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band society
http://wn.com/band_society -
Chiefdom
A chiefdom is a type of complex society of varying degrees of centralization that is led by an individual known as a chief.
http://wn.com/Chiefdom -
Civilization
Civilization (or civilisation) refers to either: 1) the procession of human societies generally toward more development and use of more complex technology, higher population densities, increasing per capita gross domestic product, and other significant advancements; or 2) any human society (for example, "Ancient Greek Civilization") associated with any particular geographical location at a particular time, historical or current. (When used in this second sense, the word is often restricted to apply only to societies that have attained a particular level of advancement, especially the founding of cities, with the word "city" defined in various ways.) The level of advancement of a civilization is often measured by its progress in agriculture, long-distance trade, occupational specialization, and urbanism. Aside from these core elements, civilization is often marked by any combination of a number of secondary elements, including a developed transportation system, writing, standards of measurement (currency, etc.), contract and tort-based legal systems, characteristic art styles (which may pertain to specific cultures), monumental architecture, mathematics, sophisticated metallurgy, and astronomy.
http://wn.com/Civilization -
Elman Service
Elman Rogers Service (1915–1996) was a cultural anthropologist.
http://wn.com/Elman_Service -
Etruscans
http://wn.com/Etruscans -
Gatherer-hunter
http://wn.com/Gatherer-hunter -
Latins
"Latins" can refer to several groups of people. Its meaning has changed throughout time, and can still refer to different things even today.
http://wn.com/Latins -
Livy
Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time. He was on familiar terms with the Julio-Claudian family, advising Augustus' grandnephew, the future emperor Claudius, as a young man not long before 14 AD in a letter to take up the writing of history. Livy and Augustus' wife, Livia, were from the same clan in different locations, although not related by blood.
http://wn.com/Livy -
Lucumo
http://wn.com/Lucumo -
Morton Fried
Morton Herbert Fried (March 21, 1923 in Bronx, New York - December 17, 1986 in Leonia, New Jersey), was a distinguished Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University in New York City (from 1961), where he taught from 1950 to 1953 and from 1957 until his death in 1986. He made considerable contributions to the fields of social and political theory.
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nation
http://wn.com/nation -
Sabines
The Sabines (; '; ') were an Italic tribe that lived in the central Appennines of ancient Italy, inhabiting also Latium north of the Anio before the founding of Rome. The above names, English, Latin and Greek, are all exonyms.
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Émile Benveniste
Émile Benveniste (1902, Aleppo (Syria) – 1976) was a French structural linguist, semiotician, an apprentice of Antoine Meillet
http://wn.com/Émile_Benveniste
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http://wn.com/Etruscans -
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
http://wn.com/India
- anthropologists
- Anthropology
- Archaeology
- band society
- Chiefdom
- Civilization
- clan
- colonialism
- cultural evolution
- egalitarianism
- Elman Service
- Ethnohistory
- Etruscans
- Gatherer-hunter
- India
- kinship
- Latins
- leadership
- Livy
- Lucumo
- Middle English
- Morton Fried
- nation
- Nature (philosophy)
- phyle
- Polity
- Proto-Indo-European
- Roman Republic
- Romulus
- Sabines
- sceptre
- social group
- social inequality
- social rank
- Sovereign state
- State (polity)
- Tatius
- Tribal Assembly
- tribal chief
- Émile Benveniste
Krippendorf's Tribe (1998)
"Krippendorf's Tribe (1998)" Actors
- Richard Dreyfuss
- Jenna Elfman
- Natasha Lyonne
- Gregory Smith
- Carl Michael Lindner
- Stephen Root
- Elaine Stritch
- Tom Poston
- David Ogden Stiers
- Lily Tomlin
- Doris Belack
- Julio Mechoso
- Siobhan Fallon
- Susan Ruttan
- Barbara Williams
"Krippendorf's Tribe (1998)" Director
Tribe Filmography
Tribe After Tribe
Releases by album:
M.O.A.B.: Stories From Deuteronomy |
Enchanted Entrace |
Pearls Before Swine |
Power |
Love Under Will |
Tribe After Tribe |
Album releases
M.O.A.B.: Stories From Deuteronomy
(Released 2008)
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Yhvh Invokation
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Deuteronomy Excerpt I
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Supreme One
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Burning Bush
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Truth & Reconciliation
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Exodus 2000
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Arafat Radio
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Holy City Warrior
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Lament
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Chiron
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Deuteronomy Excerpt II
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Understanding the Water
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Deuteronomy Excerpt III
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Shock & Awe
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Red Sky
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World Drum
Enchanted Entrace
(Released 2002)
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100 000
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Loud and Clear
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Island
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Tunguska
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Eloise
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Merry Round Ago
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Drowning Pieces
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Tabla Rosa
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Burn
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War Sheik
Pearls Before Swine
(Released 1997)
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Boy
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Lazarus
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Señor
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Fire Dancers
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Murder on the Lee Shore
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Ballad of Winnie
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Bury Me
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Pat on the Back
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Hopeless the Clown
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I Am Your Heart
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Uh-Oh
Power
(Released 1996)
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Suburb in the South (Dedication to Soweto)
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Tongue Tide
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Cautious Ground
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The Watch
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Monkey's Wedding
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Just Above the Ice
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Wild Love
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Life of a Love Song
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As I Went Out One Morning (Damsel)
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Here It Comes (New version)
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Ballad of Anneline K. (New version)
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Here It Comes
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Ballad of Anneline K.
Love Under Will
(Released 1993)
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Hold On
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Ice Below
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The Spell
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Dance of the Wu Li Masters
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I Spit
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Nikita
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Congo Sky
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World of Promise
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Proud & Beautiful
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Let's Go Outside
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Delight
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The Lovers: I. In the Face of the Sun
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The Lovers: II. In the Dark
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The Lovers: III. Babalon
Tribe After Tribe
(Released 1991)
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Remember
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Build a Subway
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Sally
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Just for a While
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Come to See You Fall
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The Mode
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White Boys in the Jungle
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Rolling Stoney
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What Are We Now
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Everything and More
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Out of Control
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Poor Afrika
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 08 Aug 2006
- Uploaded: 23 Nov 2011
- Author: TribeSmack
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:38
- Published: 23 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: kendemir23
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 24 Jul 2007
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: BBCWorldwide
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:24
- Published: 06 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: loiclemeur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:24
- Published: 11 May 2009
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: TEDtalksDirector
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 18 Feb 2008
- Uploaded: 13 Nov 2011
- Author: TribalMadonna
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:25
- Published: 12 Mar 2006
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: deathunlimited666
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Published: 23 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: AlJazeeraEnglish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Published: 17 Feb 2009
- Uploaded: 15 Nov 2011
- Author: BBCWorldwide
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 25 Oct 2009
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: TribeCalledQuestVEVO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Published: 02 Aug 2007
- Uploaded: 20 Nov 2011
- Author: BBCWorldwide
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:20
- Published: 10 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 21 Nov 2011
- Author: AlJazeeraEnglish
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Published: 09 Jun 2009
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: BlackEyedPeasFanTV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 20 Mar 2008
- Uploaded: 24 Nov 2011
- Author: TairyHesticles
size: 5.8Kb
size: 12.8Kb
size: 7.4Kb
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Iran files complaint over purported US drone
Al Jazeera
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Euro crisis summit: The night Europe changed
BBC News
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Before Voting, If Only Death Had Been Before Their Own Eyes
WorldNews.com
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Israeli airstrikes hit Gaza civilians
Sydney Morning Herald
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Italian police arrest alleged Mafia boss hiding in bunker
CNN
- Ancient Rome
- anthropologists
- Anthropology
- Archaeology
- band society
- Chiefdom
- Civilization
- clan
- colonialism
- cultural evolution
- egalitarianism
- Elman Service
- Ethnohistory
- Etruscans
- Gatherer-hunter
- India
- kinship
- Latins
- leadership
- Livy
- Lucumo
- Middle English
- Morton Fried
- nation
- Nature (philosophy)
- phyle
- Polity
- Proto-Indo-European
- Roman Republic
- Romulus
- Sabines
- sceptre
- social group
- social inequality
- social rank
- Sovereign state
- State (polity)
- Tatius
- Tribal Assembly
- tribal chief
- Émile Benveniste
size: 4.7Kb
size: 4.5Kb
size: 6.6Kb
size: 12.7Kb
size: 1.2Kb
size: 3.2Kb
size: 5.8Kb
size: 7.4Kb
A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally, consists of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states.
Many anthropologists use the term tribal society to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups (see clan and kinship).
Some theorists hold that tribes represent a stage in social evolution intermediate between bands and states. Other theorists argue that tribes developed after, and must be understood in terms of their relationship to, states.
== Etymology ==
The English word tribe occurs in 13th-century Middle English literature as referring to one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel. The word is from Old French tribu, in turn from Latin tribus, referring to the original tripartite ethnic division of the Roman state: Ramnes (Ramnenses), Tities (Titienses), and Luceres, corresponding, according to Varro, to the Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans respectively. The Ramnes were named after Romulus, leader of the Latins, Tities after Tatius, leader of the Sabines, and Luceres after Lucumo, leader of an Etruscan army that had assisted the Latins. According to Livy, the three tribes were in fact squadrons of knights, rather than ethnic divisions.
The term's ultimate etymology might be found, with some likelihood,with the Latin word for three, tres. The dative and ablative declensions of this word are both tribus. The word tribus could therefore mean "from the three" or "for the three."
Another theory holds that tribus is perhaps derived from the Proto-Indo-European roots *tri- ("three") and *bhew- ("to be").
In 242–240 BC, the Tribal Assembly (comitia tributa) in the Roman Republic was organized in 35 Tribes (four "Urban Tribes" and 31 "Rural Tribes"). The Latin word as used in the Bible translates as Greek phyle "race, tribe, clan" and ultimately the Hebrew שבט () or "sceptre". In the historical sense, "tribe," "race" and "clan" can be used interchangeably.
Evolution
Considerable debate takes place over how best to characterize tribes. This partly stems from perceived differences between pre-state tribes and contemporary tribes; some reflects more general controversy over cultural evolution and colonialism. In the popular imagination, tribes reflect a way of life that predates, and is more "natural", than that in modern states. Tribes also privilege primordial social ties, are clearly bounded, homogeneous, parochial, and stable. Thus, many believed that tribes organize links between families (including clans and lineages), and provide them with a social and ideological basis for solidarity that is in some way more limited than that of an "ethnic group" or of a "nation". Anthropological and ethnohistorical research has challenged all of these notions.
Anthropologist Elman Service presented a system of classification for societies in all human cultures based on the evolution of social inequality and the role of the state. This system of classification contains four categories:
# Gatherer-hunter bands, which are generally egalitarian. # Tribal societies in which there are some limited instances of social rank and prestige (see Chiefdom). # Stratified tribal societies led by chieftains. # Civilizations, with complex social hierarchies and organized, institutional governments.
In his 1972 study, The Notion of the Tribe, anthropologist Morton H. Fried provided numerous examples of tribes the members of which spoke different languages and practised different rituals, or that shared languages and rituals with members of other tribes. Similarly, he provided examples of tribes where people followed different political leaders, or followed the same leaders as members of other tribes. He concluded that tribes in general are characterized by fluid boundaries and heterogeneity, are not parochial, and are dynamic.
Fried, however, proposed that most contemporary tribes do not have their origin in pre-state tribes, but rather in pre-state bands. Such "secondary" tribes, he suggested, actually came about as modern products of state expansion. Bands comprise small, mobile, and fluid social formations with weak leadership, that do not generate surpluses, pay no taxes and support no standing army. Fried argued that secondary tribes develop in one of two ways. First, states could set them up as means to extend administrative and economic influence in their hinterland, where direct political control costs too much. States would encourage (or require) people on their frontiers to form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses and taxes, and would have a leadership responsive to the needs of neighboring states (the so-called "scheduled" tribes of the United States or of British India provide good examples of this). Second, bands could form "secondary" tribes as a means to defend themselves against state expansion. Members of bands would form more clearly bounded and centralized polities, because such polities could begin producing surpluses that could support a standing army that could fight against states, and they would have a leadership that could co-ordinate economic production and military activities.
In some countries, such as the United States of America and India, tribes are polities that have been granted legal recognition and limited autonomy by the state.
Archeologists continue to explore the development of pre-state tribes. Current research suggests that tribal structures constituted one type of adaptation to situations providing plentiful yet unpredictable resources. Such structures proved flexible enough to coordinate production and distribution of food in times of scarcity, without limiting or constraining people during times of surplus.
References
External links
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