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Anton Praetorius
Anton Praetorius (1560 – 6 December 1613) was a German Calvinist pastor who spoke out against the persecution of witches (witchhunts, witchcraft trials) and against torture.
http://wn.com/Anton_Praetorius -
Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham ( or ; 15 February 1748 – 6 June 1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism and the ethical treatment of animals, and the idea of the panopticon.
http://wn.com/Jeremy_Bentham -
Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault (), born Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), was a French philosopher, sociologist, and historian. He held a chair at the prestigious Collège de France with the title "History of Systems of Thought," and also taught at the University at Buffalo and the University of California, Berkeley.
http://wn.com/Michel_Foucault -
Philip R. Alstat
Philip Reis Alstat (1891–1976) was a well-known American Conservative rabbi, teacher, chaplain, speaker and writer. Born in Kaunas (formerly, Kovno), Lithuania, he came to the United States in 1898, studying at City College of New York (A.B., 1912), Columbia University (A.M., 1915), and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS), where he received semikhah, rabbinic ordination, in 1920, and the Doctor of Divinity degree (honoris causa), in 1966.
http://wn.com/Philip_R_Alstat -
police officer
http://wn.com/police_officer
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ADX Florence
The United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility (ADX) is a supermax prison in unincorporated Fremont County, Colorado, United States, south of Florence. It is unofficially known as ADX Florence, Florence ADMAX, Supermax, or The Alcatraz of the Rockies. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the federal government. ADX, a part of the Florence Federal Correctional Complex (FCC), houses the prisoners who are deemed the most dangerous and in need of the tightest control.
http://wn.com/ADX_Florence -
Auckland
The Auckland metropolitan area (commonly ), in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban area in the country with a population approaching 1.4 million residents, percent of the country's population. Demographic trends indicate that it will continue to grow faster than the rest of the country. Increasingly cosmopolitan, Auckland also has the largest Polynesian population of any city in the world, and has seen many people of Asian ethnicity move there in the last two decades. In Māori Auckland's name is Tāmaki-makau-rau, or the transliterated version of Auckland, Ākarana.
http://wn.com/Auckland -
Auckland CBD
The Auckland CBD (the Central Business District, usually just referred to as the 'CBD' or sometimes 'Central City') is the geographical and economic heart of Auckland City, and of the Greater Auckland urban area. Bounded by several major motorways and by the harbour coastline in the north, it is surrounded further out by mostly suburban areas. It is one of the most densely built-up areas of New Zealand.
http://wn.com/Auckland_CBD -
Australia
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Australia -
Camp 22
Camp 22 (also known as Kwan-li-so No.22 Haengyong; Kwan-li-so is Korean for holding place) is a North Korean prison for political prisoners and their relatives. The camp is the largest concentration camp in North Korea and is thought to hold 50,000 prisoners. It is located in north-east North Korea, on the border with Russia and China, 20 km from the city of Hoeryong. On maps the camp carries no name as villages do. This camp is surrounded by the villages of Wŏn-dong, Ssŏgŭndari, Kulsal-li, Haengyŏng-ni (headquarters of the camp), Naksaeng-ni and Chungch’u-dong. Its existence is denied by the North Korean government.
http://wn.com/Camp_22 -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England -
France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Home Office
The Home Office is the United Kingdom government department responsible for immigration control, security and order. As such it is responsible for the police, United Kingdom Borders Agency and MI5. It is also in charge of government policy on security-related issues such as drugs, counter-terrorism and ID cards. It was formerly responsible for the Prison Service and Probation Service, but these are now under a newly created Ministry of Justice.
http://wn.com/Home_Office -
Houston
Houston () is the fourth-largest city in the United States of America and the largest city in the state of Texas. As of the 2009 U.S. Census estimate, the city had a population of 2.3 million within an area of . Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of the metropolitan area—the metropolitan area in the U.S. with a population of approximately 5.9 million.
http://wn.com/Houston -
Huntsville, Texas
Huntsville is a city in and the county seat of Walker County, Texas, United States. The population was 35,078 at the 2000 census. It is the center of the Huntsville micropolitan area.
http://wn.com/Huntsville_Texas -
Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( , ; Arabic: , al-Quds Sharif, "The Holy Sanctuary") is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 763,800 residents over an area of . Located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea, modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the boundaries of the Old City.
http://wn.com/Jerusalem -
Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
http://wn.com/Latvia -
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Louisiana
Louisiana ( or ; , ; Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is Jefferson Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
http://wn.com/Louisiana -
Mt Eden
http://wn.com/Mt_Eden -
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
North Korea
North Korea, officially the '''Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK'''; Chosongul: 조선민주주의인민공화국), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok River and the Tumen River form the border between North Korea and the People's Republic of China. A section of the Tumen River in the extreme northeast is the border with Russia.
http://wn.com/North_Korea -
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland -
Republic of Ireland
Ireland (, , , ), described as the Republic of Ireland (), is a state in northwest Europe with a population of almost 4.5 million people. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional republic occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of Ireland, which was partitioned into two jurisdictions in 1921. It is bordered to the northeast by Northern Ireland, which is a part of the United Kingdom, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea to the east, St George's Channel to the southeast, and the Celtic Sea to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_Ireland -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Siberia
Siberia ( ), is a vast region, constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union (USSR) from its beginning, as the preceding Russian Empire conquered it in the 16th century.
http://wn.com/Siberia -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
http://wn.com/Spain -
Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
http://wn.com/Texas -
the Americas
http://wn.com/the_Americas -
The Tombs
"The Tombs" is the colloquial name for the Manhattan Detention Complex, a jail in lower Manhattan at 125 White Street, as well as the popular name of a series of downtown jails. The nickname has been used for several structures dating from the early to mid-19th century.
http://wn.com/The_Tombs -
Tsardom of Russia
The Tsardom of Rus (, from original "Царьство Руское") was the official type of government and name for the Russian state between Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Tsar in 1547 and Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721.
http://wn.com/Tsardom_of_Russia -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
http://wn.com/United_Kingdom -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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University of Bremen
The University of Bremen (German Universität Bremen) is a university of approximately 23,500 people from 126 countries that are studying, teaching, researching, and working in Bremen, Germany. It was publicly founded in 1971.
http://wn.com/University_of_Bremen -
Viru Prison
Viru Prison () is a regional prison in Jõhvi, Estonia.
http://wn.com/Viru_Prison -
Wales
Wales ( ; pronounced ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom, bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of three million and is officially bilingual with the Welsh and English languages having equal status. The Welsh language is an important element of Welsh culture. Its decline has reversed over recent years, with Welsh speakers estimated to be around 20% of the population of Wales.
http://wn.com/Wales -
Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. Australia's largest state and the second largest subnational entity in the world, it has 2.2 million inhabitants (10% of the national total), 85% of whom live in the south-west corner of the state.
http://wn.com/Western_Australia
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- unlawful combatant
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Quiet Kid Learns to Cope in Prison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 10 Jan 2008
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: NationalGeographic
This new inmate has no previous record but must learn to survive behind bars with more hardened criminals. Lockdown: First Timers : SUN JANUARY 13 9P et/pt : channel.nationalgeographic.com
http://wn.com/Quiet_Kid_Learns_to_Cope_in_Prison
Life In Prison: A Project Envision Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 26:55
- Published: 26 Jan 2010
- Uploaded: 20 Dec 2011
- Author: KPBSSanDiego
This 30-minute television special gives you an inside look into three California state prisons, including the California Medical Facility. CMF houses the oldest and sickest inmates in the state. www.kpbs.org
http://wn.com/Life_In_Prison_A_Project_Envision_Documentary
Charles Manson interview in San Quentin Prison
belive me..if I started murdering people, there would have no one been left
http://wn.com/Charles_Manson_interview_in_San_Quentin_Prison
Russian Prison System Documentary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 73:27
- Published: 19 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: rosaryfilms
The Mark of Cain. Producer: Alix Lambert; Creative Commons license: CC0 1.0 Universal The Mark of Cain documents the fading art form and language of Russian criminal tattoos, formerly a forbidden topic in Russia. The now vanishing practice is seen as reflecting the transition of the broader Russian society. Filmed in some of Russia;s most notorious prisons, including the fabled White Swan, the interviews with prisoners, guards, and criminologists reveal the secret language of The Zone and The Code of Thieve. The prisoners of the Stalinist Gulag, or "Zone," as it is called, developed a complex social structure (documented as early as the 1920s) that incorporated highly symbolic tattooing as a mark of rank. The existence of these inmates at prisons and forced labor camps was treated by the state as a deeply-kept secret. In the 1990s, Russia's prison population exploded, with overcrowding among the worst in the world. Some estimates suggest that in the last generation over thirty million of Russia's inmates have had tattoos even though the process is illegal inside Russian prisons. The Mark of Cain examines every aspect of the tattooing, from the actual creation of the tattoo ink, interviews with the tattooers and soberly looks at the double-edged sword of prison tattoos. In many ways, they were needed to survive brutal Russian prisons, but mark the prisoner for life, which complicates any readmission to normal society they may have. Tattoos expressly identify what the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Russian_Prison_System_Documentary
Cop Tricked Into Thinking Prison Escapee is a Jogger
Police stop escaped inmate Richard Mcnair. Released by Ball,Louisiana in April 2006.
http://wn.com/Cop_Tricked_Into_Thinking_Prison_Escapee_is_a_Jogger
"Thriller" (original upload)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Published: 17 Jul 2007
- Uploaded: 22 Dec 2011
- Author: byronfgarcia
Update: 1/29/01 Video can be viewed worldwide except in Germany. Why "Thriller" ? visit: byronfgarcia.com 1500 plus CPDRC inmates of the Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center, Cebu, Philippines at practice! This is not the final routine, and definitely not a punishment! WHY THRILLER? What made me choose Michael Jackson's Thriller for the aerobics routine is that Michael Jackson was a convicted man to the eyes of those who hated him. He would have been in imprisoned had it not been for settlement arrangements, they would say. Still Michael Jackson's frailty as a human being makes him like one of us -- whether one is a prisoner or not. I saw in the lyrics and video of Thriller much of what jail culture is like. Because of the hideous conditions in jails, prisons are like tombs and inmates are like ghoulish creatures. The only difference is that dancers in the MJ Thriller video come with make-up and costumes. The Dancing Inmates come as themselves. People perceived to be evil. The message of the Thriller is a message for all of us. The funk of forty thousand years embedded in the cycle of sin and punishment is a legacy no mere mortal can resist or is capable of resisting. No prison wall can and will stop evil from lurking in the dark. No shackle can stop the beast about to strike. No punitive or brutal treatment is ever too strong to stop creatures crawling in search of blood. Unless we stop breeding demons in jails, gruesome ghouls from every tomb will seal <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Thriller_original_upload
Norway Vs US Prison System
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Published: 29 Jul 2011
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: TheYoungTurks
Some claim the prisons in Norway are far too soft on criminals compared to the American system but how do the countries compare in the crime rate and recidivism categories? Cenk Uygur and Ana Kasparian break it down. Google+: www.gplus.to Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com Subscribe: bit.ly
http://wn.com/Norway_Vs_US_Prison_System
AP Exclusive: Inside Romania's Secret CIA Prison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Published: 08 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 19 Dec 2011
- Author: AssociatedPress
For years, the CIA used a government building in Bucharest, Romania as a makeshift prison for its most valuable detainees. There, it held al-Qaida operative Khalid Sheik Mohammad, the mastermind of 9/11, and others in a basement prison. (Dec. 8)
http://wn.com/AP_Exclusive_Inside_Romania's_Secret_CIA_Prison
Prison Ball
Oklahoma City Thunder Center Byron Mullens visited a prison in Ohio to play ball against inmates during the NBA lockout.
http://wn.com/Prison_Ball
Private Prison Charges Inmates $5 a Minute For Calls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Published: 18 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 22 Dec 2011
- Author: TheYoungTurks
The largest prison facility owned by the Corrections Corporation of America (a private prison in Lumpkin, Georgia) is charging inmates $5 a minute for phone calls while they work for $1 a day. Ana Kasparian, Jayar Jackson and former prosecutor Steve Oh (@stevenoh88 on Twitter) discuss on The Young Turks. thinkprogress.org Subscribe to The Young Turks: bit.ly The Largest Online New Show in the World. Google+: www.gplus.to Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Private_Prison_Charges_Inmates_5_a_Minute_For_Calls
PRISON BREAK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Published: 26 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 22 Dec 2011
- Author: SamMacaroni
Sam Macaroni and Timothy DeLaGhetto escape from prison and find life on the outside is worse. www.twitter.com www.facebook.com subscribe to Timothy! www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/PRISON_BREAK
Courageous Illinois Man Faces 75 Years In Prison For Recording Cops
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:18
- Published: 30 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: MikeHansonArchives
Charges have been dropped against Michael Allison! Click below for the story! www.rcfp.org Michael Allison refuses plea deal to help fight laws against recording police. Interview with Michael Allison on "Declare Your Independence With Ernest Hancock" Part 1 - youtu.be Part 2 - youtu.be www.infowars.com
http://wn.com/Courageous_Illinois_Man_Faces_75_Years_In_Prison_For_Recording_Cops
Damon Horowitz: Philosophy in prison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:51
- Published: 28 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: TEDtalksDirector
www.ted.com Damon Horowitz teaches philosophy through the Prison University Project, bringing college-level classes to inmates of San Quentin State Prison. In this powerful short talk, he tells the story of an encounter with right and wrong that quickly gets personal.TEDTalks is a daily video podcast of the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes. Featured speakers have included Al Gore on climate change, Philippe Starck on design, Jill Bolte Taylor on observing her own stroke, Nicholas Negroponte on One Laptop per Child, Jane Goodall on chimpanzees, Bill Gates on malaria and mosquitoes, Pattie Maes on the "Sixth Sense" wearable tech, and "Lost" producer JJ Abrams on the allure of mystery. TED stands for Technology, Entertainment, Design, and TEDTalks cover these topics as well as science, business, development and the arts. Closed captions and translated subtitles in a variety of languages are now available on TED.com, at http
http://wn.com/Damon_Horowitz_Philosophy_in_prison
Slavery: A 21st Century Evil - Prison slaves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:04
- Published: 22 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 20 Dec 2011
- Author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Over the past 20 years China has become the world's biggest exporter of consumer goods. But behind this apparent success story is a dark secret - millions of men and women locked up in prisons and forced into intensive manual labour.
http://wn.com/Slavery_A_21st_Century_Evil__Prison_slaves
Nazi Concentration and Prison Camps: WW2 Documentary Film (1945)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 57:54
- Published: 22 Aug 2011
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: nologorecords
DVD: www.amazon.com thefilmarchive.org Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (in German Konzentrationslager, or KZ) throughout the territories it controlled. The first Nazi concentration camps set up in Germany were greatly expanded after the Reichstag fire of 1933, and were intended to hold political prisoners and opponents of the regime. The term was borrowed from the British concentration camps of the Second Anglo-Boer War. The number of camps quadrupled between 1939 and 1942, as slave-laborers from across Europe, Jews, political prisoners, criminals, homosexuals, gypsies, the mentally ill and others were incarcerated, generally without judicial process. Holocaust scholars draw a distinction between concentration camps and extermination camps, which were established by the Nazis for the industrial-scale mass murder of the predominantly Jewish ghetto and concentration camp populations. After September 1939, with the beginning of the Second World War, concentration camps became places where millions of ordinary people were enslaved as part of the war effort, often starved, tortured and killed. During the War, new Nazi concentration camps for "undesirables" spread throughout the continent. According to statistics by the German Ministry of Justice, about 1200 camps and subcamps were run in countries occupied by Nazi Germany, while the Jewish Virtual Library estimates that the number of Nazis camps was closer to 15000 in all of occupied Europe and that many of these <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Nazi_Concentration_and_Prison_Camps_WW2_Documentary_Film_1945
75 Years in Prison For Videotaping Police
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:16
- Published: 05 Sep 2011
- Uploaded: 21 Dec 2011
- Author: THESPIRTOF1776
Wtf I'm sick of this police state
http://wn.com/75_Years_in_Prison_For_Videotaping_Police
Who Deserves a Longer Prison Sentence?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Published: 19 Nov 2011
- Uploaded: 20 Dec 2011
- Author: TheYoungTurks
A Mississippi mother lied on her benefits applications (claiming there were no prior drug charges on her record) so that she could receive just $4367 in food stamps and ended up with a 3 year prison sentence. Days later the MS federal court gave a shorter prison sentence to a key figure in a $3 mortgage fraud scheme. Source: thinkprogress.org Subscribe to The Young Turks: bit.ly The Largest Online New Show in the World. Google+: www.gplus.to Facebook: www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Who_Deserves_a_Longer_Prison_Sentence?
Surviving Prison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Published: 17 Jul 2008
- Uploaded: 19 Dec 2011
- Author: NationalGeographic
Inmates and officers provide a view inside Stateville Correctional Facility. Lockdown: Surviving Stateville : SUN JULY 20 10P et/pt : channel.nationalgeographic.com
http://wn.com/Surviving_Prison
United States of Prison
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:44
- Published: 05 Dec 2011
- Uploaded: 22 Dec 2011
- Author: TheAmazingAtheist
My facebook: www.facebook.com My twitter: twitter.com My forums: forum.thatfatatheist.com At the end of 2009, over 7 million people in the US were on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole. http The November Coalition www.november.org The Flourishing Private Prison Industry www.nakedcapitalism.com ACLU Infographic www.infographicsshowcase.com The United States has less than 5 percent of the world's population. But it has almost a quarter of the world's prisoners. www.nytimes.com Incarcerations Rates By Country www.webcitation.org Since 1970, the prison population has increased by 700%! www.dailykos.com CCA gave $106614 to federal candidates in the 2006 election through its political action committee - 15% to Democrats and 85% to Republicans. I can't find this stat, but here are there contributions for 2010: phx.corporate-ir.net CCA spent well over $2 million for lobbying in 2007. en.wikipedia.org CCA was also a major financial backer of the 2009 anti-immigration law in Arizona and according to internal documents CCA believes that imprisoning illegal immigrants will bring in "a significant portion of our revenues." lake.typepad.com
http://wn.com/United_States_of_Prison
In prison for debt
If owing money isn't a criminal offense anymore in America, why are so many debtors being sent to prison? People need to pay the bills, says New Deal 2.0's Bryce Covert, but throwing them in jail won't solve anything. As Americans use credit cards to charge food and clothing as prices go higher and wages only drop, they need to be punished for being fraudulent, says Covert—but not by putting them in prison. Follow Lucy on Twitter at twitter.com
http://wn.com/In_prison_for_debt
"Hell holes": North Korea's secret prison camps
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Published: 04 May 2011
- Uploaded: 22 Dec 2011
- Author: AmnestyInternational
Amnesty International has published satellite imagery and new testimony that shed light on the horrific conditions in North Korea's network of political prison camps, which hold an estimated 200000 people. The images reveal the location, size and conditions inside the camps. Amnesty International spoke to a number of people, including former inmates from the political prison camp at Yodok as well as guards in other political prison camps, to obtain information about life in the camps. According to former detainees at the political prison camp at Yodok, prisoners are forced to work in conditions approaching slavery and are frequently subjected to torture and other cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment. All the detainees at Yodok have witnessed public executions. "North Korea can no longer deny the undeniable. For decades the authorities have refused to admit to the existence of mass political prison camps," said Sam Zarifi, Amnesty International Asia Pacific Director.
http://wn.com/Hell_holes_North_Korea's_secret_prison_camps
Michael Allison Faces 75 Years In Illinois Prison for recording police WTWO!
UPDATE mywabashvalley.com Michael Allison faces 75 years in prison for recording public servants. Shame on Crawford County States Atty Tom Wiseman! Here is the contact information for the State Attorney prosecuting this guy. I think we should all give him a call and tell him our opinion! Crawford County States Attorney Tom Wiseman Crawford County Courthouse 105 Douglas St. Robinson, IL 62454 618-546-1505
http://wn.com/Michael_Allison_Faces_75_Years_In_Illinois_Prison_for_recording_police_WTWO!
Autistic Reporter, Michael Falk, Enchanted By Prison's Rigid Routine
Michael Falk interviews new prison inmate, disgraced financier, Brian Wasserman, and becomes spellbound by the repetitive monotony of daily prison life.
http://wn.com/Autistic_Reporter,_Michael_Falk,_Enchanted_By_Prison's_Rigid_Routine
![The colonels of the French Guards and British guards politely discussing who should fire first at the battle of Fontenoy (1745).[1] An example of](http://web.archive.org./web/20120101013131/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/c4/a4/8ca5c6665537d41136a8da64b11c_medium.jpg "The colonels of the French Guards and British guards politely discussing who should fire first at the battle of Fontenoy (1745).[1] An example of")
photo: AP / Franklin Reyes
28 Dec 2011
HAVANA - Cuba appeared to be making quick progress in meeting a pledge to free 2,900 pardoned prisoners, most of them convicted of minor crimes, even as a top human rights official on the island...
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The Examiner
Last week, Darren Quesada, 44, of Whiteriver, Arizona, was found guilty of aggravated sexual abuse of a minor and abusive sexual contact with a minor by a federal court. Quesada is being held until sentencing on April 2, 2012. The jury found the defendant guilty of sexually abusing two minor...
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Warren Jeffs bans sex in his fundamentalist Mormon congregation until he gets out of prison ...
31 Dec 2011
The Daily Mail
Abstinence: Warren Jeffs dissolved all marriages in his congregation and forbade sex Warren Jeffs, the convicted rapist leader of a fundamentalist Mormon cult, has banned sex until he gets out of prison. Jeffs is serving a life sentence plus 20 years in Texas after he was convicted of raping a...
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The tortured child bride: Horrific ordeal of Afghan girl, 15, rescued from toilet prison after ...
31 Dec 2011
The Daily Mail
A teenage Afghan girl was brutally tortured, beaten and locked in a toilet by her husband's family for five months after she refused to become a prostitute, it emerged today. Sahar Gul, 15, was in critical condition when she was rescued from a house in northern Baghlan province last week, after her...
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The Daily Telegraph
Syria's government has gone back on a pledge to release hundreds of political prisoners from its jails, according to a human rights group. In a renewed show of strength, demonstrators, young and old, protesting against Syria's President Bashar al-Assad march through the streets of Ma'arrat al-Numan,...
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Ex-Prisoner Becomes Interior Minister
31 Dec 2011
Denver Post
A man who embezzled more than $800,000 from the Colorado Association of School Executives was sentenced Friday to five years of supervised release but avoided the prison term prosecutors were seeking. As part of the sentence, Long Khong will not be able to make credit-card charges or obtain new...
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Asbury Park Press
The Asbury Park Press reported that Portugal's Supreme Court has denied a request from the U.S. to extradite American fugitive George Wright ("Court won't extradite fugitive," Dec. 23). Wright, a convicted murderer...
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Shoplifter Paula Sabatova is sent to prison
31 Dec 2011
York Press
A SHOPLIFTER who stole make-up because she was bored and liked the way it glittered has been jailed for 21 days. It was the latest in a series of short prison sentences for...
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No prison time for Long Khong, who embezzled $800,000 from nonprofit for Colorado school execs
31 Dec 2011
Denver Post
A man who embezzled more than $800,000 from the Colorado Association of School Executives was sentenced Friday to five years of supervised release but avoided the prison term prosecutors were seeking. As part of the sentence, Long Khong will not be able to make credit-card charges or obtain new...
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size: 2.7Kb
A prison (from Old French prisoun) is a place in which people are physically confined and, usually, deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime. Other terms are penitentiary, correctional facility, remand centre, detention centre, gaol, and jail.
A main entrance, which may be known as the 'gatelodge' or 'sally port' (stemming from old castle nomenclature)
A religious facility, which will often house chaplaincy offices and facilities for counselling of individuals or groups
An 'education facility', often including a library, providing adult education or continuing education opportunities
A gym or an exercise yard, a fenced, usually open-air-area which prisoners may use for recreational and exercise purposes
A healthcare facility or hospital
A segregation unit (also called a 'block' or 'isolation cell'), used to separate unruly, dangerous, or vulnerable prisoners from the general population, also sometimes used as punishment (see solitary confinement)
A section of vulnerable prisoners (VPs), or protective custody (PC) units, used to accommodate prisoners classified as vulnerable, such as sex offenders, former police officers, informants and those that have gotten into debt or trouble with other prisoners
A section of safe cells, used to keep prisoners under constant visual observation, for example when considered at risk of suicide
A visiting area, where prisoners may be allowed restricted contact with relatives, friends, lawyers, or other people
A death row in some prisons, a section for criminals awaiting execution
A staff accommodation area, where staff and prison officers live in the prison, typical of historical prisons
A service/facilities area housing support facilities like kitchens
Industrial or agricultural plants operated with convict labour
A recreational area containing items such as a TV and pool table
Category A: prisoners are those whose escape would be highly dangerous to the public or national security.
Category B: prisoners are those who do not require maximum security, but for whom escape needs to be made very difficult.
Category C: prisoners are those who cannot be trusted in open conditions but who are unlikely to try to escape.
Category D: prisoners are those who can be reasonably trusted not to try to escape, and are given the privilege of an open prison. Prisoners at 'D Cat' (as it is commonly known) prisons, are, subject to approval, given ROTL (Release On Temporary Licence) to work in the community or to go on 'home leave' once they have passed their FLED (Full Licence Eligibility Dates), which is usually a quarter of the way through the sentence.
Supermax: As the name implies, the custody level goes beyond Maximum by segregating the "worst of the worst" criminals and terrorists who pose a threat to national security. These inmates have individual cells and are kept in lockdown for 23 hours per day. Meals are served through "chuck holes" in the cell door, and each inmate is permitted out of their cell for one hour of exercise per day, alone. They are permitted no contact with other inmates and are under constant surveillance via closed-circuit television cameras.
Administrative: Administrative security is a classification of prisons or detention centers that are for a specific purpose, such as housing mentally ill offenders. These range in levels of security from Minimum to Administrative Maximum Security (ADMAX), as in the case of ADX Florence in Colorado.
Maximum: A custody level in which both design and construction as well as inmate classification reflect the need to provide maximum external and internal control and supervision of inmates primarily through the use of high security perimeters and extensive use of internal physical barriers and check points. Inmates accorded this status present serious escape risks or pose serious threats to themselves, to other inmates, to staff, or the orderly running of the institution. Supervision of inmates is direct and constant.
High: The "Middle Ground" for violent crimes, High security institutions have highly-secured perimeters (featuring walls or reinforced fences), multiple- and single-occupant cell housing, the highest staff-to-inmate ratio, and close control of inmate movement.
Medium: A custody level in which design and construction as well as inmate classification reflect the need to provide secure external and internal control and supervision of inmates. Inmates accorded to this status may present a moderate escape risk or may pose a threat to other inmates, staff, or the orderly running of the institution. Supervision remains constant and direct. Through an inmate's willingness to comply with institutional rules and regulations, increased job and program opportunities exist.
Close Security: Close Security prisons are institutions which house inmates too dangerous for Low Security, but who did not commit a crime worthy of incarceration in a Medium Security Facility. These prisons are rare, as most inmates fall into either "Medium" or "Low" Security Classifications. These facilities are often located in separate areas of a Low or Medium security Prison.
Low: A custody level in which both the design and construction as well as inmate classification reflect the goal of returning to the inmate a greater sense of personal responsibility and autonomy while still providing for supervision and monitoring of behavior and activity. Inmates within this security level are not considered a serious risk to the safety of staff, inmates or to the public. Program participation is mandated and geared toward their potential reintegration into the community. Additional access to the community is limited and under constant direct staff supervision
Minimum: The Lowest Level of Security to which an inmate can be assigned directly. This type of Prison is typically a "Prison Farm", or other work-oriented facility, and most often houses petty or "White collar" criminals.
Pre-release. A custody level in which both design and construction as well as inmate classification reflect the goal of restoring to the inmate maximum responsibility and control of their own behavior and actions prior to their release. Direct supervision of these inmates is not required, but intermittent observation may be appropriate under certain conditions. Inmates within this level may be permitted to access the community unescorted to participate in programming, including but not limited to work release or educational release.
Anton Praetorius (early prison reformer)
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Types of imprisonment
*False imprisonment
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Types of prisons
*Boot camp
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Specific prisons
*Camp 22, North Korea
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*List of prisons
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*Xi'ning Prison, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
Prison-related crime
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Game
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Song
*"Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos", Public Enemy song
*"Folsom Prison Blues", Johhny Cash song
*"Jailbreak", AC/DC song
*"Jailbreak", Thin Lizzy song
*"Jailhouse Rock" (song)), Elvis Presley song
Carlson, Peter M.; Garrett, Judith Simon, Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1999.
Diiulio, John J., Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management, Simon and Schuster, 1990. ISBN 0029078830.
James (Jim) Bruton, Big House: Life Inside a Supermax Security Prison, Voyageur Press (July 2004), hardcover, 192 pages, ISBN 0-89658-039-3.
Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, New York: Random House 1975.
Ted Conover. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing. Knopf, 2001. Trade paperback, 352 pages, ISBN 0-375-72662-4.
Interactive world map showing number of prisoners per 100,000 citizens
Australian Prisons
Historic Prisons
Victorian Prisoners' Photograph Albums from Wandsworth prison on The National Archives' website.
World Prison Population List (fourth edition) UK Home Office, 2003. .
User Views of Punishment: The comparative experience of short term prison sentences and community-based punishments Research Report by The Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research
In the United States, "jail" and "prison" refer to separate levels of incarceration; generally speaking, jails are county or city administrated institutions which house both inmates awaiting trial on the local level and convicted misdemeanants serving a term of one year or less, while prisons are state or federal facilities housing convicted felons serving a term of more than one year. On the federal level, this terminology has been largely superseded by a more complex five-tier system implemented by the Federal Bureau of Prisons that ranges from low security "Prison Camps" to medium security "Correctional Institutions" and finally maximum security "Penitentiaries". Federal prisons can also house pre-trial inmates.
A criminal suspect who has been charged with or is likely to be charged with criminal offense may be held on remand in prison if he is denied or unable to meet conditions of bail, or is unable or unwilling to post bail. A criminal defendant may also be held in prison while awaiting trial or a trial verdict. If found guilty, a defendant will be convicted and may receive a custodial sentence requiring imprisonment.
As well as convicted or suspected criminals, prisons may be used for internment of those not charged with a crime. Prisons may also be used as a tool of political repression to detain political prisoners, prisoners of conscience, and "enemies of the state", particularly by authoritarian regimes. In times of war or conflict, prisoners of war may also be detained in prisons. A prison system is the organizational arrangement of the provision and operation of prisons.
History
For most of history, imprisoning has not been a punishment in itself, but rather a way to confine criminals until corporal or capital punishment was administered. There were prisons used for detention in Jerusalem in Old Testament times, and the Bible details the imprisonment of Joseph in Egypt. Dungeons were used to hold prisoners; those who were not killed or left to die there often became galley slaves or faced penal transportations. In other cases debtors were often thrown into debtor's prisons, until they paid their jailers enough money in exchange for a limited degree of freedom.Only in the 19th century, beginning in Britain, did prisons as known today become commonplace. The modern prisons system was born in London, as a result of the views of Jeremy Bentham. The notion of prisoners being incarcerated as part of their punishment and not simply as a holding state until trial or hanging, was at the time revolutionary. This is when prisons had begun to be used as criminal rehabilitation centers.
Britain practiced penal transportation of convicted criminals to penal colony in the British colonies in the Americas, from the 1610s through the American Revolution in the 1770s and to penal colonies in Australia between 1788 and 1868. France sent criminals to tropical penal colonies including Louisiana in the early 18th century. Penal colonies in French Guiana operated until 1951 (in particular, infamous Île du Diable (Devil's Island)). Katorga prisons were established in the 17th century in Tsardom of Russia in underpopulated areas of Siberia and the Russian Far East that had few towns or food sources. Since these times, Siberia gained its fearful connotation of punishment.
Design and facilities
Male and female prisoners are typically kept in separate locations or separate prisons altogether. Prison accommodation, especially modern prisons in the developed world, are often divided into wings. A building holding more than one wing is known as a "hall". Many prisons are divided into two sections, one containing prisoners before trial and the other containing convicted prisoners.Amongst the facilities that prisons may have are:
Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers, concertina wire, electrified fencing, secured and defensible main gates, armed guard towers, lighting, motion sensors, dogs and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of security. Remotely controlled doors, CCTV monitoring, alarms, cages, restraints, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and activity of prisoners within the facility.
Modern prison designs have sought to increasingly restrict and control the movement of prisoners throughout the facility while permitting a maximal degree of direct monitoring by a smaller prison staff. As compared to traditional large landing-cellblock designs which were inherited from the 19th century and which permitted only intermittent observation of prisoners, many newer prisons are designed in a decentralized "podular" layout. Smaller, separate and self-contained housing units known as "pods" or "modules" are designed to hold between sixteen and fifty prisoners each and are arranged around exercise yards or support facilities in a decentralized "campus" pattern. A small number of prison officers, sometimes a single officer, is assigned to supervise each pod. The pods contain tiers of cells arranged around a central control station or desk from which a single officer can monitor all of the cells and the entire pod, control cell doors and communicate with the rest of the prison. Pods may be designed for high-security "indirect-supervision", in which officers in segregated and sealed control booths monitor smaller numbers of prisoners confined to their cells. An alternative is "direct-supervision", in which officers work within the pod and directly interact with and supervise prisoners, who may spend the day outside their cells in a central "dayroom" on the floor of the pod. Movement in or out of the pod to and from exercise yards, work assignments or medical appointments can be restricted to individual pods at designated times and is generally centrally controlled. Goods and services, such as meals, laundry, commissary, educational materials, religious services and medical care can increasingly be brought to individual pods or cells as well. Despite these design innovations, overcrowding at many prisons, particularly in the U.S., has resulted in a contrary trend, as many prisons are forced to house large numbers of prisoners, often hundreds at a time, in gymnasiums or other large buildings that have been converted into massive open dormitories. Lower-security prisons are often designed with less restrictive features, confining prisoners at night in smaller locked dormitories or even cottage or cabin-like housing while permitting them freer movement around the grounds to work or activities during the day.
Security levels
The levels of security within a prison system are categorized differently around the world, but tend to follow a distinct pattern. Most developed countries divide prisons into separate security classes depending on the inmate population and the security needed to keep them under control. Accordingly, most developed countries have classes ranging from the most secure, which typically hold violent prisoners and those judged most likely to escape, to the least, which are most often used to house non-violent offenders or those for whom more stringent security is deemed unnecessary. Below are some different examples of prison classifications from around the world.
England and Wales
In England and Wales, prisoners are assigned security classes when they are sentenced. Thus prisons are given security classifications depending on the prisoners they are designed to hold. Therefore, prisons classified as "A" would typically house prisoners assigned the "A" category during sentencing, and be designed with the level of security necessary for that class. The categories of prisoners in descending order are:The British prison system is also divided into "Open" and "Closed" prisons. Categories A-C are considered "Closed" prisons as prisoners cannot be trusted to interact with society, while category D prisons are generally "Open", meaning that prisoners with a good record and who are approved can be allowed limited function in society such as home-leave or a nominal employment.
United States
thumb|ADX Florence is presently the only facility housing supermax units operating in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The exact classification systems differ between county, state, and federal systems. Some common types of prisons include:
Special types of prison
Juvenile
Prisons for juveniles (people under 17 or 18, depending on the jurisdiction) are known as young offender facilities or similar designation and hold minors who have been remanded into custody or serving sentence. Many countries have their own age of criminal responsibility in which children are deemed legally responsible for their actions for a crime. Countries such as Canada may try to sentence a juvenile as an adult, but have them serve their sentence in a juvenile facility until they reach the age of majority, at which time they would be transferred to an adult facility.
Military
Prisons form part of military systems, and are used variously to house prisoners of war, unlawful combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime.
Political
Certain countries maintain or have in the past had a system of political prisons; arguably the gulags associated with Stalinism are best known.
Psychiatric
Some psychiatric facilities have characteristics of prisons, particularly when confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous. In addition, many prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide variety of mental disorders.
Countries
Asia and Oceania
Australia
Many prisons in Australia were built by convict labour in the 19th century. During the 1990s, various state governments in Australia engaged private sector correctional corporations to build and operate prisons whilst several older government run institutions were decommissioned. Operation of Federal detention centres was also privatised at a time when asylum seekers began to be mandatorily detained in Australia.
China
China's prison population is estimated at about 2 million.
Japan
New Zealand
New Zealand currently maintains 19 prisons around the country. The Department of Corrections has an annual budget of NZD$748 million and assets worth over NZD$1.7 billion. Official statistics show (as of June 30, 2007) that there are currently 7,605 prisoners within the New Zealand correctional system. (5,490 Sentenced Prisoners and 1,552 Remanded Prisoners) + 5,795 staff. Breakouts are only at 0.15 per 100 prisoners and there is a rate of only 15% positive drug results during random drug testing in NZ prisons.
Europe
Estonia
Estonia currently maintains five prisons around the country: Harku Prison, Murru Prison, Tallinn Prison, Tartu Prison and Viru Prison. In March 2011, there were 3,405 persons incarcerated in Estonia, and the number of prisoners per 100,000 residents were 254, which is the third highest rate in the EU. These figures include pre-trial detainees and remand prisoners. It is, however, a much lower rate than in the late 1990s and early 2000s, when the Estonian prison population reached almost 5,000 persons.
France
The French Ministry of Justice's French Prison Service division has 194 prisons in mainland and the overseas territories. As of 1 January 2009, statistics showed approximately 52,000 available places, with around 58,000 "hosted" prisoners. France is home to Fleury-Mérogis Prison, Europe's largest correctional facility.
Germany
Germany has 194 prisons (of which 19 are open institutions). Official statistics showed 80,214 places on March 31, 2007. On the same day, there were 75,719 prisoners (of which 13,168 pre-trial; 60,619 serving sentences; 1,932 others, i.e. mainly civil prisoners; 4,068 were female). This is less than the highest value of 81,176 prisoners on March 31, 2003.
Ireland
There are currently 14 prisons operating in the Republic of Ireland with a total bed capacity of 4,106 as of the 31 December 2009. The daily average number of prisoners in custody in 2009 was 3,881. However, most of these prisons currently operate at or above capacity.
Poland
As of the end of August 2007, Poland officially declared 90,199 prisoners (13,374 pre-trial; 76,434 serving sentences; 391 others; 2,743 prisoners were female), giving an imprisonment rate per 100,000 inhabitants of about 234. The overpopulation rate (number of prisoners held compared to number of places for prisoners) was estimated by the official prison service as 119%.The growth rate of imprisonment in Poland during 2006–2007 was approximately 4% annually, based on the August 2007 estimate of 90,199 prisoners and the June 2005 estimate of 82,572 prisoners.
Turkey
Prisons in Turkey are classified as closed, semi-open and open prisons. Closed prisons are separated into different kinds according to its structure and the number of prisoners held. Examples are A type, B type, E type and F type. F types are high security prisons, known in the United States as Supermax.
United Kingdom
===North America===
United States
In the United States penal system, a jail is a facility used to detain persons who are in the lawful custody of the state, including accused persons awaiting trial and those who have been convicted of a crime and are serving a sentence of less than one year. Jails are generally small prisons run by individual counties and cities, though some jails in larger communities may be as large and hold as many inmates as regular prisons. As with prisons, some jails have different wings for certain types of offenders, and have work programs for inmates who demonstrate good behavior.
Approximately half of the U.S. jail population consists of pretrial detainees who have not been convicted or sentenced. Prisoners serving terms longer than one year are typically housed in prison facilities operated by state governments. Unlike most state prisons, a jail usually houses both men and women in separate portions of the same facility. Some jails lease space to house inmates from the federal government, state prisons or other counties as a revenue-raising method. In 2005, a report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that 62 percent of people in jails have not been convicted, and are awaiting trial. , local jails held or supervised 819,434 individuals. Nine percent of these individuals were in programs such as community service, work release, weekend reporting, electronic monitoring, and other alternative programs.
The United States has less than 5% of the world's population and 23.4% of the world's prison population. 2,304,115 were incarcerated in U.S. prisons and jails in 2008. In 2002, 93.2% of prisoners were male. About 10.4% of all black males in the United States between the ages of 25 and 29 were sentenced and in prison, compared to 2.4% of Hispanic males and 1.3% of white males.
In the United States, as compared to regular 'mainline' state and federal prisons, in which prisoners have already been investigated and classified by correctional personnel before being assigned to a level of security, in which many of the prisoners are committed for longer periods of time, and in which the population is on average older, jails usually house prisoners who are on average younger and have varying or unknown histories and propensities for violence or disciplinary problems. As a result, many jails operate their booking and receiving units at a relatively high level of correctional security, and also witness a disproportionately large amount of violence and disciplinary problems as compared to mainline facilities.
There are three main management styles common in most U. S. jails. The first and oldest style is Intermittent Surveillance. Intermittent Surveillance involves rows of cells along security corridors. These corridors are patrolled by staff providing periodic observation. Most problems occur between these intermittent patrols. The second supervisory style is Remote Surveillance. Remote Surveillance involves cells and their corresponding dayrooms divided into "pods" which are under constant supervision by jail staff from a central control room. Staff in the central control room commonly observe three to four "pods" at one time. The third and most recently conceived supervisory style is Direct Supervision. Direct Supervision involves a dayroom with numerous cells under constant and direct supervision by staff who are stationed inside the housing unit. Staff are constantly interacting with inmates and controlling inmate behavior. The success of Direct Supervision relies on the staff's ability to control this behavior and for facility management to create detention environments that facilitate the staff's effectiveness. This style is also the most cost effective of the three.
Canada
The 52 penitentiaries in Canada are operated by the federal government, and are for those who have been sentenced to serve more than 2 years of custody. The boundary of two years separating provincial and federal custody underlies the sentencing of some offenders to "two years less a day", so they can serve their sentences in provincial correctional institutions.
Jamaica
South America
Brazil
In 2010, 473,600 people are incarcerated in Brazilian prisons and jails.
Peru
Rehabilitation
Meta-analysis of previous studies shows that prison sentences do not reduce future offenses, when compared to non-residential sanctions. This meta-analysis of one hundred separate studies found that post-release offenses were around 7% higher after imprisonment compared with non-residential sanctions, at statistically significant levels. Another meta-analysis of 101 separate tests of the impact of prison on crime found a 3% increase in offending after imprisonment. Longer periods of time in prison make outcomes worse, not better; offending increases by around 3% as prison sentences increase in length.
Effective rehabilitation programs reduce the likelihood of re-offense and recidivism. Effective programs are characterised by three things: first, they provide more hours for people with known offense risk factors (the Risk Principle); secondly, they address problems and needs that have a proven causal link to offending (the Needs Principle); and thirdly, they use cognitive-behavioural approaches to behaviour modification (the Responsivity Principle). Providing rehabilitation to people at lower risk of reoffending results in a 3% reduction in reoffending, while providing rehabilitation to people with a high risk of reoffending is three times as effective, resulting in a 10% reduction in subsequent offending. Risk factors for reoffending are: age at first offense, number of prior offenses, level of family and personal problems in childhood and other historical factors, along with level of current needs related to offending. Those individuals who had many personal and family problems in childhood (particularly 19 or more), started offending before puberty, and have committed multiple priors are more likely to reoffend in future, according to longitudinal studies internationally.
In support of the Needs Principle, programs that specifically target criminogenic needs (causal needs and problems), see a 19% reduction in reoffending. In support of the Responsivity Principle, there is a 23% reduction in reoffending after participating in programs that use cognitive-behavioural methods to bring about changes in behaviour, thinking, and relationships. When all three principles are effectively applied, the impact on offending is a 26–32% reduction, compared to a 3–7% increase in offending found with imprisonment alone.
Residential approaches—whether in prison or some other live-in option—tend to be less effective than non-residential approaches. These researchers found that effective programs delivered in the community were followed by a 35% reduction in reoffending, whereas effective programs delivered in residential settings (such as prisons and halfway houses) were followed by a 17% reduction in reoffending. One very likely reason for this is that for teens and adults, mixing with antisocial peers increases the risk of offending. In prison or residences inmates spend a great deal of time with other people immersed in criminal pursuits and beliefs, whereas in community-based programs there is more opportunity to mix with people involved in constructive, law-abiding activities. Antisocial peers in prisons and residences can form a very powerful pressure group, subtly and not so subtly influencing the behavior of other inmates.
Resocialization
Resocialization is a sociological concept dealing with the process of mentally and emotionally "re-training" a person so that he or she can operate in an environment other than that which he or she is accustomed to. Resocialization into a total institution involves a complete change of personality. Key examples include the process of resocializing new recruits into the military so that they can operate as soldiers (or, in other words, as members of a cohesive unit) and the reverse process, in which those who have become accustomed to such roles return to society after military.
Prison libraries
Library services for people in jail and in prison exist to provide opportunity for education, recreation and legal needs. In her classic book, The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century Brenda Vogel makes it very clear that the needs of incarcerated people affect every single librarian in the United States. Most offenders are eventually released from institutions. On re-entry to the general population these offenders become a part of the public. They should then be encouraged and supported in the use of public libraries. Families of offenders may need specialized services during the incarceration and after. Think of families traveling many miles to visit someone in prison or jail. Librarians in the general population can assist people when they get out of jail or prison; they can help the families of people in jail. The public library model applied to correctional facilities is provided in a study by Clark and MacCreigh.
Prison ministry
Rabbi Philip R. Alstat, an early champion of prison ministry who served as a chaplain for three decades for The Tombs, the Manhattan Detention Facility, described the role of prison chaplains through its link to both rehabilitation and resocialization. In a 1970 interview with a New York Times reported, he was quoted as saying, "My goals are the same as those of the prison authorities--to make better human beings. The only difference is that their means are discipline, security, and iron bars. Mine are the spiritual ministrations that operate with the mind and the heart."
Population statistics
As of 2006, it is estimated that at least 9.25 million people are currently imprisoned worldwide. It is probable that this number is much higher, in view of general under-reporting and a lack of data from various countries, especially authoritarian regimes. The image (right) shows large spots of blue and grey in middle Africa and the Middle-East, where these regimes are most common.In absolute terms, the United States currently has the largest inmate population in the world, with more than 2.5 million or more than one in a hundred adults in prison and jails. Although the United States represents less than 5% of the world's population, over 25% of the people incarcerated around the world are housed in the American prison system. Pulitzer Prize winning author Joseph T. Hallinan wrote in his book Going Up the River: Travels in a Prison Nation, "so common is the prison experience that the federal government predicts one in eleven men will be incarcerated in his lifetime, one in four if he is black." In 2002, both Russia and China also had prison populations in excess of 1 million. By October 2006, the Russian prison population declined to 869,814 which translated into 611 prisoners per 100,000 population.
As a percentage of total population, the United States also has the largest imprisoned population, with 739 prisoners per 100,000 residents.
In June 2011, the United Kingdom had an imprisonment rate of 152 prisoners per 100,000 residents, the second highest rate among the western members of the European Union (EU) after Spain at 159 prisoners per 100,000 residents. The highest imprisonment rates among the larger EU members include that of Poland, which in May 2011 had an imprisonment rate of 218 per 100,000, while the highest rates are in the Baltic states Latvia (314), Lithuania (276) and Estonia (254).
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Article Feedback Pilot Category:Penal system in the United States Category:Penology
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