party name	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
party logo	200px|
president	M. Karunanidhi
treasurer	M. K. Stalin
secretary	K Anbazhagan
loksabha leader	T. R. Baalu
position	Centre
loksabha seats
rajyasabha seats
foundation	1949
alliance	National Democratic Alliance (1999–2004) United Progressive Alliance (2004–present)
ideology	Social Democratic Populist
publication	Murasoli & The Rising Sun
labour	Labour Progressive Federation
headquarters	Anna Arivalayam, Anna Salai, Chennai – 600018
website	http://www.dmk.in
symbol	200px|[[List of political party symbols in India|Election symbol of DMK]]}}

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam () (literally "Dravidian Progress Federation" ) (founded 1949, Madras Presidency, India) is a state political party in the states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry , India. It is a Dravidian party founded by C. N. Annadurai as a breakaway faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam (known as Justice Party till 1944) headed by Periyar. Since 1969, DMK is headed by M Karunanidhi, the prior Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. DMK holds the distinction of being the first party other than the Indian National Congress to win state-level elections with clear majority on its own in any state in India.

History

Justice Party

DMK traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation (Justice Party) formed in 1916, by P. Thiyagarayar, Dr. P.T. Rajan, Dr. Natesanar and few others. The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first General Elections to Madras Presidency in 1920. E. V. Ramasami Naicker, a popular Tamil leader of the time, who had joined Indian National Congress in 1919, to oppose what he considered as the Brahminic leadership of the party. Naicker's experience at the Vaikom Satyagraha made him to start the Self-Respect Movement in 1926 which was rationalistic and "violently anti-Brahminic". He quit Congress and in 1935, he joined the Justice Party. In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the Indian National Congress under C. Rajagopalachari ("Rajaji") came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools led to the anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar and his associates.

Dravida Kazhagam

In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravida Kazhagham' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference. Dravidar Kazhagam insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under Madras Presidency.

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Over the years, many disputes arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by C. N. Annadurai, decided to split from Dravidar Kazhagham, after an aged Periyar married a young woman Maniammai and anointed his young wife to act as his successor to lead the party, superseding senior party leaders. Until then E. V. K. Sampath, the nephew of Periyar, was considered as his political heir.

Annadurai, on 17 September 1949 along with V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, K.A. Mathiazhagan, K. Anbazhagan, N.V. Natarajan, E. V. K. Sampath and thousands of others in Robinson park in Royapuram in Chennai announced the formation of the DMK.

MGR's entry

In 1953, actor M. G. Ramachandran ("MGR") joined the DMK, popularised the party flag and symbol which at that time stood for secession from India by showing it in his movies. MGR was a member of the DMK, and he was seen as an icon of the DMK and spread its message through films like ''Anbe Vaa''. DMK entered the electoral fray rather unsuccessfully in 1957 with even senior leader V. R. Nedunchezhiyan losing from Salem although M Karunanidhi won after initially having opposed all-Indian government and later supporting only those parties which promised to help its secession from India cause.

1960s

Annadurai wanted a separate Dravida Nadu but the DMK changed its stance with the Chinese invasion in 1962 and suspended its demand for the length of the war and supported India raising funds for the war. When the war ended, nationalistic feelings were so strong that DMK gave up the separate Dravida nation idea.

The Anti-Hindi agitations of 1965 forced the central government to abandon its efforts to impose Hindi as the only official language of the country; still Hindi imposition continued as Indian government employees are asked to write as much as 65% of the letters and memoranda in Hindi.

In 1967, DMK came to power in Madras province 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in Madras province which later became Tamil Nadu. In 1969, party general secretary and founder, CN Annadurai died. After his death, there came the power tussle between M Karunanidhi and V. R. Nedunchezhiyan. Most of the elected MLAs of DMK, including leaders like Mathialagan, Nanjil Manoharan and the celluloid hero MGR favoured Karunanidhi as CM in preference to Nedunchezhiyan, the Senior leader after Anna. To pacify V. R. Nedunchezhiyan a new post called party president was created for M Karunanidhi and V. R. Nedunchezhiyan was the post of general secretary . MGR was appointed as the Treasurer of the Party.

During the Indian President election, there was divided opinion between the leaders of Indian National Congress. Though the party nominated Dr.Sanjiva Reddy as the Official Candidate, the then Prime Minister, Mrs.Indira Gandhi had suddenly switched her allegiance to Dr.V.V.Giri, the Opposition-sponsored Candidate. She had also advised all party elected members to vote according to their conscience. Dr.V.V.Giri was elected as the President of India with the support of Mrs.Indira Gandhi. This has resulted in the split of Congress Party and in October 1969. Senior Leaders like Morarji Desai, Athulya Ghosh, Kamarajar, S K Patil and Nijalingappa on the one side as Congress (Organisation) and Indira Gandhi, Shankar Dayal Sharma, Jagjivan Ram, C Subramaniam on the Other Side as Congress (Indira). The DMK, led by Mr.Karunanidhi took a stance to support Mrs.Indira Gandhi in certain reforms like abolition of privy purse, nationalisation of Banks.

In 1971 election, the DMK fought in alliance with Congress (Indira)and the Opposition alliance which consisted of the two Senior National Leaders, Rajaji and Kamarajar was termed as a strong alliance and was widely supported by Media to re-capture power in Tamil Nadu. However, the DMK emerged victorious with a vast majority of 183 seats out of 234. The Opposition Grand alliance could capture only 25 seats.

Karunanidhi's presidency

MGR's exit

M. G. Ramachandran (MGR) who was a popular actor and the then party treasurer had played a vital part in popularizing the party's ideologies. The political feud between MGR and the party president Karunanidhi emerged as an aftermath of the latter calling himself "Mujib of Tamil Nadu". In 1972, MGR called for a boycott of the party's General Council. With the crisis falling into call for corruption probe by MGR, he was eventually suspended from the General Council. Thus emerged a new party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).

Post-MGR

In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the Centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a true federal system.

In 1977, DMK lost the Assembly elections to MGR's AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state till 1989. After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions between Janaki (MGR's wife) and Jayalalithaa. DMK returned to power in 1989 State assembly elections and Karunanidhi took over as chief minister in January 1989. Subsequent to this, the LTTE "sent personal emissaries to Karunanidhi for seeking his active support in their battle against the IPKF".

Then in 1991 elections are arranged to be held for both State and Central government. In 21 May 1991 Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in Sriperumbudur, near Chennai in an election campaign meeting. It was later found the he has been killed by suicide bomber from LTTE, citing IPKF atrocities in Srilanka as a reason.

This led to a sympathy wave in favor of AIADMK–Congress alliance and the DMK was deprived of any seats in the Parliament. This brought about the rise of a new political rival J.Jayalalithaa for the DMK. The AIADMK won the 1991 state Assembly elections and Jayalalithaa took over as the new Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against J.Jayalalithaa and the alliance with Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC), headed by G.K. Moopanar and supported by cine actor Rajinikanth. However, in 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and the incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.

In the 2004 parliamentary elections, DMK formed an alliance with Congress and the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) and swept a grand Victory, the alliance winning all 40 seats including Puducherry. This enabled 7 ministerial posts in the Central government and influential power to DMK.

Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK, for the first time formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. Mr. M Karunanidhi become the Chief Minister of the State for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the 2009 parliamentary elections, securing a majority of the Lok Sabha seats.

Post 2009, the party was mired in a series of corruption charges linked to its telecom ministers in Parliament, including the 2G Spectrum scam. In the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election, 2011, the party lost power to the AIADMK-DMDK alliance and J.Jayalalithaa once again took over as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu on May 2011. Fledgling party Desiya Murpokku Dravidar Kazhagam (DMDK), presided by cine actor Vijayakanth became the main opposition party in the state, pushing DMK to third place.

Party Symbol

The party's election symbol is the sun arising from between two mountains, called the ''Rising Sun''.

Election history

See pdf for summary. DMK's worst poll performance ever in this state was registered in 1991 and its peak in 1971.

Madras State

General Election 3rd Assembly 3rd Lok Sabha 4th Assembly 4th Lok Sabha

Year	|	Votes Polled	Seats Won
1962	|	3,435,633	50
1962	|	2,315,610	7
1967	|	6,230,552	137
1967	|	5,524,514	25

Tamil Nadu

Election 5th Assembly Indian National Congress (Indira) 5th Lok Sabha 6th Assembly 6th Lok Sabha 7th Assembly 7th Lok Sabha 8th Assembly 8th Lok Sabha Communist Party of India 9th Assembly 9th Lok Sabha 10th Assembly Thayga Marumalarchi Kazhagam 10th Lok Sabha 11th Assembly 11th Lok Sabha 12th Lok Sabha 13th Lok Sabha 12th Assembly 14th Lok Sabha 13th Assembly 15th Lok Sabha 14th Assembly Indian National Congress

Year	|	Votes Polled	Seats Won	Alliance(s)
1971	|	7,654,935	184	INC(I)/CPI/AIFB/PSP/IUML
1971	|	5,622,758	23	Indian National Congress (Indira)>INC(I)
1977	|	4,258,771	48	None
1977	|	3,323,320	2	Janata Party>JP
1980	|	4,164,389	37	Indian National Congress (Indira)>INC(I)
1980	|	4,236,537	16	Indian National Congress (Indira)>INC(I)
1984	|	6,362,770	24	Communist Party of India>CPI/[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)
1984	|	5,597,507	2	CPI/CPM]/JP/TNC
1989	|	8,001,222	150	None
1989	|	7,038,849	0	Communist Party of India>CPI/[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)
1991	|	5,535,668	2	TMK/CPI/CPM]/JD
1991	|	5,601,597	0	National Front (India)>NF
1996	|	11,423,380	173	Tamil Maanila Congress>TMC
1996	|	6,967,679	17	United Front (India)>UF
1998	|	5,140,266	5	United Front (India)>UF
1999	|	6,298,832	12	National Democratic Alliance (India)>NDA
2001	|	8,669,864	31	National Democratic Alliance (India)>NDA
2004	|	7,064,393	16	Democratic Progressive Alliance>DPA ([[United Progressive Alliance
2006	|	8,728,716	96	Democratic Progressive Alliance>DPA ([[United Progressive Alliance
2009	|	7,625,397	18	United Progressive Alliance>UPA
2011	|	TBA	23	INC/PMK/VCK/IUML/KMK

Puducherry

Election 3rd Assembly 4th Assembly 5th Assembly 8th Lok Sabha 6th Assembly 9th Lok Sabha 7th Assembly 8th Assembly 10th Lok Sabha 9th Assembly 11th Lok Sabha 12th Lok Sabha 10th Assembly 11th Assembly

Year	|	Votes Polled	Seats Won
1974	|	47,823	2
1977	|	30,441	3
1980	|	68,030	14
1984	|	97,672	0
1985	|	87,754	5
1989	|	157,250	0
1990	|	101,127	9
1991	|	96,607	4
1991	|	140,313	0
1996	|	105,392	7
1996	|	183,702	0
1998	|	168,122	1
2001	|	83,679	7
2006	|		7

See also

List of political parties in India

Politics of India

References

External links

The official party website

Election reports by EC

Manisegaran on Dravida Movement

Dravida Munnetra Kalagam at wordpress.com

Category:State political parties in Tamil Nadu Category:State political parties in Puducherry Category:Dravidian political parties Category:Political parties established in 1949 Category:Regionalist parties in India *

ca:Dravidar Munnetra Kazhagam de:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam hi:द्रविड़ मुन्नेत्र कड़गम ml:ദ്രാവിഡ മുന്നേറ്റ കഴകം mr:द्रविड मुन्नेट्र कळगम ja:ドラーヴィダ進歩党 ru:Дравида Муннетра Кажагам sv:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ta:திராவிட முன்னேற்றக் கழகம் zh:达罗毗荼进步联盟

name	M. K. Stalin மு.க. ஸ்டாலின்
birth date	March 01, 1953
birth place	Madras, Madras State, India
residence	Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
office1	Former Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu 2009-2011
office1	Minister of Local Administration 2006 - 2011
office1	Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
constituency2	Kolathur
term start3	2011
party	DMK
spouse	Durga alias Saantha
children	Udhayanidhi Stalin Senthamarai
website	www.mkstalin.net
year	2008
source	}}

Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin () (born March 1, 1953) is an Indian politician and former actor, better known as M. K. Stalin. He is the third son of famous politician of Tamil Nadu, Karunanidhi, and was born to his second wife, Mrs. Dayalu Ammal and was named after Joseph Stalin, who had died in the same year as his birth. Stalin completed his graduation in history from Nandanam Arts College, Chennai in University of Madras. Stalin became the Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration in the Government of Tamil Nadu after the 2006 assembly elections. On 29 May 2009, Stalin was nominated as Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu by Governor Surjit Singh Barnala. His elder brother M.K. Azhagiri is the Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers. His half-sister Kanimozhi is a Rajya Sabha member.

Stalin also served as Deputy CM and serves as Youth Wing President of the DMK.

Political career

Former Deputy Chief Minister and Home Minister of Tamilnadu M.K.Stalin was born in Madras, now Chennai. His political career began when as a 14-year old, he campaigned in the 1967 elections. In 1973 Stalin was elected to the General committee of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).

He came to limelight when he was jailed under Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) for protesting against the Emergency. Stalin has been elected four times to the Tamil Nadu Assembly since 1989 from the Thousand Lights constituency in Chennai. Stalin became the city's first directly elected Mayor in 1996.

Stalin was reelected Mayor in 2001, however, the then Chief Minister J. Jayalalithaa enacted the Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Amendment) Act, 2002, a law that prevents a person from holding two elected posts in the government. This law was applied retrospectively to Stalin's case (he was elected MLA) in a move widely seen as aimed at removing as Chennai's Mayor. However the Madras High Court struck down the law stating that legislative bodies were not “prevented” from making laws affecting the “substantive rights” of persons retrospectively. However, the court held under Madras (now Chennai) City Municipal Corporation Act, 1919, a person cannot be Mayor for two consecutive terms though unlike Stalin earlier mayor were not directly elected. Stalin did not appeal in the Supreme Court.

Stalin has been arrested several times on various public issues since he was first arrested in 1975 under MISA, which is close to terrorism and goondas act. severe physical punishment has been imposed on him previously. Karunanidhi midnight arrest in which Karunanidhi, Stalin, Maran, and others were arrested and charged in the flyover scam. This was widely considered to be an act of political vendetta, as the FIR or police complaint was lodged on Friday night and the arrests were carried out only a few hours later on Saturday morning. While the arrests took place in 2001, the chargesheet was only filed in court four years later, in 2005.

In Tamil Nadu, Stalin played a crucial role in the campaigning and the eventual victory of the DMK-Allied-United Progressive Alliance (UPA) in the 2009 general election.

Dynasty controversy

Opponents of the DMK, some political observers and the DMK party's senior-most members criticise that Karunanidhi is trying to promote Stalin as an attempt to start a political dynasty along the lines of the Nehru-Gandhi family. Vaiko, who quit the DMK, has been the most vocal and some political observers see it as a move to sideline Vaiko as he was seen as threat to Stalin.

However, DMK sources and those who have watched the political upheaval of the 1970s and 1980s deny this and say Stalin has come up on his own merit. They say that Stalin has faced a lot of hardship since 1975 when he was jailed under MISA. He was beaten up in jail so brutally during the Emergency that a fellow DMK Party prisoner died trying to save him.

Stalin was an MLA in 1989 and 1996 when his father Karunanidhi was the Chief Minister but he was not inducted into the Cabinet. He contested and became Chennai's 44th mayor but the first directly elected Mayor in 1996. It was only in his fourth term as MLA that he was made a Minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet and his rise is slow and steady. They further point out that Karunanidhi has even expelled his other sons M.K. Muthu and M.K. Azhagiri when they were guilty of wrongdoing. He won in election 2011 as an MLA.

Film career

He has acted in a few Tamil movies during the 1980s. He has also acted in television serials on Sun TV during the mid-1990s.

See also

Political Families of The World

Napoleon (actor)

M. K. Azhagiri (Politician)

*

He performed in movies like 'Ore Ratham'.

References

External links

Prosecutor can not pinpoint main accused in flyover case

Judicial flak

Government of Tamil Nadu

Dravida Prince

Slow and Steady

Bid on Stalin's life in Madurai

Stalin escapes attempt on life; man carrying knife escapes*Tamil Nadu Assembly Profile

Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:People from Chennai Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians Category:Tamil Nadu ministers Category:Mayors of Chennai Category:Deputy chief ministers of Indian states

de:M. K. Stalin hi:एम. के. स्टालिन pl:M. K. Stalin ta:மு. க. ஸ்டாலின்

name	Durai Murugan
birth date	July 01, 1938
birth place	Melmayil, Tamil Nadu
residence	Vellore
office	Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
constituency	Katpadi
party	DMK
date	November 23 |
year	2006 |
source	http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/12thAssembly/profiles/036.htm }}

Durai Murugan () (born 1 July, 1938 in Melmayil Tamil Nadu) is an Indian lawyer and politician. He qualified as BL and MA and is an advocate by profession.

Murugan was first elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly in 1971 and has been elected 6 times since. He was elected from the Katpadi constituency in 2006. After the 2006 assembly elections, Murugan was appointed Minister for Public Works in the Government of Tamil Nadu.

He was charged with pulling the saree of AIADMK leader J Jayalalithaa, when she tried to obstruct the presentation of the 1990 state budget.

He was divested of the Public Works Department portfolio on 13 July 2009.

References

External links

Tamil Nadu Ministers

Durai Murugan Profile

Encomiums for Durai Murugan

Category:1938 births Category:Living people Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians

ta:துரைமுருகன்

A landfill site (also known as tip, dump or rubbish dump and historically as a midden), is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.

Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites (where a producer of waste carries out their own waste disposal at the place of production) as well as sites used by many producers. Many landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling).

A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such as for building houses. Unless they are stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking or liquefaction of the ground in a large earthquake.

Operations

Typically, in non hazardous waste landfills, in order to meet predefined specifications, techniques are applied by which the wastes are: #Confined to as small an area as possible. #Compacted to reduce their volume. #Covered (usually daily) with layers of soil.

During landfill operations the waste collection vehicles are weighed at a weighbridge on arrival and their load is inspected for wastes that do not accord with the landfill’s waste acceptance criteria. Afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road network on their way to the tipping face or working front where they unload their load. After loads are deposited, compactors or dozers are used to spread and compact the waste on the working face. Before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection vehicles pass through the wheel cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the weighbridge in order to be weighed without their load. Through the weighing process, the daily incoming waste tonnage can be calculated and listed in databases. In addition to trucks, some landfills may be equipped to handle railroad containers. The use of 'rail-haul' permits landfills to be located at more remote sites, without the problems associated with many truck trips.

Typically, in the working face, the compacted waste is covered with soil daily. Alternative waste-cover materials are several sprayed-on foam products and temporary blankets. Blankets can be lifted into place with tracked excavators and then removed the following day prior to waste placement. Chipped wood and chemically 'fixed' bio-solids may also be used as an alternate daily cover. The space that is occupied daily by the compacted waste and the cover material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction is critical to extending the life of the landfill. Factors such as waste compressibility, waste layer thickness and the number of passes of the compactor over the waste affect the waste densities.

Impacts

A large number of adverse impacts may occur from landfill operations. These impacts can vary: fatal accidents (e.g., scavengers buried under waste piles); infrastructure damage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles); pollution of the local environment (such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by leakage or sinkholes and residual soil contamination during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure); offgassing of methane generated by decaying organic wastes (methane is a greenhouse gas many times more potent than carbon dioxide, and can itself be a danger to inhabitants of an area); harbouring of disease vectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills, which are common in developing countries; injuries to wildlife; and simple nuisance problems (e.g., dust, odour, vermin, or noise pollution).

Most modern landfills in industrialized countries are operated with controls to attempt to manage problems such as these. Analysis of common landfill operational problems are available.

Some local authorities have found it difficult to locate new landfills. Communities may charge a fee or levy in order to discourage waste and/or recover the costs of site operations. Many landfills are publicly funded, but some are commercial businesses, operated for profit.

Landfill gas

Gases are produced in landfills due to the anaerobic digestion by microbes on any organic matter. This gas can be collected and flared off or used to generate electricity in a gas fired power plant. Landfill gas monitoring can be carried out to alert for the presence of a build-up of gasses to a harmful level. This gas is often referred to as Trash Air.

Regional practice

European Union

European Landfill Directive

New Zealand

United Kingdom

Landfilling practices in the UK have had to change in recent years to meet the challenges of the European Landfill Directive. The UK now imposes landfill tax upon biodegradable waste which is put into landfills. In addition to this the Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme has been established for local authorities to trade landfill quotas in England. A different system operates in Wales where authorities are not able to 'trade' between themselves, but have allowances known as the Landfill Allowance Scheme.

In 2003, there were 254 licensed landfills in Scotland.

United States

In the U.S., landfills are regulated by the state's environmental agency that establishes minimum guidelines; however, none of these standards may fall below those set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); such as was the case with the Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island, which is claimed by many to be the world's largest landfill. The landfill has since been closed and is being transformed into a park.

Reclaiming materials

Landfills can be regarded as a viable and abundant source of materials and energy. In the developing world, this is widely understood and one may thus often find waste pickers scavenging for still usable materials. In a commercial context, landfills sites have also been discovered by companies and many have begun harvesting materials and energy . Well known examples are gas recovery facilities. Other commercial facilities include fossil fuel power plants and waste incinerators which have built-in material recovery. This material recovery is possible through the use of filters (electro filter, active carbon and potassium filter, quench, HCL-washer, SO_2-washer, bottom ash-grating, etc.). An example of these is the AEB Waste Fired Power Plant. The AEB waste incinerator is hereby able to recover a large part of the burned waste in source materials. According to Marcel van Berlo (who helped build the plant), the processed waste contained higher percentages of source materials than any mine in the world. He also added that when the plant was compared to a Chilean copper mine, the waste fired plant could recover more copper. However, because of the high concentration of gases and the unpredictability of the landfill contents, which often include sharp objects, landfill excavation is generally considered dangerous. Furthermore, the quality of materials residing within landfills tends to degrade and such materials are thought to be not worth the risks required to recover them.

Alternatives

The alternatives to landfills are waste reduction and recycling strategies. Secondary to not creating waste, there are various alternatives to landfills. In the late 20th century, alternative methods of waste disposal to landfill and incineration have begun to gain acceptance. Anaerobic digestion, composting, mechanical biological treatment, pyrolysis and plasma arc gasification have all began to establish themselves in the market.

In recent years, some countries, such as Germany, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, have banned the disposal of untreated waste in landfills. In these countries, only the ashes from incineration or the stabilized output of mechanical biological treatment plants may still be deposited.

See also

Bioreactor landfill

Daily cover

Environmental Waste Controls‎ plc

I-recycle

PowerGenix

Decompiculture

Fly-tipping

NIMBY

Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance or HELP model

Landfill diversion

Landfill mining and reclamation

Land reclamation

Landfill tax

List of solid waste treatment technologies

Marine debris

Mechanical biological treatment

Recology

Solid Waste Association of North America

Waste management

References

Further reading

External links

EU definition & regulations

Solid Waste Association of North America

Category:Waste management

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