considering that the Roman–Persian war—when Romans were defeated then recaptured Jerusalem—was near Mecca. Geologists proved that the Dead Sea region—the defense point of Jerusalem where the battle occurred—is the lowest elevation on earth. Concluding, the Quran was actually pointing to the lowest land instead of the inferred nearest land, as all dictionaries translate the same Arabic word "أدنى" to lowest, too.
Literary usage
In addition to and largely independent of the division into suras, there are various ways of dividing the Quran into parts of approximately equal length for convenience in reading, recitation and memorization. The thirty ajza can be used to read through the entire Quran in a week or a month. Some of these parts are known by names and these names are the first few words by which the juz' starts. A juz' is sometimes further divided into two ahzab, and each hizb subdivided into four rub 'al-ahzab. A different structure is provided by the ruku'at, semantical units resembling paragraphs and comprising roughly ten ayat each. Some also divide the Quran into seven manazil to facilitate complete recitation in a week.
Recitation
}} One meaning of Quran is "recitation", the Quran itself outlining the general method of how it is to be recited: slowly and in rhythmic tones. Tajwid is the term for techniques of recitation, and assessed in terms of how accessible the recitation is to those intent on concentrating on the words.To perform salat (prayer), a mandatory obligation in Islam, a Muslim is required to learn at least some sura of the Quran (typically starting with the first one, al-Fatiha, known as the "seven oft-repeated verses," and then moving on to the shorter ones at the end). Until one has learned al-Fatiha, a Muslim can only say phrases like "praise be to God" during the salat.
A person whose recital repertoire encompasses the whole Quran is called a qari', whereas a memoriser of the Quran is called a hafiz (fem. Hafaz) (which translate as "reciter" or "protector," respectively). Muhammad is regarded as the first qari' since he was the first to recite it. Recitation (tilawa تلاوة) of the Quran is a fine art in the Muslim world.
Schools of recitation
There are several schools of Quranic recitation, all of which teach possible pronunciations of the Uthmanic rasm: Seven reliable, three permissible and (at least) four uncanonical – in 8 sub-traditions each – making for 80 recitation variants altogether. A canonical recitation must satisfy three conditions:# It must match the rasm, letter for letter. # It must conform with the syntactic rules of the Arabic language. # It must have a continuous isnad to Muhammad through tawatur, meaning that it has to be related by a large group of people to another down the isnad chain.
These recitations differ in the vocalization (tashkil) of a few words, which in turn gives a complementary meaning to the word in question according to the rules of Arabic grammar. For example, the vocalization of a verb can change its active and passive voice. It can also change its stem formation, implying intensity for example. Vowels may be elongated or shortened, and glottal stops (hamzas) may be added or dropped, according to the respective rules of the particular recitation. For example, the name of archangel Gabriel is pronounced differently in different recitations: Jibrīl, Jabrīl, Jibra'īl, and Jibra'il.
The more widely used narrations are those of Hafs (حفص عن عاصم), Warsh (ورش عن نافع), Qaloon (قالون عن نافع) and Al-Duri according to Abu `Amr (الدوري عن أبي عمرو). Muslims firmly believe that all canonical recitations were recited by Muhammad himself, citing the respective isnad chain of narration, and accept them as valid for worshipping and as a reference for rules of Sharia. The uncanonical recitations are called "explanatory" for their role in giving a different perspective for a given verse or ayah. Today several dozen persons hold the title "Memorizer of the Ten Recitations."
The presence of these different recitations is attributed to many hadith. Malik Ibn Anas has reported: :Abd al-Rahman Ibn Abd al-Qari narrated: "Umar Ibn Khattab said before me: I heard Hisham Ibn Hakim Ibn Hizam reading Surah Furqan in a different way from the one I used to read it, and the Prophet (sws) himself had read out this surah to me. Consequently, as soon as I heard him, I wanted to get hold of him. However, I gave him respite until he had finished the prayer. Then I got hold of his cloak and dragged him to the Prophet (sws). I said to him: "I have heard this person [Hisham Ibn Hakim Ibn Hizam] reading Surah Furqan in a different way from the one you had read it out to me." The Prophet (sws) said: "Leave him alone [O 'Umar]." Then he said to Hisham: "Read [it]." [Umar said:] "He read it out in the same way as he had done before me." [At this,] the Prophet (sws) said: "It was revealed thus." Then the Prophet (sws) asked me to read it out. So I read it out. [At this], he said: "It was revealed thus; this Quran has been revealed in Seven Ahruf. You can read it in any of them you find easy from among them.
Suyuti, a famous 15th century Islamic theologian, writes after interpreting above hadith in 40 different ways: :"And to me the best opinion in this regard is that of the people who say that this hadith is from among matters of mutashabihat, the meaning of which cannot be understood."
Many reports contradict the presence of variant readings: Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami reports, "the reading of Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Zayd ibn Thabit and that of all the Muhajirun and the Ansar was the same. They read the Quran according to the Qira'at al-'ammah. This is the same reading the Prophet (sws) read twice to Gabriel in the year of his death. Zayd ibn Thabit was also present in this reading [called] the 'Ardah-i akhirah. It was this very reading that he taught the Quran to people till his death". Ibn Sirin writes, "the reading on which the Quran was read out to the prophet in the year of his death is the same according to which people are reading the Quran today".
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi also purports that there is only one recitation of Quran, which is called Qira'at of Hafss or in classical scholarship, it is called Qira'at al-'ammah. The Quran has also specified that it was revealed in the language of Muhammad's tribe: the Quraysh.
However, the identification of the recitation of Hafss as the Qira'at al-'ammah is somewhat problematic when that was the recitation of the people of Kufa in Iraq, and there is better reason to identify the recitation of the reciters of Madinah as the dominant recitation. The reciter of Madinah was Nafi' and Imam Malik remarked "The recitation of Nafi' is Sunnah."
AZ [however] says that the people of El-Hijaz and Hudhayl, and the people of Makkah and Al-Madinah, to not pronounce hamzah [at all]: and 'Isa Ibn-'Omar says, Tamim pronounce hamzah, and the people of Al-Hijaz, in cases of necessity, [in poetry,] do so.
Writing and printing
Most Muslims today use printed editions of the Quran. There are many editions, large and small, elaborate or plain, expensive or inexpensive. Bilingual forms with the Arabic on one side and a gloss into a more familiar language on the other are very popular.
Qurans are produced in many different sizes. Most are of a reasonable book size, but there exist extremely large Qurans (usually for display purposes) and very small Qurans (sometimes given as gifts).
Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscript books made by copyists and calligraphers. Short extracts from the Quran were printed in the medieval period from carved wooden blocks, one block per page; a technique already widely used in China. However there are no records of complete Qurans produced in this way, which would have involved a very large investment. Mass-produced less expensive versions of the Quran were produced from the 19th century by lithography, which allowed reproduction of the fine calligraphy of hand-made versions.
The oldest surviving Quran printed with movable type was produced in Venice in 1537/1538. It seems to have been prepared for sale in the Ottoman empire, where all movable type printing using Arabic characters had been forbidden in 1485. This decree was reversed in 1588, but there remained strong resistance to adopting movable type printing for any subjects, let alone the Quran, until the late 19th century. This seems to have been partly from opposition by the large profession of copyists, and for aesthetic reasons, and fear of mistakes in the text. Catherine the Great of Russia sponsored a printing of the Quran in 1787. This was followed by editions from Kazan (1828), Persia (1833) and Istanbul (1877).
It is extremely difficult to render the full Quran, with all the points, in computer code, such as Unicode. The Internet Sacred Text Archive makes computer files of the Quran freely available both as images and in a temporary Unicode version. Various designers and software firms have attempted to develop computer fonts that can adequately render the Quran.
Since Muslim tradition felt that directly portraying sacred figures and events might lead to idolatry, it was considered wrong to decorate the Quran with pictures (as was often done for Christian texts, for example). Muslims instead lavished love and care upon the sacred text itself. Arabic is written in many scripts, some of which are complex and beautiful. Arabic calligraphy is a highly honored art, much like Chinese calligraphy. Muslims also decorated their Qurans with abstract figures (arabesques), colored inks, and gold leaf. Pages from some of these antique Qurans are displayed throughout this article.
Relationship with other literature
Torah, Hebrew Bible and New Testament
}} The Quran speaks well of the relationship it has with former books (the Torah and the Gospel) and attributes their similarities to their unique origin and saying all of them have been revealed by the one God.According to Sahih Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language. The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books (Tanakh, Bible) and devotional literature (Apocrypha, Midrash), although it differs in many details. Adam, Enoch, Noah, Eber, Shelah, Abraham, Lot, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Job, Jethro, David, Solomon, Elijah, Elisha, Jonah, Aaron, Moses, Zechariah, John the Baptist, and Jesus are mentioned in the Quran as prophets of God (see Prophets of Islam). In fact, Jesus is mentioned more often in the Quran than Muhammad. At the same time, Mary is also mentioned in the Quran more than the New Testament. Muslims believe the common elements or resemblances between the Bible and other Jewish and Christian writings and Islamic dispensations is due to their common divine source, and that the original Christian or Jewish texts were authentic divine revelations given to prophets.
Similarities with Christian apocrypha
The Quran has been noted to have certain narratives similarities to the Diatessaron, Protoevangelium of James, Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew and the Arabic Infancy Gospel. One scholar has suggested that the Diatessaron, as a gospel harmony, may have led to the conception that the Christian Gospel is one text.
Arab writing
After the Quran, and the general rise of Islam, the Arabic alphabet developed rapidly into an art form.Wadad Kadi, Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at University of Chicago and Mustansir Mir, Professor of Islamic studies at Youngstown State University state that:
Although Arabic, as a language and a literary tradition, was quite well developed by the time of Muhammad's prophetic activity, it was only after the emergence of Islam, with its founding scripture in Arabic, that the language reached its utmost capacity of expression, and the literature its highest point of complexity and sophistication. Indeed, it probably is no exaggeration to say that the Quran was one of the most conspicuous forces in the making of classical and post-classical Arabic literature.The main areas in which the Qur'an exerted noticeable influence on Arabic literature are diction and themes; other areas are related to the literary aspects of the Qur'an particularly oaths (q.v.), metaphors, motifs, and symbols. As far as diction is concerned, one could say that Qur'anic words, idioms, and expressions, especially "loaded" and formulaic phrases, appear in practically all genres of literature and in such abundance that it is simply impossible to compile a full record of them. For not only did the Qur'an create an entirely new linguistic corpus to express its message, it also endowed old, pre-Islamic words with new meanings and it is these meanings that took root in the language and subsequently in the literature...
Culture
Most Muslims treat paper copies of the Quran with veneration, ritually washing before reading the Quran. Worn out, torn, or errant (for example, pages out of order) Qurans are not discarded as wastepaper, but rather are left free to flow in a river, kept somewhere safe, burned, or buried in a remote location. Many Muslims memorize at least some portion of the Quran in the original Arabic, usually at least the verses needed to perform the contact prayers (salat). Those who have memorized the entire Quran earn the right to the title of Hafiz.
Based on tradition and a literal interpretation of sura 56:77–79: "That this is indeed a Quran Most Honourable, In a Book well-guarded, Which none shall touch but those who are clean.", many scholars believe that a Muslim must perform a ritual cleansing with water (wudu) before touching a copy of the Quran, or mus'haf, although this view is ubiquitous.
Quran desecration means mishandling the Quran by defiling or dismembering it. Muslims believe they should always treat the book with reverence, and are forbidden, for instance, to pulp, recycle, or simply discard worn-out copies of the text. Respect for the written text of the Quran is an important element of religious faith by many Muslims. They believe that intentionally insulting the Quran is a form of blasphemy.
The text of the Quran has become readily accessible over the internet, in Arabic as well as numerous translations in other languages. It can be downloaded and searched both word-by-word and with Boolean algebra. Photos of ancient manuscripts and illustrations of Quranic art can be witnessed. However, there are still limits to searching the Arabic text of the Quran.
See also
2010 Qur'an-burning controversy Ayah Criticism of the Qur'an Dhikr Digital Qur'an Hafiz History of the Qur'an Legends and the Qur'an List of religious texts Persons related to Qur'anic verses Qur'an alone Quran and miracles Quran and Sunnah Qur'anic literalism Quran reading Surah Tafsir of the Qur'an Women in the Qur'an
Notes
}}: Actual pronunciation in Literary Arabic varies regionally. The first vowel varies from to to , while the second vowel varies from to to . Example, in Egypt: , in Central East Arabia: .
References
Further reading
;Recent translations;Introductory texts
Robinson, Neal, Discovering the Qur'an, Georgetown University Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58901-024-8 Sells, Michael, – Approaching the Qur'ān: The Early Revelations, White Cloud Press, Book & CD edition (November 15, 1999). ISBN 1-883991-26-9 ;Traditional Quranic commentaries (tafsir)
Al-Tabari, Jamiʿ al-bayān ʿan taʾwil al-Qurʾān, Cairo 1955–69, transl. J. Cooper (ed.), The Commentary on the Qurʾān, Oxford University Press, 1987. ISBN 0-19-920142-0 ;Topical studies
Stowasser, Barbara Freyer – Women in the Qur'an, Traditions, and Interpretation, Oxford University Press; Reprint edition (June 1, 1996), ISBN 0-19-511148-6 Gibson, Dan (2011). Qur’anic Geography: A Survey and Evaluation of the Geographical References in the Qur’an with Suggested Solutions for Various Problems and Issues. Independent Scholars Press, Canada. ISBN 978-0-9733642-8-6. ;Literary criticism
Al-Azami, M. M. – The History of the Qurʾānic Text from Revelation to Compilation, UK Islamic Academy: Leicester 2003. Gunter Luling A challenge to Islam for reformation: the rediscovery and reliable reconstruction of a comprehensive pre-Islamic Christian hymnal hidden in the Koran under earliest Islamic reinterpretations. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 2003. (580 Seiten, lieferbar per Seepost). ISBN 81-208-1952-7 Luxenberg, Christoph (2004) – The Syro-Aramaic Reading Of The Koran: a contribution to the decoding of the language of the Koran, Berlin, Verlag Hans Schiler, 1 May 2007 ISBN 3-89930-088-2 Puin, Gerd R. – "Observations on Early Quran Manuscripts in Sana'a," in The Qurʾan as Text, ed. Stefan Wild,, E. J. Brill 1996, pp. 107–111. Wansbrough, John – Quranic Studies, Oxford University Press, 1977 ;Encyclopedias ;Academic journals
External links
;Qur'an browsers and translations
Quran.com Online Quran Project Tanzil – Quran Navigator Verse by Verse Recitation and transliteration of the Qur'an ;Word-for-word analysis
Word for Word English Translation – emuslim.com Quranic Arabic Corpus, shows syntax and morphology for each word. ;Software
Zekr: Qur'an study program available for different platforms.
Category:7th-century books Category:Islamic theology Category:Islam Category:Islamic texts Category:Medieval literature Category:Religious texts
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