{{taxobox |name = Soybean |image = Soybean.USDA.jpg |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Rosids |ordo = Fabales |familia = Fabaceae |subfamilia = Faboideae |genus = ''Glycine'' |species = ''G. max'' |binomial = ''Glycine max'' |binomial_authority = (L.) Merr. |}}

The soybean (U.S.) or soya bean (UK) (''Glycine max'') is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean which has numerous uses. The plant is classed as an oilseed rather than a Pulse (legume) by the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO).

Fat-free (defatted) soybean meal is a primary, low-cost, source of protein for animal feeds and most prepackaged meals; soy vegetable oil is another product of processing the soybean crop. For example, soybean products such as textured vegetable protein (TVP) are ingredients in many meat and dairy analogues. Soybeans produce significantly more protein per acre than most other uses of land.

Traditional nonfermented food uses of soybeans include soy milk, and from the latter tofu and tofu skin. Fermented foods include soy sauce, fermented bean paste, natto, and tempeh, among others. The oil is used in many industrial applications. The main producers of soy are the United States (35%), Brazil (27%), Argentina (19%), China (6%) and India (4%). The beans contain significant amounts of phytic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and the isoflavones genistein and daidzein.

Name

The plant is sometimes referred to as greater bean (大豆 - Chinese ''dàdòu'' and Japanese ''daizu''). Both the immature soybean and its dish are called ''edamame'' in Japan, but in English, edamame refers only to a specific dish.

The English word "soy" is derived from the Japanese pronunciation of , the Japanese word for soya sauce; "soya" comes from the Dutch adaptation of the same word.

Classification

The genus name ''Glycine'' was originally introduced by Carl Linnaeus (1737) in his first edition of Genera Plantarum. The word glycine is derived from the Greek - ''glykys'' (sweet) and likely refers to the sweetness of the pear-shaped (''apios'' in Greek) edible tubers produced by the native North American twining or climbing herbaceous legume, ''Glycine apios'', now known as ''Apios americana''. The cultivated soybean first appeared in Species Plantarum, by Linnaeus, under the name ''Phaseolus max'' L. The combination ''Glycine max'' (L.) Merr., as proposed by Merrill in 1917, has become the valid name for this useful plant.

The genus ''Glycine'' Willd. is divided into two subgenera, ''Glycine'' and ''Soja''. The subgenus ''Soja'' (Moench) F.J. Herm. includes the cultivated soybean, ''Glycine max'' (L.) Merr., and the wild soybean, ''Glycine soja'' Sieb. & Zucc. Both species are annuals. ''Glycine soja'' is the wild ancestor of ''Glycine max'', and grows wild in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Russia. The subgenus ''Glycine'' consists of at least 16 wild perennial species: for example, ''Glycine canescens'' F.J. Herm. and ''G. tomentella'' Hayata, both found in Australia and Papua New Guinea.

Like some other crops of long domestication, the relationship of the modern soybean to wild-growing species can no longer be traced with any degree of certainty. It is a cultural variety with a very large number of cultivars.

Description and physical characteristics

Soy varies in growth and habit. The height of the plant varies from below up to .

The pods, stems, and leaves are covered with fine brown or gray hairs. The leaves are trifoliolate, having three to four leaflets per leaf, and the leaflets are long and broad. The leaves fall before the seeds are mature. The inconspicuous, self-fertile flowers are borne in the axil of the leaf and are white, pink or purple.

The fruit is a hairy pod that grows in clusters of three to five, each pod is 3–8 cm long (1–3 in) and usually contains two to four (rarely more) seeds 5–11 mm in diameter.

Soybeans occur in various sizes, and in many hull or seed coat colors, including black, brown, blue, yellow, green and mottled. The hull of the mature bean is hard, water resistant, and protects the cotyledon and hypocotyl (or "germ") from damage. If the seed coat is cracked, the seed will not germinate. The scar, visible on the seed coat, is called the hilum (colors include black, brown, buff, gray and yellow) and at one end of the hilum is the micropyle, or small opening in the seed coat which can allow the absorption of water for sprouting.

Remarkably, seeds such as soybeans containing very high levels of protein can undergo desiccation, yet survive and revive after water absorption. A. Carl Leopold, son of Aldo Leopold, began studying this capability at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University in the mid 1980s. He found soybeans and corn to have a range of soluble carbohydrates protecting the seed's cell viability. Patents were awarded to him in the early 1990s on techniques for protecting "biological membranes" and proteins in the dry state. Compare to tardigrades.

Chemical composition of the seed

{{nutritionalvalue | name=Soybean, mature seeds, raw | kJ=1866 | protein=36.49 g | fat=19.94 g | satfat=2.884 g | monofat = 4.404 g | polyfat = 11.255 g | carbs=30.16 g | calcium_mg=277 | copper_mg = 1.658 | iron_mg=15.70 | magnesium_mg=280 | phosphorus_mg=704 | potassium_mg=1797 | sodium_mg=2 | zinc_mg=4.89 | vitA_ug=1 | vitB6_mg=0.377 | vitB12_ug=0 | choline_mg=115.9 | vitC_mg=6.0 | vitK_ug=47 | water=8.54 g | fiber=9.3 g | tryptophan=0.591 g | threonine=1.766 g | isoleucine=1.971 g | leucine=3.309 g | lysine=2.706 g | methionine=0.547 g | cystine=0.655 g | phenylalanine=2.122 g | tyrosine=1.539 g | valine=2.029 g | arginine=3.153 g | histidine=1.097 g | alanine=1.915 g | aspartic acid=5.112 g | glutamic acid=7.874 g | glycine=1.880 g | proline=2.379 g | serine=2.357 g | sugars=7.33 g | right=1 | source_usda=1}} Together, oil and protein content account for about 60% of dry soybeans by weight; protein at 40% and oil at 20%. The remainder consists of 35% carbohydrate and about 5% ash. Soybean cultivars comprise approximately 8% seed coat or hull, 90% cotyledons and 2% hypocotyl axis or germ.

Most soy protein is a relatively heat-stable storage protein. This heat stability enables soy food products requiring high temperature cooking, such as tofu, soy milk and textured vegetable protein (soy flour) to be made.

The principal soluble carbohydrates of mature soybeans are the disaccharide sucrose (range 2.5–8.2%), the trisaccharide raffinose (0.1–1.0%) composed of one sucrose molecule connected to one molecule of galactose, and the tetrasaccharide stachyose (1.4 to 4.1%) composed of one sucrose connected to two molecules of galactose. While the oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose protect the viability of the soybean seed from desiccation (see above section on physical characteristics) they are not digestible sugars, and therefore contribute to flatulence and abdominal discomfort in humans and other monogastric animals; compare to the disaccharide trehalose. Undigested oligosaccharides are broken down in the intestine by native microbes, producing gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and methane.

Since soluble soy carbohydrates are found in the whey and are broken down during fermentation, soy concentrate, soy protein isolates, tofu, soy sauce, and sprouted soybeans are without flatus activity. On the other hand, there may be some beneficial effects to ingesting oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose, namely, encouraging indigenous bifidobacteria in the colon against putrefactive bacteria.

The insoluble carbohydrates in soybeans consist of the complex polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. The majority of soybean carbohydrates can be classed as belonging to dietary fiber.

Nutrition

For human consumption, soybeans must be cooked with "wet" heat to destroy the trypsin inhibitors (serine protease inhibitors). Raw soybeans, including the immature green form, are toxic to humans, swine, chickens, and in fact, all monogastric animals.

Soybeans are considered by many agencies to be a source of complete protein. A complete protein is one that contains significant amounts of all the essential amino acids that must be provided to the human body because of the body's inability to synthesize them. For this reason, soy is a good source of protein, amongst many others, for vegetarians and vegans or for people who want to reduce the amount of meat they eat. According to the US Food and Drug Administration:

Soy protein products can be good substitutes for animal products because, unlike some other beans, soy offers a 'complete' protein profile. ... Soy protein products can replace animal-based foods—which also have complete proteins but tend to contain more fat, especially saturated fat—without requiring major adjustments elsewhere in the diet.

However, as with many dietary health claims, there are opposing viewpoints on the health benefits of soybeans.

The gold standard for measuring protein quality, since 1990, is the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) and by this criterion soy protein is the nutritional equivalent of meat, eggs, and casein for human growth and health. Soybean protein isolate has a biological value of 74, whole soybeans 96, soybean milk 91, and eggs 97.

Soy protein is essentially identical to that of other legume seeds. Moreover, soybeans can produce at least twice as much protein per acre than any other major vegetable or grain crop besides hemp, five to 10 times more protein per acre than land set aside for grazing animals to make milk, and up to 15 times more protein per acre than land set aside for meat production.

Consumption of soy may also reduce the risk of colon cancer, possibly due to the presence of sphingolipids.

Cultivation

Soybeans are an important global crop, providing oil and protein. In the United States, the bulk of the crop is solvent-extracted with hexane, and the "toasted" defatted soymeal (50% protein) then makes possible the raising of farm animals (e.g. chicken, hog, turkey) on an industrial scale never before seen in human history. A very small proportion of the crop is consumed directly by humans. Soybean products do, however, appear in a large variety of processed foods.

During World War II, soybeans became important in both North America and Europe chiefly as substitutes for other protein foods and as a source of edible oil. During World War II, the soybean was discovered as fertilizer by the United States Department of Agriculture. In the 1960-1 Dillion round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the United States secured tariff-free access for its soybeans to the European market. In the 1960s, the United States exported over 90% of the world's soybeans. In 2005, top soybeans exporters are Brazil (39% of world soybean exports), United States (37%) and Argentina (16%), while top importers are China (41% of world soybean imports), European Union (22%), Japan (6%) and Mexico (6%).

Cultivation is successful in climates with hot summers, with optimum growing conditions in mean temperatures of ; temperatures of below 20 °C and over 40 °C (68 °F, 104 °F) retard growth significantly. They can grow in a wide range of soils, with optimum growth in moist alluvial soils with a good organic content. Soybeans, like most legumes, perform nitrogen fixation by establishing a symbiotic relationship with the bacterium ''Bradyrhizobium japonicum'' (syn. ''Rhizobium japonicum''; Jordan 1982). For best results, though, an inoculum of the correct strain of bacteria should be mixed with the soybean (or any legume) seed before planting. Modern crop cultivars generally reach a height of around , and take 80–120 days from sowing to harvesting.

The U.S., Brazil, Argentina, China and India are the world's largest soybean producers and represent more than 90% of global soybean production. The U.S. produced 75 million tons of soybeans in 2000, of which more than one-third was exported. In the 2010-2011 production year, this figure is expected to be over 90 million tonnes. Other leading producers are Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, China, and India.

Environmental groups, such as Greenpeace and the WWF, have reported soybean cultivation and the probability of increased soybean cultivation in Brazil has destroyed huge areas of Amazon rainforest, and is encouraging further deforestation.

American soil scientist Dr. Andrew McClung, who first showed that the ecologically biodiverse savannah of the Cerrado region of Brazil could grow profitable soybeans, was awarded the 2006 World Food Prize on October 19, 2006.

Soybean plants are vulnerable to a wide range of bacterial diseases, fungal diseases, viral diseases and parasites.

Soybeans can be grown organically, that is, without the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers.

History

Soybeans were a crucial crop in eastern Asia long before written records. They remain a major crop in China, Japan, and Korea. Prior to fermented products such as soy sauce, tempeh, natto, and miso, soy was considered sacred for its use in crop rotation as a method of fixing nitrogen. The plants would be plowed under to clear the field for food crops. Soy was first introduced to Europe in the early 18th century and to British colonies in North America in 1765, where it was first grown for hay. Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter in 1770 mentioning sending soybeans home from England. Soybeans did not become an important crop outside of Asia until about 1910. In America, soy was considered an industrial product only, and was not used as a food prior to the 1920s. Soy was introduced to Africa from China in the late 19th century, and is now widespread across the continent.

Asia

The wild ancestor of the soybean is ''Glycine soja'' (previously called ''G. ussuriensis''), a legume native to central China. The soybean has been used in China for 5,000 years as a food and a component of drugs. According to the ancient Chinese myth, in 2853 BC, the legendary Emperor Shennong of China proclaimed that five plants were sacred: soybeans, rice, wheat, barley, and millet. However, soy in particular was revered for its root structure as a means of crop rotation. Cultivation of soybeans was long confined chiefly to China, but gradually spread to other countries.

The oldest preserved soybeans were found in archaeological sites in Korea dated about 1000 BCE, though it is uncertain if they were wild, or cultivated strains - though the size of cultivated beans, the main difference between the two, is a genetic alteration that determines whether the wild pods burst to scatter seeds, and neither feature could be determined from the remains. Wild-size soybeans have been found in the Yellow River basin of China. Radiocarbon dating of soybean samples recovered through flotation during excavations at the Early Mumun period Okbang site in Korea indicated soybean was cultivated as a food crop in around 1000–900 BC.

From about the first century AD to the Age of Discovery (15-16th century), soybeans were introduced into several countries, such as India, Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Burma, Taiwan and Nepal. This spread was due to the establishment of sea and land trade routes. The best current evidence on the Japanese Archipelago suggests soybean cultivation occurred in the early Yayoi period. The earliest Japanese textual reference to the soybean is in the classic ''Kojiki'' (Records of Ancient Matters), which was completed in 712 AD.

Many people have claimed soybeans in Asia were historically only used after a fermentation process, which lowers the high phytoestrogens content found in the raw plant. However, terms similar to "soy milk" have been in use since 82 AD, and there is evidence of tofu consumption that dates to 220.

United States

Soybeans were introduced to America in 1765 by Samuel Bowen, a sailor who had visited China. He grew soy near Savanna, Georgia, and even made soy sauce for sale to England.

Soy took on a very important role in the United States after World War I. During the Great Depression, the drought-stricken (Dust Bowl) regions of the United States were able to use soy to regenerate their soil because of its nitrogen-fixing properties. Farms were increasing production to meet with government demands, and Henry Ford was a great leader of the soybean industry.

In 1932-33, the Ford Motor Company spent approximately $1,250,000 on soybean research. By 1935, every Ford car had soy involved in its manufacture. For example, soybean oil was used to paint the automobiles, as well as fluid for shock absorbers. Ford's involvement with the soybean opened many doors for agriculture and industry to be linked more strongly than ever before.

Henry Ford promoted the soybean, helping to develop uses for it both in food and in industrial products, even demonstrating auto body panels made of soy-based plastics. Ford's interest led to two bushels (120 pounds) of soybeans being used in each Ford car, as well as products like the first commercial soy milk, ice cream and all-vegetable nondairy whipped topping. The Ford development of so-called soy-based plastics was based on the addition of soybean flour and wood flour to phenol formaldehyde plastics. A prototype vehicle, colloquially titled the "Soybean Car", was built in 1941 out of such plastics.

In 1931, Ford hired chemists Robert Boyer and Frank Calvert to produce artificial silk. They succeeded in making a textile fiber of spun soy protein fibers, hardened or tanned in a formaldehyde bath, which was given the name Azlon. It was usable in the making of suits, felt hats, and overcoats. Though pilot production of Azlon reached 5000 pounds per day in 1940, it never reached the commercial market; Dupont's nylon was the winner in the quest to produce artificial silk.

South America

The soybean first arrived in South America in Brazil in 1882.

Africa

The soybean first arrived in Africa in Egypt in 1857.

Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania

Wild soybeans were discovered in northeastern Australia in 1770 by explorers Banks and Solander. In 1804, the first soyfood product ("Fine India Soy" [sauce]) was sold in Sydney. In 1879, the first domesticated soybeans arrived in Australia, a gift of the Minister of the Interior Department, Japan.

Canada

In 1831, the first soy product ("A few dozen India Soy" [sauce]) arrived in Canada. Soybeans were probably first cultivated in Canada by 1855, and definitely in 1895 at Ontario Agricultural College. A comprehensive history of soy in Canada (1,060 p., 2,336 references) is available online.

Caribbean / West Indies

The soybean arrived in the Caribbean in the form of soy sauce made by Samuel Bowen in Savannah, Georgia, in 1767. It remains only a minor crop there, but its uses for human food are growing steadily. A comprehensive history of soybeans and soyfoods in this region is available free online

Central Asia

The soybean is first in cultivated Transcaucasia in Central Asia in 1876, by the Dungans. This region has never been important for soybean production. A comprehensive history of soybeans and soyfoods in this region is available online.

Mexico and Central America

The first reliable reference to the soybean in this region dates from Mexico in 1877. A comprehensive history of soybeans and soyfoods in this region is available online.

Southeast Asia

By the 13th century, the soybean had arrived in Indonesia; it probably arrived much earlier, carried by traders or merchants from southern China.

South Asia / Indian Subcontinent

By the 1600s, soy sauce was being disseminated from southern Japan throughout this region by the Dutch East India Co. (VOC). The soybean probably arrived from southern China, moving southward into northern India.

Genetic modification

Soybeans are one of the "biotech food" crops that have been genetically modified, and genetically modified soybeans are being used in an increasing number of products. In 1995, Monsanto Company introduced ''Roundup Ready'' (RR) soybeans that have been genetically modified to be resistant to Monsanto's herbicide Roundup through substitution of the ''Agrobacterium sp.'' (strain CP4) gene EPSP (5-enolpyruvyl shikimic acid-3-phosphate) synthase. The substituted version is not sensitive to glyphosate.

In 1997, about 8% of all soybeans cultivated for the commercial market in the United States were genetically modified. In 2010, the figure was 93%. As with other "Roundup Ready" crops, concern is expressed over damage to biodiversity. A 2003 study concluded the RR gene had been bred into so many different soybean cultivars, there had been little decline in genetic diversity, but "diversity was limited among elite lines from some companies".

The widespread use of such types of GM soybeans in the Americas has caused problems with exports to some regions. GM crops require extensive certification before they can be legally imported into the European Union, where there is considerable supplier and consumer reluctance to use GM products for consumer or animal use. Difficulties with coexistence and subsequent traces of cross-contamination of non-GM stocks have caused shipments to be rejected and have put a premium on non-GM soy.

A 2006 United States Department of Agriculture report found the adoption of genetically engineered (GE) soy, corn and cotton reduced the amount of pesticides used overall, but did result in a slightly greater amount of herbicides used for soy specifically. The use of GE soy was also associated with greater conservation tillage, indirectly leading to better soil conservation, as well as increased income from off-farming sources due to the greater ease with which the crops can be managed. Most farmers adopted the GE crops to improve yields, save time and reduce the amount of money spent on pesticides. The use of GE soy also permits the use of a herbicide that is less toxic to humans. Though the overall estimated benefits of the adoption of GE soybeans in the United States was $310 million, the majority of this benefit was experienced by the companies selling the seeds (40%), followed by biotechnology firms (28%) and farmers (20%).

In 2010, a team of American scientists announced they had decoded the genome of the soybean - the first legume to be sequenced.

Uses

Approximately 85% of the world's soybean crop is processed into soybean meal and vegetable oil. Soybeans can be broadly classified as "vegetable" (garden) or field (oil) types. Vegetable types cook more easily, have a mild, nutty flavor, better texture, are larger in size, higher in protein, and lower in oil than field types. Tofu and soy milk producers prefer the higher protein cultivars bred from vegetable soybeans originally brought to the United States in the late 1930s. The "garden" cultivars are generally not suitable for mechanical combine harvesting because there is a tendency for the pods to shatter upon reaching maturity.

Among the legumes, the soybean, also classed as an oilseed, is pre-eminent for its high (38–45%) protein content as well as its high (20%) oil content. Soybeans are the second-most valuable agricultural export in the United States behind corn. The bulk of the soybean crop is grown for oil production, with the high-protein defatted and "toasted" soy meal used as livestock feed. A smaller percentage of soybeans are used directly for human consumption.

Immature soybeans may be boiled whole in their green pods and served with salt, under the Japanese name . In English, these soybeans are generally known as "edamame" or "green vegetable soybeans".

In China, Japan, and Korea, the bean and products made from it are a popular part of the diet. The Chinese invented tofu (豆腐 ''dòufu''), and also made use of several varieties of soybean paste as seasonings. Japanese foods made from soya include ''miso'' (味噌), ''nattō'' (納豆), ''kinako'' (黄粉) and ''edamame'' (枝豆). In Korean cuisine, soybean sprouts, called ''kongnamul'' (콩나물), are also used in a variety of dishes, and are also the base ingredient in ''doenjang'', ''cheonggukjang'' and ''ganjang''. In Vietnam, soybeans are used to make soybean paste- ''tương'' in the North with the most popular products are ''tương Bần'', ''tương Nam Đàn'', ''tương Cự Đà'' as a garnish for ''phở'' and ''gỏi cuốn'' dishes), tofu (''đậu hũ'' or ''đậu phụ'' or ''tàu hũ''), soya sauce (''nước tương'', literally: soya water), soya milk (''nước đậu'' in the North or ''sữa đậu nành'' in the South), and ''đậu hũ nước đường'' (tofu sweet soup).

The beans can be processed in a variety of ways. Common forms of soy (or soya) include soy meal, soy flour, soy milk, tofu, textured vegetable protein (TVP, which is made into a wide variety of vegetarian foods, some of them intended to imitate meat), tempeh, soy lecithin and soybean oil. Soybeans are also the primary ingredient involved in the production of soy sauce (''shoyu'').

Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) is among the largest processors of soybeans and soy products. ADM, along with Dow Chemical Company, DuPont and Monsanto Company, support the industry trade associations United Soybean Board and Soyfoods Association of North America. These trade associations have increased the consumption of soy products dramatically in recent years.

Oil

Soybean seed contains about 19% oil. To extract soybean oil from seed, the soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes and solvent-extracted with commercial hexane. The oil is then refined, blended for different applications, and sometimes hydrogenated. Soybean oils, both liquid and partially hydrogenated, are exported abroad, sold as "vegetable oil", or end up in a wide variety of processed foods. The remaining soybean meal is used mainly as animal feed.

Meal

Soybean meal is the material remaining after solvent extraction of oil from soybean flakes, with a 50% soy protein content. The meal is 'toasted' (a misnomer because the heat treatment is with moist steam) and ground in a hammer mill. Soybean meal is an essential element of the American production method of growing farm animals, such as poultry and swine, on an industrial scale that began in the 1930s; and more recently the aquaculture of catfish. Ninety-eight percent of the U.S. soybean crop is used for livestock feed. Soybean meal is also used in lower-end dog foods.

Flour

Soy flour refers to defatted soybeans ground finely enough to pass through a 100-mesh or smaller screen where special care was taken during desolventizing (not toasted) to minimize denaturation of the protein to retain a high Protein Dispersibility Index (PDI), for uses such as extruder cooking of textured vegetable protein. It is the starting material for production of soy concentrate and soy protein isolate.

Defatted soy flour is obtained from solvent extracted flakes, and contains less than 1% oil.

Full-fat soy flour is made from unextracted, dehulled beans, and contains about 18% to 20% oil. Due to its high oil content, a specialized Alpine Fine Impact Mill must be used for grinding rather than the more common hammer mill.

Low-fat soy flour is made by adding back some oil to defatted soy flour. The lipid content varies according to specifications, usually between 4.5% and 9%.

High-fat soy flour can also be produced by adding back soybean oil to defatted flour at the level of 15%.

Lecithinated soy flour is made by adding soybean lecithin to defatted, low-fat or high-fat soy flours to increase their dispersibility and impart emulsifying properties. The lecithin content varies up to 15%.

Reference: Soybeans: Chemistry and Technology. page 442. A.K. Smith and S.J. Circle. The AVI Publishing Company,1972.

Infant formula

Soy-based infant formula (SBIF) is used for infants who are allergic to pasteurized cow milk proteins. It is sold in powdered, ready-to-feed, and concentrated liquid forms.

Some reviews have expressed the opinion that more research is needed to determine what effect the phytoestrogens in soybeans may have on infants. Diverse studies have concluded there are no adverse effects in human growth, development, or reproduction as a result of the consumption of soy-based infant formula. One of these studies, published in the ''Journal of Nutrition'', concludes that there are:

...no clinical concerns with respect to nutritional adequacy, sexual development, neurobehavioral development, immune development, or thyroid disease. SBIFs provide complete nutrition that adequately supports normal infant growth and development. FDA has accepted SBIFs as safe for use as the sole source of nutrition.

Meat and dairy substitutes and extenders

Soybeans can be processed to produce a texture and appearance similar to many other foods. For example, soybeans are the primary ingredient in many dairy product substitutes (e.g., soy milk, margarine, soy ice cream, soy yogurt, soy cheese, and soy cream cheese) and meat substitutes (e.g. veggie burgers). These substitutes are readily available in most supermarkets. Soy milk does not naturally contain significant amounts of digestible calcium. Many manufacturers of soy milk sell calcium-enriched products, as well. Soy is also used in tempeh: the beans (sometimes mixed with grain) are fermented into a solid cake.

Soy products also are used as a low-cost substitute in meat and poultry products. Food service, retail and institutional (primarily school lunch and correctional) facilities regularly use such "extended" products. Extension may result in diminished flavor, but fat and cholesterol are reduced. Vitamin and mineral fortification can be used to make soy products nutritionally equivalent to animal protein; the protein quality is already roughly equivalent. The soy-based meat substitute textured vegetable protein has been used for more than 50 years as a way of inexpensively extending ground beef without reducing its nutritional value.

Other products

Soybeans with black hulls are the beans used in Chinese fermented black beans, ''douchi'', not the sometimes confused black turtle beans.

Soybeans are also used in industrial products, including oils, soap, cosmetics, resins, plastics, inks, crayons, solvents, and clothing. Soybean oil is the primary source of biodiesel in the United States, accounting for 80% of domestic biodiesel production. Soybeans have also been used since 2001 as fermenting stock in the manufacture of a brand of vodka. In 1936 Ford Motor Company developed a method where soybean's and fibers were rolled together producing a soup which was then pressed into various parts for their cars, from the distributor cap to nobs on the dash board. Ford also informed in public relation releases that in 1935 over 5 million acres was dedicated to growing soybeans in the United States.

Cattle feed

Cattle are often fed soy. Spring grasses are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, whereas soy is predominantly omega-6.

Health benefits

Omega-3 fatty acids

Omega-3 fatty acids, for example, alpha-linolenic acid C18-3, all cis, 9,12,15 octadecatrienoic acid (where the omega-3 refers to carbon number 3 counting from the hydrocarbon tail, whereas C-15 refers to carbon number 15 counting from the carboxyl acid head) are special fat components that benefit many body functions. Some beneficial effects are associated mainly with the longer-chain fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) found in some algae and oily fish. For instance, EPA and DHA inhibit blood clotting, while there is no evidence alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n−3, aLNA) can do this. Nevertheless, ''soybean oil'' is one of the few common vegetable oils that contain a significant amount of aLNA (others include canola, walnut, hemp, and flax). Soybean oil has a better omega-3:omega6 ratio of 1:7, much higher than other vegetable cooking oils. While flaxseed is even higher with a ratio of 3:1, it is not practical for cooking.

Natural phenols

Isoflavones

Soybeans also contain the isoflavones genistein and daidzein, types of phytoestrogen, that are considered by some dietitians and physicians to be useful in the prevention of cancer and by others to be carcinogenic and endocrine disruptive. Soy's content of isoflavones are as much as 3 mg/g dry weight. Isoflavones are polyphenol compounds, produced primarily by beans and other legumes, including peanuts and chickpeas. Isoflavones are closely related to the antioxidant flavonoids found in other plants, vegetables and flowers. Isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein are found in only some plant families, because most plants do not have an enzyme, chalcone isomerase which converts a flavone precursor into an isoflavone.

In contradiction to well known benefits of isoflavones, genistein acts as an oxidant (stimulating nitrate synthesis), and blocks formation of new blood vessels (antiangiogenic effect). Some studies show that genistein acts as inhibitor of substances that regulate cell division and cell survival (growth factors).

A review of the available studies by the United States Health and Human Services Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) found little evidence of substantial health improvements and no adverse effects, but also noted that there was no long-term safety data on estrogenic effects from soy consumption.

Glyceollins

Glyceollins are molecules belonging to the pterocarpans family. They are also found in the soybean and have been found to have an antifungal activity against ''Aspergillus sojae'', the fungal ferment used to produce soy sauce. They are phytoalexins with an antiestrogenic activity.

Cholesterol reduction

The dramatic increase in soyfood sales is largely credited to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) approval of soy as an official cholesterol-lowering food, along with other heart and health benefits. A 2001 literature review argued that these health benefits were poorly supported by the available evidence, and noted that disturbing data on soy's effect on the cognitive function of the elderly existed. In 2008, an epidemiological study of 719 Indonesian elderly found that tofu intake was associated with worse memory, but tempeh (a fermented soy product) intake was associated with better memory. This study replicated other studies.

In 1995, the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' (Vol. 333, No. 5) published-Title- "Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids", financed by DuPont Protein Technologies International (PTI), which produces and markets soy through The Solae Company (see external links). The meta-analysis concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, LDL (bad cholesterol) and triglycerides. However, HDL(good cholesterol) did not increase by a significant amount. Soy phytoestrogens (isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) adsorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this research PTI filed a petition with FDA in 1998 for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.

The FDA granted the following health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease." One serving, (1 cup or 240 mL) of soy milk, for instance, contains 6 or 7 grams of soy protein. Solae resubmitted their original petition, asking for a more vague health claim, after their original was challenged and highly criticized. Solae also submitted a petition for a health claim that soy can help prevent cancer. They quickly withdrew the petition for lack of evidence and after more than 1,000 letters of protest were received. On February 18, 2008 Weston A. Price Foundation submitted a petition for removal of this health claim.

An American Heart Association review of a decade long study of soy protein benefits casts doubt on the FDA allowed "Heart Healthy" claim for soy protein and does not recommend isoflavone supplementation. The review panel also found that soy isoflavones have not been shown to reduce post menopause "hot flashes" in women and the efficacy and safety of isoflavones to help prevent cancers of the breast, uterus or prostate is in question.

Phytic acid

Soybeans contain a high level of phytic acid, which has many effects including acting as an antioxidant and a chelating agent. The beneficial claims for phytic acid include reducing cancer, minimizing diabetes, and reducing inflammation. However, phytic acid is also criticized for reducing vital minerals due to its chelating effect, especially for diets already low in minerals.

Health risks

Allergy

Allergy to soy is common, and the food is listed with other foods that commonly cause allergy, such as milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish. The problem has been reported among younger children and the diagnosis of soy allergy is often based on symptoms reported by parents and/or results of skin tests or blood tests for allergy. Only a few reported studies have attempted to confirm allergy to soy by direct challenge with the food under controlled conditions. It is very difficult to give a reliable estimate of the true prevalence of soy allergy in the general population. To the extent that it does exist, soy allergy may cause cases of urticaria and angioedema, usually within minutes to hours of ingestion. In rare cases, true anaphylaxis may also occur. The reason for the discrepancy is likely that soy proteins, the causative factor in allergy, are far less potent at triggering allergy symptoms than the proteins of peanut and shellfish. An allergy test that is positive demonstrates that the immune system has formed IgE antibodies to soy proteins. However, this is only a factor when soy proteins reach the blood without being digested, in sufficient quantities to reach a threshold to provoke actual symptoms.

Soy can also trigger symptoms via food intolerance, a situation where no allergic mechanism can be proven. One scenario is seen in very young infants who have vomiting and diarrhoea when fed soy-based formula, which resolves when the formula is withdrawn. Older infants can suffer a more severe disorder with vomiting, diarrhoea that may be bloody, anemia, weight loss and failure to thrive. The most common cause of this unusual disorder is a sensitivity to cow's milk, but soy formulas can also be the trigger. The precise mechanism is unclear and it could be immunologic, although not through the IgE-type antibodies that have the leading role in urticaria and anaphylaxis. Fortunately it is also self-limiting and will often disappear in the toddler years.

Phytoestrogen

Soybeans contain isoflavones called genistein and daidzein, which are one source of phytoestrogens in the human diet. Because most naturally occurring estrogenic substances show weak activity, normal consumption of foods that contain these phytoestrogens should not provide sufficient amounts to elicit a physiological response in humans.

Plant lignans associated with high fiber foods such as cereal brans and beans are the principal precursor to mammalian lignans which have an ability to bind to human estrogen sites. Soybeans are a significant source of mammalian lignan precursor secoisolariciresinol containing 13–273 µg/100 g dry weight. Another phytoestrogen in the human diet with estrogen activity is coumestans, which are found in beans, split-peas, with the best sources being alfalfa, clover, and soybean sprouts. Coumestrol, an isoflavone coumarin derivative is the only coumestan in foods.

Soybeans and processed soy foods are among the richest foods in total phytoestrogens (wet basis per 100g), which are present primarily in the form of the isoflavones daidzein and genistein.

Women

A 2001 literature review suggested that women with current or past breast cancer should be aware of the risks of potential tumor growth when taking soy products, based on the effect of phytoestrogens to promote breast cancer cell growth in animals. A 2006 commentary reviewed the relationship with soy and breast cancer. They stated that soy may prevent breast cancer, but cautioned that the impact of isoflavones on breast tissue needs to be evaluated at the cellular level in women at high risk for breast cancer. A high consumption of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are found in most types of vegetable oil including soybean oil, may increase the likelihood that postmenopausal women will develop breast cancer. Another analysis suggests an inverse association between total polyunsaturated fatty acids and breast cancer risk. A 2011 analysis of the literature concluded that:- "Our study suggests soy isoflavones intake is associated with a significant reduced risk of breast cancer incidence in Asian populations, but not in Western populations."

Men

Because of the phytoestrogen content, some studies have suggested that soybean ingestion may influence testosterone levels in men. However, a 2010 meta-analysis of 15 placebo controlled studies showed that neither soy foods nor isoflavone supplements alter measures of bioavailable testosterone or estrogen concentrations in men It has been hypothesized that soy foods and enterolactone may increase the development of prostate cancer although no significant associations were observed for the soy isoflavones. Furthermore, soy consumption has been shown to have no effect on the levels and quality of sperm A 2009 meta-analysis of the research on the association between soy consumption and prostate cancer risk in men concluded that "consumption of soy foods is associated with a reduction in prostate cancer risk in men."

Brain

There is evidence that estrogen can help protect and repair the brain after injury, and it has been suggested that the phytoestrogens in soy may have a similar effect though this is controversial and there is also evidence that phytoestrogens may be harmful for the recovery of rats that have sustained brain injury. A study of Japanese men between 1965 and 1999 demonstrated a positive correlation between brain atrophy and consumption of tofu. A study on elderly Indonesian men and women found that tempeh consumption was independently related to better memory. the cooked flour has not been found carcinogenic. Whether soy might promote pancreatic cancer in humans is unknown because studies have not yet attempted to single out soy intake and the incidence of pancreatic cancer in humans, and the amount of soy fed to the rats is proportionately far larger than what humans would normally consume. However, the soy isoflavone genistein has been suggested as a chemopreventive agent against pancreatic cancer, by interfering with the chemical pathways that promote the creation and growth of tumors.

The Cancer Council of New South Wales, Australia has released a statement saying scientific research suggests that overall the moderate consumption of soy products does not appear to present a risk to women with breast cancer, and there is equivocal evidence that consuming large amounts of soy products may have a protective effect against developing breast and prostate cancer. However, the Council does not recommend taking soy dietary supplements as there is no evidence they are either effective or safe at preventing or treating cancers.

Soybean futures

Soybean futures are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade and have delivery dates in January (F), March (H), May (K), July (N), August (Q), September (U), November (X).

It is also traded on other commodity futures exchanges under different contract specifications: SAFEX: The South African Futures Exchange DC: Dalian Commodity Exchange KEX: Kansai Commodities Exchange in Japan TGE: Tokyo Grain Exchange in Japan

KCX: Fukuoka Commodity Exchange in Japan that was absorbed by the KEX

NCDEX: National Commodity and Derivaties Exchange, India.

See also

Edamame

Soy milk

Soy cheese

Tofu

Cash crop

Nutrition

Isoflavones

Soy allergy

Soy molasses

Soybean wars of Paraguay

Soybean management practices

References

External links

New Crop Resource Online Program - Large collection of Soybean information

The Solae Company, producer and marketer of soy; a joint venture of DuPont and Bunge Limited.

Category:Energy crops Category:Faboideae Category:Edible legumes Category:Fiber plants Category:Chinese ingredients Category:Vietnamese ingredients Category:Korean ingredients Category:Sequenced genomes Category:Fodder

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Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
Name	Lewis Black
Birth name	Lewis Niles Black
Birth date	August 30, 1948
Birth place	Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.
Education	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Medium	Stand-up, television, film, theatre
Nationality	American
Active	1981 – present
Genre	Satire, news satire, political satire, observational comedy, black comedy, rant
Subject	American politics, American culture, current events, pop culture
Influences	George Carlin, Lenny Bruce, Richard Pryor, Lily Tomlin, Bill Hicks, Bob Newhart, Shelley Berman
Influenced	Dara Ó Briain
Notable work	''Back in Black'' on ''The Daily Show with Jon Stewart''''The Carnegie Hall Performance''''Lewis Black's Root of All Evil'' ''Stark Raving Black''
Website	lewisblack.com

Lewis Niles Black (born August 30, 1948) is an American stand-up comedian, author, playwright, social critic and actor. He is known for his comedy style, which often includes simulating a mental breakdown, or an increasingly angry rant, ridiculing history, politics, religion, trends and cultural phenomena. He hosted the Comedy Central series ''Lewis Black's Root of All Evil'', and makes regular appearances on ''The Daily Show with Jon Stewart'' delivering his “Back in Black” commentary segment. When not on the road performing, he resides in Manhattan. He also maintains a residence in Chapel Hill, N.C. He is currently the spokesman for Aruba Tourism, appearing in television ads that aired in late 2009 and 2010. He was voted 51st of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time by Comedy Central in 2004; and was voted 5th in Comedy Central Stand`Up Showdown in 2008 and 11th in 2010.

Early life

Black is the son of Jeannette, a teacher, and Sam Black, an artist and mechanical engineer. He was born and raised in a middle-class Jewish family in Silver Spring, Maryland, graduating from Springbrook High School in 1966, summa cum laude. Black says in his book that he scored highly on the math section of his SAT exam and later applied to Princeton University among others. Black enrolled at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he studied playwriting and was a brother of Pi Lambda Phi International fraternity and a member of Student Congress. He earned an MFA degree at the Yale School of Drama in 1977, and was once married, for less than a year.

Black's career began in theater as a playwright. He served as the playwright in residence and associate artistic director of Steve Olsen's West Bank Cafe Downstairs Theatre Bar in Hell's Kitchen in New York City, where he collaborated with composer and lyricist Rusty Magee and artistic director Rand Foerster on hundreds of one-act plays from 1981 to 1989. Also with Rusty Magee, Black wrote the musical ''The Czar Of Rock and Roll'', which premiered at Houston's Alley Theatre in 1990.

Black's stand-up comedy began as an opening act for the plays as he was also the master of ceremonies. After a management change at the theater, Black left and began working as a comedian as well as finding bit parts in television and films.''

Comedic style

Black's style of comedy is that of a man who, in dealing with the absurdities of life and contemporary politics, is approaching his personal limits of sanity. Sarcasm, hyperbole, profanity, shouting and trademark angry finger-shaking bring emphasis to his topics of discussion. He once described his humor as "being on the ''Titanic'' every single day and being the only person who knows what is going to happen." He claims that he doesn't write his jokes down, he merely starts talking about something that makes him angry until he has to move on before he has a stroke.

Black has described his political affiliation as: "I'm a socialist, so that puts me totally outside any concept...the Canadians get it. But seriously, most people don't get it. The idea of capping people's income just scares people. 'Oh, you're taking money from the rich.' Ooh, what a horrifying thing. These people really need $200 million".

Black lists his comedic influences as George Carlin, Lenny Bruce, Richard Pryor, Lily Tomlin, Bill Hicks, Bob Newhart and Shelley Berman.

Career

Comedy Central Presents

In 1998, Black starred in his first comedy special on the series ''Comedy Central Presents.'' He starred in two additional episodes of the series in 2000 and 2002. He starred in another special for the network in 2002, titled ''Taxed Beyond Belief''.

Hosting

Since 2003, Black has hosted the World Stupidity Awards ceremony at Montreal's Just for Laughs comedy festival for the three years the awards have been presented.

Black hosted the Comedy Central television series ''The Root Of All Evil'' in 2008. The show pitted two people or pop-culture topics against each other as a panel of comedians argued, in the style of a court trial, which is more evil, e.g., "Paris Hilton vs. Dick Cheney" and "Internet Porn vs. YouTube". After hearing arguments from both sides, Black, acting as judge, made the final decision as to which is more evil.

Black hosted Comedy Central's ''Last Laugh '07'', which aired on December 2, 2007 along with Dave Attell and D.L. Hughley.

On February 18, 2008, Black hosted ''History of the Joke with Lewis Black'', a 2-hour comedy-documentary on The History Channel.

At the end of 2009, Black returned to the History Channel to host ''Surviving the Holidays with Lewis Black'', in which he discussed the year-end pressures of Thanksgiving, Channukah, Christmas, and New Year's.

Stand-up shows

In 2004, he had an HBO stand-up special titled ''Black on Broadway.''

On April 21, 2006, Black performed at the Warner Theatre in Washington, DC for an HBO special, ''Red, White, and Screwed''. It aired on June 10, 2006, and a DVD was released October 3, 2006. When explaining his choice of venue, Black said that "some asshole" was paid to count the number of uses of the word "fuck" from his previous HBO special, ''Black On Broadway'', and that the original location, the Kennedy Center, wanted him to cut back on its use. Black was told the number was 42, when actually it was approximately 78.

On February 11, 2007, Black received a Grammy award for "Best Comedy Album" for his album ''The Carnegie Hall Performance''.

Comedy Central's "Stand-Up Month" in January 2008 features specials originally presented on HBO by Black, along with programs featuring Dane Cook and Chris Rock.

In January 2008, as part of Comedy Central's "Stand-Up Month", Black's routine finished at #5 on "Stand-Up Showdown 2008", a viewer-based countdown of the top "Comedy Central Presents" routine. Black. also was voted 11th in 2010.

On August 2, 2009, Black filmed two shows at the Fillmore Theater in Detroit, MI. These shows were the basis for a concert film called ''Stark Raving Black'', which appeared in theatres for a limited time in October. It will also be released as a CD or DVD June 15 th 2010 .

Film and television career

Black appeared in an episode of ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'' as a shock jock and in ''The Big Bang Theory'' as an entomologist. He also released his autobiography, ''Nothing's Sacred'', in 2005. Since November 9, 2005, Black has been making appearances in small segments on ''The Weather Channel.'' In December 2005, he appeared in an animated holiday special ''The Happy Elf'', as the voice of the extremely tightly wound elf, Norbert.

In the film ''Accepted'', a film about high school graduates who create a college when they fail to get accepted into any, he plays Dean Ben Lewis of the school "South Harmon Institute of Technology" or S.H.I.T.; as the Dean, he talks about his views of the world. He also appears in the 2006 films ''Man of the Year'' and ''Unaccompanied Minors''. Black hosted Comedy Central's ''Last Laugh '06'', which aired on December 10, 2006.

Voice acting

Black was the voice of "Manobrain" during the third season of the Cartoon Network series "Duck Dodgers". He was the inventor of a diet pill which was stolen while he was in college. He blamed the theft on his college friend Dr. I. Q. High, not realizing that the actual thief was Duck Dodgers. The theft set Manobrain on the path of evil.

Black played the character of the Deadly Duplicator in ''Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law'', on Adult Swim. He appeared in four episodes before the show ended. He played the part once more in the Harvey Birdman: Attorney at Law video game.

Black did the voice-over for an oxpecker named Ted in Cartoon Network series ''My Gym Partner's a Monkey'', appearing in "Hornbill and Ted's Bogus Journey." The character is portrayed in the same fashion as his comedy shows, though without the profanity. In addition, the bird's clothes, looks, and mannerisms match those of Black himself. Black currently voices Mr. E/Ricky Owens in Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated.

Tours

On June 18, 2007 he sat in with Southern rock/Jam band Gov't Mule at the 6th annual Bonnaroo music festival, where he had performed earlier that weekend, for what was to be a quick joke. A member of the audience threw a bottle at Black, which struck him. Black was upset and he encouraged the audience to boo the heckler before leaving the stage in disgust, while shouting obscenities at the heckler. This act was seen in an episode of "Lewis Black's Root of All Evil" titled "YouTube vs. Porn".

On June 29, 2007, Black gave a benefit show at Springbrook High School, his alma mater, in the school's auditorium for 1,100 alumni, faculty, and students. He performed in his usual style, stopping at points to remark how good it felt to use that language on that particular stage. At the end of the show he was given a Springbrook football jersey, and cursed at one teacher for giving him a B and causing him not to graduate first in his class.

In mid December 2007, Black went with Robin Williams, Kid Rock, Lance Armstrong and Rachel Smith, Miss USA 2007, on a USO trip to support the troops in Iraq and Kuwait. They then wrapped it up on Dec 22nd at the U.S Naval Station in Rota, Spain.

Black helped create the annual Carolina Comedy Festival at his alma mater, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

In 2008 Black went on tour touting his book ''Me of Little Faith''.He is also currently doing a stand-up tour called "Let Them Eat Cake".

Beginning in January 2010, Black embarked on a new tour called "In God We Rust".

Legal troubles

In 2000, Black and fellow comedian Jim Norton were arrested for their involvement with "The Naked Teen Voyeur Bus", a specially designed bus with acrylic glass walls containing numerous (18 and 19 year old) topless teenage girls. This bus rode around Manhattan while being broadcast on the Opie and Anthony radio show. Unfortunately, radio station management did not inform the O&A; show that the bus' route was also the route that President Clinton was taking that same day. Twenty-eight hours after the arrest, Black and Norton were released. Black appeared on The Daily Show the following night where he stated he was exercising his constitutional rights. He then joked that the location of this particular right was unclear, but that it was "between 'all men are created equal' and 'don't shit where you eat.'" Additionally, at a fundraising event for New York Attorney General candidate Mark Green on June 28, 2006, Black talked about how he was unable to attend a previous fundraising event for Green because the arrest occurred shortly before.

Published works

''Nothing's Sacred'' (2005)

''Nothing's Sacred'' (audio book) (2006)

''Nothing's Sacred'' (softcover version) (2007)

''Me of Little Faith'' (2008) (New York: Riverhead Books -- Penguin Group) 240 pages, ISBN 978-1-59449-994-5.

''Me of Little Faith'' (paperback version with added content) (2009)

''I'm Dreaming of a Black Christmas'' (2010)

Media releases

CDs

''The White Album'' (2000)

''Revolver (EP)'' (2002)

''The End of the Universe'' (2002)

''Rules of Enragement'' (2003)

''Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues'' (2005)

''The Carnegie Hall Performance'' (2006)

''Anticipation'' (2008)

''Stark Raving Black'' (2010)

DVDs

''Unleashed'' (compilation of his four Comedy Central specials plus his appearances on ''The Daily Show: Indecision 2000'') (2002)

''Black on Broadway'' (2003 HBO Special) (2004)

''A Pair of Lewis Black Shorts'' (''Sidesplitters: The Burt & Dick Story'' and ''The Gynecologists'') (2006)

''Red, White, and Screwed'' (2006 HBO Special)

''History of the Joke with Lewis Black'' (2008 History Channel special)

''Surviving the Holidays with Lewis Black'' (2009 History Channel special)

''Stark Raving Black'' (2010)

Filmography

''Hannah and Her Sisters'' (1986)

''Jacob's Ladder'' (1990)

''The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd'' (1990–1991) (TV series)

''Law & Order'', "Aria" (1991)

''The Hard Way'' (1991)

''Homicide: Life on the Street'', "Deception" (1997)

''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'', "Obscene" (2004)

''The Happy Elf'' (2005)

''Accepted'' (2006)

''Man of the Year'' (2006)

''Unaccompanied Minors'' (2006)

''Farce of the Penguins'' (2007)

''Falling for Grace'' (2007)

''History of the Joke'' (2008) (Documentary) History Channel

''Lewis Black's Root of All Evil'' (2008) (TV series) Comedy Central

''The Big Bang Theory'', "The Jiminy Conjecture" (2009) (TV series) CBS

''Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated'' (2010) (TV Series) Cartoon Network

References

External links

Lewis Black's lewisblack.com

Lewis Black on Twitter

Lewis Black on MySpace

Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart

InnerVIEWS with Ernie Manouse: Lewis Black (TV Interview)

Lewis Black Interview on NPR's ''Fresh Air'' (April 7, 2005)

Lewis Black Interview on NPR's ''Talk of the Nation'' (January 29, 2003)

Lewis Black Interview with the Village Voice (September 23, 2008)

Onion A.V. Club Interview

Lewis Black Interview by Maurie Sherman

Stand Up! Records

Lewis Black Interview, Real Detroit Weekly (November 13, 2007)

"Straight Talk" Interview in Submerge Magazine, (Sept. 2008)

Lewis Black rants about Michele Bachmann, Farmville, Twitter - Citypages.com 5/4/2011

Category:1948 births Category:American comedians Category:American dramatists and playwrights Category:American Jews Category:American social commentators Category:American socialists Category:American stand-up comedians Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Jewish actors Category:Jewish comedians Category:Living people Category:People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina Category:People from Silver Spring, Maryland Category:People from Washington, D.C. Category:Religious skeptics Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni Category:Yale School of Drama alumni

de:Lewis Black et:Lewis Black fr:Lewis Black he:לואיס בלק nl:Lewis Black ja:ルリス・ブラック pt:Lewis Black sv:Lewis Black

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
name	Ringo Shiina椎名 林檎
background	solo_singer
birth name	Yumiko Shiina
born	November 25, 1978Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
instrument	vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards, bass guitar, drum, koto, shamisen, harmonica, melodica, harpsichord, accordion
genre	Rock, Punk rock, Alternative rock, Experimental rock, Chamber music, Chanson, Jazz, Big band, Bossa Nova, Adult contemporary, Funk, Hip hop, Electronica, Kayōkyoku, Enka
occupation	Singer, Songwriter, Music composer, Music producer, Musician
years active	1998–2004, 2007–present (solo) 2004–present (group)
label	Toshiba-EMI (1998–present)
associated acts	Tokyo Jihen
website	Official Site
notable instruments	Duesenberg Star TV model DSR-SP }}

, known by her stage name , is a Japanese singer-songwriter, music composer and music producer. She is also the founder and lead vocalist of the band Tokyo Jihen.

She describes herself as "".

She was ranked number 36 in a list of Japan's top 100 musicians compiled by HMV in 2003.

Early life

Shiina was born in Urawa (now part of Saitama), Saitama Prefecture, to Kōtarō Shiina, an employee of the oil companies, and Akiko, a homemaker. She was born with an esophageal atresia in which the esophagus narrows as it approaches the stomach. Treatment of this involved several operations, at least one of which required her right shoulder blade to be cut open. These surgeries left Shiina with large scars on her shoulder blades, said to give the impression that an angel's wings had been removed.

Her first exposure to music came from her father's interest in jazz and classical music; her mother had majored in dance in college and practiced ballet. Her parents owned a large collection of music, a piano, and a guitar, and her father was a devoted reader of music magazines. Shiina started piano lessons at four and studied classical ballet the following year.

While very outgoing as a young child, Shiina became shy and quiet after she and her older brother, Junpei, moved to Shimizu (now Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka), Shizuoka Prefecture due to their father's job. Her parents remember her as a mostly trouble-free child and a good student, except that she could not stand being alone and would throw tantrums if she could not have a friend to play with.

The family next relocated to Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture, and Shiina entered junior high school there. While in Fukuoka, she again became an outgoing person. Her official biography was published as her introducing herself from Fukuoka. In later years, she spoke to interviewers in Fukuoka dialect ''Hakata-ben''.

Entering junior high, she realized that it was impossible to become a ballet dancer or professional piano player. Her body had become less symmetrical, owing to the results of the operations in her infancy. She could not give power equally to the right and left sides of her body, and she eventually stopped taking ballet and piano lessons. She started listening to a wider range of music other than classical music or her parents' records. She got interested in drama and stage design. She was asked by her drama teacher to add music to the lines of a play, and taking advantage of this opportunity, she began her musical activities. She formed a band with her classmates and performed in the school festival. She initially played drums, but later became the lead singer. Although the band broke up, Shiina began to make demos with the aim of being a professional musician.

While in high school, she worked in about ten different bands and improved her musical skills by performing live. She was a guitarist and a lead singer in one band, but she played keyboards, bass, or drums in others.

At the same time, she busked near Nishitetsu Fukuoka station in Tenjin.

Early works

In 1994 Shiina participated in ''The 19th Horipro Talent Scout Caravan'' (a series of auditions held by the Horipro agency). However she was unaware that this event was designed to discover budding idols, as opposed to more serious talent, and said on local radio: "Right up to the national finals I had no idea that there’d be a swimsuit contest!" Shiina was chosen as representative for the Kyushu area but lost out to Sakura Uehara in the final round.

In 1995 she participated in the Yamaha sponsored "The 9th Teens' Music Festival" as vocalist in the all-girl band, the Marvelous Marbles. The band won a youth encouragement prize. During this time Shiina became acquainted with fellow performers aiko and Takashi Taniguchi with whom she became friends both on and off stage.

She became a fan of the indie rock group Number Girl at that time because Hisako Tabuchi had joined the group. She began to play the guitar, emulating Hisako Tabuchi. She attended various shows when possible. A few years later, she asked Hisako Tabuchi to play guitar in recording some her songs, and they formed the Indie rock band called Hatsuiku Status. Ahito Inazawa, the drummer of Number Girl, participated in the recording of her third album, ''Karuki Zaamen Kuri-no-Hana''. She worked on the album of the new band Zazen Boys, which also featured Shutoku Mukai and Inazawa from Number Girl.

In 1996, she quit senior high school, and participated in "The 5th Music Quest 1996", a competition sponsored by Yamaha Corporation. She also held two part-time jobs. She had already received offers from several record labels, but did not want to make a commitment until the contest was over just in case and won an Award of Excellence. She refused a contract with Yamaha, and signed with Toshiba EMI.

Since she had already finished composing enough material for two albums, she submitted them at a meeting to plan her debut. She was harshly criticized by the directors of EMI about her lyrics, and her opinions clashed with theirs many times. She left for the United Kingdom in January 1997. The lyrics of "Tadashii Machi" and "Identity" expressed her feelings about this period. She went back to Japan three months later.

Initial solo career

Ringo Shiina's first official single was released in May 1998, when she was 19 years old. It was entitled "Kōfukuron". In the music video for this single, Shiina alluded to her surgery scars by wearing a pair of wings on her back. Although it was the title track, she did not like the arrangement of this song as she felt it was too similar to her demo version. She wanted to make "Suberidai" the title song, but this idea was rejected by EMI as they felt the song would not be a big seller. She wanted to release "Keikoku" or "Gips" as the first single, but the then EMI director rejected that idea as well. After the relative failure of the single, EMI let her have more input into the promotion of her music.

She chose "Kabukichō no Joō" as the second single. She helped with the direction of the music video and chose the location of the video shoot. Although the song was not a big seller, its sensational lyrics and melody which was reminiscent of older Japanese pop music, gave her valuable exposure. Shiina dedicated the song to Ryōko Hirosue, who had declared that she was a fan of Shiina's. Hirosue attended the "Senkō Ecstasy" tour in the front row, mingling with regular fans.

Her third single and first hit was "Koko de Kiss Shite", which had a catchy tune and was a radical change from her prior singles. In the music video, she chose to replace a scene in which she appeared by herself and used a scene that had all the band members playing together instead. Encouraged by this success, she re-released "Kōfukuron", and this time it was a hit. She dedicated the song to her friend Rie Tomosaka.

This was followed by the release of her first album, ''Muzai Moratorium'', in February 1999. The album was a major hit. "Gips" was due to be the next single, but when Shiina had to cancel recording due to illness, "Honnō" was released as the fourth single instead. Shina chose a hospital as the setting for the music video for "Honnō". This choice stemmed from her frequent hospital visits as a child and her more recent hospitalization. Although Shiina intended the video to have a cyberpunk feel or to portray the image of a spacecraft's interior, many people interpreted it as cosplay, which disappointed her.

The fifth and sixth singles, "Gips" and "Tsumi to Batsu", were released at the same time to prevent overlap with the release of her second album, ''Shōso Strip'', in March 2000. This album was a success and is her best selling album to date.

Shiina had initially indicated that she would retire as "Shiina Ringo" when she had released three albums. At the time the second album was released, she was among the top three Japanese female artists, along with Hikaru Utada and Ayumi Hamasaki, in terms of popularity and annual income. However, she was uncomfortable with being regarded as an icon, and wanted her career to branch out more from the mainstream. When she began to produce her third album under the tentative title "" she intended to make it her last solo album.

In November 2000 she married Junji Yayoshi, a guitarist in her band; the news became public in January 2001. She released the single "Mayonaka wa Junketsu" in March 2001, with the intention of including it on the third album, but it is the only single to date that was not included on an album. The music video was created in a retro-anime style that depicted Ringo as a sort of mid-'60s spy movie heroine. Her son with Junji was born in July. The two divorced in January 2002, 14 months after marrying. Following her divorce she released a two-disc multilingual cover album ''Utaite Myōri: Sono Ichi''. Since she felt that a cover album did not count as a ''bona fide'' album, she began to work on her third original album.

People around her suggested that she expand internationally, but Shiina refused the proposal of a foreign label to sell her third album in countries outside of Japan. She said, "The work I already have in Japan is as much as I can manage."

In 2003, she released her third album, titled ''Kalk Samen Kuri no Hana''. Shiina chose the members of the tour for the third album. She wanted next to focus on composing music for other artists rather than performing herself. She appeared in the media after a long absence on two major evening news programs, ''News Station'' and ''News 23''.

Towards the conclusion of her solo career, she had her trademark beauty mark removed, and released her final solo single, "Ringo no Uta" ("Apple's Song"), which was adopted by the national children's song TV program ''Minna no Uta''. This song had a summation of her career, and the music video included references to all of her previous videos.

In 2004, Shiina undertook the role of music director for the stage play KKP (Kentaro Kobayashi Produce) #004 ''Lens'', which is based on the story of her short film ''Tanpen Kinema Hyaku-Iro Megane''.

Concerts and tours

;1998 : Battle of the bands and nationwide promotional campaign

;1999 : by Gyakutai Glycogen : Rising Sun Rock Festival 1999 in Ezo : by Tensai Praeparat ;2000 : by Gyakutai Glycogen : by Hatsuiku Status : by Gyakutai Glycogen ;2003 : : by Tokyo Jihen

Backing band

Tokyo Jihen

On May 31, 2004, Shiina formed a band called . ''Tokyo Jihen'' is Japanese for "The Tokyo Incidents". The band was first introduced in Shiina's ''Sugoroku Ecstasy'' tour and is featured on Shiina's ''Electric Mole'' DVD.

The original lineup of Tokyo Jihen was Ringo Shiina (vocals, guitar, melodica); (guitar, backing vocals); (bass guitar); , also known as , (keyboard/piano); and (drums). All of them were members of the back-up band for Shiina Ringo's solo tour "Sugoroku Ecstasy" in 2003.

Hiizumi and Hirama left Tokyo Jihen in July 2005, and the band selected two new members: , also known as , on guitar and backing vocals, and , also known as , on keyboards in September 2005. The band released its second album (featuring the new lineup) in January 2006, and played two concerts, at the Osaka-Jo Hall in Osaka and the Budokan in Tokyo, in February 2006.

Resumption of solo work

In late 2006, Ringo announced that she would resume work as a solo artist as the Music Director for the 2007 film ''Sakuran''. The album ''Heisei Fūzoku'' (2007) is the soundtrack from this film. Violinist Neko Saitō and the band Soil & "Pimp" Sessions appear on the album. A song featuring her and Soil, "Karisome Otome (Death Jazz version)" was released on iTunes Japan exclusively on November 11, 2006. It went to the top of the charts and remained there for days.

In June 2007, Shiina was asked to compose music for the kabuki ''Sannin Kichisa'' by Kanzaburo Nakamura. She composed the ending theme and some other music.

In September 2008, Shiina provided Japanese boy's band, Tokio with two songs for their singles.

In February 2009, Shiina provided Japanese rock duo Puffy AmiYumi with songs. Ami and Shiina were introduced by Hikaru Utada. Ami was a fan of Sheena's music, and now they are friends.

In March 2009, Shiina Ringo received an award from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. It was a newcomer Fine Arts Award in the Popular Culture category.

In May 2009, Shiina released a solo single entitled "Ariamaru Tomi". It was used as the theme song of the TV drama ''Smile''.

In June 2009, Shiina released her solo album titled ''Sanmon Gossip'' after a long hiatus.

On December 2, 2009, Shiina releases the single "Nōdōteki Sanpunkan" with Tokyo Jihen after an interval of about two years.

Concerts and Concert tours

;2008 : Rising Sun Rock Festival 2008 in Ezo : ;2009 :

Back-up band

Singing and songwriting style

Shiina is an accomplished musician and songwriter who writes music spanning numerous genres. She is well known for her eccentricity, rolling her "r"s and creating promotional music videos with striking visuals.

She admired Eddi Reader's voice, but felt her own voice was not as clear and sounded hoarse. She admired Janis Ian's singing and wrote "Seventeen" in tribute to Ian's "At Seventeen". She later covered "Love Is Blind". She listens to many genres of music. At the time of her debut, she has ten closely written pages of lists of her favorite musicians. They included various genres such as classical music, Japanese and American popular music from the 1950s and 1960s, contemporary rock, and the local band Fukuoka.

She mainly plays rhythm guitar, but she plays other musical instruments. During live shows she sometimes plays the piano and occasionally plays the bass guitar. While recording, she sometimes plays piano and drums, and occasionally uses uncommon musical instruments such as a melodica and a samisen.

Shiina's lyrics often contain complex and archaic language. Printed lyrics in her liner notes regularly feature kanji that are not in common use.

Shiina's songwriting style steadily became more complex over the course of her solo career, incorporating a wider variety of instruments and more elaborate production with each album. Shiina's influence in songwriting is still dominant in Tokyo Jihen, and the arrangements have been stripped down to a more standard rock and roll style, highlighting the roles of the individual players in the band.

Stage name

At her audition in 1996, she introduced herself as "Shiina Ringo" for the first time. "Ringo" means "apple" in Japanese. She said that "Ringo" originated from her class nickname when she often blushed in public, and from The Beatles' drummer Ringo Starr.

She declared recently that she followed the naming of the pen name of her favorite manga artist, Sensha Yoshida. His first name is just a name of an object like Ringo ("''Sensha''" in this case meaning a "Battle Tank" in English). She thought that those who heard her name would be shocked by that.

Influences

The music that dominated Shiina's childhood were Debussy's piano pieces. Due to her piano and ballet background, Shiina particularly fond of music for the piano, and she also enjoyed the Peanuts, a favorite group of her father. Shiina enjoyed music for the ballet as played by symphony orchestras, and she often listened to the records that ballerina Yoko Morishita had created for use by dance instructors.

In her primary school days, Shiina often listened to the sound track from the film Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind; "Toward the Faraway land ..." by Joe Hisaishi; and "Rendezvous" by Sadao Watanabe. Her parents owned records by Billy Joel, Mayumi Itsuwa, and others. Under her mother's influence, Shiina loved the older Japanese pop songs.

In junior high, Shiina enjoyed the Motown sound, and became fans of ''Soul Train'' under the influence of her older brother. Marvin Gaye was a favorite. During this period, Shiina rarely listened to Japanese music.

Whilst attending senior high school, Shiina started listening to Blankey Jet City, Radiohead, Björk and the Sex Pistols. She thought that Japanese lyrics is not suitable for music influenced by Western music like rock music. However, she altered her way of thinking thanks to Ken'ichi Asai who was a lead singer of Blankey Jet City, and came to listen to Japanese songs again. She said that she respected Thom Yorke of Radiohead, and Peter Greenaway and Ken'ichi Asai from Blankey Jet City. She said that when she listened to Björk, her heart was freed. She was influenced by the Sex Pistols for their stage presence rather than their musicality. Shiina liked the Red Hot Chili Peppers. She named ''Evil Empire'' by Rage Against the Machine and ''No Code'' by Pearl Jam to be some of her favorite albums of all time.

After leaving high school, she listened to Todd Rundgren, Led Zeppelin, and ''The White Album'' by the Beatles. Shiina admired Madonna for her music and her self-sufficiency.

Japanese musicians

Western musicians

Theme songs and tie-ins

variety show music show "Kokode Kiss Shite" variety show music show TV commercial TV commercial TV commercial TV commercial TV commercial "Aozora" "Ringo no Uta" "Kuki (STEM)stage play TV commercial "Shuraba" (Tokyo Jihen) Ōoku (TV series) "Yokushitsu",
"Identity" movie kabuki TV commercial movie "Amagasa" (singer: Tokio (band) "Hiyori-hime" (singer: Puffy AmiYumi) drama children's TV program TV commercial "Kachiikusa" (Tokyo Jihen) TV commercial drama "Sora ga Natteiru" (Tokyo Jihen) TV commercial TV commercial drama

scope="col" style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Song	Category	Title/Brand	Network/Manufacturer	Period
rowspan="2"	1998	"Kōfukuron"	|	Ai no Hinadan	Tokyo Broadcasting System>TBS
"Kabukichō no Joō"	|	Pop Jam	NHK
rowspan="8"	1999	|	Japanese television drama>drama	:ja:Shin-D>Shin-D'' Kokode Kiss Shite	Nippon Television>NTV	from March 2 to April 27
"Kokode Kiss Shite"	|	Downtown (owarai)>Downtown DX	NTV
"Honnō"	|	Fun (Fun's Recommend #007)	NTV
"Kōfukuron -Etsuraku hen-"	|	The Cocktail Bar Cassis & Orange -shaker-	Suntory	first seen April 23
"Akane Sasu Kiro Terasaredo"	|	The Cocktail Bar Cassis & Orange -squeeze the orange-	Suntory	first seen April 23
"Rinne Highlight"	|	The Cocktail Bar Love Story (kyohō-grape and yogurt) -grape-	Suntory	first seen July 16
"Keikoku"	|	The Cocktail Bar Sparkling (3 kinds) -sparkling campaign-	Suntory	first seen September 21
"Kabukichō no Joō"	|	The Cocktail Bar Mimosa -cracker-	Suntory	first seen September 25
2000	|	TV commercial	The Cocktail Bar Fairy Tale (peach and yogurt) -fairy tale-	Suntory	first seen February 5
2003	|	children's TV program	Minna no Uta	NHK	from October 2003 to January 2004
rowspan="3"	2004	Kuki (STEM) ~Daimyou Asobi hen~" ||	movie	Casshern (film)>Casshern	Shochiku	opened April 24
"Kuki (STEM) ~Daimyou Asobi hen"	|	:ja:Lens>Lens	Umeda Arts Theater>Theater Drama City	from July 5 to July 11 (Tokyo), from July 24 to July 25 (Osaka)
"Gunjō Biyori" (Tokyo Jihen)	|	au (mobile phone operator)>au, W21SA	Sanyo Electric	first seen August 12
2005	|	drama	Oooku~Hana no Ran~ ||	Fuji TV	from October 13 to December 22
rowspan="5"	2007	|	At-Bat Music	Ichiro Suzuki (MLB player)
"Kono Yo no Kagiri" (with Saito Neko and Junpei Shiina), "Karisome Otome	Karisome Otome (DEATH JAZZ ver.)" (with Soil & "Pimp" Sessions)	|	Sakuran	Asmik Ace Entertainment	opened February 24
"Tamatebako"	|		Theatre Cocoon	from June 7 to 28th
"Senkou Shōjo" (Tokyo Jihen)	|	Kei car, Subaru Stella and Subaru R2	Subaru	first seen November 7
"Kingyo no Hako"	|	Mōryō no Hako	SHOWGATE Inc.	opened December 22
2008	Tokio) ||	drama	Yasuko to Kenji	NTV	from July 12 to September 20
rowspan="4"	2009	|	TV anime	Genji Monogatari Sennenki	Fuji TV	from January 15 to March 26
"Ariamaru Tomi"	|	Smile (2009 TV series)>Smile	TBS	from April 17 to June 26
"Futari-bocchi Jikan"	|	Minna no Uta	NHK	June and July
"Noudouteki Sanpunkan" (Tokyo Jihen)	|	Watering Kiss Mint Gum	Glico	first seen November 17
rowspan="3"	2010	|	TV commercial	Watering Kiss Mint Gum	Glico	first seen January 16
"Dopamint!" (Tokyo Jihen)	|	Watering Kiss Mint Gum	Glico	first seen July 27
"Tengoku e Yōkoso" (Tokyo Jihen)	|		TV Asahi	from July 30 to September 17
rowspan="4"	2011	|	TV commercial	Watering Kiss Mint Gum	Glico	first seen February 8
"Onna no Ko wa Dare demo" (Tokyo Jihen)	|	MAQuillAGE	Shiseido	first seen February 20
"Atarashii Bunmeikaika" (Tokyo Jihen)	|	Tokyo Metro - Tokyo Underground	Tokyo Metro	first seen May 9
"Carnation"	|	''Asadora''	NHK	from October 3, 2011 to March 31, 2012

Songs offered to other musicians

"Private" February 17 "Cappuccino" "Mokuren No Cream" "Cappuccino" "Mokuren No Cream" "Shampoo" June 21 September 3 February 25 "Hiyori-hime" "Shuen no Onna" ''Bring It March 2 "Oishii Kisetsu" "Ketteiteki Sanpunkan"

scope="col" style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Date	Song	Artist	Type of Release
1998	October 7	|	Ryōko Hirosue	''Jeans'' (single)
rowspan="3"	1999	|	"Private"	Ryōko Hirosue	''Private'' (album)
January 27	|	Rie Tomosaka	''Cappuccino'' (single)
February 24	|	Rie Tomosaka	''Murasaki'' (album)
2000	|	"Shōjo Robot" "Ikenai Ko""Nippon ni Umarete"	Rie Tomosaka	''Shōjo Robot'' (single)
2008	|	"Amagasa" "Kachuu no Otoko"	Tokio (band)>Tokio	''Amagasa'' (single)
rowspan="3"	2009	|	"Hiyori-hime"	Puffy AmiYumi	''Hiyori-hime'' (single)
June 17	|	Puffy AmiYumi	(Puffy album)	Bring It!'' (album)
June 24	"Tokai no Manā" "Kodomo no Jōkei"	Rie Tomosaka
rowspan="2"	2011	|	"Oishii Kisetsu" "Ketteiteki Sanpunkan"	Chiaki Kuriyama	''Oishii Kisetsu/Ketteiteki Sanpunkan'' (single)
March 16	|	Chiaki Kuriyama	''Circus'' (album)

Songs provided by other musicians

"You"

scope="col" style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Date	Song	Artist	Type of Release/Performance
2008	August 16	|	Burt Bacharach	Rising Sun Rock Festival>Rising Sun Rock Festival 2008 in Ezo

Songs covered by other musicians

"Kōfukuron -Etsuraku hen-" from June 29 to July 21 June 21 February 21 March 26 "Marunouchi Sadistic" "Tsumi to Batsu" "Kesho Naoshi" "Kabukichou no Joou (English translation version)" March 4 "Kabukichou no Joou" September 29 "Shun" March 16

scope="col" style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Date	Song	Artist	Type of Release/Concert
2002	from December 28, 2002 to January 13, 2003	|	Jun Matsumoto and Masaki Aiba (Arashi)	''Arashi Storm Concert Tour 2003 "Atarashi Arashi"''
2003	|	"Okonomi de"	Takao Tajima (Original Love)	''"Odoru Taiyo" Tour''
2006	|	"Yattsuke Shigoto"	:ja: ケラリーノ・サンドロヴィッチ>Kera and the Synthesizers	their third album: ''Tonari no Onna''
2007	|	"Honnou"	Shang Shang Typhoon#Members>Satoko Nishikawa	her solo album: ''Hibiki''
rowspan="5"	2008	|	"Kesho naoshi"	:ja:隼人加織>Kaori Hayato	her first album: ''pluma''
August 9	|	Ryuichiro Tonozuka	his album: ''Top Gear''
June 4	|	:ja:GENERAL HEAD MOUNTAIN>General Head Mountain	their third album: ''Tsuki Kanashi Blue''
October 1	|	:ja:長谷川きよし>Kiyoshi Hasegawa	his 40th anniversary album: ''40nen. Mada Kore ga Best de wa nai. Kiyoshi Hasegawa, Live Recording''
December 3	|	Allister#Members>Scott Murphy (Allister)	his cover album: ''Guilty Pleasures 3''
rowspan="2"	2009	|	"Gips"	Marié Digby	her cover album: ''Second Home''
March 11	|	Fragrance	her album: ''Colorful''
rowspan="2"	2010	|	"Gips"	Juju (singer)>Juju	Request (Juju album)>Request''
November 20	|	Daichi Miura	''"Daichi Miura Live Tour 2010 ~GRAVITY~''
2011	|	"Tsumi to Batsu"	:ja:THE PINK☆PANDA>BLiSTAR	their cover album: ''BLiSTAR ROCKIN' COVERS ~Rock & Sexy~''

Collaborations and guest appearances

Takashi Taniguchi February 24 :ja:ハートバザール June 21 May 27 Junpei Shiina September 1 July 8 Mo'some Tonebender July 12 Zazen Boys & Mo'some Tonebender Soil & "Pimp" Sessions Soil & "Pimp" Sessions January 17 Junpei Shiina Kiyoshi Hasegawa Ken Hirai August 23, 24 March 25 Ken Hirai
Seiji Kameda Maboroshi Daisuke Sakama (Mummy-D) Soil & "Pimp"Sessions

scope="col" style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Date	Artist	Performance	Type of Release/Concert
1998	December 18	|	Backing vocalist: ''Becoming'' & ''Rock and Hammer''	his 2nd album ''Becoming''
rowspan="2"	1999	|	Rie Tomosaka	Chattering of the song: ''Good for Us!''	her album: Murasaki
January 30	Heart Bazaar ||	Pianist: ''Shiroi Yume''	their album: ''Baobab''
2000	|	Rie Tomosaka	Pianist & backing vocalist, cameo appearance on the music video	her eighth single: ''Shōjo Robot''
rowspan="2"	2002	| Kusano Masamune, Nao Matsuzaki, Hikaru Utada, Junpei Shiina ||	Singing a duet with them	Shiina’s cover album: ''Utaite Myouri ~Sono Ichi~''
May 27	|	Singing with him: ''Where Is the Love''	his cover album: ''Discover''
2004	|	Zazen Boys	Backing vocalist of tracks 2, 4, 5	their album: ''Zazen Boys II''
rowspan="2"	2005	|	Shuutoku Mukai (Zazen Boys)	Singing with him: ''Kimochi''	TV music show: ''Bokura no Ongaku -Our Music-''
December 7	|	Pianist: ''Rockin' Luuula'', backing vocalist and kazoo: ''Mashed Potatoes Boogie''	their album: ''Rockin' Luuula''
rowspan="4"	2006	|	Ken'ichi Asai	Backing vocalist	his solo debut single: ''Kikensugiru''
August 18, 19	|	Shina appeared as a guest.	''Rising Sun Rock Festival 2006 in Ezo''
November 11	|	Shiina collaborated with them	Shiina’s single: ''Karisome Otome''
December 8	|	Shiina appeared with them.	TV program: Music Station
rowspan="4"	2007	|	Saito Neko & Shiina Junpei	Shiina collaborated with them.	Shiina’s single: ''Kono Yo no Kagiri''
January 19	|	Singing with him: ''Kono Yo no Kagiri''	TV program: Music Station
February 2	|	Shiina appeared as a guest.	TV program: ''''
August 19	|	Shiina appeared as a guest singer with Tokyo Jihen.	''J-Wave 2000+7''
2008	|	:ja:Scoobie Do>Scoobie Do)	Shiina sang a duet with them: Zazen Boys’ ''Kimochi'', Elephant Kashimashi's ''Kanashimi no Hate''	''Society of The Citizens vol.2''
rowspan="5"	2009	|	Maboroshi	Shiina sang a duet with Daisuke Sakama in ''Amai Yamai feat. Shiina Ringo''.	their 3rd album: ''Maboroshi no Shi''
May 2	|	Shina appeared as a singer.	Kameda's event: ''Kame no Ongaeshi''
May 15	|	Shiina appeared as a guest.	''the Maboroshi Tour 2009 "Rap & Guitar vol.2" at Akasaka BLITZ''
June 24	|	Shiina collaborated with him: ''Ryūkō'' & ''Togatta Teguchi''	Shiina’s album: ''Sanmon Gossip''
September 16	|	Shiina was featured in their track: ''My Foolish Heart ~crazy on earth~''.	their album: ''6''

In popular culture

Ringo Shiina is one of the driving forces that caused a songstress boom from the late 1990s to early 2000s in Japan. Nearly half of them, like Ayumi Hamasaki, Hikaru Utada, aiko, Misia, Morning Musume, Ami Suzuki and Shiina, debuted in 1998. Especially, Shiina, Hamasaki, and Misia attracted attention concerning they were born in the same year and from the same city, Fukuoka-shi. Shiina and Hamasaki even lived in the same ward (''ku'').

Shiina was also one of fashion icon around 2000. There have also been girls called ''Ringo Gal'' who imitated Shiina's clothing, and were featured by a Japanese tabloid TV show in 1999. They wore clothes of Vivienne Westwood and had Armour Rings on their fingers. The Duesenberg Starplayer guitar which Shiina has used recorded the historical sales of about 1000 sets in Japan in 2000.

Shiina's name often appeared on the books, movies, TV dramas and songs, such as the Japanese movie ''All About Lily Chou-Chou'' (with The Beatles, Bjork, and UA), Maximum the Hormone’s song ''Shiina basu tei de matsu.'', Kreva's single ''Idome'', the Japanese movie ''Linda Linda Linda'', the TV drama ''Furuhata Ninzaburō final series'', the book by Taro Aso who is the 92nd Prime Minister of Japan ''Totetsumonai Nihon'' (as a singer representative of Jpop with Hikaru Utada).

Shiina is a model for a lot of characters of manga, anime and video games, such as ''Nana Osaki'' (Nana), ''Haruko Haruhara'' (FLCL), ''Ringo Awaya'', the favourite singer of ''Anna Kyoyama'' (''Shaman King'', ''Butsu Zone''), ''I-No'' (the fighting game; Guilty Gear XX), ''Mayumi'', the nurse with brown-dyed hair (Hideo Okuda's novel; Psychiatrist Irabu series), ''Murasaki'' (video game; pop'n music 7). Harold Sakuishi drew the frontispiece of his manga ''BECK: Mongolian Chop Squad'' on the model for the record sleeve of Shiina's single ''Honnou''. The image of the naughty nurse who has a mole was used in the various media at the time.

Lenny Kravitz stated that he admired Ringo's music video and both her way of making music and the presentation, and said that he wanted to meet her in 2000. When Courtney Love visited Japan in 2001, she was recommended Japanese female rock singers by the music magazine editor of ''rockin'on''. Shiina and Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her were in Courtney's favor. Courtney tried to make contact with Shiina or to give the song to Shiina, but she failed. Mika visited to Japan in 2007 and mentioned Ringo in several interviews as one of his favorite Japanese artists, along with Puffy AmiYumi, The Yellow Monkey, Yoko Kanno, and the Yoshida Brothers. Jack Barnett of These New Puritans who was visiting Japan for the Summer Sonic 08 said in an interview that he was a great fan of Ringo Shiina and bought all her works while he was there, as they were not available in the United Kingdom.

Her third album, "Kalk Samen Kuri no Hana", was ranked 2nd in ''the most underappreciated Japanese music of the last decade'' by CNN International Asia on December 22, 2009. Shiina got a mention in The Guardian as an artist who deserves to be seen and heard in the west in 2010.

Musical instruments

!Type	!Model	!Color	!Notes
			She bought it by installments while still an amateur.
	Her signature model, "Ichimatsu (市松)". This was sold as a limited edition for Shiina Ringo's 5th anniversary.
Duesenberg V-Caster
Duesenberg Rocket
Fender Jaguar Special		Made by Fender Japan
Fender Telecaster		Custom-made by Fender Japan
Fender Stratocaster Jimi Hendrix tribute
Gibson Firebird
Gibson Flying V
Gibson RD Artist		Recommended by Ukigumo
Nagare		This guitar is based on the Fender Jazzmaster, and is equipped with a flashbulb so it shines while playing.
		She bought it with her first royalties.
Tele Phantom
Acoustic guitars
Bass guitars	Danelectro 58 Longhorn
Amplifiers			She began to use this under the influence of Susumu Nishikawa who was her session guitarist in the early days.
Effects units
	Toy piano		She used it on the "Senko Ecstasy" tour.
Melodica		She used it on the "Dynamite Out" tour.

Discography

Solo works

Studio albums

''Muzai Moratorium'' (February 24, 1999)

''Shōso Strip'' (March 31, 2000)

''Kalk Samen Kuri no Hana'' (February 23, 2003)

''Sanmon Gossip'' (June 24, 2009)

Compilation albums

''Heisei Fūzoku'' (February 21, 2007)

''Watashi to Hōden'' (July 2, 2008)

''MoRA'' (November 25, 2008)

Cover Albums

''Utaite Myōri: Sono Ichi'' (May 27, 2002)

Vinyl Albums

''Saturday Night Gossip'' (August 26, 2009)

With Tokyo Jihen

Studio albums

''Kyōiku'' (November 25, 2004)

''Adult'' (January 26, 2006)

''Variety'' (September 26, 2007)

''Sports'' (February 24, 2010)

''Dai Hakken'' (June 29, 2011)

Awards

''1999''

Best Female Video for "Honnou" - Space Shower Music Video Awards 1999

''2000''

Best Female Video for "Tsumi to Batsu" - Space Shower Music Video Awards 2000

Best Album for "Shouso Strip" - 42nd Japan Record Awards

''2002''

Best Animation Video for "Mayonaka wa Junketsu" - Space Shower Music Video Awards 2002

Best Web Site - Space Shower Music Video Awards 2002

''2004''

Best Art Direction Video for "Kuki (STEM) ~Daimyou Asobi Hen~" - Space Shower Music Video Awards 2004

''2005''

Best Group Video for "Gunjou Biyori" (Tokyo Jihen) - Space Shower Music Video Awards 2005

''2007''

Music Prize and Excellent Prize for "Sakuran" (music director) - 31st Japan Academy Prize

''2008''

Best Technical Works Video for "Killer Tune" (Tokyo Jihen) - Space Shower Music Video Awards 2008

''2009''

The Newcomer Prize of 2009 - Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology’s Fine Arts Award in the Popular Culture category

''2010''

Best Artist and Best Female Video for "Tsugou no Ii Karada" (Dir: Kodama Yuuichi) - Space Shower Music Video Awards 2010

Notes and references

External links

Official website of Shiina Ringo at EMI Music Japan/Virgin Music (Japanese)

SR Nekoyanagi Line - Official website of "Kuronekodow" which is a private office of Shiina Ringo (Japanese) (English)

Official website of Tokyo Jihen at EMI Music Japan/ (Japanese)

Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:Japanese female singers Category:Japanese musicians Category:Japanese singer-songwriters Category:Japanese pop singers Category:Japanese-language singers Category:Japanese multi-instrumentalists Category:Japanese record producers Category:Melodica players Category:People from Saitama (city) Category:People from Fukuoka Prefecture Category:People from Fukuoka (city)

zh-min-nan:Siina Ringo de:Shiina Ringo es:Ringo Shiina fr:Ringo Shiina ko:시이나 링고 id:Ringo Shiina it:Ringo Shiina ms:Ringo Shiina ja:椎名林檎 pl:Ringo Shiina pt:Ringo Shiina ru:Сиина, Ринго simple:Ringo Shiina fi:Ringo Shiina sv:Ringo Shiina tl:Ringo Shiina th:ริงโก ซีน่า tr:Ringo Shiina vi:Shiina Ringo zh-yue:椎名林檎 zh:椎名林檎

Coordinates	37°46′45.48″N122°25′9.12″N
name	Rosanna Scotto
birth date	April 29, 1958
birth place	Brooklyn, New York
occupation	American television journalist/anchor
gender	Female
status	Married
title	Newscaster
spouse	Louis J. Ruggiero (1986-present)
children	Jenna and L.J. Ruggiero
ethnicity	Italian-American
salary	$2,500,000/annually
credits	WNYW Good Day New YorkFox 5 News at 5pm & 10pm}}

Rosanna Scotto (born April 29, 1958) is an American news anchor. She currently anchors WNYW's Good Day New York with Greg Kelly. Previously, Scotto anchored at 5 and 10 P.M. with Ernie Anastos and Fox 5 Live at 11 A.M. Scotto has been the lead female news anchor since 1990. This is the first time that she has been moved from the evening lineup since she joined the station.

Early life

Rosanna Scotto grew up in an Italian-American family in Dyker Heights, Brooklyn. Scotto attended Brooklyn's Packer Collegiate Institute where she graduated in 1977. She attended Catholic University of America, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in fine arts. She is the daughter of Anthony Scotto.

Career

Rosanna Scotto began her career in television at WTBS, Ted Turner's UHF television station in Atlanta, where she was a reporter for two local programs and an associate producer of the station's evening newscast. Rosanna Scotto returned to her native New York City in 1982 as a reporter for WABC-TV's Good Morning New York, which eventually became Live with Regis and Kathie Lee. After a year with Good Morning New York and The Morning Show, Rosanna Scotto joined WABC-TV's Eyewitness News as a reporter, where she remained until she joined Fox's WNYW. Rosanna Scotto started at WNYW-TV in 1986 as a weekend anchor and reporter and later in 1994, she started anchoring the weekday edition of Fox 5 News. Rosanna Scotto has presented with John Roland, Len Cannon, Lyn Brown, Ernie Anastos (on the 5 P.M. and 10 P.M. newscasts) and current co-anchor Greg Kelly on the weekday morning editions of Fox 5 News.

In 1997, Scotto made a cameo appearance as herself on an episode of the FOX police drama ''New York Undercover''.

She appeared in the 1998 movie ''The Object of My Affection'' as the news anchor.

References

Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:American Roman Catholics Category:American television journalists Category:American television personalities Category:American people of Italian descent Category:People from Brooklyn Category:People from Manhattan Category:New York City television anchors Category:New York television reporters