Neoteny (), also called juvenilization or pedomorphism, is the retention, by adults in a species, of traits previously seen only in juveniles, and is a subject studied in the field of developmental biology. In neoteny, the physiological (or somatic) development of an animal or organism is slowed or delayed. Ultimately this process results in the retention, in the adults of a species, of juvenile physical characteristics well into maturity and pedogenesis (paedogenesis), the reproduction in a neotenized state.

Neoteny is one of three dimensions of heterochrony, or the change in timing of developmental events: acceleration (faster) vs. neoteny (slower), hypermorphosis (further) vs. progenesis (not as far), and predisplacement (begins earlier) vs. postdisplacement (begins later).

The word ''neoteny'' is borrowed from the German ''Neotenie'', the latter constructed from the Greek ''νέος'' (''neos'', young) and ''τείνειν'' (''teínein'', tend to). The adjectival form of the word is either "neotenous" or "neotenic". The opposite of neoteny is either called "gerontomorphic" or "peramorphic".

In humans

Neotenous traits in humans

These are neotenous traits in humans: flattened face, broadened face, large brain, hairless body, hairless face, small nose, reduction of brow ridge, small teeth, small upper jaw (maxilla), small lower jaw (mandible), epicanthic eye fold (present in all people in the embryonic stage), thinness of skull bones, limbs proportionately short compared to torso length, longer leg than arm length, and upright stance.

Human evolution

Stephen Jay Gould believed that the "evolutionary story" of humans is one where we have been "retaining to adulthood the originally juvenile features of our ancestors". J.B.S. Haldane mirrors Gould's hypothesis by stating a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity." Delbert D. Thiessen claimed that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face."

In opposition, M.J. Rantala does not believe neoteny has been the main cause of human evolution, because humans only retain some juvenile traits while relinquishing others. He claims the high leg-to-body ratio (long legs) of adult humans as opposed to human infants shows that there is not holistic trend in humans towards neoteny when compared to the other Great Apes. Australian anthropologist Andrew Arthur Abbie agrees, citing the gerontomorphic fleshy human nose and long human legs as contradicting the neoteny hominid evolution hypothesis, although he does believe humans are generally neotenous. Brian Keith Hall also cites the long legs of humans as a peramorphic trait in sharp contrast to neoteny.

Between sexes

Ashley Montagu notes the following neotenous traits in women relative to men: more delicate skeleton, smoother ligament attachments, smaller mastoid processes, reduced brow ridges, more forward tilt of the head, narrower joints, less hairy, more delicate skin, retention of fetal body hair, smaller body size, more backward tilt of pelvis, greater longevity, lower basal metabolism, faster heartbeat, greater extension of development periods, higher pitched voice and larger tears.

Stephen Jay Gould claimed "Oriental women" are the most neotenized women.

Attractive women's faces

In a cross-cultural study, more neotenized female faces were found to be most attractive to men while less neotenized female faces were found to be less attractive to men, regardless of the females' actual age. Michael R. Cunningham of the Department of Psychology at the University of Louisville found, using a panel of "Asian", "Hispanic" and "White" judges, that the Asian, Hispanic and White female faces found most attractive were those that had "neonate large eyes, greater distance between eyes, and small noses" and his study led him to conclude that "large eyes" were the most "effective" of the "neonate cues". Cunningham also said that "shiny" hair may be indicative of "neonate vitality". Cunningham noted a "difference" in the preferences of Asian and White judges with Asian judges preferring women with "less mature faces" and smaller mouths than the White judges. Cunningham hypothesized that this difference in preference may stem from "ethnocentrism" since "Asian faces possess those qualities", so Cunningham re-analyzed the data with "11 Asian targets excluded" and concluded that "ethnocentrism was not a primary determinant of Asian preferences." Using a panel of "Blacks" and "Whites" as judges, Cunningham found more neotenous faces were perceived as having both higher "femininity" and "sociability". In contrast, Cunningham found that faces that were "low in neoteny" were judged as "intimidating". Upon analyzing the results of his study Cunningham concluded that preference for "neonate features may display the least cross-cultural variability" in terms of "attractiveness ratings". In a study of Italian women who have won beauty competitions, it was found that the Italian women who won the beauty competitions had faces characterized by more "babyness" traits compared to the "normal" women used as a reference. In a study of 60 Caucasian female faces at the University of St. Andrews, it was found that the average facial composite of the 15 faces found most attractive differed from the facial composite of the whole by: a reduced lower facial region, a thinner jaw and a higher forehead.

Between races and among primates

Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould who taught biology and evolution at New York University stated that "Orientals" are "clearly" the most neotenized human race. Ashley Montagu mirrored this statement when he stated that the "Mongoloid skull, whether Chinese or Japanese" is the most neotenized human skull. Ashley Montagu further claimed that the "European" skull was less neotenized than the Mongoloid, with the "Australian Aborigine" skull less neotenized than the European and the Neanderthal skull even less neotenized than the Australian Aborigine skull. Ashley Montagu claimed that humans have more neotenized skulls than Australopithecus. Delbert D. Thiessen claimed that Homo Sapiens are more neotenized than Homo Erectus, Homo Erectus was more neotenized than Australopithicus, Great Apes are more neotenized than Old World monkeys and Old World monkeys are more neotenized than New World monkeys. Nancy Lynn Barrickman of the Department of Evolutionary Psychology at Duke University claimed Brian T. Shea found by multivariate analysis that Bonobos are more neotenized than the common chimpanzee, taking into account such features as the proportionately long torso length of the Bonobo. Ashley Montagu believed that part of the differences seen in the morphology of "modernlike types of man" can be attributed to different rates of "neotenous mutations" in their early populations.

Mongoloids

According to Ashley Montagu who taught anthropology at Princeton University, "The Mongoloid skull has proceeded further than in any other people." "The Mongoloid skull, whether Chinese or Japanese, has been rather more neotenized than the Caucasoid or European." "The female skull, it will be noted, is more pedomorphic in all human populations than the male skull." In Ashley Montagu's list of "[n]eotenous structural traits in which Mongoloids... differ from Caucasoids", Montagu lists "Larger brain, larger braincase, broader skull, broader face, flat roof of the nose, inner eye fold, more protuberant eyes, lack of brow ridges, greater delicacy of bones, shallow mandibular fossa, small mastoid processes, stocky build, persistence of thymus gland into adult life, persistence of juvenile form of zygomatic muscle, persistence of juvenile form of superior lip muscle, later eruption of full dentition (except second and third molars), less hairy, fewer sweat glands, fewer hairs per square centimeter [and] long torso".

According to Clive Bromhall who has a Ph.D. in zoology from Oxford University, "Mongoloid races are explained in terms of being the most extreme pedomorphic humans."

Richard Grossinger, professor of anthropology at University of Maine at Portland, claimed "The intuition that advanced human development was pedomorphic rather than recapitulationary and accelerated was disturbing to many Eurocentric nineteenth century anthropologists." "If juvenilization was the characteristic for advanced status, then it was clear that the Mongoloid races were more deeply fetalized in most respects and thus capable of the greatest development."

Stephen Oppenheimer of the Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology at Oxford University claimed "An interesting hypothesis put forward by paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould many years ago was that the package of the Mongoloid anatomical changes could be explained by the phenomenon of neoteny, whereby an infantile or childlike body form is preserved in adult life. Neoteny in hominids is still one of the simplest explanations of how we developed a disproportionately large brain so rapidly over the past few million years. The relatively large brain and the forward rotation of the skull on the spinal column, and body hair loss, both characteristic of humans, are found in foetal chimps. Gould suggested a mild intensification of neoteny in Mongoloids, in whom it has been given the name pedomorphy. Such a mechanism is likely to involve only a few controller genes and could therefore happen over a relatively short evolutionary period. It would also explain how the counterintuitive retrousse [turned up at the end] nose and relative loss of facial hair got into the package." "[D]ecrease unnecessary muscle bulk, less tooth mass, thinner bones and smaller physical size; ...this follows the selective adaptive model of Mongoloid evolution."

Negroids

According to Ashley Montagu, Negroids have the following neotenous traits relative to Caucasoids: flattish nose, flat roof of the nose, small ears, narrower joints, frontal skull eminences, later closure of the premaxillary sutures, less hairy, longer eyelashes and cruciform pattern of the lower second and third molars.

Bushmen

According to Ashley Montagu, Bushmen have the following neotenous traits relative to Caucasoids: "large brain", light skin pigment, less hairy, round-headed, bulging forehead, small cranial sinuses, flat roof of the nose, small face, small mastoid processes, wide eye separation, median eye fold, short stature and horizontal penis.

Psychology

Humans have been evolving toward greater "psychological-neoteny". Highly-educated people and eminent scientists usually demonstrate more neotenous psychological traits, and students with more of a "baby face" tend to "outperform" their less-neotenized peers in school. In fact, the ability of an adult human to learn has long been considered a neotenous trait. Physical neotenization in humans has, likewise, caused psychologically neotenous traits in humans: curiosity, playfulness, affection, sociality and an innate desire to cooperate.

Specific neotenies

Populations with a history of dairy farming have evolved to be lactose tolerant in adulthood whereas other populations generally lose the ability to break down lactose as they grow into adults.

Down syndrome

Down syndrome neotenizes the brain and body to the fetal state. Down syndrome is characterized by decelerated maturation (neoteny), incomplete morphogenesis (vestigia) and atavisms. Dr. Weihs considers Down syndrome to be a condition of "neoteny" that makes people "like a baby." He notes both the physical neoteny of people with Down syndrome: "round in shape," "bowed legs which tend to be short," "slanty eyes," a "long tongue" and "short fingers," and their mental neoteny: "unsexual," "playful," "affectionate," "mischievous" and "imitative".

Anime and manga

Dr. Thomas Lamarre, professor of East Asian Studies and Art History at McGill University, claimed that after World War II Japanese people as shown in their and became "fascinated" with "neoteny" and "cuteness".

In other species

The axolotl is a salamander that retains its juvenile aquatic form throughout adulthood and tiger salamander and Rough-skinned Newt both retain gills into adulthood.

flightless birds' physical proportions resemble those of the chicks of flighted birds;

A plant species in the genus ''Oreostylidium'' neotenized to become mature earlier than other species in its genus in response to selective pressure.

Domestication

Domestication has involved selection for behavioral characteristics that characterize young animals so, since "behavior is rooted in biology", domestication has resulted in an array of similar neotenous physical traits having arisen in various domesticated animals. Such neotenous physical traits in domesticated animals such as dogs, pigs, cats, and recently foxes are floppy ears, changes in reproductive cycle, curly tails, piebald coloration, fewer or shortened vertebra, large eyes, rounded forehead, large ears and shortened muzzle.

See also

Cuteness

Sexual selection

Ageing

References

Category:Developmental biology Category:Evolutionary biology

ca:Neotènia cs:Neotenie de:Neotenie es:Neotenia fr:Néoténie hr:Neotenija it:Neotenia he:נאוטניה ka:ნეოტენია hu:Neoténia nl:Neotenie ja:ネオテニー no:Neoteni pl:Neotenia pt:Neotenia ru:Неотения stq:Neotenie sv:Neoteni uk:Неотенія zh:幼态延续

name	Seu Jorge
background	solo_singer
birth name	Jorge Mário da Silva
born	June 8, 1970
origin	Belford Roxo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
genre	Samba, Samba rock, Soul, Funk, MPB
occupation	MusicianSinger-songwriterActor
associated acts	Farofa Carioca
website	Official website
notable instruments	}}

Seu Jorge (born June 8, 1970; ) is a Brazilian musician, singer/songwriter and actor. Born Jorge Mário da Silva, he was raised in a favela in the city of Belford Roxo in the Baixada Fluminense region of Rio de Janeiro state. He is considered by his fans a renewer of Brazilian pop samba. Seu Jorge cites samba school, and American soul singer Stevie Wonder as major musical influences.

As a singer, Seu Jorge was part of the band Farofa Carioca, writing most of the songs of their 1998 debut album ''Moro no Brasil''. In 2001 he released ''Samba Esporte Fino'', a pop album influenced by musicians Jorge Ben Jor, Gilberto Gil, and Milton Nascimento. It was released outside Brazil under the name ''Carolina'' in 2003. His second album, the critically acclaimed ''Cru'' (''"Raw"''), was released in 2005. Seu Jorge also recorded the live duo album "Ana & Jorge" with Brazilian singer Ana Carolina, released in Brazil in 2005.

Seu Jorge has gained exposure through his work as an actor and soundtrack composer. He appeared in the critically acclaimed film ''City of God'' as Mané Galinha, and then played Pelé Dos Santos in Wes Anderson's ''The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou'', for which he provided much of the soundtrack in the form of Portuguese language cover versions of David Bowie classics.

In June 2006, he performed at Bonnaroo music festival in Tennessee and at the Festival Sudoeste TMN in Portugal. He has also performed in 2006 at the Bluesfest in Ottawa and performed at the Harbourfront in Toronto. Jorge's performances are known for their excitement and getting the crowd moving. Performed with Thievery Corporation on Austin City Limits on PBS in January 2010.

His new album 'América Brasil' had a limited Brazilian release in 2007 under his label Cafuné Gravadora, distributed in the UK by Proper Music Distribution. In May 2010, Now-Again Records announced that Jorge's new album, Seu Jorge & Almaz, a collaboration with drummer Pupillo and guitarist Lucio Maia from Nação Zumbi and bassist and composer Antonio Pinto would be released in North America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand on July 27 and in Europe on September 14. The album has been described as "how powerful Brazilian soul music can be."

In 2011, he collaborated with Beck on the Mario C. remix of "Tropicália" for the Red Hot Organization's most recent charitable album "Red Hot+Rio 2." The album is a follow-up to the 1996 "Red Hot+Rio." Proceeds from the sales will be donated to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health and social issues.

Discography

Solo albums

''Samba Esporte Fino'' (also released as ''Carolina'' by Regata Musica, MrBongo and Quantitum Solutions) (2001)

''Cru'' (2004) (Released in Brazil, Europe, and Japan)

''The Life Aquatic Studio Sessions'' (2005)

''América Brasil O Disco'' (2007)

with Almaz

''Seu Jorge & Almaz'' (2010)

Music DVDs

''MTV Apresenta Seu Jorge'' (2004)

''Ana & Jorge: Ao Vivo'' with Ana Carolina (2005)

''Seu Jorge – Live at Montreux 2005'' 2008

Filmography

''City of God'' (2002)

''Moro no Brasil'' (2002)

''The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou'' (2004)

''House of Sand'' (2005)

''Elipsis'' (2006)

''The Escapist'' (2008)

''Carmo'' (2008)

''The Elite Squad 2'' (2010)

See also

Afro-Brazilians

References

External links

Official website

Seu Jorge and Almaz Official website

Seu Jorge's UK Distributor

I am Here to Stay: An Interview with Seu Jorge

A Moment with Seu Jorge. Interview

CNN interview with Seu Jorge

Seu Jorge interview on PBS NewsHour

Seu Jorge interview and in performance on PBS Sound Tracks presents Quick Hits

Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian actors Category:Brazilian singer-songwriters Category:Hollywood Records artists Category:People from Rio de Janeiro (state) Category:Música Popular Brasileira singers Category:Mr Bongo Records artists Category:Latin Grammy Award winners Category:Brazilian people of Black African descent

de:Seu Jorge es:Seu Jorge fr:Seu Jorge no:Seu Jorge pl:Seu Jorge pt:Seu Jorge ru:Сеу Жоржи sv:Seu Jorge

Christopher Andrew "Chris" Barker (born 2 March 1980) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for Southend United. He has also represented Barnsley, Cardiff City, Stoke City, Colchester United, Queens Park Rangers and Plymouth Argyle since beginning his career in 1997. His brother, Richard Barker, also played professional football as a striker.

Playing career

Barker began his professional career at Barnsley, winning the club's young player of the year award in his first full season. After beating off competition for his place from Mateo Corbo, Barker was again awarded the clubs young player of the year award, becoming the first player to win the award on two occasions. After appearing in over 100 games for the club, on 12 July 2002, 22-year-old Barker joined Cardiff City, in a deal which was thought to be worth an initial £500,000, with an extra £100,000 if Cardiff achieved promotion.

After dropping down a division to sign for the club, Barker helped the team win promotion in his first year. He remained first choice left back for the majority of the next few years, joining Stoke City on loan in August 2004 for three months only to be recalled after one, and was voted the Cardiff City supporters' player of the season in 2004–05. On 18 August 2006, Barker was signed on loan by Colchester United, until January 2007. This was later extended until the end of the season. However the move did not become permanent at the end of his loan spell, but he is still regarded as a very popular and much respected player with the fans at Layer Road. On 5 June 2007, Barker signed for Queens Park Rangers, in a two-year deal, on a free transfer.

He signed for Championship rivals Plymouth Argyle on an emergency loan deal on 9 August 2008, allowing him to make his debut later that day against Wolverhampton Wanderers. Two days later the transfer was made permanent, with Barker signing a three-year contract for an undisclosed fee. On August 5, 2010, Barker joined Southend United on loan for one month after being told he was surplus to requirements by Peter Reid. He signed a two-year contract with the club at the end of the month on a free transfer.

On 30 April 2011, Barker was voted Southend's player of the year for the 2010–11 season.

Barker, who was Vice Captain in his first season with Southend, was named new club captain after Craig Easton left the club after failing to agree a new contract.

Honours

Cardiff City

Football League Division Two play-off winner: 1

:: 2002–03

Southend United

Player of the Year 2010/11

References

External links

Chris Barker Signs for PAFC at PAFC.co.uk

Chris Barker player profile at qpr.co.uk

Chris Barker player profile at cardiffcityfc.co.uk

Chris Barker player profile at barnsleyfc.co.uk

Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:People from Sheffield Category:Association football defenders Category:English footballers Category:Barnsley F.C. players Category:Cardiff City F.C. players Category:Stoke City F.C. players Category:Colchester United F.C. players Category:Queens Park Rangers F.C. players Category:Plymouth Argyle F.C. players Category:The Football League players