Official name	Kharkiv (Харків)
Native name	Kharkov (Харьков)
Image shield	KharkovTownflag.png
Shield size	90px
Map caption	Map of Ukraine with Kharkiv highlighted.
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	Oblast
Subdivision name1	Kharkiv Oblast
Subdivision type2	Municipality
Subdivision name2	Kharkiv City Municipality
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Gennady Kernes
Established title	Founded
Established date	1654
Established title2	City rights
Established date2	1552–1654
Parts type	Districts
Parts style
Parts	List of 9
P1	Dzerzhynsky Raion
P2	Zhovtnevy Raion
P3	Kyivsky Raion
P4	Kominternіvsky Raion
P5	Leninsky Raion
P6	Moskovsky Raion
P7	Frunzensky Raion
P8	Ordzhonikidzevsky Raion
P9	Chervonozavodsky Raion
Area total km2	310
Population as of	2010
Population total	1,449,000
Population metro	1,732,400
Population density km2	4500
Timezone	EET
Utc offset	+2
Timezone dst	EEST
Utc offset dst	+3
Coordinates display	inline,title
Coordinates type	type:city_region:UA
Elevation m	152
Postal code type	Postal code
Postal code	61001—61499
Blank name	Licence plate
Blank info	ХА, 21 (old)
Blank1 name	Sister cities
Blank1 info	Belgorod, Bologna, Cincinnati, Kaunas, Lille, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Nuremberg, Poznań, St. Petersburg, Tianjin, Jinan, Kutaisi, Varna, Rishon LeZion, Brno, Daugavpils
Website	http://www.city.kharkov.ua
Footnotes	}}

Kharkiv (, ) or Kharkov () is the second-largest city in Ukraine.

The city was founded in 1654 and was a major centre of Ukrainian culture in the Russian Empire. Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine where the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in December 1917 and Soviet government was formed. Kharkiv remained the capital of the Ukrainian SSR until 1934, when it was moved to Kiev. Currently, it is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv oblast (province), as well as the administrative centre of the surrounding Kharkivskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city is located in the northeast of the country. As of 2006, its population was 1,461,300.

Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 60 scientific Institutes, 30 establishments of higher education, 6 museums, 7 theatres and 80 libraries. Its industry specializes mostly in machinery. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the city. Among them are world famous giants like the Morozov Design Bureau and the Malyshev Tank Factory, leaders in tank production since the 1930s; Khartron (aerospace and nuclear electronics); and the Turboatom turbines producer.

There is an underground rapid-transit system (metro) with about of track and 29 stations. A well-known landmark of Kharkiv is the Freedom Square (Maidan Svobody formerly known as Dzerzhinsky Square), which is currently the sixth largest city square in Europe, and the 12th largest square in the world.

Geography

Kharkiv is located in the northeastern region of Ukraine at around . Historically, Kharkiv lies in the Sloboda Ukraine region (Slobozhanshchyna also known as Slobidshchyna), in which it is considered the main city. The city rests at the confluence of the Kharkiv, Lopan, and Udy rivers, where they flow into the Seversky Donets watershed.

Climate

Kharkiv's climate is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with cold and snowy winters, and hot summers. The seasonal average temperatures are not too cold in winter, not too hot in summer: in January, and in July. The average rainfall totals per year, with the most in June and July.

History

Archeological evidence discovered in the area of present-day Kharkiv indicates that a local population has existed in that area since the 2nd millennium BC. Cultural artifacts date back to the Bronze Age, as well as those of later Scythian and Sarmatian settlers. There is also evidence that the Chernyakhov culture flourished in the area from the 2nd to the 6th century.

Founded in the middle of 17th century by the eponymous, near-legendary character called Kharko (a diminutive form of the name Chariton, ), the settlement became a city in 1654. Kharkiv became the centre of the Sloboda cossack legion. The city had a fortress with underground passageways.

Within the Russian Empire

Kharkiv university was established in 1805. The streets were first cobbled in the city centre in 1830. A system of running water was established in 1870. In 1912 the first sewer system was built. Gas lighting was installed in 1890 and electric lighting in 1898. In 1869 the first railway station was constructed, and the first tram lines in 1906.

From 1800–1917 the population grew 30 times.

Kharkiv became a major industrial centre and with it a centre of Ukrainian culture. In 1812 the first Ukrainian newspaper was published there. One of the first Prosvitas in Eastern Ukraine was established in Kharkiv. A strong political movement was also established there and the concept of an Independent Ukraine was first declared there by the lawyer M. Mykhnovsky in 1900.

Soviet period

Prior to the formation of the Soviet Union, Bolsheviks established Kharkiv as the capital of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (from 1919–1934) in opposition to the Ukrainian People's Republic with its capital of Kiev.

As the country's capital, it underwent intense expansion with the construction of buildings to house the newly established Ukrainian Soviet government and administration. Derzhprom was the second tallest building in Europe and the tallest in the Soviet Union at the time with a height of 63 m. In the 1920s, a 150 m wooden radio tower was built on top of the building. The radio tower was destroyed in World War II.

In 1928, the SVU (Union for the Freedom of Ukraine) process was initiated and court sessions were staged in the Kharkiv Opera (now the Philharmonia) building. Hundreds of Ukrainian intellectuals were arrested and deported.

In the early 1930s, the Holodomor famine drove many people off the land into the cities, and to Kharkiv in particular, in search of food. Many people died and were secretly buried in mass graves in the cemeteries surrounding the city.

In 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism in Art. The purges continued into 1938. Blind Ukrainian street musicians were also gathered in Kharkiv and murdered by the NKVD. In January 1935 the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was moved from Kharkiv to Kiev.

During April and May 1940 about 3,800 Polish prisoners of Starobelsk camp were executed in the Kharkiv NKVD building, later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in Pyatykhatky forest (part of the Katyn massacre) on the outskirts of Kharkiv. The site also contains the numerous bodies of Ukrainian cultural workers who were arrested and shot in the 1937–38 Stalinist purges.

Nazi occupation

During World War II, Kharkiv was the site of several military engagements. The city was captured and recaptured by Nazi Germany on 24 October 1941; there was a disastrous Red Army offensive that failed to capture the city in May 1942; the city was successfully retaken by the Soviets on 16 February 1943, captured for a second time by the Germans on 16 March 1943 and then finally liberated on 23 August 1943. Seventy percent of the city was destroyed and tens of thousands of the inhabitants were killed. Kharkiv, the third largest city in the Soviet Union, was the most populous city in the Soviet Union captured by Nazis, since in the years preceding World War II, Kiev was by population the smaller of the two.

The significant Jewish population of Kharkiv (Kharkiv's Jewish community prided itself with the 2nd largest synagogue in Europe) suffered greatly during the war. Between December 1941 and January 1942, an estimated 30,000 people (slightly more than half Jewish) were killed and buried in a mass grave by the Germans in a ravine outside of town named Drobitsky Yar.

During World War II, four battles took place for control of the city:

First Battle of Kharkov

Second Battle of Kharkov

Third Battle of Kharkov

Fourth Battle of Kharkov (See also Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev)

Before the occupation, Kharkiv's tank industries were evacuated to the Urals with all their equipment, and became the heart of Red Army's tank programs (particularly, producing the legendary T-34 tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). These enterprises returned to Kharkiv after the war, and continue to produce some of the world's best tanks.

Post War

In the post-war period many of the destroyed homes and factories were rebuilt. Gas lines were installed for heating in government and later private homes. An airport was built in 1954. Following the war Kharkiv was the third largest scientific-industrial centre in the former USSR (after Moscow and Leningrad).

In independent Ukraine

In 2007, the Vietnamese minority in Kharkiv built the largest Buddhist temple in Europe on a 1 hectare plot with a monument to Ho Chi Minh.

Government and administrative divisions

While Kharkiv is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv Oblast (province), the city affairs are managed by the Kharkiv Municipality. Kharkiv is a city of oblast subordinance. The territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts): # Leninsky () # Dzerzhynsky () # Kyivsky () # Moskovsky () # Frunzensky () # Ordzhonikidzevsky () # Kominternіvsky () # Chervonozavodsky () # Zhovtnevy ()

Demographics

According to the 1989 Soviet Union Census, the population of the city was 1,593,970. In 1991, the population decreased to 1,510,200, including 1,494,200 permanent city residents. Kharkiv is currently the second-largest city in Ukraine after the capital, Kiev.

The nationality structure of Kharkiv as of the 1989 census is: Ukrainians 50.38%, Russians 43.63%, Jews 3%, Belarusians 0.75%, and all others (more than 25 minorities) 2.24%. according to the Soviet census of 1959 there were Ukrainians (48.4%), Russians (40.4%), Jews (8.7%) and other nationalities (2.5%).

According to the census of 2001 done on the Kharkiv region 53.8% consider Ukrainian as their native tongue, (3.3 % more than in the 1989 census). The Russian language is considered native for 44.3% of the population (a decline of 3.8% since 1989).

Notes

1660 year – approximated estimation

1788 year – without the account of children

1920 year – times of the Russian Civil War

1941 year – estimation on May 1, right before the World War II

1941 year – next estimation in September varies between 1,400,000 and 1,450,000

1941 year – another estimation in December during the occupation without the account of children

1943 year – August 23, liberation of the city; estimation varied 170,000 and 220,000

1976 year – estimation on June 1

1982 year – estimation in March

Economy

During the Soviet era Kharkiv was the capital of industrial production in Ukraine and the third largest centre of industry and commerce in the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the largely defence-systems-oriented industrial production of the city decreased significantly. In the early 2000s the industry started to recover and adapt to market economy needs. Now there are more than 380 industrial enterprises concentrated in the city, which have a total number of 150,000 employees. The enterprises form machine-building, electro-technologic, instrument-making, and energy conglomerates.

State-owned industrial giants, such as Turboatom and Elektrotyazhmash occupy 17% of the heavy power equipment construction (e.g., turbines) market worldwide. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the Antonov aircraft manufacturing plant. The Malyshev factory produces not only armoured fighting vehicles, but also harvesters. Khartron is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine and the former CIS.

Kharkiv is also the headquarters of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, UkrSibbank, which has been part of the BNP Paribas group since December 2005.

Science and Education

Kharkiv is one of the most prolific centres of higher education and research of Eastern Europe. The city has 13 national universities and numerous professional, technical and private higher education institutions, offering its students a wide range of disciplines. Kharkiv National University (12,000 students), National Technical University “KhPI” (20,000 students), Kharkiv National Aerospace University "KhAI" are the leading universities in Ukraine. A total number of 150,000 students attend the universities and other institutions of higher education in Kharkiv. About 9,000 foreign students from 96 countries study in the city. More than 17,000 faculty and research staff are employed in the institutions of higher education in Kharkiv.

The city has a high concentration of research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the universities. Among them are three national science centres: Kharkіv Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute of Metrology, Institute for Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine and 20 national research institutions of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, such as the B Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering and Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine. A total number of 26,000 scientists are working in research and development. A number of world renowned scientific schools appeared in Kharkiv, such as the theoretical physics school and the mathematical school.

In addition to the libraries affiliated with the various universities and research institutions, the Kharkiv State Scientific V. Korolenko-library is a major research library. Kharkiv has 212 (secondary education) schools, including 10 lyceums and 20 gymnasiums.

Modern Kharkiv

Of the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: Derzhprom building, Memorial Complex, Freedom Square, Taras Shevchenko Monument, Mirror Stream, Dormition Cathedral, Histrical Museum, Annunciation Cathedral, T. Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children's narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V and many more.

Sport

Kharkiv is Ukraine's second-largest city, and as in the whole country sports are taken seriously. The most popular sport is football. The city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian National competitions. The most successful is Metalist that also participated in international competitions on numerous occasions. Metalist Stadium will host three group matches at UEFA Euro 2012.

Metalist Kharkiv, which plays at the Metalist Stadium

FC Kharkiv, which plays at the Dynamo Stadium

FC Helios, which plays at the Helios Arena

FC Arsenal Kharkiv, which plays at the Arsenal-Spartak Stadium (currently participates in regional competitions)

HC Kharkiv, which play in the Ukrainian Hockey League

Kharkiv also has a hockey club and a female football club Zhytlobud-1. The last one represented Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender for the national title.

RC Olimp' is the city's rugby union club. They are recently the strongest in Ukraine and provide many players for the national team.

Igor Rybak, an Olympic champion lightweight weightlifter, is from Kharkiv.

Culture

Kharkiv is one of the main cultural centrs in Ukraine. It is home of 20 museums, over 10 theaters and a number of picture galleries. Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every year.

Literature

In the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to as a Literary Klondike. It was the centre for the work of literary luminaries such as: Les Kurbas, Mykola Kulish, Mykola Khvylovy, Mykola Zerov, Valerian Pidmohylny, Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. Over 100 of these writers were executed during the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. This tragic event in Ukrainian history is called the "Executed Rennaisance" (Rozstrilene vidrodzhennia).

In the 1930s most of these literary figures were repressed. Today a literary museum located on Chervonoprapirna Street marks celebrates their work and achievements.

Kharkiv is the unofficial capital of Ukrainian Science fiction and Fantasy. It is the home to popular writers like H. L. Oldie, Alexander Zorich, Andrey Dashkov, Yuri Nikitin and Andrey Valentinov. Annual science fiction convention "Star Bridge" (Звёздный мост) is held in Kharkiv since 1999.

Music

Kharkiv sponsors the prestigious Hnat Khotkevych International Music Competition of Performers of Ukrainian Folk Instruments which takes place every 3 years. Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions have taken place. The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture 2 days before its opening.

Twin towns – Sister cities

Kharkiv is currently twinned with:

Moscow, Russia St.Petersburg, Russia Brno, Czech Republic (since 2008) Bologna, Italy Lille, France Nürnberg, Germany Poznań, Poland Cincinnati, United States Tianjin, China Varna, Bulgaria Kaunas, Lithuania Belgorod, Russia Nizhny Novgorod, Russia Kutaisi, Georgia Jinan, China Rishon LeZion, Israel Daugavpils, Latvia

Nobel and Fields prize winners

Vladimir Drinfel'd (mathematics)

Simon Kuznets (economics)

Lev Landau (physics)

Ilya Mechnikov (biology)

Famous people from Kharkiv

Nikolai P. Barabashov – Astronomer, co-author of the first pictures of the far side of the Moon

Vladimir Bobri — Illustrator, author, composer, educator and guitar historian

Sergei Bortkiewicz — Russian Romantic composer and pianist

Maria Burmaka – Ukrainian singer, musician and songwriter

Leonid Bykov – a Soviet actor, film director, and script writer

Adolphe Mouron Cassandre — Ukrainian-French painter, commercial poster artist, and typeface designer

Valentina Chepiga – Female Bodybuilder and 2000 Ms. Olympia Champion

Juliya Chernetsky (Mistress Juliya) – television host, actress, model, and music promoter in the United States

Andrey Denisov – former Russian diplomat

Vladimir Drinfel'd — Mathematician, was awarded Fields Medal in 1990

Isaak Dunayevsky — a Soviet composer and conductor

Konstanty Gorski — Polish composer, violist, organist, and music teacher

Valentina Grizodubova — One of the first female pilots in the Soviet Union

Lyudmila Gurchenko (Hurchenko) – Soviet and Russian actress, singer and entertainer

Mikhail Gurevich – Soviet aircraft designer, a partner (with Artem Mikoyan) of the famous MiG military aviation bureau

Mikhail Gurevich— Ukrainian chess player

Leonid Haydamaka – bandurist, conductor, founder of first orchestra of Ukrainian folk instruments.

Maksym Kalynychenko – Ukrainian football player

Vasily Karazin – the founder of Kharkiv University, which now bears his name.

Hnat Khotkevych – Ukrainian writer, ethnographer, composer, bandurist

Mikhail Koshkin – chief designer of Soviet tank T-34

Olga Krasko – Russian actress

Mykola Kulish – Ukrainian playwright

Les Kurbas – Ukrainian dramtist

Simon Kuznets – was a Russian American economist

Lev Landau – prominent Soviet physicist, Nobel Prize winner

Evgeny Lifshitz — Leading Soviet physicist

Eduard Limonov – Writer, poet and controversial politician

Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy – lead developer of the Soviet Shuttle Buran programme

Aleksandr Lyapunov – Russian mathematician, mechanician and physicist. Inventor of motion stability theory

Boris Mikhailov — photographer / artist

Valerian Pidmohylny – Ukrainian poet

Irina Press — Ukrainian athlete who won two Olympic gold medals

Tamara Press — Soviet shot putter and discus thrower

Alexander Shchetynsky — Composer

Eugen Schauman – Finnish nationalist who killed Russian general Nikolay Ivanovich Bobrikov in 1904

George Shevelov – Ukrainian and Slavic linguist, philologist, essayist, literary historian, and literary critic

Klavdiya Shulzhenko — the most popular female singer of the Soviet Union

Alexander Siloti — Russian pianist, conductor and composer

Hryhorii Skovoroda – Ukrainian poet, philosopher and composer

Karina Smirnoff – Ukrainian professional world champion dancer, starring on Dancing with the Stars

Jura Soyfer — Austrian political journalist and cabaret writer

Otto Struve — Russian-American astronomer

Sergei Sviatchenko – Ukrainian artist

Mark Taimanov — Leading Ukrainian chess player and concert pianist

Nikolai Tikhonov — Premier of the Soviet Union

Galina Vale — Leading British concert guitarist of Ukrainian origin

Vladimir Vasyutin — Soviet cosmonaut of Ukrainian descent

Igor Vovchanchyn – Mixed martial artist

Vasyl Yermylov – Painter and Designer

Serhiy Zhadan – Ukrainian poet, novelist, and translator.

Irina Zhurina – opera singer, People's Artist of Russia

Yevgeniy Timoshenko – professional poker player.

Justine Pasek - Miss Universe 2003

Transport

The city of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centres in Ukraine, which is connected to numerous cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic. The city has many transportation methods, including: public transport, taxis, railways, and air traffic.

Local transport

Being an important transportation centre of Ukraine, Kharkiv itself contains many different transportation methods. Kharkiv's Metro is the city's rapid transit system, operating since 1975, it includes three different lines with 29 stations in total. The Kharkiv buses carry about 12 million passengers annually, trolleybuses, tramways (which celebrated 100 years of service in 2006), and marshrutkas (private minibuses).

Railways

The first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The first train to arrive in Kharkiv came from the north on 22 May 1869, and on 6 June 1869, traffic was opened on the Kursk–Kharkiv–Azov line. Kharkiv's passenger railway station was reconstructed and expanded in 1901, to be later destroyed in the Second World War. A new railway station was built in 1952.

Kharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine and abroad by regular railway trains. Regional trains known as elektrichkas connect Kharkov with nearby towns and villages.

Air travel

Kharkiv is served by an international airport which used to have about 200 flights a day, almost all of them being passenger flights. The Kharkiv International Airport was only recently granted international status. The airport itself is not large and is situated within the city boundaries, south from the city centre. Flights to Kiev and Moscow are scheduled daily. There are regular flights to Vienna and Istanbul, and several other destinations. Charter flights are also available. The former largest carrier of the Kharkiv Airport — Aeromost-Kharkiv — is not serving any regular destinations as of 2007. The Kharkiv North Airport is a factory airfield and was a major production facility for Antonov aircraft company.

Gallery

Footnotes and references

External links

* Category:Kharkiv Oblast Category:Cities in Ukraine Category:Populated places established in 1654

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