Name | Livorno |
---|---|
Official name | Comune di Livorno |
Image shield | Livorno-Stemma.png |
Region | Tuscany |
Province | Livorno (LI) |
Frazioni | Castellaccio, Gorgona, Limoncino, Quercianella, Valle Benedetta |
Mayor | Alessandro Cosimi |
Area total km2 | 104.8 |
Population total | 160931 |
Population as of | 21 December 2009 |
Population demonym | Livornesi, also Labronici |
Elevation m | 3 |
Saint | Santa Giulia da Corsica |
Day | May 22 |
Postal code | 57100 |
Area code | 0586 |
Website | |
Footnotes | }} |
In the late 1580s, Ferdinando I of Tuscany declared Livorno a ''porto Franco'', which meant that the goods traded here were duty free. The ''Leggi Livornine'' were laws in force between 1590 and 1603. These laws helped the trading activities of the merchant, freedom of religion and amnesty for some penance. Thanks to these laws, Livorno became a cosmopolitan city and one of the most important ports of the entire Mediterranean area. Many foreigners moved to Livorno; Armenians, Dutch, English, Greeks and Jews were among those who relocated to live and trade. Much later, during the 18th century, some Moriscos (Muslim Spaniards forcibly converted to Catholicism) also moved to Livorno from Spain. On 19 March 1606, the Granduca di Toscana Ferdinando I de' Medici, in the Fortezza Vecchia Chapel of Saint Francis of Assisi elevated Livorno to the rank of city.
During the Napoleonic Wars, trade with Britain was prohibited and the economy of Livorno suffered greatly. Then, in 1868, after Livorno became part of the new Kingdom of Italy, it lost its status of a free port and the city's importance declined.
The Venice district retains much of its original town planning and architectural features such as the bridges, narrow lanes, the noblemen's houses and a dense network of canals which once linked the port to its storehouses. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Livorno, by then grown up and open to the world, had a lively appearance marked by neo-classical buildings, public parks housing important museums and cultural institutions, "Liberty" villas with sea views and the market.
The Museo Mascagnano houses memorabilia, documents and operas by the great composer Pietro Mascagni. Every year some of his operas are traditionally played during the lyric music season, which is organised by the Traditional Theatre of Livorno. Also the “Terrazza Mascagni”, a walkway divided from the sea by a handrail, is named in honor to Pietro Mascagni.
Up in the hills the Sanctuary of Montenero, which is dedicated to Our Lady of Graces, the patron saint of Tuscany, is a fixed destination for pilgrims. It is famous for the adjacent gallery, decorated with ex-voti mainly connected to stories of miraculous sea rescue.
The "Monumento dei quattro mori" ("Monument of the Four Moors"), dedicated to Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici of Tuscany, is one of the most important monuments of Livorno. An important square, the Piazza della Repubblica, contains two important monuments of Italian politicians. The square is also a bridge, under which there lies a large canal.
Another important monument is an old red-brick fortress which, in Medici times, defended the city from attack by pirates. Its three bastions are named “Capitana”, “Ampolletta” and “Canaviglia”. The original fortress was built before the Renaissance. A later one was constructed at the end of the 16th century.
The leghorn variety of chicken was named after the city. This in turn gave its name to the cartoon character Foghorn Leghorn. The city also lent its name to a kind of fine plaited straw produced there and, by extension, to the leghorn hats made from the material.
The Greek community (''nazione'') had also a distinctive cultural and social identity based on their common religion, language and history. In 1775 they established the Confraternity of Holy Trinity (''Confraternita della SS.Trinita'') and the Chiesa della Santissima Trinita, the first non-catholic church in Tuscany. A Greek school was also established and scholarships for higher studies were awarded to young Greeks from Peloponnesus, Epirus, Chio or Smyrna. The community helped financially the Greek Revolution of 1821 and various Greek communities in the Ottoman Empire and in Italy. Benefactions were directed to non-Greeks, too. The Rodocanachi family financed the “School of Mutual Education” established in Livorno by the pedagogist Enrico Mayer and the community participated in the establishment of a school for poor catholic children. Distinguished members of the Greek community (e.g. members of the Papoudoff, Maurogordatos, Rodocanachi, Tossizza and other families) were granted titles of nobility by the local governing authorities.
The Greek community declined in late 19th century as from 1/1/1868 the privileges of the Livorno port ceased.
* Bat Yam, Israel | * Cerignola, Italy | Guadalajara, Spain>Guadalajara, Spain | Hai Phong>Haiphong, Vietnam | * Novorossiysk, Russia | * Adana, Turkey |
Category:Livorno Category:Cities and towns in Tuscany
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