name	Free Lossless Audio Codec
logo
developer	Xiph.Org Foundation, Josh Coalson
released	20 July 2001
latest release version	1.2.1
latest release date
operating system	Cross-platform
genre	Audio codec, Audio file format
license	command-line utilities: GNU GPLlibraries: BSD
website	FLAC.SourceForge.net }}

name	Free Lossless Audio Codec
extension	.flac
mime	audio/x-flac
genre	Audio
standard	Specification }}

Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC) is an audio compression codec that employs a lossless data compression algorithm. A digital audio recording compressed by FLAC can be decompressed into an identical copy of the original audio data. Audio sources encoded to FLAC are typically reduced to 50–60% of their original size.

FLAC is an open and royalty-free format with a free software implementation made available. FLAC has support for tagging, cover art, and fast seeking. Though FLAC playback support in portable audio devices and dedicated audio systems is limited compared to formats like MP3 or uncompressed PCM, FLAC is supported by more hardware devices than competing lossless compressed formats like WavPack.

History

Development started in 2000 by Josh Coalson. The bit-stream format was frozen when FLAC entered beta stage with the release of version 0.5 of the reference implementation on 15 January 2001. Version 1.0 was released on 20 July 2001.

On 29 January 2003, the Xiph.Org Foundation and the FLAC project announced the incorporation of FLAC under the Xiph.org banner. Xiph.org is behind other free compression formats such as Vorbis, Theora, Speex, and others.

On 17 September 2007, the version 1.2.1 was released.

The project

The FLAC project consists of:

The stream formats

A simple container format for the stream, also called FLAC (or ''Native FLAC'')

libFLAC, a library of reference encoders and decoders, and a metadata interface

libFLAC++, an object wrapper around libFLAC

flac, a command-line program based on libFLAC to encode and decode FLAC streams

metaflac, a command-line metadata editor for .flac files and for applying ReplayGain

Input plugins for various music players (Winamp, XMMS, foobar2000, musikCube, and many more)

With Xiph.org incorporation, the Ogg container format, suitable for streaming (also called ''Ogg FLAC'')

"Free" means that the specification of the stream format can be implemented by anyone without prior permission (Xiph.org reserves the right to set the FLAC specification and certify compliance), and that neither the FLAC format nor any of the implemented encoding/decoding methods are covered by any patent. It also means that the reference implementation is free software. The sources for libFLAC and libFLAC++ are available under Xiph.org's BSD license, and the sources for flac, metaflac, and the plugins are available under the GPL.

In its stated goals, the FLAC project encourages its developers not to implement copy prevention features of any kind.

Comparisons

FLAC is specifically designed for efficient packing of audio data, unlike general purpose lossless algorithms such as DEFLATE which is used in ZIP and gzip. While ZIP may compress a CD-quality audio file by 10–20%, FLAC achieves compression rates of 30–50% for most music, with significantly greater compression for voice recordings.

FLAC uses linear prediction to convert the audio samples to a series of small, uncorrelated numbers (known as the residual), which are stored efficiently using Golomb-Rice coding. It also uses run-length encoding for blocks of identical samples, such as silent passages. The technical strengths of FLAC compared to other lossless formats lie in its ability to be streamed and decoded quickly, which is independent of compression level. In a comparison of compressed audio formats, FFmpeg's FLAC implementation was noted to have the fastest and most efficient embedded decoder of any modern lossless audio format.

Since FLAC is a lossless scheme, it is suitable as an archive format for owners of CDs and other media who wish to preserve their audio collections. If the original media is lost, damaged, or worn out, a FLAC copy of the audio tracks ensures that an exact duplicate of the original data can be recovered at any time. An exact restoration from a lossy archive (e.g., MP3) of the same data is impossible. FLAC being lossless means it is highly suitable for transcode e.g. to MP3, without the normally associated transcoding quality loss. A CUE file can optionally be created when ripping a CD. If a CD is read and ripped perfectly to FLAC files, the CUE file allows later burning of an audio CD that is identical in audio data to the original CD, including track order, pregaps, and CD-Text. However, additional data present on some audio CDs such as lyrics and CD+G graphics are beyond the scope of a CUE file and most ripping software, so that data will not be archived.

The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) has adopted the FLAC format for the distribution of high quality audio over its Euroradio network.

Technical details

FLAC supports only fixed-point samples, not floating-point. This is to avoid the imprecision of floating point arithmetic so as to ensure the encoder is fully lossless. It can handle any PCM bit resolution from 4 to 32 bits per sample, any sampling rate from 1 Hz to 655,350 Hz in 1 Hz increments, and any number of channels from 1 to 8. Channels can be grouped in cases like stereo and 5.1 channel surround to take advantage of interchannel correlations to increase compression. FLAC uses CRC checksums for identifying corrupted frames when used in a streaming protocol, and also has a complete MD5 hash of the ''raw PCM'' audio stored in its ''STREAMINFO'' metadata header. FLAC allows for a Rice parameter between 0 and 16. FLAC supports ReplayGain.

FLAC is implemented as the libFLAC core encoder & decoder library with the main distributable program ''flac'' being the reference program utilizing the libFLAC API. This codec API is also available in C++ as libFLAC++.

The reference implementation of FLAC compiles on many platforms, including most Unix (such as Solaris and Mac OS X) and Unix-like (including Linux, BSD), Windows, BeOS, and OS/2 operating systems. There are build systems for autoconf/automake, MSVC, Watcom C, and Xcode. There is currently no multicore support in libFLAC.

For tagging, FLAC uses the same system as Vorbis comments.

API organization

libFLAC API is organized into streams, seekable streams, and files (listed in the order of increasing abstraction from the base FLAC bitstream). Most FLAC applications will generally restrict themselves to encoding/decoding using libFLAC at the file level interface.

Apple products

The iOS platform (hence all "iDevices") and iTunes software does not support FLAC files. Apple only directly supports natively their own proprietary ALAC audio format on all of their devices, which is widely considered to be closely comparable to FLAC. However, more specifically, with the use of a third-party software plug-in, iTunes software is currently able to playback a small percentage of Ogg-based FLAC files. Computers that run on the OS X operating system require third-party non-iTunes media players in order to playback FLAC files, or to encode into FLAC files.

Android platform (Google)

Native support for FLAC was added to the Android operating system starting from the 3.1 'Honeycomb' update. The feature came about after much public discussion on Android's Google Code development site. Prior to the Android 3.1 update, users could (and still) resort to using third-party applications (apps) available for Android such as PowerAMP or andLess or alternatively turn to installing the CyanogenMod ROM. It is good to note that some of these third-party applications, especially PowerAMP, are decoding FLAC and other formats with the use of FFmpeg thereby not needing any reliance on the operating system itself.

Windows Mobile & WP7 (Microsoft)

The now defunct Windows Mobile operating system is able to support playback of FLAC files through the use of plugins or third-party applications such as TCMP and others. On Windows Phone 7 (WP7) there is no FLAC support available in the default Zune media player.

Software support

Encoding

Name	Description	Platform
		! Windows	! Mac OS X	! GNU/Linux
Adobe Soundbooth
aTunes
ALLPlayer
Audacity	Since version 1.2.5
Cakewalk SONAR	Producer Edition version 7 and later.
Easy Media Creator
Exact Audio Copy
FlaCuda	An experimental encoder released under the LGPL that runs on GPUs with OpenCL or CUDA support. On high end GPUs it has been reported to outperform CPU encoders by orders of magnitude. Multi-channel or higher than 16 bit depth are not yet supported.
Flake (and libFlake)	An independent LGPL implementation purported to be faster at the same compression ratio than the reference libFlac; it also offers some experimental higher compression ratios. An experimental version that supports multiple threads/cores has been developed by a third party.
FFmpeg
foobar2000	With external encoder
fre:ac
GoldWave
GOM Player
	Grip is a cd-player and cd-ripper for the Gnome desktop. It has the ripping capabilities of cdparanoia builtin, but can also use external rippers (such as cdda2wav).
JetAudio
Juce
	Since version 12.0.3xx
Media Go
MediaMonkey
MusicBee	Via flac.exe that is shipped with MusicBee and available separately at flac.sourceforge.net
Nero Burning ROM	With optional external filter plug-in.
REAPER
Samplitude	Since version 10.2
	Version 9 and later
Sound Normalizer	Beginning with version 3
	Beginning with version 7
VLC media player
	Added in version 7.1
Winamp	Since 5.35 uses Flake. Versions before 5.54 generate an incorrect MD5 checksum.
	Not to be confused with Microsoft's XACT audio programming library.
Yahoo! Music Jukebox

Decoding

Cross-platform

*Boxee

*FFmpeg

*aTunes

*PS3 Media Server

*Adobe Audition

*Audacity 1.3.5 Beta

*MPlayer

*Songbird

*Squeezebox

*The Core Pocket Media Player with FLAC plugin

*VLC media player

*XBMC Media Center

*Mixxx Digital DJ software

Microsoft Windows

*Ableton Live

*Adobe Premiere Pro with FLAC plugin

*Aimp2

*Billy since version 1.04i

*Creative Centrale

*DJ Decks

*foobar2000

*GoldWave

*J.River Media Center since version 12.0.3xx

*iTunes after installing codec from Xiph (Ogg FLAC only)

*JetAudio

*K-Multimedia Player

*MediaMonkey

*MusicBee

*Cockos REAPER Multitrack Recorder and Editor

*Renoise supports import and export from version 1.8

*Quintessential Player with FLAC plugin

*SUPER

*Vegas Pro 8, Vegas Pro 9

*TRAKTOR 3

*TRAKTOR Scratch

*TVersity, using ffdshow to transcode stream to WAV

*VUPlayer

*Winamp

*Windows Media Player and Media Player Classic with third-party plugin

*Media Player Classic Home Cinema

*Yahoo! Music Jukebox

Windows Mobile

*Kinoma Play

*CorePlayer (Shareware)

Unix-like operating systems

*Audacious

*Banshee

*Baudline

*cmus

*mpd

*ogg123 (if compiled against FLAC - ogg123 is part of the 'vorbis-tools' package)

*Xine

*XMMS

*XMMS2

*GNOME

**GnomeBaker

**Quod Libet

**Rhythmbox

**Totem Movie Player

**Serpentine

*KDE

**Amarok

**JuK

**Audiokonverter (from the context menu pop-up)

Mac OS X

*Ableton Live

*Amarra, Amarra MINI, Amarra Junior (version 2.2, commercial)

*Cog

*CorePlayer (Shareware)

*Plex media center

*PreMaster CD (version 3.3, commercial)

*Quicktime with the Xiph QT component

TCPMP (version 0.72rc1, open source) with free plug-in

*TRAKTOR 3

*TRAKTOR Scratch

*xACT, not to be confused with Microsoft's XACT

Ripping

Cross-platform

*Songbird

*aTunes

Microsoft Windows

*Audiograbber (with external encoder)

*Audio Transcoder

*BonkEnc using the FLAC.dll API

*CDex included in v1.7 beta2

*Exact Audio Copy using the external encoder

*Easy CD-DA Extractor

*foobar2000 (with external encoder)

*iriver plus 3

*JetAudio

*MediaMonkey

*MusicBee

*Winamp

*Yahoo! Music Jukebox

Unix-like operating systems

*ABCDE

*Asunder

*Banshee

*Cdda2wav

*Cdparanoia

*Mencoder

*crip

*Grip

*GNOME

**Sound Juicer

*KDE

**K3b

**Konqueror

Mac OS X

*Max (Mac OS 10.4 or higher)

Hardware support

Native

TRAXMOD Open source, open hardware portable MMC/SD player supports 44.1 kHz/16-bit stereo FLAC playback.

Onkyo TX-NR906 Supports 16 bit/24 bit at 44.1 kHz/48 kHz/96 kHz Mono & Stereo FLAC files through external USB with metatag display support.

Pioneer SC-05, SC-07, SC-25, SC-27, SC-35, SC-37 and SC-09TX support via external USB (network support verified)

Denon AVP-A1HDCI, AVR-4810, AVR-4310, AVR-3310, AVR-5308, AVR-4308, AVR-3808 AV Receivers

Yamaha RX-V2065 AV Receiver, RX-A1000/A2000/A3000 AV Receiver , RX-V1067, RX-V2067, RX-V3067 AV Receivers

Meridian Sooloos

Escient iAudio (Cowon) - A2, A3, 6, 7, F2, O2, M3, M5, X5, U3, U5, D2, D2+, S9, J3, X7 native support with newer firmware.

PhatBox Hard Drive based in car Digital Media Player from PhatNoise

Rio Karma

SanDisk Sansa Fuze, Clip (with updated firmware), Clip+, Fuze+

Squeezebox and Transporter network music players from Logitech. Current products decode natively, old v1 units transcode to PCM on the server.

Sonos 16bit max.

Meizu M6 Mini Player, M3 Music Card

VEDIA A10, B6

Pixel Magic Systems' HD Mediabox (with firmware 1.3.4 or higher)

Embedded Waveplayer- Module with FLAC level 0-2 support, MIDI and serial interface

Teclast T29, T39, C260, C280, C290

Trekstor Vibez

T+A Music Player

PS Audio Perfect Wave DAC + Brigde (Digital to Analog Converter/Digital Streamer)

Linn Klimax DS (Digital Stream) - Digital Music Player

Linn Renew DS - Digital Music Player

Linn Akurate DS - Digital Music Player

Linn Majik DS - Digital Music Player

Linn Sneaky Music DS - Digital Music Player

iriver E200, E150, E100, E50, E30, Lplayer, SPINN.

Archos 5 Internet Tablet

Archos Internet Media Tablets Naim Audio HDX Hard Disk Player, NaimUniti, UnitiQute, DAC, NDX, UnitiServe Samsung YP-U5

Creative Zen X-Fi 2

WD TV

Seagate FreeAgent Theater+ HD, HDTV Network Media Player STAJ100

Samsung Galaxy S

Samsung Galaxy S II

TVIX HD M-6500, N1 (cafe), HD M-6600A/N Plus, HD M-7000

Nokia N900

Non-native with customized firmware and/or applications

Nintendo Wii when running the Wii homebrew app MPlayerWii or MPlayer CE or WiiMC

Apple TV, XBMC Media Center or Boxee

iPod - 1st through Classic generation, iPod mini and 1st/2nd generation iPod nano (not the shuffle, 3rd gen nano, or touch), using third party Rockbox firmware

Nearly all other Rockbox-compatible DAPs, including the iriver and Gigabeat (Toshiba) range of devices, plus the aforementioned iPods

Sound Devices 7-Series Professional Audio Recorders with "badger" firmware update (v.2.24) Sony PlayStation Portable when running the homebrew LightMP3 application.

Samsung YP-P3, YP-Q1, YP-Q2, YP-U5, YP-S5 (with upgraded firmware available from Samsung website)

FLAC playback is possible on mobile devices or phones based on Windows Mobile, or Symbian OS with either S60, Series 80 or Series 90 UI platforms, can run the free open source media player application OggPlay. Also LCG Jukebox from Lonely Cat Games is able to play FLAC audio on Symbian S60 and Windows Mobile devices.

Android operating system devices running CyanogenMod ROM can play back FLAC. Otherwise users could simply opt to use a third-party supported application for Android such as PowerAMP, andLess, RockPlayer, Meridian Media Player or MortPlayer. Such players can even recognize the tags after using Extended Media Scanner.

See also

Comparison of audio formats

Apple Lossless

Meridian Lossless Packing

Monkey's Audio

TTA

WavPack

WMA Lossless

References

External links

Flacatac – general info about using FLAC

Comparison of lossless formats by Hans Heiden (somewhat outdated)

Lossless audio formats comparison – measuring FLAC against five other lossless audio formats

GSMArena Phone Finder – all phones & tablets with FLAC support

Category:2001 introductions Category:2001 software Category:Lossless audio codecs Category:Free audio software Category:Free multimedia codecs, containers, and splitters Category:Xiph.Org projects Category:Cross-platform software

ca:FLAC cs:Free Lossless Audio Codec da:FLAC de:Free Lossless Audio Codec es:Free Lossless Audio Codec eo:FLAC fa:کدک صوتی بی‌اتلاف آزاد fr:Free Lossless Audio Codec gl:FLAC ko:FLAC id:FLAC it:Free Lossless Audio Codec he:FLAC lt:FLAC hu:Free Lossless Audio Codec nl:FLAC ja:FLAC no:FLAC pl:FLAC pt:FLAC ru:FLAC simple:FLAC sk:Free Lossless Audio Codec fi:FLAC sv:Free Lossless Audio Codec tr:FLAC uk:FLAC vi:FLAC yo:Free Lossless Audio Codec zh:FLAC

All codecs are devices or computer program capable of coding and/or decoding a digital data stream or signal.

The term audio codec has two meanings depending on the context:

In software, an "audio codec" is a computer program implementing an algorithm that compresses and decompresses digital audio data according to a given audio file format or streaming media audio format. The object of the algorithm is to represent the high-fidelity audio signal with minimum number of bits while retaining the quality. This can effectively reduce the storage space and the bandwidth required for transmission of the stored audio file. Most codecs are implemented as libraries which interface to one or more multimedia players.

In hardware, "audio codec" refers to a single device that encodes analog audio as digital signals and decodes digital back into analog. In other words, it contains both an Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and Digital-to-analog converter (DAC) running off the same clock. This is used in sound cards that support both audio in and out, for instance.

See also

Comparison of audio formats

List of codecs

Open source codecs and containers

Transcoding

Video codec

References

ca:Còdec d'àudio es:Códec de audio fr:Codage audiophonique it:Codec audio pt:Codec de áudio ru:Аудиокодек tr:Ses çözücü uk:Аудіо кодек

name	Amberian Dawn
background	group_or_band
origin	Finland
genre	Power metal, symphonic metal, neo-classical metal
years active	2006–present
label	Spinefarm Records
associated acts	Virtuocity
website	amberiandawn.com
current members	Heidi ParviainenTuomas SeppäläJukka KoskinenKimmo KorhonenHeikki SaariKasperi Heikkinen
past members	Heikki SaariSampo SeppäläTom SagarEmil PohjalainenTommi KuriJoonas Pykälä-Aho }}

Amberian Dawn is a Finnish symphonic power metal band, formed in 2006 by Tuomas Seppälä and Tommi Kuri. Their third album ''End of Eden'' was released on Spinefarm Records in October 2010.

Biography

Atheme One (2006–2008)

Several of the members that would later form Amberian Dawn previously played in the group Virtuocity, and after Virtuocity's breakup they formed a new band, based on keyboardist and guitarist Tuomas Seppälä's songwriting. The band was named ''Atheme One'' and had Peter James Goodman as their lead singer and lyricist. The band released a demo in 2006 featuring four songs, "Dreamchaser", "Velvet Roses", "Burning Touch" and "World of Insanity", three of which would later be remade into Amberian Dawn songs: an instrumental version of "Dreamchaser" appears as a bonus track on ''River of Tuoni'', "Velvet Roses" appears with lyrics by Heidi Parviainen as "Sons of Seven Stars" on ''The Clouds of Northland Thunder'' and "World of Insanity" appears with new lyrics as "Ghostly Echoes" on ''End of Eden''.

During the summer of 2006, shortly after the release of the first demo, Seppälä and Kuri began searching for a female vocalist with high technical skills to replace Goodman, feeling he wasn't right for the music. Around the time they placed an ad, they found another for soprano vocalist Heidi Parviainen, who had grown tired of her keyboard duties of Iconofear. After listening to her samples, they decided to set up a demo with her and the band. It turned out that she was exactly what they were looking for, due to her ability to both sing and contribute lyrics, after writing the lyrics to ''Passing Bells''. This completed the band's lineup, now under the name of Amberian Dawn, the result of a day of brainstorming. In spite of having Goodman leave his position as singer, there were no hard feelings between him and the band, and he has made minor appearances on all three Amberian Dawn albums since.

Their first studio session was in fall 2006, where they recorded two songs at the Rockstar Productions studio in Hyvinkää, Finland. The promotional demo, ''Amberian Dawn'' had the two songs "River of Tuoni" and "Evil Inside Me", both of which would reappear on their debut full-length.

''River of Tuoni'' (2008)

Amberian Dawn signed a record deal with Finnish label KHY Suomen Musiikki in 2007, and finally recorded their debut album ''River of Tuoni'' which was released in Finland on January 30, 2008, hitting the charts right after release in Finland. To support the album, the band was the main supporter for Dutch symphonic metal band Epica during their summer/autumn European tour, and released a music video for their hit song "River of Tuoni" in May 2008.

''The Clouds of Northland Thunder'' (2008–2009)

In late 2008, when the band withdrew from their ''River of Tuoni'' tour, band leader Tuomas Seppälä had already finished most songs for a new album, and the recording began almost immediately, but with a few changes in line-up - Emil Pohjalainen of Thaurorod joined on second guitar, and Seppälä moved permanently to keyboards on the live shows, but has continued to record guitars in the studio.

In January 2009, the band released their second music video through YouTube, namely the ''River of Tuoni'' track "My Only Star" alongside footage from the 2008 tour. In May, the band released their second studio album, ''The Clouds of Northland Thunder'', alongside their new single "He Sleeps in a Grove" and its music video, and June introduced the band to their first festival, when they played at the Gibson stage on Sweden Rock festival in Sölvesborg, Sweden. In the summer and fall of 2009, they toured with several heavy metal bands, including Kamelot, Epica, Sons of Seasons and Dream Evil, and played on festivals such as the Metal Female Voices Fest.

''End of Eden'' (2009–present)

In November 2009, Amberian Dawn settled back in Finland after their tour with Epica and Sons of Seasons, and main composer Tuomas Seppälä already had many new songs finished for a third album. The band soon announced that a demo was finished and that Heidi Parviainen had started working on lyrics for an album to be released in mid to late 2010,

On July 12, 2010, Amberian Dawn announced that the next album would be called ''End of Eden'', and released in October. They also reported having signed with Spinefarm Records, making ''End of Eden'' their first album not produced by KHY Suomen Musiikki. The new album was early on reported to be "more diverse, faster and darker than [...] previous albums" and to have "a bigger, more polymorphic sound", to have some of the fastest AD songs yet, and even an entirely classical piece (later revealed to be "Virvatulen Laulu").

On August 23, the band announced the cover art and tracklist of the new album, and at the same time they released an online single, ''Arctica'', for free download on MySpace.

The album was released on October 20, alongside the music video to ''Arctica'', but at the same time they announced a line-up change. Because of time issues, founding member and bassist Tommi Kuri, drummer Joonas Pykälä-Aho and guitarist Emil Pohjalainen would no longer be part of Amberian Dawn. They were instead replaced with Jukka Koskinen (Norther, Wintersun), Heikki Saari (Norther, Naildown) and Kimmo Korhonen (Waltari, Helion), respectively. The new drummer, Heikki Saari, also used to play with Amberian Dawn in their earliest days, and contributed with drums on two tracks on their ''River of Tuoni'' album.

Musical style

Amberian Dawn classify themselves as "melodic, dramatic and powerful metal with female classical vocals," and lead singer Heidi Parviainen has called their music "fast tempo, guitar driven metal with purely classical female vocals", while several other sources classify them as symphonic power metal, which the band has agreed sums it up, but also points out that there are many different styles that vary from song to song. In a September 2010 interview, Seppälä defines their music: "Amberian Dawn's music is melodic metal, and the roots lie in the Metal and Rock music of the 70s and 80s and maybe a little bit of the '90s. There are a lot of technical skills within the band, so everyone who's not scared of serious guitar and keyboard shredding should listen to our music."

Influences

Many critics have compared Amberian Dawn to other female fronted metal acts such as Nightwish, but Seppälä has denied any real connection, but also said that any connections are up to the listener seeing as everyone listens to music their own way, and he has pointed out that it's "very funny that no one has yet figured out the real influences behind our music".

Tuomas Seppälä has called his two big musical heroes Ritchie Blackmore and the late Ronnie James Dio, and listed Yngwie Malmsteen and ABBA as some of his influences.

Lyrical themes

All Amberian Dawn songs are composed by Tuomas Seppälä, who then sends them to Heidi Parviainen who comes up with their stories and writes the lyrics depending on her mood and inspiration. The lyrics are often influenced by Finnish and Norse mythology, and many songs reference the Finnish national poem Kalevala, most obviously songs such as "Kokko - Eagle of Fire" of ''The Clouds of Northland Thunder'', and "Sampo" from ''End of Eden''. The title of their second album ''The Clouds of Northland Thunder'', as well as a bonus track on ''End of Eden'' with the same title, is a direct quote from the English translation of the Kalevala.

Many other songs have lyrics with their own stories, either retellings of ancient legends, such as "Sons of Seven Stars" which is inspired by the book ''Seven Brothers'' by Aleksis Kivi, or brand new stories of Parviainen's imagination, such as "Virvatulen Laulu".

Current lineup

Heidi Parviainen – vocals

Tuomas Seppälä – guitar, keyboards, songwriting

Jukka Koskinen – bass

Kimmo Korhonen – guitar

Heikki Saari – drums

Kasperi Heikkinen – guitar

Former members

Tommi Kuri - bass

Sampo Seppälä – guitar

Emil Pohjalainen – guitar

Tom Sagar – keyboards

Joonas Pykälä-Aho – drums

Discography

Studio albums

''River of Tuoni'' (2008)

''The Clouds of Northland Thunder'' (2009)

''End of Eden'' (2010)

Singles and demos

''Amberian Dawn (demo) (2006)

''He Sleeps in a Grove'' (2009)

''Arctica'' (2010)

Music videos

''River of Tuoni'' (2008) ''My Only Star'' (2009) ''He Sleeps in a Grove'' (2009) ''Arctica'' (2010)

References

External links

Official Band Website

Metal from Finland

International Forum

Category:Finnish power metal musical groups Category:Musical sextets * Category:Finnish symphonic metal musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 2006

de:Amberian Dawn es:Amberian Dawn fr:Amberian Dawn it:Amberian Dawn pt:Amberian Dawn ru:Amberian Dawn fi:Amberian Dawn sv:Amberian Dawn

alt	A mid-twenties African American man wearing a sequined military jacket and dark sunglasses. He is walking while waving his right hand, which is adorned with a white glove. His left hand is bare.
background	solo_singer
birth name	Michael Joseph Jackson
alias	Michael Joe Jackson, MJ, King of Pop
birth date	August 29, 1958
birth place	Gary, Indiana, U.S.
death date	June 25, 2009
death place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
instrument	Vocals
genre	R&B;, pop, rock, soul, dance, funk, disco, new jack swing
occupation	Singer-songwriter, musician, composer, dancer, choreographer, record producer, actor, businessman, philanthropist
years active	1964–2009
label	Motown, Epic, Legacy
associated acts	The Jackson 5
relatives	Janet Jackson (sister)
website	}}

Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009) was an American recording artist, entertainer, and businessman. Often referred to as the King of Pop, or by his initials MJ, Jackson is recognized as the most successful entertainer of all time by Guinness World Records. His contribution to music, dance, and fashion, along with a much-publicized personal life, made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. The seventh child of the Jackson family, he debuted on the professional music scene along with his brothers as a member of The Jackson 5, then the Jacksons in 1964, and began his solo career in 1971.

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. The music videos for his songs, including those of "Beat It", "Billie Jean", and "Thriller", were credited with transforming the medium into an art form and a promotional tool, and the popularity of these videos helped to bring the relatively new television channel MTV to fame. Videos such as "Black or White" and "Scream" made him a staple on MTV in the 1990s. Through stage performances and music videos, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive musical sound and vocal style have influenced numerous hip hop, post-disco, contemporary R&B;, pop and rock artists.

Jackson's 1982 album ''Thriller'' is the best-selling album of all time. His other records, including ''Off the Wall'' (1979), ''Bad'' (1987), ''Dangerous'' (1991), and ''HIStory'' (1995), also rank among the world's best-selling. Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. He was also inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first (and currently only) dancer from the world of pop and rock 'n' roll. Some of his other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records; 13 Grammy Awards (as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award); 26 American Music Awards (more than any other artist, including the "Artist of the Century"); 13 number-one singles in the United States in his solo career (more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era); and the estimated sale of over 750 million records worldwide. Jackson won hundreds of awards, which have made him the most-awarded recording artist in the history of popular music.

Life and career

Early life and The Jackson 5 (1958–1975)

Michael Jackson was born on August 29, 1958, the eighth of ten children in an African American working-class family who lived in a small 3-room house in Gary, Indiana, an industrial city near Chicago. His mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovah's Witness, and his father, Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, was a steel mill worker who performed with an R&B; band called The Falcons. Jackson had three sisters: Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet, and five brothers: Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, and Randy. A sixth brother, Brandon, died shortly after birth.

Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father, Joe.

The group's sales began declining in 1973, and the band members chafed under Motown's strict refusal to allow them creative control or input. Although they scored several top 40 hits, including the top 5 disco single "Dancing Machine" and the top 20 hit "I Am Love", the Jackson 5 left Motown in 1975.

Move to Epic and ''Off the Wall'' (1975–81)

In June 1975, the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records, a subsidiary of CBS Records and renamed themselves the Jacksons. Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time, while Jermaine left to pursue a solo career. In 1980, Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts: Favorite Soul/R&B; Album, Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist, and Favorite Soul/R&B; Single for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". That year, he also won Billboard Year-End for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B; Vocal Performance, also for "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Jackson again won at the American Music Awards in 1981 for Favorite Soul/R&B; Album and Favorite Soul/R&B; Male Artist. Despite its commercial success, Jackson felt ''Off the Wall'' should have made a much bigger impact, and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release. In 1980, he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry: 37 percent of wholesale album profit.

''Thriller'' and ''Motown 25'' (1982–83)

In 1982, Jackson contributed the song "Someone In the Dark" to the storybook for the film ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial''; the record won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children in 1984. In the same year he won another seven Grammys and eight American Music Awards (including the Award of Merit, the youngest artist to win it), making him the most awarded in one night for both award shows. The album topped the ''Billboard'' 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks. It was the first album to have seven ''Billboard'' Hot 100 top 10 singles, including "Billie Jean", "Beat It," and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'." ''Thriller'' was certified for 29 million shipments by the RIAA, giving it Double Diamond status in the United States. The album won also another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical in 1984, awarding Bruce Swedien for his work. Thanks to the ''Bad'' album, Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording – Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form for "Leave Me Alone" in 1989. ''HIStory'' received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year. However, the sales for ''Invincible'' were lower than those of his previous releases, due in part to a lack of promotion, no supporting world tour and the label dispute. The album also came out at a bad time for the music industry in general. Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega. Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center, which was owned by AEG. With ''Thriller'', Christopher Connelly of ''Rolling Stone'' commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery. Allmusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs "Billie Jean" and "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'". In "Billie Jean", Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers. In "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" he argues against gossip and the media. "Beat It" decried gang violence in an homage to ''West Side Story'', and was Jackson's first successful rock cross-over piece, according to Huey. He also observed that the title track "Thriller" began Jackson's interest with the theme of the supernatural, a topic he revisited in subsequent years. In 1985, Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem "We Are the World"; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona. ;Bibliography

George, Nelson (2004). ''Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection'' booklet. Sony BMG.

Further reading

External links

Michael Jackson Live: Best Pics – slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Michael Jackson at MTV

FBI file on Michael Jackson

Category:1958 births Category:2009 deaths Category:African American dancers Category:African American male singers Category:African American record producers Category:African American singer-songwriters Category:American beatboxers Category:American businesspeople Category:American child singers Category:American choreographers Category:American dance musicians Category:American dancers Category:American disco musicians Category:American male singers Category:American boogie musicians Category:American pop singers Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American rock singers Category:American soul singers Category:American tenors Category:American vegetarians Category:Boy sopranos Category:Brit Award winners Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Category:Child pop musicians Category:Drug-related deaths in California Category:English-language singers Category:Epic Records artists Category:Expatriates in Bahrain Category:Former Jehovah's Witnesses Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Grammy Legend Award Michael Jackson Category:Manslaughter victims Category:Motown artists Category:Musicians from Indiana Category:People acquitted of sex crimes Category:People from Gary, Indiana Category:People from Santa Barbara County, California Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Songwriters from Indiana Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Michael Jackson Category:World Music Awards winners Category:Young Artist Award winners

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name	Front 242
background	group_or_band
origin	Belgium
genre	EBM, Industrial, Techno |occupation
years active	1981–present
label	Another Side, Red Rhino Europe, Animalized, Wax Trax!, Epic, XIII Bis Records, Alfa Matrix|
current members	Jean-Luc De MeyerDaniel BressanuttiPatrick CodenysRichard JonckheereTim Kroker
past members	Dirk BergenJean-Marc PaulyPierre PaulyKristin KowalskiEran WestwoodJohn DubsJean-Marc Lederman
notable instruments	}}

Front 242 is a pioneering Belgian electronic music group that came into prominence during the 1980s. During their most active period (effectively ending in 1993 with the albums 06:21:03:11 Up Evil and 05:22:09:12 Off) they influenced many electro-industrial and electronic artists.

History

Formation

When industrial music developed in England in the mid-1970s with Cabaret Voltaire and Throbbing Gristle, these groups used electronic instruments, percussion with found objects, and looped samples of "found" soundbites, elements later taken up by Front 242. These techniques can be seen as an extension of the use of electronic sources of sound as musical instruments and percussion with found objects by composer Edgard Varèse.

Front 242 was created in 1981 in Aarschot, near Brussels, Belgium, by Daniel Bressanutti and Dirk Bergen, who wanted to create music and graphic design using emerging electronic tools. The first single, "Principles", was released in 1981. The ''front'' part of the name comes from the idea of an organized popular uprising. Patrick Codenys and Jean-Luc De Meyer had separately formed a group called ''Under Viewer'' at about the same time, and the two duos joined together in 1982. Bressanutti, Codenys and De Meyer took turns on vocals at first, until they settled on De Meyer as the lead vocalist (early recordings with Bressanutti on vocals have recently been released). De Meyer came to write most of the lyrics and Valerie Jane Steele also wrote several tracks including "Don't Crash". They decided not to use the regular waveform settings on their synthesizers, arguing that creating the waveform for each note was part of the creative process.

Their next single, "U-Men", was released in 1982, followed by the band's first album ''Geography'' that same year. These first releases were cited as influential to other artists in the genre; however, they were not strong and hard-hitting as the group's later efforts. In 1983, Dirk Bergen left the band to pursue graphic design, and Richard Jonckheere, referred to as Richard 23, joined as vocalist.

Rising Popularity

Front 242 became a popular musical group in Belgium. Their next album, ''No Comment'', released in 1984, was the first to introduce the term "Electronic Body Music" in association with their sound. Front 242 signed with the Wax Trax! label in 1984, and started their first tour in the United States with Ministry. This tour led to the creation of Revolting Cocks by Richard 23, Luc Van Acker, Alain Jourgensen of Ministry and others.

In 1987, Front 242 signed with Wax Trax! Records in the U.S. and Red Rhino in Europe, and released ''Backcatalogue'' and ''Official Version'',.

In 1988, ''Front by Front'' was released, and in December of that same year, "Headhunter" (with a video by Anton Corbijn), became the band's first club hit, reaching #13 on the Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs chart.

1990s

''Tyranny >For You<'', released in 1991, became the band's highest charting album of all time, reaching #95 on the Billboard 200. ''Tyranny'' was the first album they released under contract with a major corporate label, Sony/Epic, after the widespread popularity of ''Front by Front''. Sony/Epic also acquired the rights to the band's back catalog from Wax Trax! and issued re-released versions of the albums with new cover art and bonus tracks taken from singles and EPs.

A broader public was exposed to Front 242's music in 1992 in the film ''Single White Female'', starring Bridget Fonda and Jennifer Jason Leigh. In the film, obsessed roommate Leigh ties Fonda to a chair but leaves her with the television remote control. In order to attract attention, Fonda tunes in to a music video channel and turns up the volume. The video playing at the time is Front 242's "Rhythm Of Time", from the album ''Tyranny >For You<''. Also in 1992, the television commercials for the film ''K2'' were set to the Front 242 song "Moldavia", from the same album.

In 1992, Bressanutti returned to combining graphic arts with music, taking his lithographs on tour to three U.S. galleries. Bressanutti also composed a solo half-hour atmospheric recording called ''Art and Strategy'' (or The Art Corporation) to play during viewings of the lithographs, and released it in a limited edition of 1,000 CDs.

Front 242's style shifted abruptly with each of their next two albums, released in rapid succession in 1993 on Epic's sub-label RRE (originally planned as a double-CD): ''06:21:03:11 UP EVIL'' and ''05:22:09:12 OFF'' (the numbers correspond to letters, spelling "FUCK UP EVIL" and "EVIL OFF"). The band describes the two albums as "based on the duality of good and evil." However, strains were emerging, with the band members apparently having different artistic views. Despite these tensions, they performed on the main stage of the 1993 Lollapalooza tour.

Neither of these albums had significant input from Richard 23, and ''05:22:09:12 OFF'' only included their lead vocalist, Jean-Luc De Meyer, on a remixed track originally from ''Up Evil''. On the other hand, a variety of new contributors were listed as members of Front 242 on these albums: Jean-Marc Pauly and Pierre Pauly (of the Belgian electronic group Parade Ground) on ''Up Evil'', and 99 Kowalski and Eran Westwood on ''Off''.

99 Kowalski is the stage name of Kristin Kowalski, making a tradition out of Richard 23's idea of number-as-name. Kowalski and Westwood were originally members of a New York City band called Spill who Bressanutti and Codenys had brought to Belgium to produce their debut album. After the recording sessions fell apart, they contributed to Front 242 on the ''Off'' release.

After the release of ''06:21:03:11 Up Evil'' and ''05:22:09:12 Off'', there was no new material from Front 242 under any lineup. Instead, the band released a stream of live recordings and remixes. However, this period also saw a proliferation of side projects, an inordinate number of which involved De Meyer.

Earlier, Richard 23 played in the Revolting Cocks, and De Meyer had a side project doing vocals for Bigod 20 for their single, "The Bog" in 1990. In 1995, De Meyer met Marc Heal of Cubanate at a Front Line Assembly concert, and the two of them collaborated along with Ged Denton and Jonathan Sharp, to record as Cyber-Tec Project for the new (and short-lived) Cyber-Tec record label.

After the departure of Sharp and the demise of the Cyber-Tec label, the remaining group continued working under the name C-Tec. De Meyer also took over as vocalist for Birmingham 6 for their 1996 album ''Error of Judgment''. 1996 also saw the debut album ''Elemental'' from Cobalt 60, which De Meyer formed with Dominique Lallement and Frederic Sebastien of Reims, France, members of Kriegbereit. This was the start of a number of releases from Cobalt 60, which also did the soundtrack for the video game ''Wing Commander V''. Meanwhile, Richard 23 recorded with the groups Holy Gang, and later, LaTchak.

The four core members of Front 242 regrouped in 1998 to compose radically reworked versions of many of their songs, which they then performed on their first tour in five years, appropriately called the Re:Boot tour. They acknowledged the influence of The Prodigy and their ''Fat of the Land'' album in crafting the new, more techno style of Re:Boot.

The new tour material was the subject of Front 242's new recording contract in the U.S. with Metropolis Records. Front 242 also indicated at this time that they were recording new material. However, they had little activity after 1998, making occasional appearances in Europe and Mexico, while Codenys recorded under the name Gaiden with Steve Stoll in 2001.

2000s

2002 saw the beginning of a wave of new material from Bresanutti and Codenys, and then from Front 242. In August 2002 a DVD/CD two-disc set called ''Speed Tribe'' was released by Dance.com. The DVD was a collaboration with experimental documentary filmmakers Rod Chong and Sharon Matarazzo, who filmed the 2001 24 Hour Le Mans. In the video, the racecars, clouds, rain and spectators form an impressionistic visual backdrop for the music.

Several months later, the first release from Male or Female, also known as Morf, a new project for Bresanutti and Codenys along with vocalist Elko Blijweert. In 2002 and 2003, Morf released an album, an E.P., a double album, and a DVD/CD two-disc combo, on the Belgian record label Alfa Matrix, and went on tour through the U.S.

Then, 2002 and 2003 also saw the release of the new material from Front 242 in a decade: the E.P. ''Still and Raw'' and the album ''Pulse'', released on XIIIBis Records in Europe and Metropolis in the U.S. These represented another iteration of Front 242's explicitly stated goal of reinventing itself. The style of the two new releases is more mellow than some of their past work, using more "glitchy" and "bleepy" sounds. As well, it uses the manipulated voice as a musical instrument. The new releases have a much more emotional style from De Meyer, which was presaged in his later recordings with C-Tec and particularly Cobalt 60 on its album ''Twelve''.

Front 242 promised a new U.S. tour to perform new material from these releases. They have made occasional appearances in Latin America and Europe, even being rejoined by Dirk Bergen for a reunion concert in Aarschot (De Klinker club) in 2004 under the original lineup of Bresanutti, Bergen, Codenys and De Meyer. This performance was kept secret until two days before the show but when the scene magazine Side-Line and the band's label Alfa Matrix launched the news, tickets were quickly sold out.

The band has now also set itself to re-release its entire back catalogue both as a normal CD and as a limited edition consisting of a 2CD set holding previously unreleased material. For this the band is working together with the Belgian label Alfa Matrix that already took care of releasing the albums of the Front 242 side-project Male Or Female. The first re-release is their debut album ''Geography'', this time newly remastered personally by Bresanutti to surprisingly powerful effect and including 3 extra tracks (two hidden ones) on the normal CD format.

Meanwhile their enthusiasm for side projects has continued, as Patrick Codenys started appearing with a new group called Red Sniper, Bresanutti started recording with a new group called Troissoeur, and Codenys and Richard 23 formed a quasi-DJ project called Coder23 which toured in late 2004 and early 2005 as the opening act for VNV Nation. Jean-Luc De Meyer contributed vocals on two studio tracks for the Glis album ''Nemesis'' in 2005. The lyrical content of the two songs ("The Irreparable" and "La Béatrice") were based on the poems of Charles Baudelaire.

Front 242 toured through twenty venues in North America in November 2005, their first tour as a full band since 2000. The band performed at the Roskilde Festival in 2006. The band's sold out two day performance at the Ancienne Belgique in Brussels has been recorded for a future release via Alfa Matrix.

In December 2006, Front 242 announced from their MySpace page that they were writing music for a video game called ''Cipher Complex'' and provided a link to a teaser trailer with a short sample of one of their scores.

In 2007 Jean-Luc Demeyer announced a new project: 32CRASH via the Alfa Matrix label. The band is preparing for an album release in October 2007 after the release of the EP ''Humanity''. Early audio previews show that the project is very much electro(clash) minded.

In August 2008, Front 242 played live at the Infest Festival in Bradford, UK.

In October 2008 Front 242 performed for the first time ever in Finland, at the Alternative Party 2008 media arts festival.

Moments

On June 1, 2008, the Alfa Matrix label announced that Front 242 would make an ultimate statement towards abusive audio compression by releasing the free two-track download, ''First Moment''. By June 15 the same year, the tracks were made available for free on Alfa Matrix's site in medium and high bit-rate MP3s, WAV, FLAC, and M4A formats. Contrary to what fans and some media speculated, the two-track download was not new studio material. Instead, ''First Moments'' consisted of two previously unreleased live tracks, "U-Men" and "Im Rhythmus Bleiben", in rather stunning sound quality. It is rumored that over 20,000 people downloaded the tracks within hours of being made available. The label later confirmed that over 25,000 people downloaded the free tracks.

On June 4, 2008, Alfa Matrix announced the imminent release of ''Moments...'' The album was a live recording encompassing the very best of Front 242's compositions. The album was shipped in several formats including limited CD box sets, vinyl in different colors including 300-copy limited editions, and as a one-disc CD release.

Band members

Jean-Luc De Meyer - vocals

Daniel Bressanutti - keyboards, programming, live mixing

Patrick Codenys - keyboards, programming, samplers

Richard Jonckheere, often credited as "Richard 23" - percussion, vocals

Tim Kroker - electronic drums

Occasional Band Members / Collaborators

Dirk Bergen - credited as keyboardist on Geography

Jean-Marc Pauly - credited for writing and composing vocals on 06:21:03:11 Up Evil

Pierre Pauly - credited for writing and composing vocals on 06:21:03:11 Up Evil

Kristin Kowalski - credited as writer, composer and vocalist on 05:22:09:12 Off, Animal, and Angels Versus Animals

Eran Westwood - credited as writer, composer and vocalist on 05:22:09:12 Off, Animal, and Angels Versus Animals

John Dubs - credited as writer and composer on Animal and Angels Versus Animals

Jean-Marc Lederman - credited as remixer on Angels Versus Animals.

Discography

''Geography'' (1982)

''No Comment'' (1984)

''Back Catalogue'' (1987)

''Official Version'' (1987)

''Front by Front'' (1988)

''Tyranny (For You)'' (1991)

''Live Target'' (1992)

''06:21:03:11 Up Evil'' (1993)

''05:22:09:12 Off'' (1993)

''Angels Versus Animals'' (1993)

''Live Code'' (1994)

''Mut@ge.Mix@ge'' (1995)

''Re-Boot: Live '98'' (1998)

''Pulse'' (2003)

''Moments ...'' (2008)

Charts

Albums

U.S. Billboard 200

!Title	!Peak	!Peak Date	!# of Weeks
''Tyranny For You''		February 23, 1991
''06:21:03:11 Up Evil''		June 12, 1993

Singles

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Side Projects and Guest Appearances

32Crash - Jean-Luc De Meyer

The Art Corporation - Daniel Bressanutti

Art & Strategy - Daniel Bressanutti, Patrick Codenys. Single-track CD included with book 'Art & Strategy 92'

Bigod 20 - Jean-Luc De Meyer, on track "The Bog"

Birmingham 6 - Jean-Luc De Meyer

Cobalt 60 - Jean-Luc De Meyer

Coder 23 - Patrick Codenys, Richard 23

Cyber-Tec Project/C-Tec - Jean-Luc De Meyer

Front Line Assembly - Jean-Luc De Meyer - Guest Vocals on track "Future Fail", ''Artificial Soldier'' Album

Gaiden - Patrick Codenys

Glis - Jean-Luc De Meyer - Guest Vocals on "The Irreparable" and "La Béatrice" ("Nemesis" Album)

Grisha Zeme - Daniel Bressanutti, Patrick Codenys

Holy Gang - Richard 23

Implant - Jean-Luc de Meyer, on track "The Creature"

thefucKINGFUCKS - Patrick Codenys

LaTchak - Richard 23

Male Or Female - Daniel Bressanutti, Patrick Codenys

Ministry - Richard 23, background vocals on track "The Nature Of Love"

Modern Cubism - Jean-Luc De Meyer

Parade Ground - Patrick Codenys on Album "Rosary"

Prothese - Daniel Bressanutti, Dirk Bergen

Punish Yourself - Jean-Luc de Meyer, on Track "Voodoo Virus"

Red Sniper - Patrick Codenys

Revolting Cocks - Richard 23

Speed Tribe - Daniel Bressanutti, Patrick Codenys

Troissoeur - Daniel Bressanutti, as Remixer

Under Viewer - Patrick Codenys, Jean-Luc De Meyer

References

External links

FRONT 242 official website

Front 242 FAQ

/ FRONT 242 remixes by the producer Ivo Draganac

Hellelujah - an audiovisual coproduction between Front 242 and Design Is Dead

Cipher Complex teaser with Front 242 score

SHOUT! Online interview with Patrick Codenys (Front 242) (March 2005)

Category:Belgian electronic music groups Category:Industrial rock musical groups Category:Techno music groups Category:Electronic body music Category:Ableton Live users Category:Musical groups established in 1981

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